Evolution and the Catholic Church

3249:

neo-Darwinian sense—an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection.' The cardinal, it seems, had received the backing of the new pope, Benedict XVI, the former Joseph Ratzinger (b. 1927), who in the mid-1980s, while serving as prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, successor to the notorious Inquisition, had written a defense of the doctrine of creation against Catholics who stressed the sufficiency of 'selection and mutation.' Humans, he insisted, are 'not the products of chance and error,' and 'the universe is not the product of darkness and unreason. It comes from intelligence, freedom, and from the beauty that is identical with love.' Recent discoveries in microbiology and biochemistry, he was happy to say, had revealed 'reasonable design.'

1693:) that, in their view, cannot be explained in terms of a purely contingent process and that neo-Darwinians have ignored or misinterpreted. The nub of this currently lively disagreement involves scientific observation and generalization concerning whether the available data support inferences of design or chance, and cannot be settled by theology. But it is important to note that, according to the Catholic understanding of divine causality, true contingency in the created order is not incompatible with a purposeful divine providence. Divine causality and created causality radically differ in kind and not only in degree. Thus, even the outcome of a truly contingent natural process can nonetheless fall within God's providential plan for creation. 1779:

crossed. For it is not the use of weapons or fire, not new methods of cruelty or of useful activity, that constitute man, but rather his ability to be immediately in relation to God. This holds fast to the doctrine of the special creation of man ... herein ... lies the reason why the moment of anthropogenesis cannot possibly be determined by paleontology: anthropogenesis is the rise of the spirit, which cannot be excavated with a shovel. The theory of evolution does not invalidate the faith, nor does it corroborate it. But it does challenge the faith to understand itself more profoundly and thus to help man to understand himself and to become increasingly what he is: the being who is supposed to say Thou to God in eternity.

1548:(1950), my predecessor Pius XII has already affirmed that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation, provided that we do not lose sight of certain fixed points. ... Today, more than a half-century after the appearance of that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than a hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines. The convergence in the results of these independent studies—which was neither planned nor sought—constitutes in itself a significant argument in favor of the theory. 1313: 2097:, chair of the Committee on Science and Human Values, wrote in a letter sent to all U.S. bishops in December 2004: "Catholic schools should continue teaching evolution as a scientific theory backed by convincing evidence. At the same time, Catholic parents whose children are in public schools should ensure that their children are also receiving appropriate catechesis at home and in the parish on God as Creator. Students should be able to leave their biology classes, and their courses in religious instruction, with an integrated understanding of the means God chose to make us who we are." 1379:(with whom Leo had argued over Mons. D'Hulst) detected. Leo stressed the unstable and changing nature of scientific theory, and criticised the "thirst for novelty and the unrestrained freedom of thought" of the age, but accepted that the apparent literal sense of the Bible might not always be correct. In biblical interpretation, Catholic scholars should not "depart from the literal and obvious sense, except only where reason makes it untenable or necessity requires". Leo stressed that both theologians and scientists should confine themselves to their own disciplines as much as possible. 1049:) to form the first fully human individuals; this would normally be considered to be at the point of conception. Léroy's book endorsed this concept; what led to its rejection by the Congregation appears to have been his view that the human species was able to evolve without divine intervention to a fully human state, but lacking only a soul. The theologians felt that some immediate and particular divine intervention was also required to form the physical nature of humans, before the addition of a soul, even if this was worked on near-human 40: 1519: 2073: 1813:

instead support evolution would have to exclude God. This antithesis is absurd because, on the one hand, there are so many scientific proofs in favour of evolution which appears to be a reality we can see and which enriches our knowledge of life and being as such. But on the other, the doctrine of evolution does not answer every query, especially the great philosophical question: where does everything come from? And how did everything start which ultimately led to man? I believe this is of the utmost importance.

1805:). In Pope Benedict's own contribution he states that "the question is not to either make a decision for a creationism that fundamentally excludes science, or for an evolutionary theory that covers over its own gaps and does not want to see the questions that reach beyond the methodological possibilities of natural science", and that "I find it important to underline that the theory of evolution implies questions that must be assigned to philosophy and which themselves lead beyond the realms of science." 344: 1876:- has irrefutable insights to offer that are contrary to the Catholic faith. I have witnessed from times long past the changes in natural science and have seen how apparent certainties against the faith vanished, proving themselves not to be science but philosophical interpretations only apparently belonging to science - just as, moreover, it is in dialogue with the natural sciences that faith has learned to understand the limits of the scope of its affirmations and thus its own specificity. 2109:" were addressed together in classes. On specific topics, 95% of science teachers and 79% of religion teachers agreed that "evolution by natural selection" explains "the diversity of life on earth". Only 21% of science teachers and 32% of religion teachers believed that "Adam and Eve were real historical people". A companion survey of Catholic adults found that 65% of those who had attended a Catholic high school believed in evolution compared to 53% of those who did not attend. 2015: 1028:. The records of the Holy Office reveal lengthy debates, with a number of experts consulted, whose views varied considerably. In 1895 the Congregation decided against the book, and Fr. Léroy was summoned to Rome, where it was explained that his views were unacceptable, and he agreed to withdraw the book. No decree was issued against Léroy's book, and consequently the book was never placed on the Index. Again, the concerns of the experts had concentrated entirely on 6486: 600: 1121: 6475: 2205: 1680:, God wills to activate and to sustain in act all those secondary causes whose activity contributes to the unfolding of the natural order which he intends to produce. Through the activity of natural causes, God causes to arise those conditions required for the emergence and support of living organisms, and, furthermore, for their reproduction and differentiation. Although there is scientific debate about the degree of purposiveness or 1012:

Darwin's theory need not then to be atheistical, be it true or not; it may simply be suggesting a larger idea of Divine Prescience and Skill. Perhaps your friend has got a surer clue to guide him than I have, who have never studied the question, and I do not that 'the accidental evolution of organic beings' is inconsistent with divine design—It is accidental to us, not to God.

1760:

casts light on the project that they are. And, vice versa, the theory of evolution seeks to understand and describe biological developments. But in so doing it cannot explain where the 'project' of human persons comes from, nor their inner origin, nor their particular nature. To that extent we are faced here with two complementary—rather than mutually exclusive—realities.

2001:, have discussed the problem of how evolutionary theory relates to the doctrine of original sin. They generally question the idea of a human fall from an original state of perfection and a common theme among them, most explicitly stated by Rahner, is to see Adam's sin as the sin of the entire human community, which provides a resolution of the problem of polygenism. 1337:, who succeeded in 1878, was known to advocate a more open approach to science, but also to be frustrated by opposition to this within the Vatican and leading church circles, "lamenting on a number of occasions, and not in a particularly private way, the repressive attitudes to scholars exhibited by people around him, and among those he clearly included members of 1667:, it is virtually certain that all living organisms have descended from this first organism. Converging evidence from many studies in the physical and biological sciences furnishes mounting support for some theory of evolution to account for the development and diversification of life on earth, while controversy continues over the pace and mechanisms of evolution. 1685:

the triune God intended not only to make a place for human beings in the universe but also, and ultimately, to make room for them in his own trinitarian life. Furthermore, operating as real, though secondary causes, human beings contribute to the reshaping and transformation of the universe. A growing body of scientific critics of

1740:

Biological evolution fits neatly into a traditional Catholic understanding of how contingent natural processes can be seen as part of God's plan ...a careful reading suggests that the new pope will give quarter neither to the enemies of spirituality nor the enemies of evolutionary science. And that's exactly as it should be."

1371:" and new scientific theories, and their relation with Scripture. Nothing specific concerning evolution was said, and initially both those in favour and against evolution found things to encourage them in the text; however a more conservative interpretation came to be dominant, and the influence of the conservative 1072:, arguing that Church teaching, the Bible, and evolution did not conflict. The book was denounced to the Congregation of the Index, who decided to condemn the book but did not publish the corresponding decree, and consequently, the book was never included on the Index. Zahm, who had returned to the United States as 3146:

that descent with modification is a fact, but evolution in the sense of "an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection" is false. Many of Schonborn's complaints about Darwinian evolution echoed pronouncements originating from the Discovery Institute, the right-wing American

1942:

does not explicitly discuss the theory of evolution in its treatment of human origins. Paragraph 283 has been noted as making a positive comment regarding the theory of evolution, with the clarification that "many scientific studies" that have enriched knowledge of "the development of life-forms and

1925:

159. Faith and science: "... methodical research in all branches of knowledge, provided it is carried out in a truly scientific manner and does not override moral laws, can never conflict with the faith, because the things of the world and the things of faith derive from the same God. The humble

1875:

What I said earlier of my compatriots, I now say to all who were entrusted to my service in the Church: Stand firm in the faith! Do not be confused! Often it seems as if science - on the one hand, the natural sciences; on the other, historical research (especially the exegesis of the Holy Scriptures)

1175:

never be at odds with one another but they mutually support each other, for on the one hand right reason established the foundations of the faith and, illuminated by its light, develops the science of divine things; on the other hand, faith delivers reason from errors and protects it and furnishes it

1902:

or a magician, but the creator who gives being to all things. ...The Big Bang, which nowadays is posited as the origin of the world, does not contradict the divine act of creating, but rather requires it. The evolution of nature does not contrast with the notion of creation, as evolution presupposes

1684:

operative and empirically observable in these developments, they have de facto favored the emergence and flourishing of life. Catholic theologians can see in such reasoning support for the affirmation entailed by faith in divine creation and divine providence. In the providential design of creation,

1284:

1. The same Holy mother Church holds and teaches that God, the source and end of all things, can be known with certainty from the consideration of created things, by the natural power of human reason: ever since the creation of the world, his invisible nature has been clearly perceived in the things

952:

lies in the simple fact that they do not have to decide either for Evolution or against it. Authority has not spoken on the subject; hence it puts no burden upon conscience, and may be discussed realistically and without prejudice. A certain wariness, of course, is necessary. I say that authority

943:

was abolished in 1966. However, a number of Catholic writers who published works specifying how evolutionary theory and Catholic theology might be reconciled ran into trouble of some sort with the Vatican authorities. According to the historian of science and theologian Barry Brundell: "Theologians

883:

Even before the development of modern scientific method, Catholic theology had allowed for biblical text to be read as allegorical, rather than literal, where it appeared to contradict that which could be established by science or reason. Thus Catholicism has been able to refine its understanding of

1897:

created beings and allowed them to develop according to the internal laws that he gave to each one, so that they were able to develop and to arrive at their fullness of being. He gave autonomy to the beings of the universe at the same time at which he assured them of his continuous presence, giving

1671:

The Church's stance is that any such gradual appearance must have been guided in some way by God, but the Church has thus far declined to define in what way that may be. Commentators tend to interpret the Church's position in the way most favorable to their own arguments. The ITC statement includes

1170:

9. Hence all faithful Christians are forbidden to defend as the legitimate conclusions of science those opinions which are known to be contrary to the doctrine of faith, particularly if they have been condemned by the Church; and furthermore they are absolutely bound to hold them to be errors which

1011:

As to the Divine Design, is it not an instance of incomprehensibly and infinitely marvellous Wisdom and Design to have given certain laws to matter millions of ages ago, which have surely and precisely worked out, in the long course of those ages, those effects which He from the first proposed. Mr.

814:

writes that "without realizing it, Darwin and Mendel laid the groundwork for all of life sciences in the twentieth century. Darwin saw that all living things are connected, that ultimately they trace their ancestry to a single, common source; Mendel's work provided the mechanism to explain how that

805:

He developed mathematical formulae to explain the occurrence, and confirmed the results in other plants. Where Darwin's theories suggested a mechanism for improvement of species over generations, Mendel's observations provided explanation for how a new species itself could emerge. Though Darwin and

2100:

A survey of principals and teachers of science and of religion at Catholic high schools in the United States indicates some attitudes toward the teaching of evolution and the results of that teaching. 86% of principals reported their schools took an integrated approach to science and religion, in

1933:

284. The great interest accorded to these studies is strongly stimulated by a question of another order, which goes beyond the proper domain of the natural sciences. It is not only a question of knowing when and how the universe arose physically, or when man appeared, but rather of discovering the

1778:

The clay became man at the moment in which a being for the first time was capable of forming, however dimly, the thought of "God". The first Thou that—however stammeringly—was said by human lips to God marks the moment in which the spirit arose in the world. Here the Rubicon of anthropogenesis was

1606:

wrote a defense of the doctrine of creation against Catholics who stressed the sufficiency of "selection and mutation." Humans, Ratzinger writes, are "not the products of chance and error," and "the universe is not the product of darkness and unreason; it comes from intelligence, freedom, and from

1494:

Now it is in no way apparent how such an opinion (polygenism) can be reconciled with that which the sources of revealed truth and the documents of the Teaching Authority of the Church propose with regard to original sin, which proceeds from a sin actually committed by an individual Adam and which,

1412:

on June 30, 1909, that stated that the literal historical meaning of the first chapters of Genesis could not be doubted in regard to "the creation of all things by God at the beginning of time; the special creation of man; the formation of the first woman from the first man; the unity of the human

1817:

In commenting on statements by his predecessor, he writes "it is also true that the theory of evolution is not a complete, scientifically proven theory." Though commenting that experiments in a controlled environment were limited as "we cannot haul 10,000 generations into the laboratory", he does

1759:

We cannot say: creation or evolution, inasmuch as these two things respond to two different realities. The story of the dust of the earth and the breath of God, which we just heard, does not in fact explain how human persons come to be but rather what they are. It explains their inmost origin and

1812:

Currently, I see in Germany, but also in the United States, a somewhat fierce debate raging between so-called "creationism" and evolutionism, presented as though they were mutually exclusive alternatives: those who believe in the Creator would not be able to conceive of evolution, and those who

966:

Our first parents were formed immediately by God. Therefore we declare that the opinion of those who do not fear to assert that this human being, man as regards his body, emerged finally from the spontaneous continuous change of imperfect nature to the more perfect, is clearly opposed to Sacred

2088:

Catholic schools in the United States and other countries teach evolution as part of their science curriculum. They teach that evolution occurs and the modern evolutionary synthesis, which is the scientific theory that explains how evolution proceeds. This is the same evolution curriculum that

3248:

Miffed by Krauss's comments, officers at the Discovery Institute arranged for the cardinal archbishop of Vienna, Cristoph Sconborn (b. 1945), to write an op-ed piece for the Times dismissing the late pope's statement as 'rather vague and unimportant' and denying the truth of 'evolution in the

1929:

283. The question about the origins of the world and of man has been the object of many scientific studies which have splendidly enriched our knowledge of the age and dimensions of the cosmos, the development of life-forms and the appearance of man. These discoveries invite us to even greater

953:

has not spoken; it may, however, speak tomorrow, and so the prudent man remembers his step. But in the meanwhile there is nothing to prevent him examining all available facts, and even offering arguments in support of them or against them—so long as those arguments are not presented as dogma.

1739:

is another prominent Catholic scientist widely known for opposing Young Earth Creationism and Intelligent Design. He writes, concerning Emeritus pope Benedict XVI, that "The Holy Father's concerns are not with evolution per se, but with how evolution is to be understood in our modern world.

2160:(d.1983) as the Counter Evolution Group. Its goal is "to inform Catholics and others of the scientific evidence supporting Special Creation as opposed to Evolution, and that the true discoveries of Science are in conformity with Catholic doctrines." It publishes the "Daylight" newsletter. 765: 1234:

If anyone says that finite things, both corporal and spiritual, or at any rate, spiritual, emanated from the divine substance; or that the divine essence, by the manifestation and evolution of itself becomes all things or, finally, that God is a universal or indefinite being which by

944:

and historians of science have always been struck by the seemingly enigmatic response of Rome when it did come; the authorities were obviously unhappy with the propagation of 'Christianized evolution', but it seems they were not willing or able to say so straight out and in public".

996:) has revealed that on many crucial points this belief was mistaken, and the periodical's accounts of specific cases, often the only ones made public, were not accurate. The original documents show the Vatican's attitude was much less fixed than appeared to be the case at the time. 971:

The concentration of concern on the implications of evolutionary theory for the human species was to remain typical of Catholic reactions. No Vatican response was made to this, which some have taken to imply agreement. No mention of evolution was made in the pronouncements of the

1599:(2007, originally in German) accepted with certain qualifications the "scientific theory of evolution", but attacked "evolutionism as an ideology", which he said sought to displace religious teaching over a wide range of issues. Nonetheless, in the mid-1980s, Prefect of the 1438:

The Church does not forbid that ... research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living

1701:

issued a statement on 18 November 2005 saying that "Intelligent design isn't science even though it pretends to be. If you want to teach it in schools, intelligent design should be taught when religion or cultural history is taught, not science." Cardinal

1793:, Pope Benedict XVI conducted a seminar examining the theory of evolution and its impact on Catholicism's teaching of Creation. The seminar is the latest edition of the annual "Schülerkreis" or student circle, a meeting Benedict has held with his former 1710:

have the obligation to listen to that which secular modern science has to offer, just as we ask that knowledge of the faith be taken in consideration as an expert voice in humanity." He also warned of the permanent lesson we have learned from the

1889:

issued a statement at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences that "Evolution in nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation," warning against thinking of God's act of creation as "God a magician, with a magic wand able to do everything."

1466:

Catholics must believe, however, that humans have souls created immediately by God. Since the soul is a spiritual substance it is not brought into being through transformation of matter, but directly by God, whence the special uniqueness of each

1834:, the reconciliation between science and religion already held by Catholics. In discussing evolution, he writes that "The process itself is rational despite the mistakes and confusion as it goes through a narrow corridor choosing a few positive 2186:

The website "catholic.net", successor to the "Catholic Information Center on the Internet", sometimes features polemics against evolution. Many "traditionalist" organizations are also opposed to evolution, see e.g. the theological journal

1587:, giving rise to speculation about a new direction in the Church's stance on the compatibility between evolution and Catholic doctrine; many of Schönborn's complaints about Darwinian evolution echoed pronouncements originating from the 1662:

of this first microscopic life is to be explained, there is general agreement among them that the first organism dwelt on this planet about 3.5–4 billion years ago. Since it has been demonstrated that all living organisms on earth are

1907:"God is not... a magician, but the Creator who brought everything to life,” Francis said. “Evolution in nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation, because evolution requires the creation of beings that evolve.” 1076:

of his Order, wrote to his French and Italian editors in 1899, asking them to withdraw the book from the market; however, he never recanted his views. In the meantime his book (in an Italian translation with the

2183:, S.J., offers Catholics insight into the relation between Catholic faith and evolution theory. Despite occasional objections to aspects of his thought, Teilhard was never condemned by the magisterial church. 1838:

and using low probability.... This ... inevitably leads to a question that goes beyond science.... Where did this rationality come from?" to which he answers that it comes from the "creative reason" of God.

3907:

Senior fellows at the CSC include mathematician David Berlinski, theological and molecular biologist Jonathan Wells, biophysicist Michael Behe, mathematician William Dembski, philosopher Paul Nelson, and

2380: 3186:

stating that the declarations made by Pope John Paul II could not be interpreted as recognising evolution. At the same time, he repeated arguments put forward by the supporters of the intelligent design

4215:(contains summary history of RC reaction; other pieces in the book are also relevant), 2008, Editors:Gaymon Bennett, Ted Peters, Martinez J. Hewlett, Robert John Russell; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 4408: 1926:

and persevering investigator of the secrets of nature is being led, as it were, by the hand of God in spite of himself, for it is God, the conserver of all things, who made them what they are."

4342: 3045: 1039:" was developed, according to which the first humans had evolved by Darwinist processes, up to the point where a soul was added by God to "pre-existent and living matter" (in the words of 1735:

point of view to stray from the field of science while pretending to do science. ...It only creates confusion between the scientific plane and those that are philosophical or religious."

876:

and other fields. No high-level Church pronouncement has ever attacked head-on the theory of evolution as applied to non-human species although a bishop of the church did excommunicate

1093:

in Italy, who added an appendix to a book of his own, summarizing and recommending Zahm's views. Bonomelli too was pressured, and retracted his views in a public letter, also in 1898.

5162: 4999: 2992: 3028:, James B. Stenson, Catholic Position Papers, Series A, Number 116, March, 1984, Japan Edition, Seido Foundation for the Advancement of Education, 12-6 Funado-Cho, Ashiya-Shi Japan. 577: 3614:"Part One Section Two I. The Creeds Chapter One I Believe in God the Father Article 1 I Believe in God the Father Almighty, Creator of Heaven and Earth Paragraph 4. The Creator" 2081: 3064: 904:(entailing far greater timeframes) by a majority of geologists in the 19th century. However, modern literal creationism has had little support among the higher levels of the 520: 1930:

admiration for the greatness of the Creator, prompting us to give him thanks for all his works and for the understanding and wisdom he gives to scholars and researchers...

1864:. These meetings generally confirmed the lack of conflict between evolutionary theory and Catholic theology, and the rejection of Intelligent Design by Catholic scholars. 3867:

Michael J. Behe is professor of biological sciences at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania.... He is senior fellow with Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture.

1898:

being to every reality. And so creation continued for centuries and centuries, millennia and millennia, until it became what we know today, precisely because God is not a

3698:(originally published in 1952 in German), Ludwig Ott, these specific De Fide statements found in Ott on "The Divine Act of Creation", pages 79–91. The various Councils ( 3592: 4754: 985: 3261: 1238:

If anyone does not confess that the world and all things which are contained in it, both spiritual and material, were produced, according to their whole substance,

6169: 984:, which, though unofficial, was generally believed to have accurate information about the views and actions of the Vatican authorities. The opening in 1998 of the 792:. The Brno monastery was a centre of scholarship, with an extensive library and tradition of scientific research. At the monastery, Mendel discovered the basis of 2459:

Evolutionary creation best describes the official position of the Roman Catholic Church, though it is often referred to in this tradition as 'theistic evolution.'

3142:

An influential Roman Catholic cardinal, Cristoph Schonborn, the archbishop of Vienna, appeared to retreat from John Paul II's support for evolution and wrote in

2384: 4784: 3539: 1797:. students since the 1970s. The essays presented by his former students, including natural scientists and theologians, were published in 2007 under the title 3342: 2740: 2433: 1808:

In July 2007 at a meeting with clergy Pope Benedict XVI noted that the conflict between "creationism" and evolution (as a finding of science) is "absurd:"

6089: 5187: 3570: 1893:

The Pope also expressed in the same statement the view that scientific explanations such as the Big Bang and evolution in fact require God's creation:

3613: 2781: 5654: 529: 189: 4403: 4174: 4048: 4440: 2890: 680:

were real people, and that all humans, whether specially created or evolved, have and have always had specially created souls for each individual.

538: 445: 436: 5975: 3038: 4317: 3880: 3840: 3824: 2025: 3985: 6367: 6154: 5157: 4494: 3810: 3754: 962:

The first notable statement after Darwin published his theory in 1859 appeared in 1860 from a council of the German bishops, who pronounced:

310: 3221: 5037: 3964: 3504: 3159: 2989: 629: 468: 3119: 2149:, and "argues from Evolution as a fact, that the whole process would be impossible without the existence of the Supreme Mind we call God." 5706: 5449: 4987: 3714:

that God is ultimately the Creator of all things however he chose to do the creating (Genesis 1; Colossians 1:15ff; Hebrews 3; Psalm 19).

4201: 3380: 1367:

issued by Leo XIII on 18 November 1893 on the interpretation of Scripture. It was intended to address the issues arising from both the "

6362: 5391: 5294: 4358: 4078:, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp. 81–95, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science, 3593:"Part One Section One I Believe - We Believe Chapter Three Man's Response To God Article 1 I Believe III. The Characteristics Of Faith" 2218: 2118: 1627: 1600: 1344: 1017: 989: 194: 179: 4128: 1434:, was the first encyclical to specifically refer to evolution and took up a neutral position, again concentrating on human evolution: 6327: 6189: 5107: 3943: 3924: 3147:

think tank that plays a central role in the ID movement (and whose public relations firm submitted Schonborn's article to the Times).

2358:

From this most primitive form of life, the divinely-guided process of evolution by natural selection brought about higher life forms.

2248: 1751:

Benedict XVI spoke of "the inner unity of creation and evolution and of faith and reason" and that these two realms of knowledge are

1246:, but as necessarily as he necessarily loves himself; or denies that the world was created for the glory of God: let him be anathema. 4279: 3710:, and others), the traditional statements of the Saints, Doctors, Fathers, and Scriptures are cited by Ott to document the Catholic 3486: 2127:

and clergy which have advocated positions both supporting evolution and opposed to evolution, as well as individual figures such as

1871:

published the spiritual testament of Benedict XVI, which was witten on August 29, 2006. In regards to natural sciences, he wrote:

4702: 4253: 3300: 1856: 425: 4069: 2713:

Rafael Martinez, professor of the philosophy of science at the Santa Croce Pontifical University in Rome, in a speech reported on

6274: 5368: 4386: 2760:, the English Bishop John Hedley, and Raffaello Caverni. Each of these has a chapter in Artigas, and is also covered by Brundell. 4300: 3630:

O'Sullivan, James P. (2016), "Catholics Re-examining Original Sin in light of Evolutionary Science: The State of the Question",

2489: 1552:

In the same address, Pope John Paul II rejected any theory of evolution that provides a materialistic explanation for the human

4602: 4597: 2189: 2037: 563: 125: 3667: 3552: 2756:

The six leading examples are the subject of Artigas's book. Apart from Léroy, Zahm and Bonomelli, discussed below, there were

6306: 6254: 4886: 4275: 4249: 4170: 4125: 4044: 3448: 2962:, Ludwig Ott, translated by Dr. Patrick Lynch and edited by James Canon Bastible, D.D.,The Mercier Press, Limited, May, 1955. 2661: 1638:' and has been expanding and cooling ever since. Later there gradually emerged the conditions necessary for the formation of 6510: 6244: 5980: 4498: 4433: 2529: 2511: 2475: 1634:

According to the widely accepted scientific account, the universe erupted 15 billion years ago in an explosion called the '

1623: 1343:

college of writers". On one occasion there was "quite a scene when the Pope energetically refused to have the writings of

6515: 6284: 6114: 5022: 4769: 3265: 2717: 1564:

from the forces of living matter, or as a simple epiphenomenon of that matter, are incompatible with the truth about man.

976:

in 1868. In the following decades, a consistently and aggressively anti-evolution position was taken by the influential

5943: 5440: 5049: 4774: 1235:

self-determination establishes the totality of things distinct in genera, species and individuals: let him be anathema.

798: 5926: 5528: 5009: 4460: 4325: 4267: 4241: 4193: 4162: 4117: 4102:, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul., 1959), pp. 566–584, Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac, 4065: 4036: 3894: 3854: 3424: 3235: 3169: 3129: 2686: 2345: 2059: 1273:(where God is not responsible for the entire created world, since mere "matter" is evil not good, see Ott, page 79). 1231:

If anyone says that the substance or essence of God and that of all things are one and the same: let him be anathema.

303: 6440: 5988: 5741: 5686: 5551: 5286: 5282: 5027: 4812: 4759: 1917: 1447:

The question of the origin of man's body from pre-existing and living matter is a legitimate matter of inquiry for

656: 622: 451: 3419:, Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Acta, vol. 20, Vatican City: Ex Aedibus Academicis in Civitate Vaticana, 3414: 3396: 2272: 726:

and the theory of evolution, provided that Christians believe that God created all things and that the individual

6449: 5791: 5766: 5731: 5726: 5691: 5571: 5170: 5054: 4644: 4607: 4490: 4470: 4426: 2733: 2444: 1861: 1020:, asking for confirmation of the Church's position on a theological book of generally Darwinist cast by a French 828: 788:

Augustinian monastery in 1843, but also trained as a scientist at the Olmutz Philosophical Institute and at the

6387: 6099: 5786: 5756: 5736: 5676: 5466: 5182: 4720: 4712: 4624: 4485: 4465: 4296: 4220: 2588: 2164: 1847: 1533: 1405: 1322: 1108:, which was still a common position among biologists in general at the time. Another American Catholic author 654:

or literal creationism to the individual within certain parameters established by the Church. According to the

509: 419: 409: 3362: 1618:. Papal pronouncements, along with commentaries by cardinals, have accepted the findings of scientists on the 1474:, who has transmitted original sin to all mankind. Catholics may not, therefore, believe in "polygenism", the 1166:

in 1869–70. The council has a section on "Faith and Reason" that includes the following on science and faith:

5761: 5751: 5077: 4948: 4846: 4543: 4393: 514: 1035:

To reconcile general evolutionary theory with the origin of the human species, with a soul, the concept of "

6342: 6313: 6296: 6204: 5816: 5781: 5771: 5349: 5330: 5192: 4943: 4856: 3522: 2778: 2406: 2033: 1451:. Catholics are free to form their own opinions, but they should do so cautiously; they should not confuse 780:

Catholics' contributions to the development of evolutionary theory included those of the Augustinian friar

296: 164: 1626:

in a July 2004 statement endorsed by Cardinal Ratzinger, then president of the Commission and head of the

776:. His work and that of Darwin laid the groundwork for the study of life sciences in the twentieth century. 6352: 5102: 4970: 4839: 4084: 3319: 3008: 2238: 2223: 1715:, and that "we also know the dangers of a religion that severs its links with reason and becomes prey to 1560:

Theories of evolution which, because of the philosophies which inspire them, regard the spirit either as

1348: 1225:

If anyone denies the one true God, creator and lord of things visible and invisible: let him be anathema.

921: 615: 603: 399: 327: 230: 1642:, still later the condensation of galaxies and stars, and about 10 billion years later the formation of 1490:

to reconcile polygenism with the original sin, it need not be condemned. The relevant sentence is this:

752:

teach evolution as part of their science curriculum. They teach the fact that evolution occurs and that

6269: 6067: 5721: 5373: 5339: 5298: 3730: 3553:"Pope Francis: 'Evolution ... is not inconsistent with the notion of creation' - Religion News Service" 3343:"Meeting Of The Holy Father Benedict XVI With The Clergy Of The Dioceses Of Belluno-Feltre And Treviso" 3328: 2233: 2180: 1990: 1061: 665: 269: 120: 6459: 6405: 6076: 6026: 5716: 5671: 4779: 3886: 3745: 3725: 2757: 2243: 1732: 1312: 1097: 993: 931: 279: 274: 4413: 3464: 1938:

Despite these general sections on scientific discussion of the origins of the world and of man, the

6489: 6425: 6347: 6318: 5938: 5933: 5811: 5711: 5696: 5681: 5523: 5344: 5234: 5152: 4976: 4953: 4904: 4577: 3989: 2652:

Teske, Roland J. (1999). "Genesi ad litteram liber imperfectus, De". In Allan D. Fitzgerald (ed.).

2228: 2153: 2077: 2041: 1143: 1065: 693: 264: 2145:

The "Faith Movement" was founded by Catholic priests Fr. Edward Holloway and Fr. Roger Nesbitt in

1486:

as licit. Another interpretation might be this: As we have nowadays in fact models of thinking of

6410: 6042: 6003: 5970: 5416: 5396: 5264: 5142: 5092: 4871: 4672: 4612: 3775:

Kolbe Center for the Study of Creation: Defending Genesis from a Traditional Catholic Perspective

3367: 3067:; the speech was made in French - for a dispute over whether the correct English translation of " 2411: 1823: 877: 862:

Catholic concern about evolution has always been very largely concerned with the implications of

86: 63: 3959: 3097: 1339: 1228:

If anyone is so bold as to assert that there exists nothing besides matter: let him be anathema.

1112:

accepted natural selection also, and was a prolific advocate in the Catholic and general press.

981: 6479: 6420: 6415: 6049: 5855: 5776: 5701: 5581: 5259: 5147: 5087: 4764: 4652: 3699: 2604: 1707: 1131: 1109: 846:(1638-1686), who converted to Catholicism and became a bishop, helped establish the science of 364: 254: 47: 4379: 4366:

Excerpts from In the Beginning: A Catholic Understanding of the Story of Creation and the Fall

4224: 2337: 1574: 683:

Early contributions to biology were made by Catholic scientists such as the Augustinian friar

54: 6184: 6011: 5436: 5217: 5082: 4928: 4634: 4572: 4531: 4516: 3703: 3384: 2838: 2440: 2139: 1724: 1654:(formed about 4.5 billion years ago), the conditions have been favorable to the emergence of 1478:

that mankind descended from a group of original humans (that there were many Adams and Eves).

1475: 1355: 1277: 1186:

On God the Creator, the First Vatican Council was very clear. The definitions preceding the "

1163: 973: 889: 820: 343: 199: 71: 2297: 1413:

race". As in 1860, "special creation" was only referred to in respect of the human species.

5588: 5557: 5454: 5335: 5249: 5129: 5032: 4749: 4744: 4667: 4617: 4548: 4526: 2090: 1752: 1720: 1690: 1384: 1036: 807: 789: 379: 369: 39: 23: 3940: 3919: 8: 6377: 6279: 6072: 6056: 5576: 5486: 4937: 4881: 4829: 4730: 4692: 3707: 2168: 1588: 1270: 1159: 1156: 1073: 1057: 863: 735: 669: 504: 374: 225: 135: 76: 3297: 3076: 2618: 1958:

All that exists outside God was, in its whole substance, produced out of nothing by God.

1954:

identifies the following points as essential beliefs of the Catholic faith ("De Fide"):

806:

Mendel never collaborated, they were aware of each other's work (Darwin read a paper by

796:

following long study of the inherited characteristics of pea plants, although his paper

6397: 6214: 5072: 5064: 4807: 4508: 4475: 4182: 3846: 2321: 2210: 2094: 2080:(a Catholic institution). Bears the quotation from Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975), " 1831: 1827: 1727:, called intelligent design unscientific, and wrote in the January 16–17, 2006 edition 1584: 1579: 893: 802:, published in 1866, remained largely overlooked until the start of the next century. 739: 731: 668:, or they may accept the belief that the earth evolved over time under the guidance of 651: 478: 473: 348: 335: 246: 169: 105: 6357: 5593: 4918: 4798: 4565: 4521: 4352:

The Credo of Paul VI: Theology of Original Sin and the Scientific Theory of Evolution

4292: 4271: 4263: 4245: 4237: 4216: 4189: 4166: 4158: 4121: 4113: 4061: 4040: 4032: 3890: 3850: 3649: 3444: 3420: 3231: 3165: 3125: 2682: 2657: 2584: 2493: 2341: 2326: 1994: 1736: 1603: 1537: 1518: 1105: 1090: 1086: 1000: 901: 673: 6219: 5993: 5955: 5913: 5841: 5836: 5803: 5610: 5543: 5506: 5501: 5481: 5476: 5401: 5254: 5244: 5204: 4735: 4553: 4536: 4351: 4133: 3675: 3641: 3023: 2955: 2157: 1944: 1611: 1376: 1368: 1327: 1269:(that God and the universe are identical), and ancient pagan and gnostic-manichean 977: 851: 842:

helped in the development of evolutionary theory. The work of the Danish scientist

835: 816: 661: 546: 488: 384: 144: 5459: 4004:"Living Tradition - Journal of the Roman Theological Forum - Index of Back Issues" 2072: 1846:

saw two major conferences on evolution in Rome: a five-day plenary session of the

1774:

In a book released in 2008, his comments prior to becoming Pope were recorded as:

1522:"... new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than a 1276:

The First Vatican Council also upholds the ability of reason to know God from his

6454: 6337: 6194: 6159: 5965: 5960: 5885: 5880: 5821: 5746: 5496: 5426: 4958: 4899: 4449: 4397: 4321: 4053: 3968: 3947: 3928: 3632: 3323: 3304: 3049: 2996: 2951: 2785: 2744: 2721: 2146: 2106: 1790: 1744: 1448: 1029: 1021: 905: 868: 749: 698: 643: 389: 115: 96: 81: 4209:

Evolution, Suffering, and the God of Hope in Roman Catholic Thought after Darwin

1767:

In the Beginning: A Catholic Understanding of the Story of Creation and the Fall

1672:

these paragraphs on evolution, the providence of God, and "intelligent design":

896:, and a literal interpretation of Genesis was normally taken for granted in the 6372: 6301: 6149: 6084: 5870: 5860: 5846: 5831: 5511: 5406: 5290: 5269: 4803: 4682: 4657: 4629: 4560: 3815:, Anthony Nevard, Theotokos Catholic Books website; Creation/Evolution Section. 2581:

A history of the warfare of science with theology in Christendom (2 Volume Set)

2543: 2124: 1716: 1712: 1664: 1659: 1430: 1198: 1045: 1004: 714: 688: 414: 4312: 4031:, Ed. by Robert R. Mathisen, 2nd revised edn., Baylor University Press, 2006, 3286:

Creation and Evolution: A Conference With Pope Benedict XVI in Castel Gandolfo

2714: 2560:

O'Leary, 7–15; Harrison, section "The Defence: Fr. Domenichelli"; Brundell, 84

2076:

Mosaic medallion in the floor of the main hall of the Jordan Hall of Science,

1261:, it is to be understood that these condemnations are of the errors of modern 6504: 6264: 6224: 6109: 6031: 6016: 5865: 5826: 5632: 5516: 5313: 4982: 4697: 4372: 4365: 4336: 4332: 4074:

Brundell, Barry, "Catholic Church Politics and Evolution Theory, 1894-1902",

3653: 3072: 2911:

The Zahn affair is the subject of Artigas's Chapter 4, and of Appleby's essay

2640: 2333: 2253: 2128: 1686: 1615: 1553: 1421: 1334: 926: 885: 843: 839: 781: 769: 753: 719: 684: 159: 3443:, Analecta Gregoriana, vol. 312, Rome: Gregorian & Biblical Press, 866:

for the origin of the human species; even by 1859, a literal reading of the

6239: 6174: 6104: 6094: 6021: 5921: 5890: 5666: 5615: 5383: 5325: 5222: 4993: 4910: 4866: 4861: 4851: 4662: 4589: 3227: 2172: 1886: 1703: 1698: 1647: 1459:, and they should respect the Church's right to define matters touching on 1317: 1152: 1135: 1068:, Indiana, and was then Procurator General of his Order in Rome, published 1026:

L'évolution restreinte aux espèces organiques, par le père Léroy dominicain

945: 723: 677: 483: 154: 4229: 3571:"Francis inaugurates bust of Benedict, emphasizes unity of faith, science" 3121:

Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism

2679:

Comparative Planetology, Geological Education & History of Geosciences

1967:

The Three Divine Persons are one single, common Principle of the Creation.

738:

and not the product of purely material forces. Today, the Church supports

6435: 6291: 6164: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6119: 5421: 5356: 5212: 5137: 5115: 4963: 4725: 4687: 4284: 2524: 2506: 2470: 1998: 1985:

God, through His Providence, protects and guides all that He has created.

1409: 1262: 1191: 1064:

priest who had been a professor of physics and chemistry at the Catholic

1003:, later to be made Cardinal, corresponded with a fellow priest regarding 915:

for many decades. While many hostile comments were made by local clergy,

897: 811: 709:

offered no authoritative pronouncement on Darwin's theories. In the 1950

676:

holds that God initiated and continued the process of his creation, that

589: 31: 4291:, entry on "Evolution", 1975, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1970:

God created the world free from exterior compulsion and inner necessity.

6129: 6124: 5948: 5875: 5491: 5411: 5042: 4141: 4103: 4079: 4003: 3645: 3487:"Spiritual Testament of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI | BENEDICT XVI" 3413:

Arber, Werner; Cabibbo, Nicola; Sánchez Sorondo, Marcelo, eds. (2009),

3198: 3182:

Christoph Schonborn, the Archbishop of Vienna, published an article in

3115: 3000: 1619: 1592: 1523: 1483: 1460: 1456: 1425: 1364: 1254: 1171:

wear the deceptive appearance of truth. ... 10. Not only can faith and

1078: 710: 4088: 3004: 2693:

Uniformitarianism has dominated geological thinking since Lyell's time

2381:"Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God" 1689:

point to evidence of design (e.g., biological structures that exhibit

1495:

through generation, is passed on to all and is in everyone as his own.

1120: 6234: 6229: 6199: 5895: 5658: 5642: 5627: 5471: 5361: 5239: 5229: 5097: 4876: 3842:

Darwin's nemesis: Phillip Johnson and the intelligent design movement

3471: 3400: 3262:"Kenneth R. Miller - Darwin's Pope? | Harvard Divinity Bulletin" 2273:"What do Catholics believe about Adam and Eve? | Commonweal Magazine" 1681: 1561: 1540:

updated the Church's position to accept evolution of the human body:

1360: 1266: 1243: 1239: 1101: 824: 702: 647: 4373:

Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God

2376:

Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God

888:

there was debate over whether God created the world in six days, as

6474: 6382: 6209: 5308: 4677: 4025:

Between Americanism and Modernism; John Zahm and Theistic Evolution

3439:

Auletta, Gennaro; LeClerc, Marc; Martinez, Rafael A., eds. (2011),

3223:

The creationists: from scientific creationism to intelligent design

2639:

Book VI, "For the creation of the world was concluded in six days"

2204: 2102: 1899: 1868: 1835: 1677: 1635: 1214: 1194: 1187: 1040: 827:

principles of evolution to form the field of genetics known as the

793: 773: 4418: 3975:, Dietrich von Hildebrand, Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1968. 3878: 3872: 3416:

Scientific Insights Into the Evolution of the Universe and of Life

2747:—for some reason the date of publication is given as 1914 not 1907 1852:

Scientific Insights Into the Evolution of the Universe and of Life

6179: 5017: 4891: 4834: 4390: 3071:" is "more than a hypothesis" or "more than one hypothesis", see 2954:), Ludwig Ott, Verlag Herder, Freibury, 1952; First published in 1658:. While there is little consensus among scientists about how the 1401:'s side as "what is to all known, and cannot be doubted by any." 1050: 873: 847: 1943:

the appearance of man" refers to mainstream science and not to "

1482:

Some theologians believe Pius XII explicitly excludes belief in

911:

The Catholic Church delayed official pronouncements on Darwin's

764: 6332: 5637: 5622: 5566: 5533: 2082:

Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of evolution

1643: 1372: 1172: 1148: 706: 4058:

Negotiating Darwin: the Vatican confronts evolution, 1877–1902

3921:

Warning Considering the Writings of Father Teilhard de Chardin

3773: 3465:

Vatican says Evolution does not prove the non-existence of God

3316: 2135: 1697:

In addition, while he was the Vatican's chief astronomer, Fr.

857: 6430: 5598: 5562: 3711: 3540:

Pope Francis backs theory of evolution, says God is no wizard

3161:

Parliamentary Assembly, Working Papers: 2007 Ordinary Session

1921:(1994, revised 1997) on faith, evolution and science states: 1651: 1610:

The Church has deferred to scientists on matters such as the

1082: 759: 4380:

Vatican Cardinal: Listen to What Modern Science has to Offer

884:

scripture in light of scientific discovery. Among the early

5603: 5322: 4404:

Teaching of Benedict XVI on Evolution before becoming Pope.

3787: 3412: 3065:

Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences: On Evolution

1794: 1655: 1639: 1577:, a close colleague of Benedict XVI, especially a piece in 1471: 1452: 1398: 1126: 785: 727: 4260:

Science and religion, 1450–1900: from Copernicus to Darwin

4098:

Morrison, John L., "William Seton: A Catholic Darwinist",

3950:, English edition of L'Osservatore Romano, July 20, 1981. 2828:

Artigas, 2, 5, 7–9, 220 etc.; Brundell, 82-83, 90-92 etc.

2142:, and is a Catholic lay apostolate promoting creationism. 1394: 986:

Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

957: 4318:

Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution

4236:, trans. John Bowden, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, 4136:, "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States", 3931:, Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, June 30, 1962. 3826:

Daylight Origins Society: Creation Science for Catholics

646:

holds no official position on the theory of creation or

4029:

Critical Issues in American Religious History: A Reader

3608: 3606: 2779:

The Vatican's View of Evolution: The Story of Two Popes

1950:

Concerning the doctrine on creation, Ludwig Ott in his

1443:

Pope Pius XII's teaching can be summarized as follows:

1100:

and his followers, accepted evolution, but not the key

4357:

Pope John Paul II, general audience of 10 July 1985. "

3882:

Scientists confront intelligent design and creationism

3625: 3623: 3438: 3397:

Pope praises science but stresses evolution not proven

3152: 3107: 1867:

On the evening of his death on December 31, 2022, the

880:

for his scientific work defending Darwin and Lamarck.

722:

confirmed that there is no intrinsic conflict between

4289:

Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi

3726:"Catholic schools steer clear of anti-evolution bias" 3812:

Theistic Evolution and the Mystery of FAITH (cont'd)

3744:

Emurayeveya, Florence; Gray, Mark M. (Spring 2018),

3603: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3113: 2200: 2112: 666:

period of an actual six-day, twenty-four-hour period

3620: 3505:"Pope Says God Not 'A Magician, With A Magic Wand'" 3003:, Vatican website. Quotation from s.5. Cited by in 1964:

The world was created for the Glorification of God.

850:, leading to modern scientific measurements of the 705:has slowly been refined. For nearly a century, the 16:

Attitude of the Catholic Church to evolution theory

4359:Proofs for God's Existence are Many and Convergent 4181: 4112:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, 3971:, Etienne Gilson writing to Cardinal De Lubac, in 3838: 3832: 2681:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 262. 2325: 2320: 2123:There have been several organizations composed of 1961:God was moved by His Goodness to create the world. 1910: 4234:The beginning of all things: science and religion 4095:, Organ of the Roman Theological Forum, May 2001. 3523:"Pope says evolution doesn't mean there's no God" 3219: 3208: 2374:International Theological Commission (July 2004) 2314: 2175:, who is currently a senior fellow at the Center. 6502: 4313:Vatican Council I (1869–70), the full documents. 4089:Early Vatican Responses to Evolutionist Theology 3363:Pope says science too narrow to explain creation 2839:Letter to J. Walker of Scarborough, May 22, 1868 2656:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 377–378. 2378:, plenary sessions held in Rome 2000–2002, §63. 2004: 1842:The 150th anniversary of the publication of the 1601:Sacred Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith 1508:5:12–19; Council of Trent, Session V, Canons 1–4 1242:by God; or holds that God did not create by his 4337:Evolution, History and Scientific Foundation of 4153:Bennett, Gaymon, Hess, Peter M. J. and others, 4110:Roman Catholicism and modern science: a history 3743: 3069:la theorie de l'evolution plus qu'une hypothese 4371:International Theological Commission (2004). " 4076:The British Journal for the History of Science 3941:Communiqué of the Press Office of the Holy See 3629: 3298:Pope to Dissect Evolution With Former Students 3164:. Council of Europe Publishing. 30 June 2008. 900:and later, until it was rejected in favour of 819:and others brought together the principles of 772:(1822-1884), Augustinian friar and founder of 4434: 3755:Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate 3747:Science and Religion in Catholic High Schools 2328:The HarperCollins Encyclopædia of Catholicism 2171:was founded, in part, by Catholic biochemist 2022:The examples and perspective in this article 1676:In freely willing to create and conserve the 872:had long been undermined by developments in 623: 304: 2843:The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman 1382:An earlier encyclical of Leo's on marriage, 1307: 660:, any believer may accept either literal or 4364:Cardinal Ratzinger's Commentary on Genesis 3879:Andrew J. Petto, Laurie R. Godfrey (2007). 2654:Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia 2370: 2368: 2366: 1470:All men have descended from an individual, 858:Early reaction to Charles Darwin's theories 6363:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 4441: 4427: 2891:Evolution and dogma By John Augustine Zahm 2641:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02106.htm 2490:"Biography of Mendel at the Mendel Museum" 2219:Creation and evolution in public education 2136:The Kolbe Center for the Study of Creation 2119:List of Catholic creationist organisations 1982:God keeps all created things in existence. 1628:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 760:Early contributions to evolutionary theory 630: 616: 311: 297: 180:Rejection of evolution by religious groups 4056:; Glick, Thomas F., Martínez, Rafael A.; 2881:Harrison, especially Conclusion sections. 2619:"THE CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF AUGUSTINE" 2569:Harrison, especially Conclusion section 2 2249:Relationship between religion and science 2060:Learn how and when to remove this message 1607:the beauty that is identical with love." 892:taught, or in a single moment as held by 4354:" (L'Osservatore Romano, 17 April 1969). 4179: 3724:Guntzel, Jeff Severns (March 25, 2005), 3441:Biological Evolution: Facts and Theories 2863:Harrison analyses the records at length. 2676: 2363: 2071: 1857:Biological Evolution: Facts and Theories 1517: 1311: 1119: 1007:theory and made the following comments: 763: 3839:William A. Dembski (22 February 2006). 3753:(CARA Special Report), Washington, DC: 3723: 3381:Evolution not completely provable: Pope 3205:. Quotes p. 150 of the English edition. 3059: 3057: 3017: 2404: 1532:In an October 22, 1996, address to the 6503: 4822: 3476:March 6, 2009; accessed May 26, 2009 2426: 2190:Living Tradition (theological journal) 1989:Some Catholic theologians, among them 1747:authored as Cardinal Ratzinger titled 958:19th century reception among Catholics 810:which extensively referenced Mendel). 4422: 4140:, Vol. 26, (1997), pp. 263–289, 3288:, S.D.S. Stephan Horn (ed), pp. 15–16 3081:Creationists and the Pope's Statement 2651: 2578: 1595:. However, Cardinal Schönborn's book 1583:on July 7, 2005, appeared to support 1389:(1880), had described in passing the 1253:According to Catholic theologian Dr. 1016:In 1894 a letter was received by the 521:International Society for Complexity, 4262:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 4157:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, 3665: 3542:, by Ishaan Tharoor, 28 October 2014 3054: 2605:"Catholic Education Resource Center" 2530:A Short History of Nearly Everything 2512:A Short History of Nearly Everything 2476:A Short History of Nearly Everything 2008: 1624:International Theological Commission 1568: 1513: 1053:produced by evolutionary processes. 4448: 3529:. CBS Interactive. 27 October 2014. 2948:Grundriss der Katholischen Dogmatik 2407:"Catholics and the Evolving Cosmos" 1903:the creation of beings that evolve. 1854:and another five-day conference on 1719:." Fiorenzo Facchini, professor of 1591:, an interdenominational Christian 13: 4188:. Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor. 4147: 3973:Teilhard de Chardin: False Prophet 1976:The world had a beginning in time. 1147:was published in 1859, during the 799:Experiments on Plant Hybridization 650:, leaving the specifics of either 14: 6527: 4409:Benedict XVI's inaugural address. 4306: 3124:. Rutgers, The State University. 3025:Evolution: A Catholic Perspective 2405:Farrell, John (August 27, 2010). 2113:Unofficial Catholic organizations 1622:appearance of life. In fact, the 1222:On God the creator of all things 1217:of the Catholic Faith (De Fide): 578:Scientific bodies that explicitly 6485: 6484: 6473: 6441:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 5989:Criticism of the Catholic Church 3961:Letter about Teilhard de Chardin 2203: 2013: 1918:Catechism of the Catholic Church 1753:complementary, not contradictory 1731:: "But it is not correct from a 1416: 1213:18:15–17) signify an infallible 988:(in the 19th century called the 784:(1822-1884). Mendel entered the 657:Catechism of the Catholic Church 599: 598: 342: 38: 4608:First seven ecumenical councils 4017: 3996: 3978: 3953: 3934: 3913: 3818: 3804: 3792: 3781: 3767: 3737: 3717: 3689: 3668:"Evolution and the Magisterium" 3659: 3585: 3563: 3545: 3533: 3515: 3497: 3479: 3456: 3432: 3406: 3390: 3374: 3356: 3335: 3310: 3291: 3279: 3254: 3192: 3096:Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, " 3090: 3085:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3083:, which originally appeared in 3031: 2983: 2974: 2971:Brundell, 83-84, quoted in turn 2965: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2845:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2772: 2763: 2750: 2727: 2707: 2698: 2670: 2645: 2629: 2611: 2597: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2536: 2518: 2298:"Adam and Eve Were Real People" 1911:Catholic teaching and evolution 1880: 1862:Pontifical Gregorian University 1265:(that matter is all there is), 1115: 523:Information, and Design (ISCID) 5183:Separation of church and state 4414:Pontifical Academy of Sciences 4326:St. Joseph's College, Edmonton 3696:Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma 2960:Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma 2872:Harrison, Conclusion section 4 2579:White, Andrew Dickson (1993). 2500: 2482: 2464: 2398: 2290: 2265: 2165:Center for Science and Culture 2089:secular schools teach. Bishop 1952:Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma 1848:Pontifical Academy of Sciences 1534:Pontifical Academy of Sciences 1406:Pontifical Biblical Commission 1323:The Garden of Earthly Delights 1259:Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma 510:Center for Science and Culture 1: 4138:Annual Review of Anthropology 2792:by S. T. Joshi (2002), p. 163 2788:by Doug Linder (2004) citing 2515:; Black Swan; 2004; p.474-476 2259: 2005:Evolution in Catholic schools 1973:God has created a good world. 1176:with knowledge of many kinds. 829:modern evolutionary synthesis 754:modern evolutionary synthesis 697:in 1859, the attitude of the 515:Centre for Intelligent Design 446:Discovery Institute campaigns 4331:1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: 3799:Catholicism: a New Synthesis 3666:Akin, Jimmy (January 2004). 3005:Did women evolve from beasts 1979:God alone created the world. 1934:meaning of such an origin... 1860:, held in March 2009 at the 1850:in October/November 2008 on 1614:and the authenticity of the 1504:, 37 and footnote refers to 1408:issued a decree ratified by 1244:will free from all necessity 1085:) had had a great impact on 7: 6511:Catholic Church and science 3307:, Stacy Meichtry, Beliefnet 2239:Jainism and non-creationism 2224:Catholic Church and science 2196: 2036:, discuss the issue on the 1630:, includes this paragraph: 1393:account of the creation of 967:Scripture and to the Faith. 922:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 756:is how evolution proceeds. 687:. Since the publication of 539:Physicians and Surgeons for 231:Jainism and non-creationism 10: 6532: 6516:Christianity and evolution 6480:Catholic Church portal 3946:December 14, 2007, at the 3927:December 14, 2007, at the 3887:W. W. Norton & Company 3731:National Catholic Reporter 3329:National Catholic Reporter 3220:Ronald L. Numbers (2006). 2990:Arcanum Divinae Sapientiae 2277:www.commonwealmagazine.org 2234:Islamic views on evolution 2181:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 2116: 1991:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 1789:On September 2–3, 2006 at 1197:, let him be "cut off" or 1190:" (as a technical term of 1056:The following year, 1896, 834:Changing awareness of the 815:could happen". Biologist 532:Evolution Awareness Center 6468: 6406:Aid to the Church in Need 6396: 6253: 6066: 6027:Vatican Television Center 6002: 5912: 5802: 5672:Eastern Catholic Churches 5653: 5542: 5435: 5382: 5307: 5278: 5203: 5128: 5063: 5008: 4927: 4797: 4711: 4643: 4588: 4507: 4484: 4456: 4180:Johnston, George (1998). 2790:H. L. Mencken on Religion 2758:St. George Jackson Mivart 2533:; Black Swan; 2004; p.300 2479:; Black Swan; 2004; p.474 2244:Jewish views on evolution 1308:Popes Leo XIII and Pius X 1098:St. George Jackson Mivart 994:Congregation of the Index 580:reject intelligent design 6348:Communion and Liberation 5812:Eastern Catholic liturgy 4977:Mystici Corporis Christi 4905:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 4378:Cardinal Paul Poupard, " 4184:Did Darwin Get It Right? 3801:, Edward Holloway, 1969. 3345:. Vatican.va. 2007-07-24 3098:Finding Design in Nature 2801:Quoted in Harrison(2001) 2229:Hindu views on evolution 2154:Daylight Origins Society 2078:University of Notre Dame 1769:(Eerdmans, 1995), p. 50. 1359:, "On the Study of Holy 1349:Index of Forbidden Books 1144:On the Origin of Species 1066:University of Notre Dame 1060:, a well-known American 919:was never placed on the 694:On the Origin of Species 5163:Philosophy of canon law 5093:Mariology of the saints 4673:Investiture Controversy 4333:Catholics and Evolution 3368:San Diego Union-Tribune 3317:Benedict's Schulerkreis 3048:April 19, 2012, at the 2677:Hongzhen, Wang (1997). 2635:Clement of Alexandria, 2434:"Evolutionary Creation" 2412:The Wall Street Journal 2156:was founded in 1971 by 1824:Young Earth Creationism 1803:Schöpfung und Evolution 1573:Statements by Cardinal 878:Gregorio Chil y Naranjo 200:"Teach the Controversy" 165:Creationist cosmologies 6416:Catholic Charities USA 6050:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 6038:Vatican Polyglot Press 5088:Mariology of the popes 4726:Protestant Reformation 4387:Evolution and the Pope 4100:The Review of Politics 3573:. cna. 27 October 2014 2995:June 22, 2009, at the 2101:which "evolution, the 2085: 1936: 1905: 1878: 1815: 1799:Creation and Evolution 1787: 1772: 1695: 1669: 1566: 1550: 1529: 1511: 1441: 1345:Mons. D'Hulst of Paris 1331: 1305: 1251: 1184: 1139: 1132:Sistine Chapel ceiling 1014: 969: 955: 777: 530:Intelligent Design and 365:Irreducible complexity 6170:Good Shepherd Sisters 6012:Holy See Press Office 5250:Doctors of the Church 5083:Immaculate Conception 5038:Anointing of the Sick 4573:History of the papacy 4213:The Evolution of Evil 4155:The Evolution of Evil 3557:Religion News Service 3385:Sydney Morning Herald 3201:by John F. McCarthy, 3087:, 72.4, December 1997 2724:Accessed May 26, 2009 2441:University of Alberta 2140:Mt. Jackson, Virginia 2075: 1923: 1895: 1885:On October 27, 2014, 1873: 1810: 1776: 1757: 1725:University of Bologna 1674: 1632: 1558: 1542: 1521: 1492: 1476:scientific hypothesis 1436: 1356:Providentissimus Deus 1315: 1282: 1257:in his 1952 treatise 1219: 1168: 1164:First Vatican Council 1123: 1009: 974:First Vatican Council 964: 950: 890:Clement of Alexandria 821:Mendelian inheritance 767: 744:evolutionary creation 452:Teach the controversy 6043:L'Osservatore Romano 5981:Role in civilisation 5707:Croatian and Serbian 5455:Episcopal conference 5417:St. Peter's Basilica 4775:Sexual abuse scandal 4731:Catholic Reformation 4382:", November 3, 2005. 3326:, John L. Allen Jr, 2938:Morrison, throughout 2715:Catholic Ireland net 2583:. Prometheus Books. 2091:Francis X. DiLorenzo 2042:create a new article 2034:improve this article 2024:may not represent a 1765:Cardinal Ratzinger, 1729:L'Osservatore Romano 1721:evolutionary biology 1691:specified complexity 1528:— John Paul II, 1996 1340:La Civiltà Cattolica 1285:that have been made. 1157:defined dogmatically 1037:special transformism 982:La Civiltà Cattolica 939:from 1948 until the 808:Wilhelm Olbers Focke 790:University of Vienna 541:Scientific Integrity 380:Intelligent designer 370:Specified complexity 6378:Neocatechumenal Way 6343:Charismatic Renewal 6057:Annuario Pontificio 5655:Particular churches 5331:Ecumenical councils 5103:Perpetual virginity 4938:Communitas perfecta 4882:Sermon on the Mount 4060:, JHU Press, 2006, 4023:Appleby, R. Scott. 3829:official home page. 3077:NCSE online version 3009:Harrison , Brian W. 2837:John Henry Newman, 2169:Discovery Institute 1749:In the Beginning... 1743:In a commentary on 1665:genetically related 1589:Discovery Institute 1575:Christoph Schönborn 1160:papal infallibility 1074:Provincial superior 1070:Evolution and Dogma 1058:John Augustine Zahm 864:evolutionary theory 505:Discovery Institute 426:Kitzmiller v. Dover 375:Fine-tuned universe 226:Creator in Buddhism 136:Omphalos hypothesis 6215:Premonstratensians 4598:Ante-Nicene period 4476:Lists of Catholics 4396:2018-01-27 at the 4207:Hess, Peter M.J., 4085:Harrison, Brian W. 3967:2007-12-10 at the 3847:InterVarsity Press 3646:10.1111/nbfr.12234 3559:. 27 October 2014. 3511:. 28 October 2014. 3322:2007-09-27 at the 3303:2006-08-16 at the 3184:The New York Times 3144:The New York Times 3102:The New York Times 2784:2009-02-21 at the 2743:2015-09-01 at the 2720:2009-06-07 at the 2496:on March 23, 2013. 2322:Richard P. McBrien 2211:Catholicism portal 2086: 1832:theistic evolution 1828:intelligent design 1585:Intelligent Design 1580:The New York Times 1544:In his encyclical 1530: 1387:Divinae Sapientiae 1332: 1140: 935:(1907) was on the 932:Creative Evolution 778: 740:theistic evolution 652:theistic evolution 479:Phillip E. Johnson 474:William A. Dembski 349:Watchmaker analogy 336:Intelligent design 247:Theistic evolution 170:Intelligent design 121:creation narrative 106:Biblical cosmology 6498: 6497: 5908: 5907: 5301: 5124: 5123: 4816: 4793: 4792: 4785:COVID-19 pandemic 4755:French Revolution 4745:Thirty Years' War 4653:Islamic conquests 4566:Apostolic fathers 4501: 4346:, 1950 encyclical 4299:, 9780860120063, 4276:978-0-313-32694-3 4250:978-0-8028-0763-2 4223:, 9783525569795, 4171:978-3-525-56979-5 4134:Scott, Eugenie C. 4126:978-0-8264-1868-5 4068:, 9780801883897, 4045:978-1-932792-39-3 3789:official website. 3778:official website. 3640:(1083): 653–674, 3450:978-88-7839-180-2 3332:Blog, Sep 8, 2006 2854:Artigas, 119-120. 2663:978-0-8028-3843-8 2548:ucmp.berkeley.edu 2279:. 2 November 2011 2070: 2069: 2062: 2044:, as appropriate. 1995:Piet Schoonenberg 1844:Origin of Species 1737:Kenneth R. Miller 1597:Chance or Purpose 1569:Pope Benedict XVI 1538:Pope John Paul II 1514:Pope John Paul II 1181:Vatican Council I 1106:natural selection 1091:Bishop of Cremona 1087:Geremia Bonomelli 1001:John Henry Newman 929:'s non-Darwinian 917:Origin of Species 913:Origin of Species 902:uniformitarianism 701:on the theory of 640: 639: 321: 320: 288: 287: 6523: 6488: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6220:Redemptoristines 6068:Religious orders 5994:Anti-Catholicism 5944:Church buildings 5804:Catholic liturgy 5544:Consecrated life 5402:Apostolic Palace 5369:Synod of Bishops 5305: 5304: 5281: 4887:Ten Commandments 4820: 4819: 4802: 4703:Age of Discovery 4537:Great Commission 4505: 4504: 4489: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4391:Ignatius Insight 4258:Olson, Richard, 4199: 4187: 4093:Living Tradition 4054:Artigas, Mariano 4012: 4011: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3988:. Archived from 3982: 3976: 3957: 3951: 3938: 3932: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3721: 3715: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3674:. Archived from 3663: 3657: 3656: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3410: 3404: 3394: 3388: 3387:, April 11, 2007 3378: 3372: 3371:, April 11, 2007 3365:, Tom Heneghan, 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3339: 3333: 3314: 3308: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3264:. Archived from 3258: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3217: 3206: 3203:Living Tradition 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3178: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3138: 3111: 3105: 3100:", published in 3094: 3088: 3061: 3052: 3035: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3012:Living Tradition 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2929:Artigas, 209–216 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2902:Artigas, 124-202 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2754: 2748: 2731: 2725: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2649: 2643: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2544:"Nicholas Steno" 2540: 2534: 2522: 2516: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2492:. Archived from 2486: 2480: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2443:. Archived from 2438: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2383:. Archived from 2372: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2331: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2302:Catholic Answers 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2269: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2158:John G. Campbell 2138:operates out of 2065: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2017: 2016: 2009: 1945:creation science 1785: 1784:Joseph Ratzinger 1770: 1706:added that "the 1612:age of the earth 1604:Joseph Ratzinger 1509: 1377:Camillo Mazzella 1369:higher criticism 1328:Hieronymus Bosch 1303: 1182: 1125:The Creation of 852:age of the Earth 836:age of the Earth 817:J. B. S. Haldane 750:Catholic schools 742:, also known as 662:special creation 632: 625: 618: 602: 601: 547:Truth in Science 489:Stephen C. Meyer 385:Theistic science 346: 323: 322: 313: 306: 299: 215: 214: 195:Public education 145:Creation science 42: 19: 18: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6472: 6464: 6443: 6426:Relief Services 6392: 6338:Catholic Action 6328:Military orders 6265:Confraternities 6257:of the faithful 6256: 6249: 6071: 6062: 5998: 5904: 5798: 5657: 5649: 5582:Prior, Prioress 5538: 5431: 5427:Vatican Museums 5378: 5311: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5274: 5199: 5153:Social teaching 5120: 5059: 5004: 4959:One true church 4923: 4900:Sixtine Vulgate 4896:Official Bible 4810: 4806: 4801: 4789: 4707: 4639: 4584: 4554:Petrine primacy 4497: 4493: 4488: 4480: 4452: 4450:Catholic Church 4447: 4398:Wayback Machine 4385:Mark Brumley, " 4350:Roberto Masi, " 4341:Pope Pius XII, 4322:Denis Lamoureux 4309: 4196: 4150: 4148:Further reading 4108:O'Leary, John. 4020: 4015: 4008:www.rtforum.org 4002: 4001: 3997: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969:Wayback Machine 3958: 3954: 3948:Wayback Machine 3939: 3935: 3929:Wayback Machine 3918: 3914: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3877: 3873: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3679: 3664: 3660: 3633:New Blackfriars 3628: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3395: 3391: 3379: 3375: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3324:Wayback Machine 3315: 3311: 3305:Wayback Machine 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3218: 3209: 3197: 3193: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3112: 3108: 3104:, July 7, 2005. 3095: 3091: 3062: 3055: 3050:Wayback Machine 3036: 3032: 3022: 3018: 2997:Wayback Machine 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2786:Wayback Machine 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2751: 2745:Wayback Machine 2732: 2728: 2722:Wayback Machine 2712: 2708: 2704:Brundell, 86-87 2703: 2699: 2689: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2650: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2523: 2519: 2505: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2469: 2465: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2373: 2364: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2147:Surrey, England 2131:. For example: 2121: 2115: 2107:Book of Genesis 2066: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2031: 2018: 2014: 2007: 1913: 1883: 1791:Castel Gandolfo 1786: 1783: 1771: 1764: 1571: 1527: 1516: 1510: 1499: 1449:natural science 1419: 1310: 1304: 1289: 1183: 1180: 1118: 1030:human evolution 960: 948:observed that: 925:; in contrast, 869:Book of Genesis 860: 762: 732:direct creation 699:Catholic Church 644:Catholic Church 636: 582: 579: 573: 543: 540: 534: 531: 525: 522: 431: 394: 390:Neo-creationism 351: 317: 284: 209:Religious views 204: 174: 132: 116:Book of Genesis 97:Neo-creationism 93: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6529: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6482: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6373:Legion of Mary 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6302:Lay Carmelites 6299: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Conceptionists 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6085:Assumptionists 6081: 6079: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5808: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5787:Syro-Malankara 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5737:Italo-Albanian 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5446: 5444: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5407:Lateran Treaty 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5333: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5302: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5143:Moral theology 5140: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4933: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4826: 4824: 4817: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4658:Pope Gregory I 4655: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4630:Biblical canon 4627: 4625:Late antiquity 4622: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4561:Church fathers 4558: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4495:Ecclesiastical 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402:John L. Allen 4400: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4344:Humani generis 4339: 4329: 4315: 4308: 4307:External links 4305: 4304: 4303: 4282: 4256: 4227: 4205: 4194: 4177: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4131: 4106: 4096: 4082: 4072: 4051: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4013: 3995: 3992:on 3 May 2008. 3977: 3952: 3933: 3912: 3895: 3871: 3855: 3831: 3817: 3803: 3791: 3780: 3766: 3736: 3716: 3688: 3658: 3619: 3602: 3597:www.vatican.va 3584: 3562: 3544: 3532: 3514: 3496: 3491:www.vatican.va 3478: 3462:Richard Owen: 3455: 3449: 3431: 3425: 3405: 3389: 3373: 3355: 3334: 3309: 3290: 3278: 3253: 3236: 3207: 3191: 3170: 3151: 3130: 3106: 3089: 3063:John Paul II, 3053: 3041:Humani generis 3030: 3016: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2810:Harrison(2001) 2803: 2794: 2771: 2762: 2749: 2726: 2706: 2697: 2687: 2669: 2662: 2644: 2628: 2610: 2596: 2589: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2535: 2517: 2499: 2481: 2463: 2425: 2397: 2362: 2346: 2313: 2289: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2198: 2195: 2177: 2176: 2161: 2150: 2143: 2125:Catholic laity 2114: 2111: 2068: 2067: 2028:of the subject 2026:worldwide view 2021: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1912: 1909: 1882: 1879: 1781: 1762: 1733:methodological 1717:fundamentalism 1713:Galileo affair 1570: 1567: 1546:Humani generis 1515: 1512: 1502:Humani generis 1497: 1480: 1479: 1468: 1464: 1431:Humani generis 1418: 1415: 1309: 1306: 1287: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1240:out of nothing 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1199:excommunicated 1178: 1117: 1114: 1046:Humani generis 959: 956: 886:Church Fathers 859: 856: 840:fossil records 761: 758: 715:Humani generis 689:Charles Darwin 638: 637: 635: 634: 627: 620: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606: 593: 592: 586: 585: 584: 583: 576: 572: 571: 569:Roman Catholic 566: 560: 557: 556: 552: 551: 550: 549: 544: 537: 535: 528: 526: 519: 517: 512: 507: 499: 498: 494: 493: 492: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 469:Jonathan Wells 463: 462: 458: 457: 456: 455: 448: 440: 439: 433: 432: 430: 429: 422: 417: 415:Wedge strategy 412: 406: 403: 402: 396: 395: 393: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 358: 357: 353: 352: 347: 339: 338: 332: 331: 319: 318: 316: 315: 308: 301: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 251: 250: 249: 241: 240: 236: 235: 234: 233: 228: 220: 219: 211: 210: 206: 205: 203: 202: 197: 192: 186: 183: 182: 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 151: 148: 147: 141: 140: 139: 138: 131: 130: 129: 128: 126:as an allegory 123: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 100: 99: 92: 91: 90: 89: 84: 79: 68: 67: 66: 58: 57: 51: 50: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6528: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421:Home Missions 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6314:Saint Francis 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6297:Saint Dominic 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6110:Bethlehemites 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6032:Vatican Radio 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6017:Vatican Media 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314:List of popes 5310: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098:Mother of God 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:People of God 4981: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4971:Infallibility 4969: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847:Body and soul 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:Enlightenment 4748: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4721:Protestantism 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698:Scholasticism 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683:Schism (1378) 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Schism (1054) 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268:0-313-32694-0 4265: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4242:0-8028-0763-1 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4195:0-87973-945-2 4191: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163:3-525-56979-3 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118:0-8264-1868-6 4115: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066:0-8018-8389-X 4063: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037:1-932792-39-2 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3898: 3896:9780393050905 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3868: 3858: 3856:9780830828364 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3756: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3678:on 2007-08-04 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3426:9788877610973 3422: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3268:on 2014-02-02 3267: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3239: 3237:9780674023390 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3173: 3171:9789287163684 3167: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3145: 3133: 3131:9780813538723 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:Eugenie Scott 3070: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2819:Artigas, 2,5, 2816: 2807: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2688:90-6764-254-1 2684: 2680: 2673: 2665: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2606: 2600: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2450:on 2012-01-04 2446: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2418:September 11, 2414: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2387:on 2014-06-21 2386: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2349: 2347:9780006279310 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334:HarperCollins 2330: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2254:Erich Wasmann 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2129:Bruce Chapman 2126: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2064: 2061: 2053: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830:. He defends 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1687:neo-Darwinism 1683: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1646:. In our own 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:fossil record 1613: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1520: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1422:Pope Pius XII 1417:Pope Pius XII 1414: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1335:Pope Leo XIII 1329: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1301: 1298:1:19–20; and 1297: 1293: 1292:On Revelation 1286: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1177: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1110:William Seton 1107: 1104:principle of 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 968: 963: 954: 949: 947: 942: 938: 934: 933: 928: 927:Henri Bergson 924: 923: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 881: 879: 875: 871: 870: 865: 855: 853: 849: 845: 844:Nicolas Steno 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 809: 803: 801: 800: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Gregor Mendel 775: 771: 770:Gregor Mendel 766: 757: 755: 751: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:Pope Pius XII 717: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695: 690: 686: 685:Gregor Mendel 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 613: 611: 610: 605: 597: 596: 595: 594: 591: 588: 587: 581: 575: 574: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 559: 558: 554: 553: 548: 545: 542: 536: 533: 527: 524: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 501: 500: 497:Organisations 496: 495: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 465: 464: 460: 459: 453: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 441: 438: 435: 434: 428: 427: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 405: 404: 401: 398: 397: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 360: 359: 355: 354: 350: 345: 341: 340: 337: 334: 333: 329: 325: 324: 314: 309: 307: 302: 300: 295: 294: 292: 291: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 248: 245: 244: 243: 242: 238: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 217: 216: 213: 212: 208: 207: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 185: 184: 181: 178: 177: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 160:Flood geology 158: 156: 153: 152: 150: 149: 146: 143: 142: 137: 134: 133: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 107: 104: 103: 98: 95: 94: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 49: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 6460:Universities 6292:Third orders 6255:Associations 6245:Visitandines 6240:Trinitarians 6190:Mercedarians 6175:Hieronymites 6120:Camaldoleses 6105:Benedictines 6095:Augustinians 6055: 6048: 6041: 6022:Vatican News 5976:Distinctions 5782:Syro-Malabar 5667:Latin Church 5589:Grand master 5487:Metropolitan 5384:Vatican City 5279:Organisation 5175: 5158:Philosophers 5023:Confirmation 5000:In canon law 4994:Subsistit in 4992: 4988:Three states 4975: 4936: 4929:Ecclesiology 4911:Nova Vulgata 4909: 4867:Original sin 4862:Nicene Creed 4852:Divine grace 4811: 4693:Universities 4663:Papal States 4590:Great Church 4532:Resurrection 4509:Early Church 4343: 4301:google books 4288: 4285:Rahner, Karl 4280:Google books 4259: 4254:Google books 4233: 4225:Google books 4212: 4208: 4202:google books 4183: 4175:Google books 4154: 4137: 4129:Google books 4109: 4099: 4092: 4075: 4070:Google books 4057: 4049:Google books 4028: 4024: 4007: 3998: 3990:the original 3980: 3972: 3960: 3955: 3936: 3920: 3915: 3906: 3900:. Retrieved 3881: 3874: 3866: 3860:. Retrieved 3841: 3834: 3825: 3820: 3811: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3783: 3774: 3769: 3758:, retrieved 3746: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3695: 3691: 3680:. Retrieved 3676:the original 3671: 3661: 3637: 3631: 3596: 3587: 3575:. Retrieved 3565: 3556: 3547: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3440: 3434: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3376: 3366: 3358: 3347:. Retrieved 3337: 3327: 3312: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3270:. Retrieved 3266:the original 3256: 3247: 3241:. Retrieved 3228:Random House 3222: 3202: 3194: 3183: 3181: 3175:. Retrieved 3160: 3154: 3143: 3141: 3135:. Retrieved 3120: 3114:Matt Young; 3109: 3101: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3068: 3040: 3033: 3024: 3019: 3011: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2959: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2920:Artigas, 209 2916: 2907: 2898: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2789: 2774: 2769:Brundell, 81 2765: 2752: 2735: 2729: 2709: 2700: 2692: 2678: 2672: 2653: 2647: 2636: 2631: 2623:www.asa3.org 2622: 2613: 2599: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2528: 2520: 2510: 2502: 2494:the original 2484: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2452:. Retrieved 2445:the original 2428: 2416:. Retrieved 2410: 2400: 2389:. Retrieved 2385:the original 2375: 2357: 2351:. Retrieved 2327: 2316: 2305:. Retrieved 2301: 2292: 2281:. Retrieved 2276: 2267: 2188: 2185: 2178: 2173:Michael Behe 2122: 2099: 2087: 2056: 2047: 2023: 1988: 1951: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1896: 1892: 1887:Pope Francis 1884: 1881:Pope Francis 1874: 1866: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1841: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1801:(in German, 1798: 1788: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1758: 1748: 1742: 1728: 1704:Paul Poupard 1699:George Coyne 1696: 1675: 1670: 1648:solar system 1633: 1609: 1596: 1578: 1572: 1559: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1531: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1420: 1403: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1354: 1353: 1338: 1333: 1321: 1318:Adam and Eve 1299: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1275: 1258: 1252: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1185: 1169: 1153:Pope Pius IX 1142: 1141: 1136:Michelangelo 1124: 1116:Pope Pius IX 1095: 1069: 1055: 1044: 1034: 1025: 1024:theologian, 1015: 1010: 998: 970: 965: 961: 951: 946:H.L. Mencken 940: 936: 930: 920: 916: 912: 910: 882: 867: 861: 833: 804: 797: 779: 748: 743: 724:Christianity 713: 692: 682: 678:Adam and Eve 655: 641: 568: 484:Michael Behe 424: 259: 218:Non-creation 155:Created kind 6450:Health care 6436:Pax Christi 6388:Schoenstatt 6353:Sant'Egidio 6185:Legionaries 6165:Franciscans 6140:Cistercians 6135:Carthusians 6090:Annonciades 5949:Altarpieces 5842:West Syriac 5837:East Syriac 5817:Alexandrian 5441:Holy orders 5422:Swiss Guard 5362:Dicasteries 5357:Roman Curia 5255:Evangelists 5213:Holy Family 5148:Personalism 5138:Natural law 5116:Josephology 5050:Holy orders 4688:Inquisition 4645:Middle Ages 4635:Monasticism 4603:Constantine 4527:Crucifixion 3403:, 4/12/2007 3039:encyclical 2980:O'Leary, 71 2893:Online text 2525:Bill Bryson 2507:Bill Bryson 2471:Bill Bryson 1999:Karl Rahner 1410:Pope Pius X 1347:put on the 1290:Chapter 2, 1263:materialism 1162:during the 1130:, from the 1096:Zahm, like 1018:Holy Office 990:Holy Office 980:periodical 898:Middle Ages 812:Bill Bryson 674:Catholicism 664:within the 590:Creationism 87:progressive 64:Young Earth 32:Creationism 6505:Categories 6205:Oratorians 6160:Dominicans 6130:Carmelites 6125:Camillians 6073:institutes 5886:Tridentine 5822:Antiochian 5742:Macedonian 5687:Belarusian 5577:Provincial 5492:Archbishop 5412:Roman Rota 5374:Properties 5299:By country 5295:Precedence 5260:Confessors 5240:Archangels 5230:Patriarchs 5130:Philosophy 5108:Veneration 5073:Assumption 5043:Last rites 5010:Sacraments 4954:Four marks 4765:Vatican II 4713:Modern era 4549:Succession 4297:0860120066 4230:Küng, Hans 4221:3525569793 4018:References 3902:2010-12-02 3862:2010-12-02 3700:Lateran IV 3682:2007-08-14 3577:3 November 3349:2013-02-11 3272:2014-01-20 3243:2010-12-02 3177:2010-12-02 3137:2010-12-02 3116:Taner Edis 3037:Pius XII, 3001:Encyclical 2590:0879758260 2454:2007-10-18 2391:2014-07-22 2353:2007-10-18 2336:. p. 2307:2022-12-29 2283:2022-12-29 2260:References 2117:See also: 2105:, and the 2050:March 2018 1593:think tank 1524:hypothesis 1500:Pius XII, 1484:polygenism 1461:Revelation 1457:conjecture 1426:encyclical 1365:encyclical 1363:", was an 1302:chapter 13 1255:Ludwig Ott 1079:imprimatur 1062:Holy Cross 711:encyclical 6446:See also: 6398:Charities 6307:Discalced 6235:Trappists 6230:Theatines 6200:Olivetans 6145:Clarisses 6115:Blue nuns 6100:Basilians 6077:societies 5985:See also: 5871:Mozarabic 5861:Ambrosian 5847:Malankara 5832:Byzantine 5792:Ukrainian 5767:Ruthenian 5732:Hungarian 5717:Ethiopian 5692:Bulgarian 5659:sui iuris 5643:Postulant 5552:Religious 5507:Auxiliary 5502:Coadjutor 5472:Patriarch 5340:Cardinals 5287:Canon law 5283:Hierarchy 5265:Disciples 5188:Relations 5176:Evolution 5167:See also: 5112:See also: 5065:Mariology 5055:Matrimony 5028:Eucharist 4949:Ecumenism 4877:Salvation 4813:Catechism 4808:Tradition 4770:Communism 4618:Chalcedon 3704:Vatican I 3672:This Rock 3654:1741-2005 3472:The Times 3401:USA Today 2038:talk page 1940:Catechism 1836:mutations 1428:of 1950, 1375:Cardinal 1361:Scripture 1316:God with 1267:pantheism 1209:3:10–11; 1203:Galatians 1138:, c. 1511 1102:Darwinist 1022:Dominican 999:In 1868, 894:Augustine 825:Darwinian 703:evolution 648:evolution 555:Reactions 437:Campaigns 239:Evolution 72:Old Earth 6490:Category 6383:Opus Dei 6368:Scouting 6358:Focolare 6225:Servites 6210:Piarists 6155:Crosiers 5891:Anglican 5827:Armenian 5757:Romanian 5747:Maronite 5722:Georgian 5712:Eritrean 5697:Chaldean 5682:Armenian 5677:Albanian 5558:Superior 5517:Emeritus 5497:Diocesan 5350:Advisers 5309:Holy See 5235:Prophets 5193:Politics 4964:Catholic 4944:Councils 4799:Theology 4678:Crusades 4613:Nicaea I 4544:Apostles 4522:Ministry 4491:Timeline 4471:Glossary 4394:Archived 3965:Archived 3944:Archived 3925:Archived 3760:23 March 3708:Florence 3320:Archived 3301:Archived 3118:(2006). 3046:Archived 2993:Archived 2782:Archived 2741:Archived 2718:Archived 2637:Stromata 2324:(1995). 2197:See also 2103:Big Bang 2095:Richmond 2032:You may 1900:demiurge 1869:Holy See 1822:endorse 1782:— 1763:— 1708:faithful 1678:universe 1636:Big Bang 1562:emerging 1498:— 1288:— 1278:creation 1215:doctrine 1195:theology 1192:Catholic 1188:anathema 1179:— 1051:hominids 1041:Pius XII 1005:Darwin's 992:and the 794:genetics 774:genetics 604:Category 420:Politics 410:Timeline 400:Movement 356:Concepts 328:a series 326:Part of 260:Catholic 255:Buddhist 24:a series 22:Part of 6455:Schools 6411:Caritas 6319:Secular 6285:Workers 6180:Jesuits 5966:Museums 5961:Library 5939:Writers 5934:Artists 5914:Culture 5881:Paul VI 5762:Russian 5752:Melkite 5594:Brother 5572:General 5512:Titular 5482:Primate 5460:Eparchy 5450:Diocese 5397:Outline 5336:College 5326:Francis 5270:Virgins 5245:Martyrs 5171:Science 5078:History 5033:Penance 5018:Baptism 4919:Worship 4892:Vulgate 4840:Kingdom 4835:Trinity 4823:General 4578:Primacy 4486:History 4466:Outline 3908:others. 3509:NPR.org 2956:English 2738:listing 2167:of the 1745:Genesis 1723:at the 1650:and on 1644:planets 1620:gradual 1467:person. 1439:matter. 1391:Genesis 1385:Arcanum 1271:dualism 1211:Matthew 1205:1:6–9; 874:geology 848:geology 461:Authors 270:Islamic 190:History 77:day-age 48:History 6333:Fimcap 6275:Marian 6195:Minims 5927:Marian 5777:Syriac 5772:Slovak 5702:Coptic 5638:Oblate 5633:Master 5628:Novice 5623:Hermit 5611:Sister 5567:Abbess 5534:Deacon 5529:Priest 5524:Parish 5467:Bishop 5437:Polity 5223:Joseph 5205:Saints 4872:Saints 4760:Nazism 4295: 4287:, ed. 4274: 4266: 4248: 4240: 4219: 4192: 4169: 4161: 4124: 4116: 4064: 4043: 4035: 3893: 3853: 3652: 3447: 3423: 3234: 3199:Review 3187:ideas. 3168: 3128: 2952:German 2685: 2660: 2587: 2344: 1997:, and 1682:design 1660:origin 1506:Romans 1373:Jesuit 1300:Wisdom 1296:Romans 1294:; cf. 1201:, cf. 1173:reason 1155:, who 1149:papacy 1089:, the 978:Jesuit 906:Church 768:Abbot 707:papacy 564:Jewish 280:Mormon 275:Jewish 6431:CIDSE 6280:Youth 6004:Media 5971:Music 5896:Zaire 5876:Roman 5866:Braga 5856:Latin 5727:Greek 5599:Friar 5563:Abbot 5477:Major 5392:Index 5291:Laity 4857:Dogma 4804:Bible 4780:Islam 4736:Trent 4517:Jesus 4499:Legal 4461:Index 4389:, of 4211:, in 4142:JSTOR 4104:JSTOR 4080:JSTOR 4027:, in 3751:(PDF) 3712:dogma 2736:Index 2734:1948 2448:(PDF) 2437:(PDF) 2040:, or 1947:". 1652:earth 1640:atoms 1455:with 1397:from 1207:Titus 1134:, by 1083:Siena 941:Index 937:Index 823:with 730:is a 265:Hindu 55:Types 5956:Folk 5604:Monk 5345:List 5323:Pope 5218:Mary 4335:and 4293:ISBN 4272:ISBN 4264:ISBN 4246:ISBN 4238:ISBN 4217:ISBN 4190:ISBN 4167:ISBN 4159:ISBN 4122:ISBN 4114:ISBN 4062:ISBN 4041:ISBN 4033:ISBN 3891:ISBN 3851:ISBN 3762:2018 3650:ISSN 3579:2014 3527:CNET 3469:In: 3445:ISBN 3421:ISBN 3232:ISBN 3166:ISBN 3126:ISBN 2950:(in 2683:ISBN 2658:ISBN 2585:ISBN 2420:2012 2342:ISBN 2179:Fr. 2163:The 2152:The 1915:The 1795:Ph.D 1656:life 1554:soul 1472:Adam 1453:fact 1404:The 1399:Adam 1127:Adam 838:and 786:Brno 728:soul 642:The 6270:Lay 5922:Art 5616:Nun 5338:of 4830:God 4320:by 3986:"3" 3642:doi 3079:of 3075:, 3044:36 2958:as 2338:771 2093:of 1826:or 1820:not 1488:how 1424:'s 1395:Eve 1351:". 1326:by 1320:in 1151:of 1081:of 1043:'s 736:God 734:by 691:'s 670:God 82:gap 6507:: 6075:, 5565:, 4375:". 4361:". 4278:. 4270:, 4252:. 4244:, 4232:, 4173:, 4165:, 4120:, 4091:, 4087:, 4047:. 4039:, 4006:. 3905:. 3889:. 3885:. 3865:. 3849:. 3845:. 3728:, 3706:, 3702:, 3670:. 3648:, 3638:99 3636:, 3622:^ 3605:^ 3595:. 3555:. 3525:. 3507:. 3489:. 3399:, 3383:, 3246:. 3230:. 3226:. 3210:^ 3180:. 3140:. 3056:^ 3007:, 2999:, 2841:, 2691:. 2621:. 2546:. 2527:; 2509:; 2473:; 2457:. 2439:. 2409:. 2365:^ 2356:. 2340:. 2332:. 2300:. 2275:. 2193:. 2084:." 1993:, 1755:: 1556:: 1536:, 1526:." 1280:: 1032:. 908:. 854:. 831:. 746:. 718:, 672:. 330:on 26:on 6070:, 5554:: 5443:) 5439:( 5316:) 5312:( 4442:e 4435:t 4428:v 4368:. 4328:) 4324:( 4204:) 4200:( 4198:. 4010:. 3685:. 3644:: 3616:. 3599:. 3581:. 3493:. 3474:. 3467:. 3352:. 3275:. 3014:. 2666:. 2625:. 2607:. 2593:. 2550:. 2422:. 2394:. 2310:. 2286:. 2063:) 2057:( 2052:) 2048:( 2030:. 1463:. 1330:. 631:e 624:t 617:v 454:" 450:" 312:e 305:t 298:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.