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73:
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2471:, saying that a "drastic reorganization of our pattern of religious thought is now becoming necessary, from a god-centered to an evolutionary-centered pattern," and advocating the use of science to further expand human capacities. Meanwhile, public opinion polls suggested that most Americans either believed that God specially created human beings or guided evolution. Membership in churches favoring increasingly literal interpretations of Scripture continued to rise, with the
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2650:- its origin and its end in God, its order and goodness, the vocation of man, and finally the drama of sin and the hope of salvation. Read in the light of Christ, within the unity of Sacred Scripture and in the living Tradition of the Church, these texts remain the principal source for catechesis on the mysteries of the "beginning": creation, fall, and promise of salvation.
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issued a legislative decree that
Italian children will learn about creationism. On April 23, top Italian scientists responded with an open letter and a petition, signed by more than 50,000 citizens, claiming that her proposal would sacrifice the "scientific curiosity of youth." Moratti clarified that
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Among all the
Scriptural texts about creation, the first three chapters of Genesis occupy a unique place. From a literary standpoint these texts may have had diverse sources. the inspired authors have placed them at the beginning of Scripture to express in their solemn language the truths of creation
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is first published in German. While concluding a holiday in northern Italy, Pope
Benedict XVI commented, "This clash is an absurdity because on one hand there is much scientific proof in favor of evolution, which appears as a reality that we must see and which enriches our understanding of life and
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commented endorsing the teaching of intelligent design alongside evolution "I felt like both sides ought to be properly taught ... so people can understand what the debate is about." Scientists argue that intelligent design does not represent any research program within the scientific community, and
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Some see science and religion as being diametrically opposed views which cannot be reconciled. More accommodating viewpoints, held by mainstream churches and some scientists, consider science and religion to be separate categories of thought, which ask fundamentally different questions about reality
2518:, and that God created each kind of life. With publication, Morris became a popular speaker, spreading anti-evolutionary ideas at fundamentalist churches, colleges, and conferences. Morris set up the Creation Science Research Center (CSRC), an organization dominated by Baptists, as an adjunct to the
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had clearly pointed out that the Earth is an open system undergoing a flow of energy from the sun, and, because of this, the surface of the Earth is not limited by a law that is restricted to isolated entities. Morowitz also pointed out that developments in the field of irreversible thermodynamics
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The question about the origins of the world and of man has been the object of many scientific studies which have splendidly enriched our knowledge of the age and dimensions of the cosmos, the development of life-forms and the appearance of man. These discoveries invite us to even greater admiration
2212:
and other scientific luminaries, Protestant contributors to religious quarterlies dismissed Darwin's theories as unscientific. After 1875, it became clear that the majority of naturalists embraced evolution, and a sizable minority of these
Protestant contributors rejected Darwin's theory because it
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issued its ruling that intelligent design is a form of creationism, and that the school board policy requiring the presentation of intelligent design as an alternative to evolution as an "explanation of the origin of life" thus violated the
Establishment Clause. In his ruling, the judge wrote that
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precludes biogenesis by a natural process; therefore there was a requirement for supernatural events. According to the second law, isolated systems move towards the maximum degree of molecular disorder. In this case, isolation means the absence of flows of both energy and matter into and out of
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also holds that the question of creation "goes beyond the proper domain of the natural sciences. It is not only a question of knowing when and how the universe arose physically, or when man appeared, but rather of discovering the meaning of such an origin..." Concerning the scriptural accounts of
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With decreasing church membership among evolutionary scientists, the role of opposing the anti-BSCS textbook movement passed from prominent scientists in liberal churches to secular scientists less equipped to reach
Christian audiences. Anti-evolutionary forces were able to reduce the number of
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regarding the theory of evolution, after over 20 years of research and discovery. Darwin was prompted to publish by the publication of an essay by Alfred Russel
Wallace, which independently summarized the theory. The theory's most profound element, "natural selection," challenged the generally
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not then to be atheistical, be it true or not; it may simply be suggesting a larger idea of Divine
Prescience and Skill. Perhaps your friend has got a surer clue to guide him than I have, who have never studied the question, and I do not that 'the accidental evolution of organic beings' is
2584:, is it not an instance of incomprehensibly and infinitely marvellous Wisdom and Design to have given certain laws to matter millions of ages ago, which have surely and precisely worked out, in the long course of those ages, those effects which He from the first proposed. Mr Darwin's theory
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3468:, p. 18, Noting that this applies to published or public skeptics. Many or most Christians may have held on to a literal six days of creation, but these views were rarely expressed in books and journals. Exceptions are also noted, such as literal interpretations published by
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By one count there are some 700 scientists with respectable academic credentials (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientist) who give credence to creation-science, the general theory that complex life forms did not evolve but appeared
2723:
has taken an anti-evolution position which avoids any direct appeal to religion. However, Leonard
Krishtalka, a paleontologist and an opponent of the movement, has called intelligent design "nothing more than creationism in a cheap tuxedo," and, in
2955:, which states that evolution is compatible with Christianity insofar as to discover "the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter," but that to apply evolution to matters of spirituality is inappropriate. The
3794:, pp. 255–256, "Fundamentalists no longer merely denounced Darwinism as false; they offered a scientific-sounding alternative of their own, which they called either 'scientific creationism (as distinct from religious creationism) or '
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candidates who oppose the previous board's decision to introduce intelligent design and lay doubts on evolution. The coalition ran on the
Democratic ticket. The newly elected board members agreed to not appeal the court decision in
3500:, clergyman and respected Amherst College geologist, (1793-1864); Reverend Herbert W. Morris (1818-1897); H. L. Hastings (1833?-1899); Luther T. Townsend (1838-1922); Alexander Patterson, Presbyterian evangelist who published
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started the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, which emphasizes evolution in high school biology textbooks. This was part of a broad-based improvement of education in the United States in response to the launch of the
2458:
biology text books were introduced, promoting evolution as the organizing principle of biology. The belief in the power of science amongst biologists was running especially high: One of the prominent creators of the
2348:, unlike subsequent creationists. Evolutionary skeptics, creationist leaders and skeptical scientists were usually either willing to adopt a figurative reading of the first chapter of Genesis, or allowed that the
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Darwin's book revolutionized the way naturalists viewed the world. The book and its promotion attracted attention and controversy, and many theologians reacted to Darwin's theories. For example, in his 1874 work
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ruled that "intelligent design is not science," but is "grounded in theology" and "cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents." Before the trial began, U.S. President
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showing past extinctions prompted early ideas of evolution, which were particularly controversial in England, where both the natural world and the hierarchical social order were thought to be fixed by
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outpacing all other denominations. With growth, these churches became better equipped to promulgate a creationist message, with their own colleges, schools, publishing houses, and broadcast media.
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1925 – The Scopes Trial tested the new Butler Act, which made it illegal to teach that man descended from animals in public schools. Scopes was found guilty and fined $ 100; prosecution lawyer
4250:, p. 258, "Virtually no secular scientists accepted the doctrines of creation science; but that did not deter creation scientists from advancing scientific arguments for their position."
2510:
3522:
3157:, issued a sweeping decision asserting that intelligent design is just another name for creationism, that it is not science, and that it cannot be taught as science in public schools.
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law requiring that creation science be taught in public schools, along with evolution, was unconstitutional because the law was specifically intended to advance a particular religion.
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3472:(1788-1871) and David Nevins Lord (1792-1880). However, the observation that evolutionary critics had a relaxed interpretation of Genesis is supported by specifically enumerating:
3006:
1973 – Tennessee passed a law requiring textbooks with a theory of origin to give equal emphasis to the Genesis account of creation. In 1975, the law was ruled unconstitutional in
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and other sciences into a strong, coherent explanation of evolution. A campaign ensued, urging schools to teach the "fact" of evolution, and in the 1960s, the federally supported
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her proposal did not ban the teaching of evolution, but rescinded the decree nonetheless and even acted to bolster the presence of evolution in Italian academic curricula.
2332:'s return depended on a quasi-literal reading of the Bible. However, they were not as concerned about geology, freely granting scientists any time they needed before the
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Text developed during plenary sessions of the International Theological Commission held in Rome from 2000–2002, and published by the Commission with permission from
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that dealt with “Balanced Treatment of Creation-Science and Evolution Science in the Public Schools.” The argument had been made in support of creationism that the
2526:. These efforts were against the recommendations of Morris, who urged a more cautious and scientific approach. Ultimately, the CSRC broke up, and Morris founded the
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indicate that systems become ordered under a flow of energy. Morowitz therefore concluded that the existence of life involves no contradictions to physical laws.
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of 1925 prohibiting the teaching of any theory of the origins of humans that contradicted the teachings of the Bible. This law was tested in the highly publicized
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on the origins and evolution of life actively attacked by creationist organizations and religious groups who desire to uphold other forms of creationism (usually
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644:
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after a statement read to students claimed that there are "gaps" in evolution and that intelligent design is an alternative about which they can learn from the
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who believed it to be in conflict with their interpretations of the biblical account of life's, especially humanity's, origin and development. However, radical
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for the greatness of the Creator, prompting us to give him thanks for all his works and for the understanding and wisdom he gives to scholars and researchers.
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in 1970. Morris promised that the ICR, unlike the CSRC, would be controlled and operated by scientists. During this time, Morris and others who supported
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1981 – The state of Arkansas adopts a law known as the "Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science Act" (Act 590). A ruling from the
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I do not wish to meddle with any man's family matters, or quarrel with any one about his relatives. If a man prefers to look for his kindred in the
2201:..." Perhaps the most uncompromising of the evolutionary philosophers was Ernst Haeckel, who dogmatically affirmed that nothing spiritual exists.
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2681:(ID)) as an alternative. Most of these groups are explicitly Christian, and more than one sees the debate as part of the Christian mandate to
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2001 – The Kansas State Board of Education reinstated the discussion of evolution and the Big Bang after the removal of three board members.
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2051:(13th century), the current creation–evolution controversy originated in Europe and North America in the late 18th century. Discoveries in
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to account for scientific observations, such as fossils and geological findings. In the immediate post-Darwinian era, few scientists or
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Some point to the fact that before ordination all Catholic priests have to study the teachings of Thomas Aquinas, who subscribed to an
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3104:" initiative of intelligent design activists. In 2004, the board created a "Critical Analysis of Evolution" lesson plan for teachers.
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2316:—a genealogical table which begins in the mud and ends in the gravel, which has a monar at the head, a monkey in the middle, and an
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released a statement condemning the suggestion that the word "evolution" be banned from textbooks used in schools in the state of
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2005 – The Kansas State Board of Education "scheduled six days of courtroom-style hearings" concerning the teaching of evolution.
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questioned the historical accuracy of literal interpretations of the Bible and added declarations that miracles were irrational.
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2005 – In November, eight of the nine-member Dover, Pennsylvania, school board were voted out and replaced with a coalition of
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school districts utilizing BSCS biology text books, but courts continued to prevent religious instruction in public schools.
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Harold Morowitz (1986 edition) Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life, Berkley Books Publishing Group New York, ASIN: B00151WGGO
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2544:. The flood geologists effectively co-opted "the generic creationist label for their hyperliteralist views." Previously,
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called into question the veracity of Scriptures. Even so, virtually none of these dissenters insisted on a young Earth.
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was published in 1961. The authors argued that creation was literally 6 days long, that humans lived concurrently with
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2450:, the source of the variation upon which evolution acted, led to a synthesis that brought together disparate fields of
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began teaching that man evolved from earlier forms of life per Darwin's theory of natural selection. In response, the
2185:. The controversy was fueled in part by one of Darwin's most vigorous promoters, Thomas Henry Huxley, who opined that
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was a generic term describing a philosophical perspective that presupposes the existence of a supernatural creator.
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2165:(1860) sparked considerably more religious controversy in Britain than Darwin's publication, as its support of
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5094:. Foreword by Christoph Cardinal Schönborn; translation from German by Michael J. Miller. San Francisco, CA:
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and for sediment to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land.
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4644:(Letter to J. Walker of Scarborough on Darwin's theory of evolution, May 22, 1868). Vol. XXIV. Oxford:
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offered to pay it, but it was later set aside on a technicality after appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court.
975:, sometimes called creation–evolution controversy, has a long history. In response to theories developed by
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case repealed all remaining creationist laws. The Court supported a District Court ruling that a 1928
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2696:(Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University) testified in the case of
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and have removed the intelligent design requirements from the school district's curriculum. (See
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Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
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attracted wide public interest despite being attacked by the scientific establishment and many
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2247:, it is no concern of mine; if he wants to believe that the founder of his family was an
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3855:"Magisterium is concerned with question of evolution, for it involves conception of man"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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to argue for the existence of God from signs of intelligent design in the living world.
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from 1871 reflects part of the social controversy over whether humans and apes share a
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law violated the Establishment Clause because it prohibited the teaching of evolution.
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with ideas on evolution and all warm-blooded animals arising from one living filament.
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5090:; Wiedenhofer, Siegfried (2008) . Horn, Stephan Otto; Wiedenhofer, Siegfried (eds.).
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remained a best-seller, and paved the way for widespread interest in the theory of
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in the late 19th century was the issue of human ancestry. In the words of an 1896
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4715:. Magill Bibliographies. Lanham, MD; Pasadena, CA: Scarecrow Press; Salem Press.
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the system. In his expert testimony, Morowitz noted that in 1886 the physicist
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acknowledges the way in which scientific discoveries can complement one's faith:
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parents in the Dover Area School District legally challenged intelligent design
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by John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris reinvigorated the creationist movement.
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Creation and Evolution: A Conference with Pope Benedict XVI in Castel Gandolfo
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Creation and Evolution: A Conference with Pope Benedict XVI in Castel Gandolfo
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3867:). No. 44 (Weekly English ed.). Tipografia Vaticana, Vatican City:
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Teaching Intelligent Design: Incumbent Dover PA school board fails reelection
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has since refined its interpretations of Genesis as symbolic of spirituality.
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accepted idea of divine intervention in species formation, leading to strong
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Natural Theology: or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity
2576:, who in 1868, in a letter to a fellow priest, made the following comments:
5005:(Expanded ed., 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA:
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proposed a theory of evolution by acquired characteristics, later known as
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intelligent design is not science and is essentially religious in nature.
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is a "...compound of some of the best and some of the worst elements of
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2278:...I prefer that my genealogical table shall end as it now does, with '
2197:, moulded in practice by the innate character of certain people of the
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487:
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381:
5126:"Papers from a conference held at Castel Gandolfo, Italy, Sept. 2006."
3901:"Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God"
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The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications
2511:
The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications
2378:" were welcomed without any problems, but attitudes changed after the
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objections to evolution occurred after about 1875. Previously, citing
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Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God
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Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology
5002:
The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design
4263:
3868:
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3425:, p. 15, quoting from Horace Lorenzo (H. L.) Hastings' tract,
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3025:(1982) found the law to be a violation of the Establishment Clause.
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rejected the antiquity of the earth, the progressive nature of the
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457:
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2522:. The CSRC rushed publication of biology text books that promoted
2128:" as supporting their struggle to overthrow the privileges of the
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itself, such subversive ideas were rejected, associated only with
4419:
4208:"The Evolution Controversy: Who's Fighting with Whom about What?"
3752:
3582:"Starting 'The Modern Synthesis': Theodosius Dobzhansky (2 of 2)"
3017:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas
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went there for a lecture tour in 1886–1887 his explanations of "
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that banning the teaching of specific theories contravened the
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4086:"Does Science Point to God? The Intelligent Design Revolution"
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is opposed by most of the same groups who oppose creationism.
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The Creation/Evolution Controversy: An Annotated Bibliography
4066:"Part II: The Christian Critics — Does Science Point to God?"
2329:
2300:,' rather than invent one which reads, 'Which was the son of
2094:'s theories, also praised Darwin for his intellectual honesty
1967:
1322:
3429:, Anti-Infidel Library No. 36 (Boston: H. L. Hastings, 1896)
2071:, followed by economic depression threatening revolution in
2283:
1396:
4126:"Teachers, Scientists Vow to Fight Challenge to Evolution"
3558:"Scopes Trial | Summary, Issues, & Facts | Britannica"
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with Darwinian natural selection, and explaining, through
4303:
4016:. Hebron, KY: Answers in Genesis Ministries International
3532:
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that also support a theistic understanding of evolution.
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2004:
1963:
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Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
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Dessain, Charles Stephen; Gornall, Thomas, eds. (1973).
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2432:
Work in genetics culminating in the 1937 publication of
2344:. Likewise, few attached geological significance to the
2155:. Darwin's book was praised by Unitarians as well as by
4664:(1994). "The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy". In
3627:
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inconsistent with divine design — It is accidental to
2428:
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) textbooks
4548:
World Civilizations: Their History and Their Culture
3523:"Evolution and Wonder: Understanding Charles Darwin"
2551:
2039:
in Asia, and the history of evolutionary thought in
2031:
and other Greek philosophers in Europe (5th century
4509:"Pope: Creation vs. evolution clash an 'absurdity'"
4340:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4180:"Bush Remarks Roil Debate on Teaching of Evolution"
3735:
3733:
3731:
3502:
The Other Side of Evolution Its Effects and Fallacy
3449:
3447:
3391:
3389:
3387:
2928:was inspiration and basis for Whitcomb and Morris'
2910:, leading its critics. Later accounts indicate Sir
2902:, with Thomas Henry Huxley among its defenders and
2312:, which was the son of monar, which was the son of
998:
995:
Creation–evolution controversy in the age of Darwin
5041:
4708:
4157:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005).
3406:
3404:
3118:2004 – On February 19, Italian Education Minister
3064:, which proposed that some biological systems are
2689:and posit different avenues for investigating it.
2562:Among the first recorded responses of a prominent
2098:Conditions eased with economic recovery, and when
4008:"Creation Evangelism: Cutting Through the Excess"
3849:
2872:Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot
2422:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
2181:argued that Darwin's theories were tantamount to
2055:led to various theories of an ancient earth, and
5132:
4489:, cv 2688 (December 20, 2005).
3728:
3444:
3384:
2665:The controversy continues to this day, with the
4221:. p. 3. Evolution Brief E2. Archived from
4110:
4108:
3590:University of California Museum of Paleontology
3401:
2104:was anonymously published in 1844 its ideas of
4635:
3983:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText"
3959:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText"
3935:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText"
3835:
3488:(1818-1907); George D. Armstrong (1813-1899);
3427:Was Moses Mistaken? or, Creation and Evolution
2745:
2370:matched the developments in Britain, and when
4299:"Carter slams Georgia's 'evolution' proposal"
4254:Martz, Larry; McDaniel, Ann (June 29, 1987).
4253:
4198:
3090:from standards relating to state assessments.
2761:states that the universe was created in 4004
2424:because their primary purpose was religious.
2324:Creationists during this period were largely
1027:
953:
337:
4642:The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman
4585:
4105:
3891:
3889:
3678:
3676:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3513:
3335:
3323:
3280:
3107:2004 – On January 30, former U.S. President
5048:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4092:. Washington, D.C.: Morley Publishing Group
4072:. Washington, D.C.: Morley Publishing Group
3012:as a violation of the Establishment Clause.
2860:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
2136:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
2101:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
3303:The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
3233:
3205:Rejection of evolution by religious groups
3051:initiated the intelligent design movement.
2995:1968 – A U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the
2661:Rejection of evolution by religious groups
2654:
1034:
1020:
973:Rejection of evolution by religious groups
960:
946:
344:
330:
213:Rejection of evolution by religious groups
4005:
3886:
3688:
3673:
3634:
2612:More recent statements have been made by
2263:, he may do so; but when he insists that
4485:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
4174:
4153:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
3907:. Vatican City: Holy See. Archived from
3182:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
3086:deleted discussion of evolution and the
2727:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
2534:, adopted the scientific sounding terms
2382:. The controversy became political when
2226:
2081:
5039:
4995:
4870:Science and Christian Tradition: Essays
4706:
4382:
3845:
3843:
3823:
3811:
3779:
3739:
3710:
3507:
3465:
3453:
3438:
3422:
3410:
3395:
3351:
3028:1987 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in
2142:as introduced and published by English
983:pseudoscientific interpretation of the
5133:
4954:
4912:
4860:
4824:
4785:
4443:
4247:
4123:
4028:Simon, Stephanie (February 11, 2006).
3807:
3791:
3722:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3668:
3657:
3645:
3613:
3367:
3298:"Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist"
2914:was most vocal in defending Darwinism.
2843:, theologian and geologist, publishes
2000:
4866:"An Episcopal Trilogy [1887]"
4745:
4660:
4541:Burns, Edward M.; Ralph, Philip Lee;
4219:Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary
4215:Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary
4083:
4060:
4056:
4027:
3798:' (as opposed to evolution science.)"
3528:Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett
3347:
2890:1860 – Liberal theologians published
1012:
4393:. Midland, Ontario: LabX Media Group
4383:Lorenzi, Rossella (April 29, 2004).
3897:International Theological Commission
3840:
3628:Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
3586:Understanding Evolution For Teachers
3292:
3180:2005 – On December 20, the court in
3153:. In December, the federal court in
3128:International Theological Commission
2456:Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
1976:
1952:
1931:
1911:
1890:
1870:
1850:
1829:
1809:
1789:
1769:
1749:
1729:
1708:
1688:
1667:
1647:
1627:
1607:
1587:
1567:
1547:
1001:
15:
2851:series and rejected a global flood.
2402:of 1925. The law was upheld by the
2352:were not necessarily 24-hour days.
13:
4256:"Keeping God Out of the Classroom"
3286:
2435:Genetics and the Origin of Species
2231:A satirical image of Darwin as an
14:
5162:
4267:. New York: Newsweek LLC: 23–24.
4084:Wiker, Benjamin D. (April 2003).
4030:"Their Own Version of a Big Bang"
2558:Evolution and the Catholic Church
2552:The Catholic Church and evolution
5151:Intelligent design controversies
4757:Scribner, Armstrong, and Company
4385:"Darwin back in Italy's schools"
4006:Verderame, John (May 10, 2001).
2878:1859 – Charles Darwin published
2625:Catechism of the Catholic Church
927:
926:
913:
371:
71:
20:
4496:
4476:
4437:
4404:
4376:
4318:
4291:
4241:
4168:
4144:
4117:
4050:
3999:
3975:
3951:
3927:
3871:. pp. 3, 7. Archived from
3829:
3817:
3801:
3785:
3773:
3761:Institute for Creation Research
3757:Institute for Creation Research
3745:
3716:
3700:
3662:
3651:
3619:
3607:
3574:
3550:
3459:
3432:
3416:
3215:History of evolutionary thought
3084:Kansas State Board of Education
2569:to Darwin's theory was that of
2528:Institute for Creation Research
2497:Institute for Creation Research
2355:
2063:'s will. As the terrors of the
2025:history of evolutionary thought
920:Evolutionary biology portal
4412:"Evolution on trial in Kansas"
3865:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
3372:
3357:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3274:
3239:"The evolution of creationism"
3227:
3096:2002 – After much debate, the
3077:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
2477:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
2124:welcomed the book's ideas of "
1546:
879:Creation–evolution controversy
633:History of evolutionary theory
1:
4348:10.1126/science.304.5671.677a
4124:Slevin, Peter (May 5, 2005).
3254:Geological Society of America
3221:
3098:Ohio State Board of Education
2487:ICR and the co-opting of the
2461:modern evolutionary synthesis
5088:Christoph Cardinal Schönborn
4551:(Sixth ed.). New York:
4545:; Standish, Meacham (1982).
4533:
4159:Whether ID Is Science, p. 89
2885:reactions to Darwin's theory
2732:United States District Judge
2704:second law of thermodynamics
2274:in that direction, I say No
864:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
5040:Numbers, Ronald L. (1998).
3197:
3100:partially adopted the new "
2964:National Science Foundation
2896:A debate of Darwin's theory
2746:Timeline of the controversy
2721:intelligent design movement
2473:Southern Baptist Convention
2001:
1761:Earliest multicellular life
1231:
264:Jainism and non-creationism
10:
5167:
5044:Darwinism Comes to America
4955:Larson, Edward J. (2004).
4707:Hayward, James L. (1998).
4638:"The Oratory Bm May 22/68"
4553:W. W. Norton & Company
4338:(5671). Washington, D.C.:
3836:Dessain & Gornall 1973
3492:, theologian (1797-1878);
2858:anonymously published the
2658:
2555:
2520:Christian Heritage College
2494:
2359:
899:Nature-nurture controversy
4874:D. Appleton & Company
4872:. Vol. V. New York:
3922:Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger
3082:1999 – On August 11, the
2673:(YEC), creation science,
2366:Initial reactions in the
2216:The greatest concern for
786:Evolutionary neuroscience
761:Evolutionary epistemology
741:Evolutionary anthropology
721:Applications of evolution
29:This article needs to be
5007:Harvard University Press
4795:New Bottles for New Wine
3336:Desmond & Moore 1991
3324:Desmond & Moore 1991
3281:Desmond & Moore 1991
3155:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
3075:sent the message to the
2900:Oxford University Museum
2880:On the Origin of Species
2772:presented his theory of
2152:On the Origin of Species
2106:transmutation of species
1187:−1000 —
1167:−1500 —
1147:−2000 —
1127:−2500 —
1107:−3000 —
1087:−3500 —
1067:−4000 —
1047:−4500 —
1044:
776:Evolutionary linguistics
771:Evolutionary game theory
746:Evolutionary computation
4825:Huxley, Julian (1964).
4670:Great Essays in Science
4459:Nature Publishing Group
4454:Scientific American.com
4449:"Threw the Book at 'Em"
3126:2004 – On July 23, the
2847:which was sixth in the
2671:young Earth creationism
2655:The current controversy
2404:Tennessee Supreme Court
2308:, which was the son of
2304:, which was the son of
2286:, which was the son of
2282:, which was the son of
2043:theology dates back to
1207:−500 —
889:Objections to evolution
796:Evolutionary psychology
791:Evolutionary physiology
736:Evolutionary aesthetics
715:Fields and applications
697:History of paleontology
233:"Teach the Controversy"
198:Creationist cosmologies
5146:Evolution and religion
3713:, pp. xi, 200–208
3515:Tippett, Krista (host)
3210:History of creationism
3071:1996 – On October 22,
2937:William Jennings Bryan
2652:
2634:
2599:
2536:scientific creationism
2322:
2239:
2095:
821:Speciation experiments
801:Experimental evolution
756:Evolutionary economics
578:Recent human evolution
436:Processes and outcomes
4799:Harper & Brothers
4447:(December 20, 2005).
4206:(December 22, 2005).
4080:, summarizing Gould.
3140:2005 – In September,
3102:Teach the Controversy
2957:Roman Catholic Church
2926:George McCready Price
2923:Seventh-day Adventist
2849:Bridgewater Treatises
2830:Principles of Geology
2815:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
2675:old Earth creationism
2647:
2645:the Catechism states:
2629:
2578:
2467:, made a religion of
2444:Mendelian inheritance
2440:Theodosius Dobzhansky
2372:Alfred Russel Wallace
2241:
2230:
2085:
781:Evolutionary medicine
726:Biosocial criminology
692:History of speciation
605:Evolutionary taxonomy
568:Timeline of evolution
4876:. pp. 126–159.
4862:Huxley, Thomas Henry
4831:Essays of a Humanist
4597:. London; New York:
4503:Schuster et al. 2008
4228:on November 29, 2010
4064:(July–August 2003).
3860:L'Osservatore Romano
3853:(October 30, 1996).
3810:, pp. 254–255;
3521:(February 5, 2009).
3235:Montgomery, David R.
3150:Of Pandas and People
3031:Edwards v. Aguillard
2997:Epperson v. Arkansas
2912:Joseph Dalton Hooker
2898:was arranged at the
2756:Archbishop of Armagh
2667:scientific consensus
2418:Establishment Clause
2413:Epperson v. Arkansas
2350:six days of creation
751:Evolutionary ecology
365:Evolutionary biology
4176:Bumiller, Elisabeth
4131:The Washington Post
3648:, pp. 246, 252
3616:, pp. 248, 250
3482:John William Dawson
3262:10.1130/GSATG158A.1
3130:issued a document,
3066:irreducibly complex
2894:supporting Darwin.
2719:More recently, the
2204:A watershed in the
2067:developed into the
1741:Sexual reproduction
1720:Huronian glaciation
853:Social implications
841:Universal Darwinism
831:Island biogeography
766:Evolutionary ethics
731:Ecological genetics
677:Molecular evolution
615:Transitional fossil
443:Population genetics
359:Part of a series on
259:Creator in Buddhism
169:Omphalos hypothesis
4997:Numbers, Ronald L.
4827:"The New Divinity"
4752:What is Darwinism?
4648:. pp. 77–78.
4307:. January 30, 2004
4185:The New York Times
4178:(August 3, 2005).
4062:Wiker, Benjamin D.
4059:, p. 31, and
4013:Answers in Genesis
3562:www.britannica.com
3478:Arnold Henry Guyot
3338:, pp. 500–501
3326:, pp. 321–322
3061:Darwin's Black Box
3049:Phillip E. Johnson
3022:McLean v. Arkansas
2904:Samuel Wilberforce
2892:Essays and Reviews
2867:Philip Henry Gosse
2808:watchmaker analogy
2699:McLean v. Arkansas
2694:Harold J. Morowitz
2679:intelligent design
2408:U.S. Supreme Court
2328:, whose belief in
2245:zoological gardens
2240:
2175:What is Darwinism?
2162:Essays and Reviews
2159:theologians whose
2149:in his 1859 book,
2096:
2047:(4th century) and
2045:Augustine of Hippo
1988:Quaternary ice age
1923:Earliest tetrapods
1882:Cambrian explosion
1841:Cryogenian ice age
1700:Atmospheric oxygen
1679:Pongola glaciation
1307:Multicellular life
1259:Single-celled life
884:Theistic evolution
816:Selective breeding
528:Parallel evolution
493:Adaptive radiation
280:Theistic evolution
203:Intelligent design
154:creation narrative
139:Biblical cosmology
5105:978-1-58617-234-3
5086:; Erbrich, Paul;
5055:978-0-674-19312-3
5016:978-0-674-02339-0
4972:978-0-679-64288-6
4931:978-0-465-07509-6
4914:Larson, Edward J.
4883:978-1-4179-7372-9
4722:978-0-8108-3386-9
4683:978-0-87975-853-0
4612:978-0-7181-3430-3
4562:978-0-393-95077-9
4543:Lerner, Robert E.
4326:"Darwin in Italy"
4204:Hewlett, Martinez
4035:Los Angeles Times
3899:(July 23, 2004).
3875:on March 21, 2016
3851:Pope John Paul II
3494:James Dwight Dana
3379:Burns et al. 1982
3364:Burns et al. 1982
3237:(November 2012).
3073:Pope John Paul II
2932:(see 1961 below).
2930:The Genesis Flood
2774:uniformitarianism
2753:Church of Ireland
2735:John E. Jones III
2618:Pope Benedict XVI
2614:Pope John Paul II
2580:As to the Divine
2574:John Henry Newman
2448:neutral mutations
2326:premillennialists
2140:natural selection
2130:Church of England
2065:French Revolution
2021:
2020:
2005:million years ago
1996:
1995:
1975:
1974:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1929:
1910:
1909:
1902:Andean glaciation
1889:
1888:
1869:
1868:
1849:
1848:
1828:
1827:
1808:
1807:
1788:
1787:
1768:
1767:
1748:
1747:
1728:
1727:
1707:
1706:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1665:
1646:
1645:
1626:
1625:
1606:
1605:
1586:
1585:
1566:
1565:
970:
969:
661:Origin of Species
463:Natural selection
354:
353:
321:
320:
50:
49:
5158:
5125:
5084:Spaemann, Robert
5075:
5047:
5036:
4992:
4951:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4845:. Archived from
4835:Harper & Row
4821:
4819:
4818:
4809:. Archived from
4782:
4780:
4779:
4742:
4714:
4703:
4674:Prometheus Books
4657:
4632:
4582:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4461:. Archived from
4457:(Blog). London:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4422:. Archived from
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4217:. Berkeley, CA:
4212:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:on June 21, 2014
3893:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3863:(Message to the
3847:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3805:
3799:
3796:creation science
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3592:. Archived from
3588:. Berkeley, CA:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3535:. Archived from
3511:
3505:
3498:Edward Hitchcock
3486:Enoch Fitch Burr
3463:
3457:
3451:
3442:
3441:, pp. 14–15
3436:
3430:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3290:
3284:
3283:, pp. 34–35
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3243:
3231:
3009:Daniel v. Waters
2977:satellite. (See
2948:papal encyclical
2908:Bishop of Oxford
2841:William Buckland
2709:Ludwig Boltzmann
2541:creation science
2502:John C. Whitcomb
2167:higher criticism
2157:liberal Anglican
1982:
1977:
1958:
1953:
1937:
1932:
1917:
1912:
1896:
1891:
1876:
1871:
1856:
1851:
1835:
1830:
1821:Earliest animals
1815:
1810:
1795:
1790:
1775:
1770:
1755:
1750:
1735:
1730:
1714:
1709:
1694:
1689:
1673:
1668:
1653:
1648:
1633:
1628:
1619:Earliest fossils
1613:
1608:
1593:
1588:
1573:
1568:
1553:
1548:
1527:
1496:
1458:
1456:
1430:
1428:
1335:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1006:
999:
985:creation account
962:
955:
948:
935:
930:
929:
922:
918:
917:
894:Level of support
687:Current research
672:Modern synthesis
667:Before synthesis
620:Extinction event
378:Darwin's finches
375:
356:
355:
346:
339:
332:
248:
247:
228:Public education
178:Creation science
75:
52:
51:
45:
42:
36:
24:
23:
16:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5106:
5080:Schuster, Peter
5056:
5017:
4973:
4932:
4904:
4902:
4884:
4852:
4850:
4816:
4814:
4791:"Transhumanism"
4777:
4775:
4723:
4684:
4672:. Buffalo, NY:
4646:Clarendon Press
4613:
4587:Desmond, Adrian
4563:
4536:
4531:
4520:
4518:
4517:. July 25, 2007
4507:
4501:
4497:
4482:
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4210:
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4150:
4149:
4145:
4136:
4134:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4095:
4093:
4090:Crisis Magazine
4075:
4073:
4070:Crisis Magazine
4055:
4051:
4040:
4038:
4019:
4017:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3914:
3912:
3894:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3806:
3802:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:, p. 255;
3705:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3512:
3508:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3366:, p. 965;
3362:
3358:
3350:, p. 177;
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3306:. John van Wyhe
3291:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3200:
3193:being as such."
3120:Letizia Moratti
3056:Michael J. Behe
3044:Darwin on Trial
2919:The New Geology
2856:Robert Chambers
2824:1830 to 1833 –
2806:which uses the
2783:1794 to 1796 –
2748:
2663:
2657:
2560:
2554:
2506:Henry M. Morris
2499:
2493:
2430:
2380:First World War
2364:
2358:
2334:Edenic creation
2222:religious tract
2177:the theologian
2069:Napoleonic Wars
2017:
2016:
2008:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:Ediacaran biota
1854:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:Earliest plants
1793:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1659:Earliest oxygen
1651:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1014:
1008:
1004:
997:
966:
925:
912:
911:
904:
903:
854:
846:
845:
716:
708:
707:
706:
634:
626:
625:
624:
573:Human evolution
563:History of life
547:
546:Natural history
539:
538:
537:
437:
429:
384:
350:
317:
242:Religious views
237:
207:
165:
149:Book of Genesis
130:Neo-creationism
126:
46:
40:
37:
34:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5164:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5128:
5127:
5104:
5096:Ignatius Press
5076:
5054:
5037:
5015:
4993:
4971:
4963:Modern Library
4952:
4930:
4910:
4882:
4858:
4822:
4787:Huxley, Julian
4783:
4747:Hodge, Charles
4743:
4721:
4704:
4682:
4666:Martin Gardner
4658:
4633:
4611:
4603:Viking Penguin
4599:Michael Joseph
4583:
4561:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4495:
4475:
4436:
4403:
4375:
4317:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4167:
4143:
4116:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4049:
4047:
4046:
3998:
3987:www.vatican.va
3974:
3963:www.vatican.va
3950:
3939:www.vatican.va
3926:
3885:
3839:
3828:
3816:
3814:, pp. 5–6
3800:
3784:
3772:
3759:. Dallas, TX:
3744:
3727:
3715:
3699:
3687:
3672:
3661:
3650:
3633:
3618:
3606:
3573:
3549:
3531:(Transcript).
3506:
3458:
3443:
3431:
3415:
3400:
3383:
3371:
3356:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3294:van Wyhe, John
3285:
3273:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3158:
3138:
3135:
3124:
3116:
3105:
3094:
3091:
3080:
3069:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3004:
2993:
2986:
2979:Sputnik crisis
2960:
2952:Humani Generis
2940:
2933:
2915:
2888:
2876:
2863:
2852:
2837:
2822:
2811:
2794:
2785:Erasmus Darwin
2781:
2766:
2747:
2744:
2739:George W. Bush
2712:introduced by
2659:Main article:
2656:
2653:
2564:Roman Catholic
2556:Main article:
2553:
2550:
2508:' influential
2495:Main article:
2492:
2485:
2429:
2426:
2384:public schools
2360:Main article:
2357:
2354:
2346:Biblical flood
2237:common lineage
2147:Charles Darwin
2092:Charles Darwin
2090:, a critic of
2049:Thomas Aquinas
2027:dates back to
2019:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1781:Earliest fungi
1779:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1639:LHB meteorites
1637:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1579:Earliest water
1577:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:Photosynthesis
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:0 —
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1002:
996:
993:
968:
967:
965:
964:
957:
950:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
923:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
874:Social effects
871:
866:
861:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
600:Classification
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
570:
565:
560:
558:Common descent
555:
553:Origin of life
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
376:
368:
367:
361:
360:
352:
351:
349:
348:
341:
334:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
283:
282:
274:
273:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
253:
252:
244:
243:
239:
238:
236:
235:
230:
225:
219:
216:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
184:
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
164:
163:
162:
161:
159:as an allegory
156:
145:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
125:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
101:
100:
99:
91:
90:
84:
83:
77:
76:
68:
67:
61:
60:
48:
47:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5163:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4849:on 2021-02-11
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4813:on 2011-05-22
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4465:on 2006-02-07
4464:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4426:on 2005-05-03
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4392:
4391:
4390:The Scientist
4386:
4379:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4342:: 677. 2004.
4341:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4285:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4109:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3923:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3782:, p. 286
3781:
3776:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3742:, p. 284
3741:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3725:, p. 255
3724:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3697:, p. 253
3696:
3691:
3685:, p. 251
3684:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3596:on 2013-05-23
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3539:on 2015-11-18
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3496:(1813-1895);
3495:
3491:
3490:Charles Hodge
3487:
3484:(1820-1899);
3483:
3480:(1807-1884);
3479:
3476:(1807-1873);
3475:
3474:Louis Agassiz
3471:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3381:, p. 965
3380:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:Pope Pius XII
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:catastrophism
2831:
2827:
2826:Charles Lyell
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2798:William Paley
2795:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2532:flood geology
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:Julian Huxley
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:United States
2363:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:fossil record
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2210:Louis Agassiz
2207:
2202:
2200:
2199:Western world
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Charles Hodge
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2088:Charles Hodge
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:Great Britain
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:Although the
2015:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1964:Earliest apes
1960:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:Karoo ice age
1939:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1526:
1495:
1457:
1429:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1336:
1308:
1292:
1276:
1260:
1244:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1005:Life timeline
1000:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
943:
941:
940:
934:
924:
921:
916:
910:
909:
908:
907:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
850:
849:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:Phylogenetics
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
712:
711:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
651:
650:Before Darwin
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
630:
629:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
543:
542:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Genetic drift
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
433:
432:
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416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
388:
387:
383:
379:
374:
370:
369:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
327:
325:
324:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
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286:
285:
281:
278:
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270:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
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250:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
218:
217:
214:
211:
210:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
193:Flood geology
191:
189:
186:
185:
183:
182:
179:
176:
175:
170:
167:
166:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
128:
127:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
44:
32:
27:
18:
17:
5091:
5043:
5001:
4961:. New York:
4957:
4920:. New York:
4917:
4903:. Retrieved
4869:
4851:. Retrieved
4847:the original
4833:. New York:
4830:
4815:. Retrieved
4811:the original
4797:. New York:
4794:
4776:. Retrieved
4755:. New York:
4751:
4710:
4669:
4641:
4594:
4591:Moore, James
4547:
4519:. Retrieved
4512:
4498:
4483:
4478:
4467:. Retrieved
4463:the original
4452:
4445:Rennie, John
4439:
4428:. Retrieved
4424:the original
4415:
4406:
4395:. Retrieved
4388:
4378:
4367:. Retrieved
4335:
4329:
4320:
4309:. Retrieved
4302:
4293:
4282:
4276:. Retrieved
4262:
4243:
4230:. Retrieved
4223:the original
4214:
4189:. Retrieved
4183:
4170:
4151:
4146:
4135:. Retrieved
4129:
4119:
4094:. Retrieved
4089:
4074:. Retrieved
4069:
4052:
4039:. Retrieved
4033:
4018:. Retrieved
4011:
4001:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:
3977:
3966:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3942:. Retrieved
3938:
3929:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:the original
3905:The Holy See
3904:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3858:
3831:
3826:, p. 11
3824:Hayward 1998
3819:
3812:Numbers 1998
3803:
3787:
3780:Numbers 2006
3775:
3764:. Retrieved
3756:
3753:"Who We Are"
3747:
3740:Numbers 2006
3718:
3711:Numbers 2006
3702:
3690:
3664:
3653:
3621:
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:the original
3585:
3576:
3565:. Retrieved
3561:
3552:
3541:. Retrieved
3537:the original
3526:
3519:Moore, James
3509:
3501:
3470:Eleazar Lord
3466:Numbers 2006
3461:
3456:, p. 17
3454:Numbers 2006
3439:Numbers 2006
3434:
3426:
3423:Numbers 2006
3418:
3413:, p. 14
3411:Numbers 2006
3398:, p. 13
3396:Numbers 2006
3374:
3359:
3354:, p. 14
3352:Numbers 2006
3343:
3331:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3301:
3288:
3276:
3265:. Retrieved
3249:
3245:
3229:
3189:
3181:
3170:
3148:
3131:
3109:Jimmy Carter
3059:
3042:
3029:
3020:
3007:
2996:
2989:
2972:
2969:Soviet Union
2950:
2929:
2918:
2891:
2879:
2870:
2859:
2844:
2832:denigrating
2829:
2801:
2788:
2770:James Hutton
2759:James Ussher
2725:
2718:
2714:Lars Onsager
2697:
2691:
2687:
2664:
2648:
2641:creation in
2635:
2630:
2622:
2611:
2603:Aristotelian
2600:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2561:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2509:
2500:
2488:
2481:
2442:, combining
2433:
2431:
2411:
2400:Scopes Trial
2365:
2362:Scopes trial
2356:Scopes trial
2323:
2320:at the tail.
2313:
2295:
2291:
2290:, which was
2275:
2268:
2267:shall trace
2264:
2242:
2218:creationists
2215:
2203:
2187:Christianity
2174:
2171:
2160:
2150:
2135:
2134:
2099:
2097:
2022:
2011:
1559:Earth formed
971:
826:Sociobiology
811:Paleontology
659:
595:Biogeography
590:Biodiversity
508:Coextinction
498:Co-operation
473:Polymorphism
398:Introduction
251:Non-creation
222:
188:Created kind
38:
30:
5141:Creationism
4922:Basic Books
4662:Dewey, John
4514:NBCNews.com
4284:'abruptly.'
4248:Larson 2004
4200:Peters, Ted
3808:Larson 2004
3792:Larson 2004
3723:Larson 2004
3707:Larson 2004
3695:Larson 2004
3683:Larson 2004
3669:Huxley 1957
3658:Huxley 1964
3646:Larson 2004
3614:Larson 2004
3368:Huxley 1902
2962:1958 – The
2946:issued the
2546:creationism
2524:creationism
2489:creationist
2394:passed the
2126:natural law
2110:theologians
2086:Theologian
2079:agitators.
1015:This box:
981:young earth
836:Systematics
645:Renaissance
523:Convergence
513:Contingency
503:Coevolution
120:progressive
97:Young Earth
65:Creationism
5135:Categories
5114:2007938139
5025:2006043675
4981:2003064888
4905:2007-01-14
4853:2014-07-22
4817:2014-07-22
4778:2014-07-26
4521:2014-07-22
4491:Conclusion
4469:2013-09-04
4430:2013-09-04
4397:2014-07-22
4369:2014-07-22
4311:2014-07-22
4278:2014-07-22
4232:2014-07-22
4191:2007-02-03
4163:Conclusion
4137:2014-07-22
4096:2014-07-25
4076:2014-07-25
4057:Dewey 1994
4041:2014-07-25
4020:2014-07-25
3992:2023-01-14
3968:2023-01-14
3944:2023-01-14
3915:2014-07-22
3879:2014-07-22
3766:2014-07-22
3600:2014-07-22
3567:2023-03-31
3543:2014-07-25
3348:Hodge 1874
3310:2007-01-24
3267:2016-01-28
3222:References
3171:Kitzmiller
3166:Republican
3162:Democratic
2869:published
2828:published
2819:Lamarckism
2800:publishes
2787:published
2683:evangelize
2396:Butler Act
2388:U.S. state
2257:mud-turtle
2206:Protestant
2144:naturalist
2118:Unitarians
2029:Empedocles
1351:Arthropods
1291:Eukaryotes
977:scientists
610:Cladistics
533:Extinction
518:Divergence
488:Speciation
468:Adaptation
382:John Gould
41:April 2022
5122:228425433
4999:(2006) .
4900:634917253
4864:(1902) .
4534:Citations
4364:150623047
4356:0036-8075
4273:0028-9604
3246:GSA Today
3036:Louisiana
2974:Sputnik 1
2692:In 1981,
2607:evolution
2593:, not to
2567:clergyman
2516:dinosaurs
2410:ruled in
2392:Tennessee
2376:Darwinism
2041:Christian
1372:Dinosaurs
869:Dysgenics
585:Phylogeny
483:Gene flow
453:Diversity
448:Variation
272:Evolution
105:Old Earth
5072:38747194
5064:98016212
5033:69734583
4989:53483597
4948:36430743
4940:97009648
4916:(1997).
4892:41030619
4789:(1957).
4765:06012878
4749:(1874).
4739:38496519
4731:98003138
4700:28846489
4692:93035453
4654:59190720
4629:26502431
4621:92196964
4593:(1991).
4571:81018858
4264:Newsweek
3869:Holy See
3198:See also
3146:textbook
3088:Big Bang
3001:Arkansas
2983:New Math
2790:Zoonomia
2605:view of
2469:humanism
2191:Paganism
2122:Baptists
2013:Ice Ages
1406:Primates
1354:Molluscs
933:Category
859:Eugenics
701:timeline
682:Evo-devo
640:Overview
458:Mutation
420:Evidence
415:Glossary
293:Catholic
288:Buddhist
57:a series
55:Part of
4773:1004320
4668:(ed.).
4579:7998534
4420:Reuters
4331:Science
3256:: 4–9.
3188:2007 –
3113:Georgia
3054:1996 –
3041:1991 –
3034:that a
2988:1961 –
2942:1950 –
2917:1923 –
2865:1857 –
2854:1844 –
2839:1836 –
2813:1809 –
2796:1802 –
2768:1785 –
2751:1650 –
2730:(2005)
2643:Genesis
2452:biology
2420:of the
2338:clerics
2318:infidel
2302:skeptic
2272:lineage
2259:, or a
2253:gorilla
2195:Judaism
2183:atheism
2114:Quakers
2077:radical
2057:fossils
2053:geology
2035:), and
1981:←
1957:←
1936:←
1916:←
1895:←
1875:←
1855:←
1834:←
1814:←
1794:←
1774:←
1754:←
1734:←
1713:←
1693:←
1672:←
1652:←
1632:←
1612:←
1592:←
1572:←
1552:←
1388:Mammals
1363:Flowers
1222:–
1217:—
1212:–
1202:–
1197:—
1192:–
1182:–
1177:—
1172:–
1162:–
1157:—
1152:–
1142:–
1137:—
1132:–
1122:–
1117:—
1112:–
1102:–
1097:—
1092:–
1082:–
1077:—
1072:–
1062:–
1057:—
1052:–
989:Genesis
425:History
408:Outline
303:Islamic
223:History
110:day-age
81:History
31:updated
5120:
5112:
5102:
5070:
5062:
5052:
5031:
5023:
5013:
4987:
4979:
4969:
4946:
4938:
4928:
4898:
4890:
4880:
4843:550466
4841:
4807:550463
4805:
4771:
4763:
4737:
4729:
4719:
4698:
4690:
4680:
4652:
4627:
4619:
4609:
4595:Darwin
4577:
4569:
4559:
4362:
4354:
4271:
4161:, and
3252:(11).
3058:wrote
2906:, the
2778:eroded
2638:Church
2582:Design
2330:Christ
2310:oyster
2306:monkey
2298:of God
2280:Cainan
2037:Taoism
1968:humans
1541:
1534:
1380:
1343:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1251:
1235:
931:
655:Darwin
313:Mormon
308:Jewish
4360:S2CID
4259:(PDF)
4226:(PDF)
4211:(PDF)
3242:(PDF)
2571:Saint
2491:label
2314:mud!'
2261:monar
1397:Birds
1243:Water
393:Index
298:Hindu
88:Types
5118:OCLC
5110:LCCN
5100:ISBN
5068:OCLC
5060:LCCN
5050:ISBN
5029:OCLC
5021:LCCN
5011:ISBN
4985:OCLC
4977:LCCN
4967:ISBN
4944:OCLC
4936:LCCN
4926:ISBN
4896:OCLC
4888:LCCN
4878:ISBN
4839:OCLC
4803:OCLC
4769:OCLC
4761:LCCN
4735:OCLC
4727:LCCN
4717:ISBN
4696:OCLC
4688:LCCN
4678:ISBN
4650:OCLC
4625:OCLC
4617:LCCN
4607:ISBN
4575:OCLC
4567:LCCN
4557:ISBN
4352:ISSN
4269:ISSN
3164:and
2636:The
2623:The
2616:and
2586:need
2538:and
2504:and
2475:and
2288:Adam
2284:Seth
2276:sir!
2255:, a
2251:, a
2193:and
2120:and
1599:LUCA
1035:edit
1028:talk
1021:view
403:Main
4416:CNN
4344:doi
4336:304
4304:CNN
3533:NPR
3258:doi
3047:by
3019:in
2971:'s
2921:by
2677:or
2595:God
2438:by
2390:of
2296:son
2292:the
2249:ape
2233:ape
2061:God
2033:BCE
987:in
380:by
115:gap
5137::
5116:.
5108:.
5098:.
5082:;
5066:.
5058:.
5027:.
5019:.
5009:.
4983:.
4975:.
4965:.
4942:.
4934:.
4924:.
4894:.
4886:.
4868:.
4837:.
4829:.
4801:.
4793:.
4767:.
4759:.
4733:.
4725:.
4694:.
4686:.
4676:.
4640:.
4623:.
4615:.
4605:.
4601:;
4589:;
4573:.
4565:.
4555:.
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