History of the petroleum industry in Canada

974:, a young Paris-educated geologist who became the father of Canada's natural gas industry, brought in the first producing gas well in Essex County, Ontario, in 1889. Canada first exported natural gas in 1891 from the Bertie-Humberstone field in Welland County to Buffalo, New York. Gas was later exported to Detroit from the Essex field through a 20-centimetre pipeline under the Detroit river. In 1897, the pipeline stretched the Essex gas supply to its limit with the extension of exports to Toledo, Ohio. This prompted the Ontario government to revoke the licence for the pipeline. And in 1907 the province passed a law prohibiting the export of natural gas and electricity." 837:"In 1865 oil was selling for $ 70 per cubic metre ($ 11.13 per barrel). But the fields of Ontario delivered too much too quickly, and by 1867 the price had dropped to $ 3.15 per cubic metre ($ 0.50 per barrel). In 1866 the oil industry in Oil Springs came to an abrupt standstill and the population plummeted overnight: by 1870, Oil Springs and Bothwell were both dead fields, but other booms followed as drillers tapped deeper formations and new fields." Many local drillers moved several kilometers north to Petrolia, where operations began in earnest after the Oil Springs boom subsided. 810:

of fifteen minutes, and immediately commenced flowing. It will hardly be credited, but nevertheless such is the case, that the present enormous flow of oil cannot be estimated at less than two thousand barrels per day, (twenty-four hours), of pure oil, and the quantity increasing every hour. I saw three men in the course of one hour, fill fifty barrels from the flow of oil, which is running away in every direction; the flat presenting the appearance of a sea of oil. The excitement is intense, and hundreds are rushing from every quarter to see this extraordinary well.

1384:"Besides contributing to conservation, solving Turner Valley's technical challenges with innovative technology also helped earn the field a place in early oil and gas history. Uncorrected, drilling holes wandered 22 degrees or more off course. As the field's high-pressure gas expanded, it cooled rapidly freezing production equipment. This complicated the production process. Other problems involved external corrosion, casing failures, sulfide stress corrosion cracking, corrosion inside oil storage tanks, and the cold winters." 5336: 2114: 449: 1011: 1387:"Early drilling was done by wooden cable tool drilling rigs which pounded a hole into the ground. These monsters ruled the drilling scene until the mid-1920s. Rotary drilling (which has since replaced cable tool drilling) and diamond coring made their appearance in Turner Valley in 1925. Nitro-shooting came in 1927 to enhance production at McLeod No. 2. Acidizing made its Canadian debut in 1936 at Model No. 3. Scrubbing gas to extract hydrogen sulfide started in 1925. Field 182: 35: 5323: 4702: 1260:", Turner Valley was not a large field by later standards. (By way of comparison, the Pembina field in central Alberta - Canada's largest - had recoverable reserves of about 100 million cubic metres.) But besides being an important source of oil supply for the then-small market in western Canada, the field had an important long-term impact. It helped develop petroleum expertise in Canada's west, and it established Calgary as Canada's oil and gas capital." 1855: 2086: 1381:) per well. The board also reduced oil production from the field. This reduced the flaring of natural gas, but it came only after the waste of an estimated 28 billion cubic metres. The lessons of Turner Valley made an impression around the world as the need for conservation and its impact on ultimate recovery became better understood. Countries framing their first petroleum laws have often used the Alberta legislation as a model." 1123:"Dingman, who played an important role in the industry's early years, began providing natural gas service in Calgary through the Calgary Natural Gas Company. After receiving the franchise in 1908, he drilled a successful well in east Calgary on the Walker estate (a well which continued producing until 1948). He then laid pipe from the well to the Calgary Brewing and Malting Company, which began using the gas on April 10, 1910." 1295: 1272:, so other producers could not sell their gas. But all the producers wanted to cash in on the natural gas liquids for which markets were growing. So the common practice became to pass the gas through separators, then flare it off. This greatly reduced the pressure on the oil reservoir, reducing the amount of recoverable oil. But the size of the problem was not clear until the oil column was later discovered." 1362:"During 1932, the newly created Turner Valley Gas Conservation Board proposed cutting production in half and unitizing the field to reduce waste. But the producers could not reach agreement on this issue, and the idea fell by the wayside. And so legal wrangling tied up any real conservation measures until 1938. In that year, the federal government confirmed the province's right to enact laws to conserve 464: 1249:, used innovative financing. Promoters ordinarily sold shares in a company to finance new drilling programs, but in the Depression money for shares was hard to come by. Instead, R.A. Brown, George M. Bell and J.W. Moyer put together an enterprise called Turner Valley Royalties. That company offered a percentage share of production (a "royalty") to those willing to put money into the long-shot venture." 2100: 1235:

inch (7,900 kPa), the drillers ran for their lives. In 20 minutes, 939 metres (3,081 ft) of 8 inches (20 cm) and 3,450 ft (1,050 m) of 6 inches (15 cm) pipe - together weighing 85 tonnes - rose to the top of the derrick. The well blew wild, caught fire, and destroyed the entire rig. The fire blazed for 21 days. Finally, wild well control experts from

1775:, less pipeline tolls for shipping it there. IPL is by far the longest crude oil pipeline in the western hemisphere. Looping, or constructing additional lines beside the original, expanded the Interprovincial system and allowed its extension into the American midwest and to upstate New York. In 1976, it was 3,680 kilometres through an extension to Montreal. Although it helped assure 1291:"By early 1930, there was talk of a pipeline from Turner Valley to Toronto. Estimates showed that gas delivery to Toronto would cost $ 2.48 per thousand cubic metres. A parliamentary committee looked into ways to force waste gas down old wells, set up carbon black plants or export the gas to the United States. Another proposal called for the production of liquefied methane." 1220:"The Dingman well and its successors were really "wet" natural gas wells rather than true oil wells. The high expectations raised by the initial discovery gave way to disappointment within a few years. Relatively small volumes of liquids flowed from the successful wells. By 1917, the Calgary City Directory listed only 21 "oil mining companies" compared with 226 in 1914." 1540: 1162:"In 1909, exploration activity shifted to Bow Island in south central Alberta, where a natural gas discovery launched Canada's western gas industry. The same Eugene Coste who had found gas in Ohio and again in southern Ontario drilled the discovery well, Bow Island No. 1 (better known as "Old Glory"). Pipelines soon transported Bow Island gas to Medicine Hat, 871:"Canada's pole-tool rig used rods or poles linked together, with a drilling bit fixed to the end of this primitive drilling "string." Black-ash rods were the norm in early Petrolia. Iron rods came later. Like the cable tool system, pole-tool drilling used the weight of the drill string pounding into the ground from a wooden derrick to make hole." 1275:"The flares were visible in the sky for miles around. Many of these were in a small ravine known to locals as Hell's Half Acre. Because of the presence of the flares, the grass stayed green year-round and migrating birds wintered in their warmth." A newspaper man from Manchester, England, described the place with these florid words: 1325:, the Calgary & Edmonton Corporation, or individual homesteads. The government tried to curb the flaring of gas, but legal difficulties made its efforts of little avail. One federal conservation measure succeeded, however. On August 4, 1930, began operations to store surplus Turner Valley gas in the depleted Bow Island field." 1876:

the country fall under federal jurisdiction. By creating a separate entity to carry gas within Alberta, the provincial government stopped Ottawa's authority at the border. Incorporated in 1954, AGTL issued public shares in 1957. The company later restructured as NOVA Corporation, sold its pipeline assets (now primarily operated by

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instead drilling a direct offset to No. 1; another group wanted to continue drilling No. 2 into a deep stratigraphic test. But drilling continued. On May 10 at 1,657 metres (5,436 ft), No. 2 struck the much bigger Devonian reef, which later turned out to be the most prolific geological formation in Alberta, the

1279:... Seeing it you can imagine what Dante's inferno is like ... a rushing torrent of flame, shooting 40 feet (12 m) high ... a ruddy glow to be seen for 50 miles (80 km) ... most awe-inspiring spectacle ... men have seen the hosts of hell rising ... the titanic monster glowering from the depths of Hades ... 696: 1851:

That was when they discovered that getting permits to export Alberta natural gas was politically more complex than getting permits to export oil. Before giving approval, the provincial government appointed the Dinning Natural Gas Commission to inquire into Alberta's likely reserves and future demand.

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This imposed solution reflected problems encountered with the construction of the Interprovincial oil pipeline. Despite the speed of its construction, the earlier line caused angry debate in Parliament, with the Opposition arguing that Canadian centres deserved consideration before American customers

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Although Americans were interested in Canadian exports, they understandably wanted cheap gas. After all, their natural gas industry was a major player in the American economy, and American policy-makers were not eager to allow foreign competition unless there was clear economic benefit. Consequently,

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There were many reasons for the creation of AGTL. One was that the provincial government considered it sensible to have a single gathering system in Alberta to feed export pipelines, rather than a number of separate networks. Another was that pipelines crossing provincial boundaries and those leaving

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central British Columbia, and 98 streams and rivers. Where it crosses under the Fraser River into Vancouver at Port Mann, 700 metres (2,300 ft) of pipe lie buried nearly 5 metres (16 ft) below the river bed. At its highest point, the pipeline is 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) above sea level.

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in the 1970s, the extension became a threat to Canadian oil producers after deregulation in 1985. With Montreal refineries using cheaper imported oil, there was concern within the industry that a proposal to use the line to bring foreign oil into Sarnia might undermine traditional markets for Western

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During the 1930s and early 1940s, oil companies tried unsuccessfully to find replacement for declining Turner Valley reserves. According to legend, Imperial Oil had drilled 133 dry wells in Alberta and Saskatchewan, although the records show that many of those wells were natural gas discoveries that

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continued, the business community seriously discussed ways to market the gas. For example, in early 1929 W.S. Herron, a Turner Valley pioneer, publicly promoted the idea of a pipeline to Winnipeg. At about the same time, an American company made application for a franchise to distribute natural gas

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Building the Canadian Shield leg required continual blasting. For one 320-metre (1,050 ft) stretch, the construction crew drilled 2.4-metre (8 ft) holes into the rock, three abreast, at 56-centimetre (22 in) intervals. Dynamite broke up other stretches, 300 metres (1,000 ft) at a

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grew until 1953. After the Leduc strike, it became clear that Devonian reefs could be prolific oil reservoirs, and exploration concentrated on the search for similar structures. A series of major discoveries followed, and the industry began to appreciate the diversity of geological structures in the

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Leduc No. 1 stopped producing in 1974 after the production of some 50,300 cubic metres (320,000 barrels) of oil and 9 million cubic metres (320 million cubic feet) of natural gas. On November 1, 1989, Esso Resources (the exploration and production arm of Imperial) began producing the field as a gas

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at Royalite No. 4 was one of the most spectacular in Alberta's history. Initially flowing at 200,000 cubic metres per day, the flow rate increased to some 620,000 cubic metres per day when the well was shut in. The shut in pressure continued to rise and, when the gauge read 1,150 pounds per square

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I was engaged as a guide and packer by the eminent geologist Dr. George M. Dawson, and he asked me if I had seen oil seepages in that area, and if I did see them, would I be able to recognize them. He then went into a learned discussion on the subject of petroleum. Subsequently some Stoney Indians

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I have just time to mention that to-day at half past eleven o'clock, a.m., Mr. John Shaw, from Kingston, C. W., tapped a vein of oil in his well, at a depth of one hundred and fifty-eight feet in the rock, which filled the surface well, (forty-five feet to the rock) and the conductors in the course

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With these events - the discovery and development of oil and gas reservoirs and of processing and transportation infrastructure - Canada's petroleum industry established its foundations. However, over the decades that followed the industry began to develop other domestic petroleum resources. These

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The federal government's policy objectives at the time reflected concern for national integration and equity among Canadians. In 1949, Ottawa created a framework for regulating interprovincial and international pipelines with its Pipe Lines Act. The federal government, like Alberta, treated natural

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By the late 1940s, Alberta's Conservation Board had eliminated most of the wasteful production practices associated with the Turner Valley oil and gas field. As new natural gas discoveries greeted drillers in the Leduc-fueled search for oil, the industry agitated for licenses to export natural gas.

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passed the Gas Resources Conservation Act, which gave Alberta greater control over natural gas at the wellhead, and empowered the Conservation Board to issue export permits. This led to the creation of the Alberta Gas Trunk Line, which gathered gas from wells in the province and to delivered it to

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In Western Canada, Eugene Coste built the first important pipeline in 1912. The 274-kilometre natural gas line connected the Bow Island gas field to consumers in Calgary. Canada's debut in northern pipeline building came during World War II when the short-lived Canol line delivered oil from Norman

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and the injection of 160,000 cubic metres of river water to bring the well under control, an achievement which the crews celebrated on September 9, 1948. Cleanup efforts recovered almost 180,000 cubic metres of oil in a series of ditches and gathering pools. The size of the blowout and the cleanup

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Finally by 4:00 pm the crew were able to get the well to flow. The chilled onlookers, now numbering only about 100, saw a spectacular column of smoke and fire beside the derrick as the crew flared the first gas and oil. Alberta mines minister N.E. Tanner turned the valve to start the oil flowing

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The regulatory process for TCPL proved long and arduous. After rejecting proposals twice, Alberta finally granted its permission to export gas from the province in 1953. At first, the province waited for explorers to prove gas reserves sufficient for its thirty-year needs, intending to only allow

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also applied early for permission to remove natural gas from Alberta. Two applicants originally expressed interest in moving gas east: Canadian Delhi Oil Company (now called TCPL) proposed moving gas to the major cities of eastern Canada by an all-Canadian route, while Western Pipelines wanted to

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Imperial lost no time. On February 12 the company had started drilling Leduc No. 2, about three kilometres southwest of No. 1, trying to extend the producing formation. But nothing showed up at that level and company officials argued over how to proceed. One group proposed abandoning the well,

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to build and own the Canadian Shield portion of the line, leasing it back to TCPL. The government restricted debate on the bill in order to get construction underway by June, knowing that delays beyond that month would postpone the entire project a year. The use of closure created a furore which

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a mile below the surface when a mighty surge of pressure shot the drilling mud up through the pipe and 150 feet (46 m) into the air. As the ground shook and a high-pitched roar issued from the well, the mud was followed by a great, dirty plume of oil and gas that splattered the snow-covered

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Imperial Oil decided to bring the well in with some fanfare at 10 o'clock in the morning of February 13, 1947. The company invited the mayor of Edmonton and other dignitaries. The night before the ceremony, however, swabbing equipment broke down. The crew laboured to repair it all night. But

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Drilling started on November 20, 1946. It continued through a winter that was "bloody cold," according to members of the rig crew. At first the crew thought the well was a gas discovery, but there were signs of something more. At 1,530 metres (5,020 ft), drilling sped up and the first bit

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system from Alberta to Central Canada began in 1949 with surveys and procurement. Field construction of the Edmonton/Regina/Superior (Wisconsin) leg began early in 1950 and concluded just 150 days later. The line began moving oil from Edmonton to the Great Lakes, a distance of 1,800 kilometres,

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By 1947, only three Canadian oil pipelines moved product to market. One transported oil from Turner Valley to Calgary. A second moved imported crude from coastal Maine to Montreal while the third brought American mid-continent oil into Ontario. But the Leduc strike and subsequent discoveries in

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The route of the TransCanada Pipeline. The yellow lines in Western Canada reflect an acquisition by TransCanada of the gathering system developed by AGTL (later known as Nova Corporation). The red represents Westcoast Transmission's pipelines. Export pipelines stop at the US border, where they

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To support these major pipelines, the industry gradually developed a complex network of feeder lines in the three most westerly provinces. A historic addition to this system was the 866-kilometre Norman Wells pipeline, which was in effect an extension of the Interprovincial line. This pipeline

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of a transmission facility from Edmonton to Vancouver and, later, to the Seattle area. Oil first moved through the 1,200-kilometre, $ 93 million system in 1953. The rugged terrain made the Trans Mountain line an extraordinary engineering accomplishment. It crossed the Rockies, the mountains of

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In its March 1949 report, the Dinning Commission supported the principle that Albertans should have first call on provincial natural gas supplies, and that Canadians should have priority over foreign users if an exportable surplus developed. Alberta accepted the recommendations of the Dinning

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Through much of the 20th century, Canadians viewed natural gas as a patrimony, an essential resource to husband with great care for tomorrow. By contrast, they generally viewed oil as just another commodity. Only in special circumstances was there much public debate about crude oil exports.

1242:"Unknown to the explorers of the day, these wells extracted naphtha from the natural gas cap over Turner Valley's oilfield. After two years of off-and-on drilling, in 1936 the Royalites No. 1 well finally drilled into the principal oil reservoir at more than 2,500 metres (8,200 ft)." 1100:

in 1890 - this time in search of coal - also flowed natural gas. The find prompted town officials to approach the CPR with a view to drilling deeper wells for gas. The resulting enterprise led to the discovery in 1904 of the Medicine Hat gas sand, which is now recognized as a source of

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war effort. During that period exploration results elsewhere in western Canada were disappointing. The only significant discoveries were small heavy oil fields. Natural gas finds were mostly uneconomic, since Western Canada's few gas pipelines were small and already well supplied."

719:." "Stagnant, algae-ridden surface water lay almost everywhere. To secure better drinking water, Williams dug (rather than drilled) a well a few yards down an incline from his plant." In 1858 at a depth of 14 feet (4.3 m) the well struck oil. It became the first commercial 1519:(at an initial rate of about 155 cubic metres per day), and the Canadian oil industry moved into the modern era. This well marked the discovery of what became the Leduc/Woodbend field, which has since produced about 50 million cubic metres (more than 300 million barrels) of oil. 2049:

On October 10, 1958, a final weld completed the line and on October 27, the first Alberta gas entered Toronto. For more than two decades, the Trans-Canada pipeline was the longest in the world. Only in the early 1980s was its length finally exceeded by a Soviet pipeline from

1484: 1978:. Believing construction costs could make the line uneconomic, private sector sponsors refused to finance this portion of the line. Since the federal government wanted the line laid for nationalistic reasons, the reigning Liberals put a bill before Parliament to create a 1437:

from market and the lack of good transport hindered commercial exploitation of the area. Today, however, Northeastern British Columbia is an active exploration and production region within the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Commercial development dates from the 1950s.

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Canada's oil measure, the cubic metre, is unique in the world. It is metric in the sense that it uses metres, but it is based on volume so that Canadian units can be easily converted into barrels. In the rest of the metric world, the standard for measuring oil is the

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before the end of the year. In 1953, the company extended the system to Sarnia, Ontario, in 1957 to Toronto. Other additions have extended the pipe to Montreal, Chicago and even Wood River in southern Illinois. The Interprovincial crude oil pipeline (now part of

1116:. He abandoned the well in 1894." "In 1897 Fraser moved the rig to Pelican Rapids, also in northern Alberta. There it struck gas at 250 metres (820 ft). But the well blew wild, flowing uncontrolled for 21 years. It was not until 1918 that a crew led by 2017:

The completion of this project was a spectacular technological achievement. In the first three years of construction (1956–58), workers installed 3,500 kilometres of pipe, stretching from the Alberta-Saskatchewan border to Toronto and Montreal. Gas service to

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came to my camp and I mixed up some molasses and coal oil and gave it to them to drink, and told them if they found anything that tasted or smelled like that to let me know. Sometime afterwards they came back and told me about the seepages at Cameron Brook.

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and that "the main pipeline carrying Canadian oil should be laid in Canadian soil". By constructing its natural gas mainline along an entirely Canadian route, TCPL accommodated nationalist sentiments, solving a political problem for the federal government.

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10 m) of gas out of the Peace River area of Alberta annually for five years. The company subsequently made gas discoveries across the border in B.C. which further supported the scheme. However, the United States Federal Power Commission (later the

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was the continent's first. But there is evidence to support Williams, not least of which is that the Drake well did not come into production until August 28, 1859. The controversial point might be that Williams found oil above bedrock while "Colonel"

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By 1859 Williams owned 800 acres of land in Oil Springs. Williams reincorporated in 1860 as the Canadian Oil Company. His company produced oil, refined it and marketed refined products. That mix of operations qualify Canadian Oil as the world's first

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ground. Drillers pumped several tons of drilling mud down the hole, and after thirty-eight hours the wild flow was sealed off, but not for long. Some 2,800 feet (850 m) below the surface, the drill pipe had broken off, and through this break the

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The Leduc discoveries put Alberta on the world petroleum map. News of the finds spread quickly, due in large part to a spectacular blowout in the early days of the development of this field. In March 1948, drillers on the Atlantic Leduc #3 well lost

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passed a bill (based on a report by a provincial advisory committee) to control the Turner Valley situation. While most operators supported this act, one independent operator, Spooner Oils Ltd., launched legal proceedings to have the act declared

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and Calgary, which used the fuel for heat and light. Eugene Coste became the founder of the Canadian Western Natural Gas Company when he merged the Calgary Natural Gas Company, Calgary Gas Company and his Prairie Fuel Company in August 1911."

1796:, in northwestern Alberta, in early 1985. From Zama, Norman Wells oil travels through other crude oil arteries to markets in Canada and the United States. Interprovincial Pipeline was the foundation from which the large Canadian corporation 1742:

for crude oil, Ontario was an excellent prospect. The west coast offered another logical choice - closer still, although separated from the oilfields by the daunting Rocky Mountains. The industry pursued these opportunities vigorously.

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At its recent peak in 1973, more than 78 per cent of Canadian oil and gas production was under foreign ownership and more than 90 per cent of oil and gas production companies were under foreign control, mostly American. It spurred the

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Alberta created an opportunity for pipeline building on a grander scale. As reserves increased, producers clamored for markets. With its population density and an extensive refining system that relied on the United States and the

977:"In 1909, New Brunswick's first successful gas well came in at Stoney Creek near Moncton. This field still supplies customers in Moncton, although the city now has a propane air plant to augment the limited natural gas supply." 682:

in 1855. Several factors contributed to the downfall of the operation. Lack of roads in the area made the movement of machinery and equipment to the site extremely difficult. And after every heavy rain the area turned into a

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An important discovery has just been made in the Township of Enniskillen. A short time since, a party, in digging a well at the edge of the bed of Bitumen, struck upon a vein of oil, which combining with the earth forms the

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The Canadian section of the line cost $ 198 million to build and at the time was the largest private financial undertaking in the country's history. Built in the summer seasons of 1956 and 1957, the line moved gas from the

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made on April 26, 1922, prohibiting offset drilling closer than 70 metres (230 ft) from any lease boundary. Keeping wells spaced away from each other, as this regulation did, prevents too rapid depletion of a field."

3172: 1130:. This colourful character - a frontiersman with an Eton and Oxford education - was probably Alberta's first homesteader." In 1874, Brown filed the following affidavit with Donald Thompson, the resident solicitor at 797:

with a black film." There is historical controversy concerning whether it was John Shaw or another oil driller named Hugh Nixon Shaw who drilled this oil gusher; the newspaper article cited below identifies John Shaw.

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to make a notable prediction. Noting that the rock formations penetrated in this well were common in western Canada, he prophesied correctly that the territory would some day produce large volumes of natural gas."

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now ranks Canada as third in World Oil Reserves at around 175 billion barrels, while Saudi Arabia is 2nd with around 268 billion barrels and Venezuela is ranked first with around 297 billion barrels of reserves.

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drillers developed the Canadian pole-tool method of drilling which was especially useful in new fields where rock formations were a matter for conjecture. The Canadian technique was different from the American

1398:"Only months after Union Gas completed a scrubbing facility for its Tilbury gas in Ontario, in 1924 Royalite began sweetening gas from the sour Royalite #4 well through a similar plant. This process removed H 1112:"In northern Alberta, the Dominion Government began a drilling program to help define the region's resources. Using a rig brought from Toronto, in 1893 contractor A.W. Fraser began drilling for liquid oil at 1931:

Within eighteen months, however, Westcoast returned with a revised proposal, found a new participant in the venture, and received FPC approval. Construction began on Canada's first major gas export pipeline.

2992: 840:"Although the industry had a promising start in the east, Ontario's status as an important oil producer did not last long. Canada became a net importer of oil during the 1880s. Dependence on neighbouring 3042: 1433:, for example, such an observation caught Imperial Oil's attention, and in 1922 the company financed exploration to investigate. A well was drilled and oil and gas found. However, the remoteness of the 770:"We do not know exactly when Williams abandoned his Oil Springs refinery and transferred his operations to Hamilton. He was certainly operating there by 1860, however. Spectator advertisements offered 2952: 793:

erupted on January 16, 1862, when struck oil at 158 feet (48 m). For a week the oil gushed unchecked at levels reported as high as 3,000 barrels per day, eventually coating the distant waters of

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In 1946, the company decided on one last drilling program from east to west in Alberta. The wells would be "wildcats" - exploratory wells drilled in search of new fields. The first drill site was

1710:, to light the streets. It was probably the longest pipeline in the world at the time. Canada also boasted the world's first oil pipeline when, in 1862, a line connected the Petrolia oilfield to 2446: 1916:, supplying B.C.'s interior along the way. Except for a small export of gas to Montana which began in 1951, Westcoast was the first applicant to receive permission to remove gas from Alberta. 3162: 1963:

exports in excess of those needs. After clearing this hurdle, the federal government virtually compelled TCPL into a merger with Western pipelines. When this reorganized TCPL went before the

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province that could contain oil. Early reef discoveries included Redwater in 1948, Golden Spike in 1949, Wizard Lake, Fenn Big Valley and Bonnie Glen in 1951 and Westerose in 1952. In 1953,

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Natural flows of oil and gas led to the successful early exploration in Alberta's foothills. Those discoveries were not unique, however. Early settlers frequently found oil and gas seeps in

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and other parts of southern Alberta. Investors lined up outside makeshift brokerage houses to get in on exploration activity triggered by the May 14, 1914 discovery of wet gas and oil at

3167: 396: 1223:"Drilling continued in Turner Valley, however, and in 1924 came another significant discovery. The Calgary Petroleum Products Company, reorganized as Royalite Oil Company, drilled into 1042: 3137: 3047: 2997: 2957: 2003: 1195: 1102: 3132: 3127: 3122: 2977: 1828:

began taxing the Essex gas field to its limits. As a result, the Ontario government revoked the pipeline licenses and passed a law prohibiting the export of both gas and electricity.

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and about 50 kilometres south of Edmonton. Located on a weak seismic anomaly, the well was a rank wildcat. No drilling of any kind had taken place within an 80-kilometre radius.

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The IPL line fundamentally changed the pricing of Alberta oil to make it sensitive to international rather than regional factors. The wellhead price reflected the price of oil at

1210:. Stripped from the gas, this hydrocarbon mixture was pure enough to burn in automobiles without refining; it became known as "skunk" gasoline because of its distinctive odour." 356: 3927: 3097: 3092: 3022: 3002: 2607: 1967:

for permission to sell gas into the United States, the Americans greeted it coolly. The FPC proved sceptical of the project's financing and unimpressed with Alberta's reserves.

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to pass legislation confirming the provincial law; the federal government, however, shrugged off the request saying natural resources were under provincial jurisdiction."

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gas as a resource that was so important for national security that domestic supply needed to be guaranteed into the foreseeable future before exports would be allowed.

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One cubic metre of oil = 6.29 barrels. One cubic metre of natural gas = 35.49 cubic feet (1.005 m). One kilopascal = 1% of atmospheric pressure (near sea level).

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became interested and visited the site in 1856, Tripp unloaded his hopes, his dreams and the properties of his company, saving for himself a spot on the payroll as

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chartered the International Mining and Manufacturing Company, with C.N. Tripp as president, on December 18, 1854. The charter empowered the company to explore for

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over a 10-acre (40,000 m) area around the well." Atlantic #3 eventually caught fire, and the crew worked frantically for 59 hours to snuff out the blaze.

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Before Leduc, the petroleum industry had long been familiar with the oil sand deposits. A number of companies were already producing heavy oil in Alberta and

1477: 1214: 1183:, southwest of Calgary." "Reportedly, in one 24-hour period, investors and promoters formed more than 500 "oil companies." "Incorporated a year earlier, the 856:

According to McKenzie-Brown, "Canadians developed petroleum expertise in those early days. The Canadian "oil man" or driller became valued the world over."

737:, published on page two on August 5, 1858: It was 12 years after drilling the first oil well in Baku settlement (Bibi-Heybat) in 1846 on Apsheron peninsula. 534: 2485: 1336:

After lengthy negotiations, the "federal government transferred ownership of natural resources to the provinces effective October 1, 1930. Soon after, the

5362: 5155: 2382: 874:"The record is not complete enough to show all the locations Canadians helped to drill. However, Petrolia drillers unquestionably helped drill for oil in 148: 967:("sour" gas) near Port Colborne, Ontario. That 1866 discovery marked the first of many gas fields found later in the southwestern part of the province." 4978: 4668: 1256:

from the Turner Valley field were probably about 19 million cubic metres. Although locals boasted at the time that it was "the biggest oil field in the

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used a dynamite explosion to blow away the flames. They then applied the combined steam flow of seven boilers to keep the torch from lighting again."

1053:"Those were the early days in Canada's petroleum industry. The cradle was in the east, but the industry only began to come of age with discoveries in 2042:. After quick repairs, the line delivered Alberta gas to Port Arthur before the end of the year, making the entire trip on its own wellhead pressure. 4998: 2886:

Marius Vassiliou, Miryusif Mirbabayev. US and Azerbaijani oil in the Nineteenth Century: Two Titans. - USA, Lexington Books Publisher, 2022. - 259 p.

1155:). Despite a small recovery of 34° API sweet oil, neither this well nor seven later exploration attempts resulted in production." The site is now a 1714:. In 1895, natural gas began flowing to the United States from Ontario's Essex field through a 20-centimetre pipeline laid under the Detroit River. 4731: 4048: 3346: 1812:

Canadian attitudes about gas date back to the late 19th century, when Ontario stopped exports. The province began exporting natural gas in 1891 to

945:

McKenzie-Brown said that the "natural gas industry was also born in eastern Canada. Reports from around 1820 tell of youngsters at Lake Ainslie,

5224: 1955:

forced the two companies into a shotgun marriage, with the all-Canadian route preferred over its more economical but American-routed competitor.

2466: 2414:

Earle Gray. Ontario's Petroleum Legacy: The birth, evolution, and challenges of a global industry (Edmonton: Heritage Community Foundation) 2008

1908:. The Westcoast plan, eventually achieved in a slightly modified form, took gas from northwestern Alberta and northeastern B.C. and piped it to 715:. The former carriage builder formed J.M. Williams & Company in 1857 to develop the Tripp properties. Besides asphalt, he began producing 2127: 1199: 1117: 1409:"Turner Valley oil production peaked in 1942, partly because the Oil and Gas Conservation Board increased allowable production as part of the 678:"International Mining and Manufacturing was not a financial success, but Tripp's asphalt received an honourable mention for excellence at the 2931: 1191: 1005: 4930: 3336: 3210: 1337: 1001: 4724: 3818: 3813: 3798: 3341: 1268:"Enormous waste of natural gas was a dubious distinction that Turner Valley claimed for many years. Royalite had a monopoly on sales to 3763: 2427: 1406:

as a chemical element. This development waited until 1952, when a sulfur recovery plant at Turner Valley began producing raw sulfur."

5003: 4967: 4925: 4920: 3057: 1213:

Pioneered in Turner Valley, natural gas liquids extraction eventually became an important Canadian industry in its own right, as the

1190:"The discovery well that set off this speculative flurry belonged to the Calgary Petroleum Products Company, an enterprise formed by 2626: 984:

Company of Canada, Limited. In 1924, Union Gas was the first company to use the new Seabord or Koppers process to remove poisonous

926:) and amassed a large fortune - then saw his properties destroyed when Russian and Austrian armies swept across the land during the 5025: 3387: 3356: 3351: 960:. Dr. H.C. Tweedle found both oil and gas in what became the Dover field, but water seepage prevented production of these wells." 789:

in the Lambton county backwoods quickened with the first flowing well in 1860: Previous wells had relied on hand pumps. The first

141: 1369:"With this backing, in July 1938 the province set up the Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board (today known as the 980:"The year 1911 saw a milestone for the natural gas industry when three companies using Ontario's Tilbury gas field joined to form 868:. Now obsolete, cable-tool drilling uses drilling tools suspended from a cable which the driller paid out as the well deepened." 4130: 3062: 1983:

spilled out of Parliament and into the press. Known as the Great Pipeline Debate, this parliamentary episode contributed to the

5042: 4872: 4004: 3828: 1783:

The oil supply situation on the North American continent grew critical during the Korean War and helped enable construction by

565: 822:

in 1864 and 20 in Oil Springs - together, they processed about 80 cubic metres of oil per day." There were also refineries in

774:

for sale at 16 cents per gallon for quantities from 4,000 US gallons (15,000 L) to 100,000 US gallons (380,000 L)."

5367: 3412: 2867: 2827: 2804: 2772: 2753: 2732: 2709: 2523: 2334: 2074:. Taken together, these developments helped Canada create one of the world's largest and most complex petroleum industries. 5275: 5239: 5119: 5114: 5037: 4945: 4135: 3803: 3377: 1925: 1784: 1650:. The Turner Valley petroleum reservoirs near Calgary had been on production for nearly 35 years, and the Devonian reef at 5079: 3382: 1844: 1370: 134: 2030:

before the end of that year. In late 1957, during a high pressure line test on the section of the line from Winnipeg to

1310:, however, had already gripped Canada, which may have been more severely affected than any other country in the world. 600:

involved rugged adventurers, the occasional fraud, important innovations and, in the end, world-class success. Canadian

4516: 4195: 3911: 1552: 1062: 1029:. Nearly one and a half million square kilometres in area, the basin also covers most of Alberta, the southern half of 1018: 814:"Following Williams' example, practically every significant producer in the infancy of the oil business became his own 431: 340: 1702:

established Canada as a leader in pipeline construction. A 25-kilometre length of cast-iron pipe moved natural gas to

5249: 5015: 4940: 4935: 4865: 4663: 3967: 3720: 2924: 2686: 2579: 585: 569: 106: 1792:

accompanied the expansion and water flooding of the oilfield, and began bringing 600 cubic metres of oil per day to

1314:

became less and less attractive and drilling at Turner Valley ground to a halt as the economic situation worsened."

5307: 5292: 5194: 5020: 4973: 4910: 4747: 4552: 4205: 3700: 3397: 3392: 3203: 2147: 1156: 1148: 949:, amusing themselves by driving sticks into the ground, pulling them out, then lighting the escaping natural gas." 794: 111: 1987:

government's defeat at the polls in 1957. But the bill passed and construction of the TransCanada pipeline began.

5244: 5139: 5064: 4835: 4210: 3768: 3653: 3579: 1937: 1901: 827: 687:

and the gum beds made drainage extremely slow. This added to the difficulty of distributing finished products."

2902:. The advantage of the latter measure is that it reflects oil quality. In general, lower grade oils are heavier. 4678: 4449: 4115: 3668: 3586: 3513: 1760:) was the longest oil pipeline in the world when it was first constructed; the longest oil pipeline is now the 601: 250: 34: 1507:

samples showed free oil in dolomite, a good reservoir rock. After coring, oil flowed to the surface during a

1245:"This well, which established Turner Valley as Canada's first major oil field and the largest in the emerging 5049: 4825: 3886: 3783: 3773: 3695: 1673:

in the Western Canada Basin, especially within Alberta's borders. The region has great geological diversity.

1127: 679: 561: 288: 198: 101: 1202:. Named Dingman No. 1 after the partner in charge of drilling, the well produced natural gas dripping with 5372: 5199: 4901: 4658: 4653: 4190: 4175: 3624: 3027: 2972: 2917: 2659: 1991: 1919:

Although turned down in 1951, Westcoast received permission in 1952 to take 50 billion cubic feet (1.4

1152: 1105:. Later, that field went on production to serve the city, the first in Alberta to have gas service. When 255: 85: 26: 5302: 5209: 5166: 5094: 4705: 4673: 3196: 1596:

operation added to the legend. By the time Atlantic #3 was back under control, the whole world knew from

1187:

was unable to control some of the unscrupulous practices that relieved many Albertans of their savings."

1085: 5326: 5059: 5032: 4988: 4260: 3861: 3846: 3808: 3569: 3446: 1928:) rejected the Westcoast proposal in 1954 after three years of hearings and 28,000 pages of testimony. 1768:. Until the completion of the TransCanada gas pipeline, it was also the longest pipeline in the world. 1661:

In the decade after Leduc, the industry identified many more reservoir types, including those at Daly,

1307: 648:). It was there that Tripp started dabbling in the mysterious gum beds near Black Creek. This led to 349: 267: 191: 165: 1734:. Wartime priorities assured the expensive pipeline's completion in 1944 and its abandonment in 1946. 620:

In his blog entitled "Canadian Oil and Gas: The First 100 Years", Peter McKenzie-Brown said that the "

5069: 4632: 4165: 3906: 3710: 2463: 1947: 1864:

Commission, and later declared it would only authorize exports of gas in excess of a 30-year supply.

1298:

Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars to protest social conditions through the

1184: 988:

from Tilbury gas." Union became one of the largest corporations in Canada before its acquisition by

304: 1580:. As the pressure built up, the oil and gas were forced to the surface through crevices and cracks. 1441:

Many small wells were successfully drilled in Western Canada in the pre-war years, but prior to the

1073:. This well was one of a series drilled at scattered points along the railway to get water for the 5297: 5179: 5109: 4830: 1964: 1322: 1077:'s steam-driven locomotives. The unexpected gas flow caught fire and destroyed the drilling rig." 1074: 1066: 919: 649: 632:

was the first Canadian to recover the substance for commercial use. The year was 1851; the place,

541:

networks in the 1950s, thus beginning to develop domestic and international markets in a big way.

5144: 4896: 4683: 4557: 3614: 3606: 3557: 3508: 3428: 3313: 3308: 2137: 1877: 1683: 1669:

in 1953 and at Clarke Lake, B.C. in 1956. And in the years since, the sector has found many more

1352: 1246: 1231: 621: 511: 391: 245: 208: 124: 2571: 2564: 2424: 5234: 5189: 5124: 4160: 3901: 3591: 3441: 3278: 3253: 2142: 1203: 1180: 1109:

travelled across Canada in 1907, he remarked that Medicine Hat had "all Hell for a basement.""

1065:

is at its most prolific. Alberta's first recorded natural gas find came in 1883 from a well at

915: 80: 2837:

Mir-Babayev, M.F. (2017). "Brief history of the first drilled oil well; and people involved".

2594: 2540: 2425:

The Shaw Investigation: A Review of Sources to Determine Who Drilled Canada's First Oil Gusher

560:

resources in the West—could place Canada in the top ranks among the world's oil producing and

507:, and helps illustrate how the country became quite distinct from her neighbour to the south. 5204: 4537: 3979: 3962: 3896: 3658: 3525: 3478: 3451: 3293: 3245: 2369: 1951:

stop at Winnipeg with a branch line south to sell into the midwestern United States. In 1954

1655: 1627:(the largest field in western Canada) with hardly a dry hole among them, and the oil bearing 1607: 1466: 1392: 1034: 708: 240: 2743: 2698: 2402: 5264: 5254: 5054: 4434: 4104: 3866: 3748: 3574: 3547: 3530: 3456: 3288: 2677:

Roughnecks and wildcatters: hundreds of first-hand exciting stories by Canadian rigbuilders

2152: 2031: 2019: 1975: 1666: 1544: 1356: 779: 724: 712: 664: 633: 629: 426: 8: 5269: 5219: 5184: 5174: 5099: 4582: 4527: 4454: 4343: 4155: 4073: 3753: 3619: 2453:, Hamilton Times, Author Unknown, "Extraordinary Flowing Oil Well," 20 January 1862, p 2. 1941: 1868: 1636: 1434: 1341: 1113: 831: 549: 531: 416: 309: 2198:"30 countries with highest proven oil reserves Last updated on: March 1, 2012 08:31 IST" 5259: 5214: 5129: 5104: 5089: 4429: 3851: 3461: 3361: 3219: 2816: 2793: 2721: 2675: 2512: 2007: 1776: 1731: 1600:

and photo features of the blowout that the words "oil" and "Alberta" were inseparable.

1577: 1311: 593: 553: 538: 421: 381: 376: 272: 3876: 2909: 1288:

to Regina. The Bank of North Dakota offered to buy 1.4 million cubic metres per day.

5229: 5134: 4983: 4955: 4888: 4577: 3705: 3680: 3483: 3468: 2863: 2860:

Imperial standard : Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian oil industry from 1880

2846: 2823: 2800: 2768: 2749: 2728: 2705: 2682: 2575: 2519: 2132: 1984: 1979: 1913: 1723: 1719: 1628: 1624: 1585: 1363: 1299: 860: 819: 605: 519: 504: 492: 386: 335: 314: 181: 173: 120: 2765:

Ontario's petroleum legacy: the birth, evolution and challenges of a global industry

1703: 963:"An offshoot of the oil drilling boom was the discovery of gas containing poisonous 5149: 5009: 4808: 4794: 4716: 4404: 4125: 3728: 3646: 3564: 3402: 3283: 2880:; 2nd edition. USA, Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield-Scarecrow Press, 2018, 593 p. 2011: 1905: 1835:

policies toward natural gas are complex, but closely tied to the value gas has for

1820:. Another pipeline under the Detroit River transported gas from the Essex field to 1817: 1761: 1548: 1329: 1081: 1026: 985: 964: 823: 281: 262: 1900:

Among the first group of applicants hoping to remove natural gas from Alberta was

4799: 4637: 4627: 4369: 4120: 4009: 3935: 3738: 3733: 3663: 3631: 3542: 3258: 2570:. Calgary: City of Calgary Electric System, McClelland and Stewart West. p. 2492: 2470: 2450: 2431: 2389: 2039: 1999: 1995: 1971: 1772: 1727: 1711: 1603: 1524: 1508: 1106: 786: 728: 637: 557: 297: 226: 213: 4993: 4474: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4315: 4290: 3999: 3940: 3871: 3758: 3743: 3552: 3490: 3235: 2105: 1994:, the contractor for the Northern Ontario leg of the pipeline, also implicated 1892:

major gas transportation projects were politically and economically uncertain.

1881: 1840: 1687: 1640: 1616: 1567:

In one journalist's words,"The well had barely punched into the main producing

1500: 1423: 1318: 1257: 1054: 330: 233: 5356: 5340: 4542: 4499: 4464: 4093: 3974: 3947: 3881: 3273: 2850: 2119: 2091: 1836: 1832: 1813: 1757: 1670: 1623:

formation. By 1956, more than 1,500 development wells dotted what became the

1568: 1131: 1010: 957: 934: 764: 480: 453: 2696:

Bott, Robert; Carson, David M.; Henderson, Jan W.; Carvey, Shaundra (2004).

1515:

10:00 a.m. passed and no oil flowed. Many of the invited guests left.

4840: 4602: 4532: 4424: 4414: 4409: 4399: 4389: 4275: 4255: 4200: 3984: 3952: 3891: 3788: 3690: 3596: 3473: 3407: 1825: 1651: 1647: 1606:

boomed. By 1950, Alberta was one of the world's exploration hot spots, and

1561: 1462: 1454: 1442: 1410: 1388: 1253: 1097: 1070: 1030: 971: 865: 815: 751: 609: 581: 577: 573: 522:

are mostly in early stages of exploration and development. Canada became a

468: 2510:

McKenzie-Brown, Peter; Jaremko, Gordon; Finch, David (November 15, 1993).

2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 4820: 4572: 4494: 4444: 4265: 4235: 4180: 4170: 3856: 3535: 3518: 3436: 3298: 3268: 3263: 2814:

McKenzie-Brown, Peter; Jaremko, Gordon; Finch, David (15 November 1993).

2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2035: 2027: 1592: 1496: 1347: 989: 946: 927: 760: 653: 645: 523: 1294: 695: 4915: 4622: 4489: 4479: 4245: 4083: 3989: 1854: 1839:

in a cold climate. These issues were not finally resolved in favour of

1163: 1147:

organized the Rocky Mountain Drilling Company. In 1902 he drilled the

1041: 845: 790: 755: 624:

go back thousands of years. But while people have known about and used

2215: 937:

moved to "far away places to practise their widely respected skills."

552:—is still only a partially exploited resource. By 2025 this and other 4963: 4617: 4348: 4295: 4240: 4230: 4140: 4088: 4024: 4019: 4014: 3994: 3675: 3303: 3230: 3188: 2795:

Hard Oiler!: The Story of Canadians' Quest for Oil at Home and Abroad

1952: 1909: 1793: 1739: 1620: 1612: 1597: 1461:. Imperial's success was inspired by their much earlier discovery at 1284: 1224: 981: 895: 747: 625: 500: 484: 4857: 1126:"The earliest efforts to develop western Canadian oil were those of 4846: 4612: 4592: 4587: 4567: 4562: 4338: 4328: 4250: 4185: 3957: 3685: 3641: 3636: 3500: 2541:"First Oil Well in Western Canada National Historic Site of Canada" 2464:

Great West's Last Frontier – A History of Lambton (Wyoming excerpt)

2023: 1970:

Engineering problems made the 1,090-kilometre section crossing the

1797: 1752: 1662: 1573: 1470: 1458: 1236: 1093: 1022: 771: 746:'Some historians challenge Canada's claim to North America's first 720: 716: 597: 2627:"Pipeline history: Opening of the Trans Mountain pipeline in 1953" 4280: 4270: 4150: 4145: 4060: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2085: 2051: 1821: 1765: 1581: 1378: 1207: 1176: 1144: 1058: 953: 911: 907: 903: 672: 668: 641: 545: 499:, however, it developed in different ways. The evolution of the 496: 488: 323: 1227:

limestone. The well blew out at 1,180 metres (3,870 ft)."

4597: 4484: 4469: 4459: 4419: 4333: 1707: 1699: 1403: 923: 899: 891: 883: 657: 527: 515: 463: 2498: 1584:

of mud, oil, and gas spouted out of the ground in hundreds of

530:, in exports; the country also is home to the world's largest 4379: 4353: 4323: 4285: 4225: 4220: 4215: 2899: 2700:

Our petroleum challenge: sustainability into the 21st century

2538: 2038:), about five and a half kilometres of pipeline blew up near 1944:

areas 1,250 kilometres to Vancouver and the American border.

1487:

Leduc #1 well; released under GNU Free Documentation License.

887: 684: 1539: 1499:

in a field on the farm of Mike Turta, 15 kilometres west of

1483: 4607: 4547: 4300: 3778: 2745:

Hell's Half Acre: Early Days In The Great Alberta Oil Patch

1564:

circulation in the top of the reef, and the well blew out.

1480:, Imperial had located just such a reservoir in the 1920s. 1473: 1374: 1373:). New unitization rules limited well spacing to about 40 1269: 879: 875: 841: 723:

in North America, remembered as the Williams No. 1 well at

2813: 2509: 801:

News of the gusher spread quickly and was reported in the

4439: 4305: 4078: 2695: 2339:

Language Matters: Studies in energy, history and language

1445:

there were no big oil discoveries outside Turner Valley.

1021:(mostly light green), which stretches from southwestern 914:. One of the best-known Canadian drilling pioneers was 671:

beds and oil and salt springs, and to manufacture oils,

526:-producing giant in the late 1950s and is second, after 4068: 2939: 2723:

Alberta's petroleum industry and the Conservation Board

1547:, which overlies the most prolific petroleum-producing 952:"In 1859 an oil explorer found a natural gas seep near 2608:"Canada again a focus of a new Great Scramble for oil" 1338:

Alberta government enacted legislation to regulate oil

4746: 4669:

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

2644:

Bad Judgment: The Case of Justice Leo A. Landreville

2081: 1658:

had been discovered a quarter of a century earlier.

1355:

judgement handed down 3 October 1933. Alberta asked

2818:

The great oil age: the petroleum industry in Canada

2514:

The great oil age: the petroleum industry in Canada

1576:of the reservoir forced oil and gas into shallower 1328:"An earlier effort to control waste resulted in an 2815: 2792: 2786:. Printed by Northwest Printing and Lithographing. 2720: 2697: 2674: 2563: 2511: 2383:Important Discovery in the Township of Enniskillen 1722:(964 kilometres), with additional supply lines to 596:'s early development are colourful. The gathering 556:resources—the northern and offshore frontiers and 1017:The bulk of oil and gas production occurs in the 5354: 2605: 2781: 1904:, backed by British Columbia-born entrepreneur 544:Despite billions of dollars of investment, its 2624: 2401:Petroleum History Society, Petroleum History: 2332: 2128:Technological and industrial history of Canada 1417: 537:. The industry started constructing its vast 4873: 4732: 3204: 2925: 2481: 2479: 1803: 1426:, generally near rivers, streams and creeks. 1006:Timeline of the petroleum industry in Alberta 142: 1002:History of the Petroleum industry in Alberta 844:as a crude oil supplier increased after the 5363:History of the petroleum industry in Canada 2878:Historical Dictionary of Petroleum Industry 2836: 2335:"Canadian Oil and Gas: The First 100 Years" 2026:commenced in 1957 and the line reached the 1061:," according to McKenzie-Brown. There, the 514:in western Canada is mature, the country's 4880: 4866: 4739: 4725: 3211: 3197: 2932: 2918: 2704:. Canadian Centre for Energy Information. 2660:Map of Canadian Oil and gas infrastructure 2476: 2473:, Lambton County Historical Society, 1967. 1698:In 1853, a small gas transmission line in 933:McKenzie-Brown said in 2008 that Canadian 149: 135: 2381:Sarnia Observer and Lambton Advertiser, " 2072:natural gas liquids extraction facilities 2002:and Ontario provincial cabinet ministers 1469:. The link was that there appeared to be 1263: 2862:. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. 2672: 2566:Cowtown : an album of early Calgary 2539:Dormarr, Johan; Watt, Robert A. (2007). 1853: 1538: 1482: 1402:S from the gas, but did not extract the 1293: 1040: 1009: 707:According to Peter McKenzie-Brown, "hen 694: 462: 4131:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 1816:from the Bertie-Humberstone field near 1639:field, discovered in 1957, exploited a 1534: 918:. McGarvey acquired oil properties in 690: 5355: 4005:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir 3764:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war 3218: 2857: 1340:and gas wells." In October 1931, the 1151:on the site of these seepages (now in 940: 818:. Seven refineries were operating in 730:Sarnia Observer and Lambton Advertiser 4887: 4861: 4720: 3192: 2913: 2741: 2718: 2333:McKenzie-Brown, Peter (August 2006). 1746: 1149:first oil exploration well in Alberta 763:'s well located oil within a bedrock 612:. Canada has become an energy giant. 5225:Northwest Territories capital cities 4769:Frontier exploration and development 4136:China National Petroleum Corporation 2940:Petroleum industry in North America 2890: 2762: 2561: 2177:US Energy Information Administration 1990:A stock trading scandal surrounding 1926:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 1785:Trans Mountain Oil Pipe Line Company 1693: 1270:Canadian Western Natural Gas Company 851: 503:sector has been a key factor in the 2790: 2784:Oil in Canada West, the early years 2532: 1845:North American Free Trade Agreement 1676: 1457:discovered light oil just south of 1371:Energy Resources Conservation Board 479:arose in parallel with that of the 21:This article is part of a series on 13: 4196:National Iranian South Oil Company 3912:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 2665: 1317:"The federal government owned the 1063:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 1019:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 14: 5384: 4664:Intercontinental Exchange Futures 4553:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company 4206:Oil & Gas Development Company 2767:. Heritage Community Foundation. 2653: 2606:Peter Tertzakian (Jul 25, 2012). 1511:at 1,544 metres (5,066 ft). 512:conventional oil and gas industry 5334: 5322: 5321: 4748:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin 4701: 4700: 3053:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2748:. Heritage House Publishing Co. 2148:Science and technology in Canada 2112: 2098: 2084: 1843:until the implementation of the 1175:"In early 1914, oil fever swept 1170: 1157:National Historic Site of Canada 1120:succeeded in killing the well." 1033:and the southwest corner of the 995: 615: 447: 180: 33: 5004:Former colonies and territories 4211:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 2637: 2625:Peter Meiszner (Oct 14, 2013). 2618: 2599: 2588: 2555: 2456: 2437: 2064:northern and offshore frontiers 1902:Westcoast Transmission Co. Ltd. 1895: 1880:), and transformed itself into 1069:siding No. 8 at Langevin, near 1045:George M. Dawson in May 1885. ( 699:James Miller Williams in 1873 ( 4679:Society of Petroleum Engineers 4450:Port Harcourt Refining Company 4116:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 2444:Extraordinary Flowing Oil Well 2417: 2408: 2395: 2375: 2362: 2353: 2190: 2173:"Proved Reserves of Crude Oil" 2165: 1974:the most difficult leg of the 1: 3625:Production sharing agreements 2763:Gray, Earle (1 August 2008). 2742:Finch, David (1 March 2005). 2719:Breen, David (January 1993). 2434:, Oil Museum of Canada, 2010. 2158: 1948:TransCanada PipeLines Limited 1824:. And by 1897, a pipeline to 1492:were uneconomic at the time. 848:rolled into Canada in 1898." 592:Many stories surrounding the 483:. Because of Canada's unique 5368:Industrial history of Canada 4979:Crown and Indigenous peoples 4659:Canadian petroleum companies 4654:American Petroleum Institute 4191:National Iranian Oil Company 4176:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation 3178:United States Virgin Islands 2791:May, Gary (1 October 1998). 1992:Northern Ontario Natural Gas 1831:The reasons behind Canada's 1153:Waterton Lakes National Park 834:) could take oil to market. 608:and an essential element of 564:. In a 2004 reassessment of 520:offshore petroleum resources 7: 4804:Northwestern Alberta Plains 4674:International Energy Agency 3659:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 2077: 1453:That changed in 1947, when 1418:Small discoveries elsewhere 1351:; this was successful in a 1206:, sometimes referred to as 1086:Geological Survey of Canada 1047:National Archives of Canada 701:Library and Archives Canada 604:is now a vital part of the 477:Canadian petroleum industry 357:Companies listed on the TSX 10: 5389: 4261:PTT Public Company Limited 3862:East Midlands Oil Province 3847:List of natural gas fields 3447:Integrated asset modelling 2858:Taylor, Graham D. (2019). 2486:Oil Springs: boom and bust 2372:Dundurn Press, 1998, p 33. 1804:Gas pipelines and politics 1143:"In 1901, John Lineham of 999: 680:Paris Universal Exhibition 5316: 5285: 5165: 5115:Newfoundland and Labrador 5078: 4954: 4895: 4787: 4754: 4696: 4646: 4633:Weatherford International 4512: 4362: 4314: 4166:Iraq National Oil Company 4102: 4059: 4044: 4035: 3920: 3837: 3719: 3605: 3499: 3427: 3370: 3329: 3322: 3244: 3226: 3153:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3071: 2945: 2727:. University of Alberta. 675:paints, burning fluids." 4831:Northern Rocky Mountains 3173:Turks and Caicos Islands 2822:. Detselig Enterprises. 2782:George De Mille (1969). 2673:Anderson, Allan (1981). 2518:. Detselig Enterprises. 1965:Federal Power Commission 1753:Interprovincial Pipeline 1591:It took six months, two 1448: 1323:Canadian Pacific Railway 1254:Recoverable oil reserves 1215:story of its development 1080:"This find prompted Dr. 1075:Canadian Pacific Railway 1015:Geological map of Canada 4968:Persons of significance 4817:North-central foothills 4764:Oil sands and heavy oil 4684:World Petroleum Council 4558:China Oilfield Services 3615:Petroleum fiscal regime 3314:Western Canadian Select 3309:West Texas Intermediate 2646:, William Kaplan, 1996. 2462:Elford, Jean Turnbull. 2138:Energy policy of Canada 2060:oil sands and heavy oil 2014:between 1955 and 1958. 1878:TransCanada Corporation 1859:connect to US carriers. 1684:National Energy Program 1431:Rolla, British Columbia 1353:Supreme Court of Canada 622:early uses of petroleum 548:—especially within the 209:Energy policy of Canada 125:Energy policy of Canada 73:Resources and producers 55:Oil sands and heavy oil 4999:Events of significance 4161:Indian Oil Corporation 3647:Submersible pump (ESP) 3592:Underbalanced drilling 3413:of gasoline and diesel 3103:British Virgin Islands 2495:, Oil Museum of Canada 2392:," 5 August 1858, p 2. 2143:Natural gas processing 2070:constructed extensive 1860: 1615:made a discovery near 1556: 1543:A geographical map of 1488: 1478:Norman Wells discovery 1342:provincial Legislature 1303: 1281: 1264:Waste and conservation 1185:Calgary Stock Exchange 1141: 1050: 1038: 812: 780:integrated oil company 744: 704: 472: 5120:Northwest Territories 5065:Territorial evolution 4538:Cameron International 3980:Petrodollar recycling 3963:fossil fuel phase-out 3526:Differential sticking 3479:Reflection seismology 3452:Petroleum engineering 3294:OPEC Reference Basket 3043:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2799:. Dundurn Press Ltd. 1869:Alberta's Legislature 1857: 1656:Northwest Territories 1542: 1486: 1467:Northwest Territories 1297: 1277: 1136: 1044: 1035:Northwest Territories 1013: 828:Great Western Railway 807: 739: 709:James Miller Williams 698: 568:, the United States' 535:extraction facilities 466: 5140:Prince Edward Island 4788:Depositional regions 4435:Occidental Petroleum 3749:1990 oil price shock 3575:Shale oil extraction 3548:Drilling engineering 3531:Directional drilling 3457:Reservoir simulation 2839:Oil-industry History 2359:Oil Museum of Canada 2153:History of petroleum 1976:TransCanada pipeline 1912:and to the American 1867:Shortly thereafter, 1780:Canadian petroleum. 1751:Construction of the 1667:Midale, Saskatchewan 1553:Western Canada Basin 1535:Geological diversity 1247:British Commonwealth 725:Oil Springs, Ontario 691:North American first 634:Enniskillen Township 630:Charles Nelson Tripp 602:petroleum production 50:Story of natural gas 5373:Petroleum in Canada 5055:Population history 5026:Chinese immigration 4774:Natural gas liquids 4756:Hydrocarbon history 4583:Naftiran Intertrade 4528:Amec Foster Wheeler 4455:Reliance Industries 4344:Naftiran Intertrade 4156:Hindustan Petroleum 3754:2000s energy crisis 3058:Trinidad and Tobago 2953:Antigua and Barbuda 2876:Vassiliou, Marius. 2403:Canadian Beginnings 2054:to Western Europe. 1476:in Alberta. At the 1435:Peace River Country 941:Eastern natural gas 832:Grand Trunk Railway 733:, quoting from the 550:Athabasca oil sands 532:natural gas liquids 371:Economy by province 86:Petroleum companies 27:Petroleum in Canada 4430:Marathon Petroleum 3852:List of oil fields 3462:Reservoir modeling 3220:Petroleum industry 2993:Dominican Republic 2631:Global Online News 2612:The Globe and Mail 2562:Ward, Tom (1975). 2491:2014-08-21 at the 2469:2014-03-26 at the 2449:2015-04-03 at the 2430:2016-03-05 at the 2388:2015-04-03 at the 2341:. Calgary, Alberta 2068:natural gas sector 2062:deposits, and the 2008:William Griesinger 1861: 1777:security of supply 1747:Crude oil arteries 1732:Watson Lake, Yukon 1557: 1489: 1395:started in 1948." 1391:began in 1944 and 1312:Capital investment 1304: 1103:unconventional gas 1051: 1039: 735:Woodstock Sentinel 705: 594:petroleum industry 554:unconventional oil 473: 5350: 5349: 5341:Canada portal 4911:18000 BCE–1500 CE 4889:History of Canada 4855: 4854: 4814:North-east Plains 4714: 4713: 4692: 4691: 4578:Nabors Industries 4508: 4507: 3706:Well intervention 3681:Petroleum product 3580:Ljungström method 3484:Seismic inversion 3469:Petroleum geology 3423: 3422: 3186: 3185: 3075:other territories 2891:Metric conversion 2869:978-1-77385-035-1 2829:978-1-55059-072-2 2806:978-1-55002-316-9 2774:978-0-9739892-2-9 2755:978-1-894384-82-7 2734:978-0-88864-245-5 2711:978-1-894348-15-7 2525:978-1-55059-072-2 2133:History of Canada 1985:Louis St. Laurent 1980:crown corporation 1914:Pacific northwest 1694:Pipeline networks 1629:Cardium Formation 1625:Pembina oil field 1364:natural resources 1300:On-to-Ottawa Trek 866:cable-tool method 852:Canadian drillers 820:Petrolia, Ontario 805:four days later: 640:, in present-day 562:exporting nations 505:history of Canada 461: 460: 454:Canada portal 336:Banking in Canada 204:Petroleum history 192:Economic history 174:Economy of Canada 159: 158: 121:Economy of Canada 5380: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5325: 5324: 5276:Name etymologies 5156:Name etymologies 5095:British Columbia 5010:Heritage Minutes 4882: 4875: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4809:Canadian Rockies 4795:Southern Alberta 4741: 4734: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4704: 4703: 4405:Hess Corporation 4126:Bharat Petroleum 4057: 4056: 4042: 4041: 3729:1967 Oil Embargo 3565:Lost circulation 3403:Posted oil price 3327: 3326: 3284:Isthmus-34 Light 3213: 3206: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3143:Saint Barthélemy 3073:Dependencies and 2946:Sovereign states 2934: 2927: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2873: 2854: 2833: 2821: 2810: 2798: 2787: 2778: 2759: 2738: 2726: 2715: 2703: 2692: 2680: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2603: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2569: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2517: 2507: 2496: 2483: 2474: 2460: 2454: 2441: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2379: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2330: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2169: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2012:Clare Mapledoram 1922: 1818:Welland, Ontario 1762:Druzhba pipeline 1677:Foreign Interest 1608:seismic activity 1549:sedimentary rock 1443:Second World War 1411:Second World War 1389:repressurization 1330:Order in Council 1321:not held by the 1082:George M. Dawson 1027:British Columbia 1025:to northeastern 986:hydrogen sulfide 965:hydrogen sulfide 916:William McGarvey 606:national economy 566:global resources 495:and patterns of 452: 451: 450: 282:Secondary sector 184: 161: 160: 151: 144: 137: 37: 18: 17: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5335: 5333: 5312: 5281: 5161: 5082:and territories 5081: 5074: 4950: 4899: 4891: 4886: 4856: 4851: 4800:Central Alberta 4783: 4750: 4745: 4715: 4710: 4688: 4642: 4638:John Wood Group 4628:Valaris Limited 4521: 4518: 4515: 4504: 4370:APA Corporation 4358: 4310: 4109: 4106: 4098: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4037: 4031: 3932:Classification 3916: 3839: 3833: 3769:Nationalization 3739:1979 oil crisis 3734:1973 oil crisis 3715: 3701:Water injection 3669:Steam injection 3664:Gas reinjection 3632:Artificial lift 3601: 3543:Drill stem test 3495: 3419: 3366: 3318: 3240: 3222: 3217: 3187: 3182: 3076: 3074: 3067: 2941: 2938: 2908: 2893: 2883: 2870: 2830: 2807: 2775: 2756: 2735: 2712: 2689: 2668: 2666:Further reading 2656: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2623: 2619: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2508: 2499: 2493:Wayback Machine 2484: 2477: 2471:Wayback Machine 2461: 2457: 2451:Wayback Machine 2442: 2438: 2432:Wayback Machine 2423:Johnson, Dana. 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2390:Wayback Machine 2380: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2331: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2080: 2000:Leo Landreville 1972:Canadian Shield 1920: 1898: 1806: 1749: 1728:Skagway, Alaska 1712:Sarnia, Ontario 1696: 1679: 1671:petroleum traps 1633:Cardium Freeway 1631:was dubbed the 1537: 1525:Leduc Formation 1509:drill stem test 1451: 1420: 1401: 1266: 1173: 1107:Rudyard Kipling 1008: 998: 943: 928:First World War 854: 750:, arguing that 693: 628:for centuries, 618: 584:. In 2014, the 582:proved reserves 558:heavy crude oil 448: 446: 439: 438: 412: 411:Economy by city 404: 403: 372: 364: 363: 341:Stock exchanges 305:Social programs 298:Tertiary sector 229: 219: 218: 214:Canadian dollar 199:Banking history 194: 155: 123: 12: 11: 5: 5386: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5330: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5298:Historiography 5295: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5018: 5016:Historic Sites 5013: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4974:Constitutional 4971: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4807:South-central 4805: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4475:Surgutneftegas 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4395:Eneos Holdings 4392: 4387: 4385:ConocoPhillips 4382: 4377: 4375:Cenovus Energy 4372: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4316:Energy trading 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4002: 4000:Swing producer 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3872:Gulf of Mexico 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3759:2010s oil glut 3756: 3751: 3746: 3744:1980s oil glut 3741: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3611: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3553:Drilling fluid 3550: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3491:Seismic source 3488: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3289:Japan Cocktail 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3236:Primary energy 3233: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3163:Sint Eustatius 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3108:Cayman Islands 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2914: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2855: 2834: 2828: 2811: 2805: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2760: 2754: 2739: 2733: 2716: 2710: 2693: 2687: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2654:External links 2652: 2649: 2648: 2636: 2617: 2598: 2587: 2580: 2554: 2543:. Parks Canada 2531: 2524: 2497: 2475: 2455: 2436: 2416: 2407: 2394: 2374: 2361: 2352: 2214: 2189: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2109: 2106:History portal 2095: 2079: 2076: 2034:(today called 1897: 1894: 1882:NOVA Chemicals 1847:in the 1990s. 1841:continentalism 1805: 1802: 1748: 1745: 1730:, USA, and to 1704:Trois-Rivières 1695: 1692: 1678: 1675: 1641:carbonate rock 1617:Drayton Valley 1536: 1533: 1450: 1447: 1424:Western Canada 1419: 1416: 1399: 1393:water flooding 1319:mineral rights 1265: 1262: 1258:British Empire 1172: 1169: 1128:Kootenai Brown 1055:western Canada 997: 994: 942: 939: 853: 850: 803:Hamilton Times 795:Lake St. Clair 692: 689: 644:(at that time 617: 614: 459: 458: 457: 456: 441: 440: 437: 436: 429: 424: 419: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 360: 359: 352: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 326: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 307: 300: 294: 293: 292: 291: 284: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 265: 260: 259: 258: 253: 243: 236: 234:Primary sector 230: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 195: 190: 189: 186: 185: 177: 176: 170: 169: 157: 156: 154: 153: 146: 139: 131: 128: 127: 117: 116: 115: 114: 109: 107:Oil refineries 104: 96: 95: 91: 90: 89: 88: 83: 75: 74: 70: 69: 68: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 39: 38: 30: 29: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5385: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5342: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250:Richmond Hill 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5180:Charlottetown 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5110:New Brunswick 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:Fort St. John 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4511: 4501: 4500:Valero Energy 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4465:Suncor Energy 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4094:TotalEnergies 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4043: 4040: 4038:organisations 4036:Companies and 4034: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3975:Petrocurrency 3973: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3948:Oil shale gas 3946: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3928:Abbreviations 3926: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887:Permian Basin 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:United States 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3784:Seven Sisters 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3437:Core sampling 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3274:Indian Basket 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3063:United States 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2688:9780771594960 2684: 2681:. Macmillan. 2679: 2678: 2671: 2670: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2595:Supreme Court 2591: 2583: 2581:0-7712-1012-4 2577: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2558: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2120:Canada portal 2110: 2107: 2096: 2093: 2092:Energy portal 2087: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1938:Fort St. John 1933: 1929: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:Frank McMahon 1903: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1872:exit points. 1870: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:space heating 1834: 1833:protectionist 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Buffalo, N.Y. 1810: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:Enbridge Inc. 1754: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1217:illustrates. 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:William Elder 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1181:Turner Valley 1178: 1171:Turner Valley 1168: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1132:Pincher Creek 1129: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1096:drilled near 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1043: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 996:Westward move 993: 992:, a US firm. 991: 987: 983: 978: 975: 973: 968: 966: 961: 959: 958:New Brunswick 955: 950: 948: 938: 936: 931: 929: 925: 922:(now part of 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 869: 867: 862: 857: 849: 847: 843: 838: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 811: 806: 804: 799: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 775: 773: 768: 766: 762: 757: 753: 749: 743: 738: 736: 732: 731: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 702: 697: 688: 686: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 652:of the first 651: 650:incorporation 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 616:Early origins 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 587: 583: 579: 576:second; only 575: 572:put Canadian 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 510:Although the 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 481:United States 478: 470: 467:Proved world 465: 455: 445: 444: 443: 442: 435: 434: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 408: 407: 400: 399: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 368: 367: 358: 355: 354: 353: 351: 348: 347: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 327: 325: 322: 321: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 301: 299: 296: 295: 290: 287: 286: 285: 283: 280: 279: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 235: 232: 231: 228: 223: 222: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 188: 187: 183: 179: 178: 175: 172: 171: 167: 163: 162: 152: 147: 145: 140: 138: 133: 132: 130: 129: 126: 122: 119: 118: 113: 112:Oil companies 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 98: 97: 93: 92: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 77: 76: 72: 71: 66: 63: 61: 60:The frontiers 58: 56: 53: 51: 48: 46: 45:Early history 43: 42: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 28: 25: 24: 20: 19: 16: 5332: 5320: 5293:Bibliography 5145:Saskatchewan 5043:Peacekeeping 5008: 4946:1982–present 4841:Saskatchewan 4755: 4603:Schlumberger 4533:Baker Hughes 4425:Marathon Oil 4415:Imperial Oil 4410:Husky Energy 4400:Galp Energia 4390:Devon Energy 4276:Saudi Aramco 4256:Petrovietnam 4201:NNPC Limited 4105:National oil 3985:Petrofiction 3953:Orphan wells 3921:Other topics 3892:Persian Gulf 3819:Saudi Arabia 3793: 3789:Standard Oil 3597:Well logging 3474:Petrophysics 3168:Sint Maarten 3148:Saint Martin 2877: 2859: 2845:(1): 25–34. 2842: 2838: 2817: 2794: 2783: 2764: 2744: 2722: 2699: 2676: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2620: 2611: 2601: 2590: 2565: 2557: 2545:. Retrieved 2534: 2513: 2458: 2439: 2419: 2410: 2397: 2377: 2364: 2355: 2345:November 24, 2343:. Retrieved 2338: 2205:. Retrieved 2201: 2192: 2180:. Retrieved 2176: 2167: 2066:. Also, the 2056: 2048: 2044: 2016: 2004:Philip Kelly 1989: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1946: 1934: 1930: 1918: 1899: 1896:Construction 1890: 1886: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1849: 1830: 1826:Toledo, Ohio 1811: 1807: 1790: 1782: 1770: 1750: 1736: 1716: 1697: 1690:government. 1680: 1665:in 1951, at 1660: 1652:Norman Wells 1648:Saskatchewan 1645: 1632: 1602: 1593:relief wells 1590: 1566: 1558: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1494: 1490: 1463:Norman Wells 1455:Imperial Oil 1452: 1440: 1428: 1421: 1408: 1397: 1386: 1383: 1368: 1361: 1346: 1335: 1327: 1316: 1305: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1212: 1200:A.W. Dingman 1189: 1174: 1161: 1142: 1137: 1125: 1122: 1118:A.W. Dingman 1111: 1098:Medicine Hat 1091: 1079: 1071:Medicine Hat 1052: 1046: 1031:Saskatchewan 1014: 979: 976: 972:Eugene Coste 969: 962: 951: 944: 932: 873: 870: 858: 855: 839: 836: 826:, where the 813: 808: 802: 800: 784: 776: 769: 752:Pennsylvania 745: 740: 734: 729: 706: 700: 677: 662: 619: 610:world supply 591: 580:has greater 578:Saudi Arabia 574:oil reserves 543: 509: 476: 474: 469:oil reserves 432: 397: 392:Saskatchewan 331:Central Bank 203: 81:Oil reserves 44: 15: 5235:Quebec City 5190:Fredericton 5125:Nova Scotia 5050:Monarchical 5021:Immigration 4826:Fort Nelson 4821:Liard River 4779:Natural gas 4573:Halliburton 4445:Phillips 66 4266:QatarEnergy 4236:Petrobangla 4171:KazMunayGas 4061:Supermajors 4010:heavy crude 3897:Prudhoe Bay 3877:Niger Delta 3857:Caspian Sea 3620:Concessions 3570:Measurement 3536:Geosteering 3519:Squeeze job 3429:Exploration 3378:Consumption 3337:Consumption 3330:Natural gas 3259:Bonny Light 3138:Puerto Rico 3048:Saint Lucia 2998:El Salvador 2370:Hard oiler! 2368:May, Gary. 2207:18 November 2182:18 November 2036:Thunder Bay 2032:Port Arthur 1942:Peace River 1643:formation. 1604:Exploration 1531:reservoir. 1497:Leduc No. 1 1348:ultra vires 1192:W.S. Herron 990:Duke Energy 947:Nova Scotia 787:Exploration 761:Edwin Drake 654:oil company 646:Canada West 524:natural gas 289:Automotives 256:Electricity 241:Agriculture 65:Gas liquids 5357:Categories 5303:Historians 5240:Saint John 5205:Lethbridge 5038:Operations 4623:Transocean 4490:Tullow Oil 4480:TechnipFMC 4246:PetroChina 4084:ExxonMobil 3990:Shale band 3867:East Texas 3840:and fields 3654:Downstream 3607:Production 3514:Completion 3442:Geophysics 3383:Production 3342:Production 3279:Indonesian 3254:Argus Sour 3246:Benchmarks 3133:Montserrat 3128:Martinique 3123:Guadeloupe 2978:Costa Rica 2202:rediff.com 2159:References 1720:Whitehorse 1686:under the 1637:Swan Hills 1578:formations 1308:Depression 1283:While the 1204:condensate 1164:Lethbridge 1057:, notably 1000:See also: 846:automobile 756:Drake Well 754:'s famous 665:Parliament 497:settlement 102:Oil fields 94:Categories 5265:Vancouver 5255:Saskatoon 5080:Provinces 4994:Etymology 4964:Canadians 4941:1960–1981 4936:1945–1960 4931:1914–1945 4926:1867–1914 4921:1763–1867 4916:1534–1763 4897:Year list 4811:foothills 4618:TC Energy 4519:companies 4349:Trafigura 4296:Sonatrach 4241:Petrobras 4231:Pertamina 4141:Ecopetrol 4107:companies 4051:companies 4049:petroleum 4025:tight oil 4020:oil shale 4015:oil sands 3995:Shale gas 3936:sweet oil 3907:Venezuela 3882:North Sea 3838:Provinces 3829:Venezuela 3676:Midstream 3371:Petroleum 3231:Petroleum 3118:Greenland 3033:Nicaragua 3008:Guatemala 2851:1546-9573 2058:included 1953:C.D. Howe 1910:Vancouver 1740:Caribbean 1724:Fairbanks 1718:Wells to 1621:sandstone 1613:Mobil Oil 1598:newsreels 1569:reservoir 1377:(16 1225:Paleozoic 1114:Athabasca 982:Union Gas 896:Venezuela 765:reservoir 748:oil field 626:petroleum 501:petroleum 493:resources 485:geography 427:Vancouver 350:Companies 310:Transport 251:Petroleum 5327:Category 5286:Research 5270:Winnipeg 5220:Montreal 5200:Hamilton 5185:Edmonton 5175:Brampton 5100:Manitoba 5033:Military 4989:Economic 4984:Cultural 4902:Timeline 4847:Manitoba 4845:Western 4706:Category 4613:Subsea 7 4593:Petrofac 4588:NOV Inc. 4568:GE Power 4563:Enbridge 4517:services 4339:Mercuria 4329:Glencore 4291:Sonangol 4251:Petronas 4186:Naftogaz 3958:Peak oil 3941:sour oil 3696:Upstream 3691:Refining 3686:Pipeline 3642:Pumpjack 3637:Gas lift 3558:invasion 3501:Drilling 3388:Reserves 3347:Reserves 3083:Anguilla 3018:Honduras 2988:Dominica 2963:Barbados 2489:Archived 2467:Archived 2447:Archived 2428:Archived 2386:Archived 2078:See also 2028:Lakehead 2024:Winnipeg 1798:Enbridge 1663:Manitoba 1574:pressure 1471:Devonian 1459:Edmonton 1237:Oklahoma 1023:Manitoba 935:drillers 861:Petrolia 772:coal oil 742:Bitumen. 721:oil well 717:kerosene 598:oilpatch 539:pipeline 417:Montreal 273:Forestry 166:a series 164:Part of 5308:Surveys 5260:Toronto 5215:Moncton 5210:Markham 5195:Halifax 5130:Nunavut 5105:Ontario 5090:Alberta 4281:Sinopec 4271:Rosneft 4151:Gazprom 4146:Equinor 4074:Chevron 3721:History 3587:Tracers 3509:Blowout 3398:Exports 3393:Imports 3357:Exports 3352:Imports 3113:Curaçao 3098:Bonaire 3093:Bermuda 3023:Jamaica 3003:Grenada 2958:Bahamas 2547:18 June 2052:Siberia 1996:Sudbury 1822:Detroit 1766:Siberia 1688:Trudeau 1654:in the 1619:, in a 1586:craters 1582:Geysers 1551:of the 1545:Alberta 1465:in the 1285:flaring 1232:blowout 1208:naphtha 1177:Calgary 1145:Okotoks 1084:of the 1059:Alberta 954:Moncton 920:Galicia 912:Germany 908:Austria 904:Romania 830:(later 824:Wyoming 816:refiner 713:landman 673:naphtha 669:asphalt 642:Ontario 636:, near 546:bitumen 489:geology 471:, 2009. 433:more... 422:Toronto 398:more... 382:Ontario 377:Alberta 324:Finance 315:Tourism 268:Fishing 227:Sectors 5245:Regina 5230:Ottawa 5167:Cities 5135:Quebec 5060:Sports 4956:Topics 4647:Others 4598:Saipem 4495:Tüpraş 4485:TNK-BP 4470:Sunoco 4460:Repsol 4420:Lukoil 4363:Others 4334:Gunvor 3968:timing 3902:Russia 3814:Norway 3799:France 3794:Canada 3038:Panama 3028:Mexico 2973:Canada 2968:Belize 2866: 2849: 2826: 2803: 2771: 2752: 2731: 2708: 2685: 2578: 2522: 2046:time. 2040:Dryden 2020:Regina 1998:mayor 1800:grew. 1773:Sarnia 1708:Quebec 1700:Quebec 1635:. The 1404:sulfur 1357:Ottawa 1302:, 1935 924:Poland 900:Persia 892:Russia 884:Turkey 791:gusher 727:. 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Knowledge

History of the petroleum industry in Canada

Index