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the dry gas to cycle the reservoir to capture more liquids. Usually these plants needed make-up gas to replace the volume of the liquids stripped which came from other reservoirs. In the case of West
Whitecourt, they also processed dry but sour gas from the Pine Creek field (near Edson) as a source of make-up gas. In the case of Crossfield, the liquids-rich gas came from the Wabamun D-1 zone and the make-up gas from the uphole Elkton zone. Most of these plants were built in the days of 16 cent (per 1000 cubic feet) long-term contracts from TransCanada PipeLine when the
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594:’s petroleum market. Near the 1857 Oil Springs discovery, Sarnia became a refining centre during Ontario’s 19th-century oil boom and a petrochemical centre during World War II. Sarnia has underground salt formations like those at Fort Saskatchewan. Caverns washed into those formations were used to receive NGL from IPL, and to store specification grade products to meet seasonal demand.
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and the oil made for substantially higher rates of liquids recovery. The new plant was so successful that other companies built two similar plants in Turner Valley, and
Royalite built a second plant to handle its production from the south end of the field. Gas and Oil Products Ltd. built a similar plant at
674:) had already built a straddle plant at Empress to extract liquids, so Dome’s idea was not new. However, Dome built a much larger facility there. The facility was constructed on a patch of bald prairie in the early 1970s. The owners were Dome and a TransCanada subsidiary, which later sold its interest to
457:— called the overhead product — is then cooled so it will condense back into a liquid. To achieve full separation, a stream of product is processed through a series of towers. "Spec" or high-grade product is taken off the top of a tower, and the bottom product becomes the feedstock for the next tower.
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The Dome-operated plant quickly became a hub of western Canada’s liquids business. The reason is that Amoco and Dome created a partnership to do something that had never been tried before, anywhere. Using Fort
Saskatchewan as a staging point, they batched natural gas liquids through Interprovincial’s
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Distillation is the process used to fractionate NGLs. The different components in a liquids mix evaporate at different temperatures. Thus, when heat is applied to a stream of product entering a fractionation tower, lighter components vapourize and move to the top of the tower; heavier components drop
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The liquids extraction plant closed in 1927 and reopened in 1933 after the company revamped the facility. The new plant used "lean oil" absorption, a process that forced raw gas into contact with lean oil in chains of steel bubble caps. Improvement of the absorption medium and contact between the gas
664:’s Gas Transmission Division) would gather gas within the province, delivering the commodity to federally regulated TransCanada PipeLines and other export pipelines just inside the Alberta border. Empress was the site at which TransCanada PipeLines would receive gas for delivery to eastern markets.
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During inquiries into natural gas exports in the 1950s, the ERCB recommended the creation of a province-wide natural gas gathering system. The thinking behind this idea was twofold: first, it would be more efficient to develop a single gathering system than to let gathering systems evolve piecemeal.
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Initially, the plant was small. Daily capacity was 17,500 barrels (2,780 m) of liquefied petroleum gases (propane and butane), and 12,500 barrels (1,990 m) of condensate and crude oil. It grew quickly, however: salt storage caverns were soon added, and a 1974 expansion of the fractionation
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While plant construction was underway, Dome and Amoco built a 320-kilometre pipeline from
Cochrane to Edmonton (the Co-Ed line), with Dome as operator. This line fed liquids to Dome/Amoco’s new Fort Saskatchewan liquids terminal, and helped the company develop expertise in pipeline operations. Other
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Recycling plants such as those at Kaybob, West
Whitecourt and Crossfield produced liquids-rich gas from "retrograde condensation" reservoirs. They stripped condensate and natural gas liquids and sulfur (which they alternately stored in blocks or sold, depending on demand and price), then re-injected
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Dome had built the other fractionation plant, known as the
Edmonton Liquid Gas Plant, in 1962. As Amoco made plans to build liquids as a business, in 1967 the company bought a half interest in this facility. This arrangement was the beginning of a series of liquids-related deals that would soon see
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began processing liquids-rich gas in 1961. Amoco began planning this gas plant in 1957, as local gas discoveries made it clear a major new plant was necessary. When it went into production, West
Whitecourt quickly began to boast the biggest volumes of condensate production in Canada: 13,000 barrels
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The early growth of Amoco’s liquids business was astonishing. By 1970 Amoco Canada’s NGL production had reached 25,000 barrels per day (4,000 m/d). Amoco
Corporation’s North American liquids operations processed 2.9 billion cubic feet (82,000,000 m) of gas per day to produce 105,000
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While Amoco and Dome were the lead players in developing Canada’s liquids industry, neither company neglected exploration, development and production operations. Both companies helped pioneer conventional exploration and production in western Canada during the 1950s and '60s. And beginning in the
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A third component was the
Alberta Ethane Gathering System (AEGS,) which would deliver ethane from Alberta straddle plants to storage caverns at Fort Saskatchewan. This system would include a reversible connection to the Joffre petrochemical complex. In addition, one leg of the AEGS pipeline would
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The fourth component was the Cochin
Pipeline, which would ship ethylene from Alberta to Sarnia, and would also export ethane and propane to the US. The world’s longest NGL pipeline went on stream in 1978. Amoco had the opportunity to participate in this venture, but chose not to do so. (There is
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supplemented the Edmonton Liquid Gas Plant. Key to the plant’s success was the existence underground of large salt formations. The operator was able to dissolve ("wash") huge storage caverns in these formations. Those caverns provided large volumes of inexpensive, safe inventory capacity for the
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To complete the picture of the Canadian liquids business, it is worth noting that in 1977 Amoco and Dome bought the Canadian assets of Goliad Oil and Gas Company. This increased the supply of liquids available to Amoco by about 1,800 barrels per day (290 m/d). But this acquisition also had
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The NGLs recovered at the new Empress plant needed to be transported to market, and the largest markets continued to be in the US Midwest. So Dome built injection facilities at nearby Kerrobert, Saskatchewan. Those facilities enabled Dome to inject additional liquids into the batches that were
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had applied to construct, operate and own that plant. Imperial then made a proposal of its own. Amoco and British American intervened at an Oil and Gas Conservation Board hearing with a proposal that would give all operators a share of the plant. Under pressure from the Amoco/BA plan, Imperial
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Because Amoco would soon begin to receive its considerable liquids from Swan Hills in kind, the need to find ways to get optimum value from these liquids was clear. Markets in western Canada could not absorb the large and growing liquids volumes that Alberta was producing. However, markets in
518:, a small town just west of Calgary. In industry parlance, this was a straddle plant. Another step in the development of the Amoco/Dome liquids system was Dome’s construction — in 1976 — of the Edmonton Ethane Extraction Plant. This straddle plant replaced an earlier facility.
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Canada's oil measure, the cubic metre, is unique in the world. It is metric in the sense that it uses metres, but it is based on volume so that Canadian units can be easily converted into barrels. In the rest of the metric world, the standard for measuring oil is the
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of transporting large volumes of NGL was considerable. To send propane that distance by rail at the time cost $ 3.50-$ 4.20 per barrel. Batching the stuff through Amoco/Dome facilities and IPL brought transportation costs down to approximately $ 1 per barrel.
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extract ethane and heavier liquids from the gas stream, returning drier gas (by now almost entirely methane) to the pipeline. Liquids fetch a higher price (relative to their energy or BTU content) because they have uses other than firing furnaces — as
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broken up. In its early years, Amoco was primarily a refiner and a marketer of refined products to expanding Midwestern markets. Whiting provided products that could be marketed from Chicago — a city that was itself a large market for
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Second, such a system would eliminate the possibility of federal regulation of gas within the province. Alberta was jealous of its hard-won control over natural resources and saw gas transportation within the province as an aspect of
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By 1970, Amoco had become one of the largest integrated oil corporations in the world through both acquisitions and internal growth. Besides being a large-scale refiner and distributor of refined products, it was a powerful force in
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required 25 years of reserves in the ground to gain an export permit (from Canada). What drove the economics of this procedure was not gas production, but the liquids that could be recovered and sold as part of the crude mix.
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formed a number of strategic partnerships in the liquids business during the 1960s. So extensive were those partnerships that, when Dome went on the block in 1986, it was inevitable that Amoco would be an aggressive suitor.
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645:. Politically, Alberta wanted value to be added inside provincial borders. As importantly, it made sense to extract liquids before sending the dry gas that remained - unadulterated methane - into the export market.
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728:, by 1998 moved about 130,000 barrels (21,000 m) of oil per day. Because the company had developed pipeline expertise primarily through the liquids business, Amoco’s liquids organization operated the line.
709:. This would form the basis for a petrochemical manufacturing centre. That centre grew dramatically during the decades that followed. By the late 1990s, ten large-scale petrochemical plants were operating there.
394:’s surface, it usually includes natural gas liquids. Often, as at Pembina, these can be profitably extracted. While Goliad received the gas from Pembina, the separated liquids were returned to the producers.
693:. And the plan took on a political life of its own, since it offered the opportunity for value-added products to be manufactured in Alberta for export. The provincial government stood four-square behind it.
689:, Nova and Dome put together the Alberta Ethane Project. This plan was essentially a $ 1.5 billion blueprint for the creation of a petrochemicals business in Alberta based on natural gas liquids, especially
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From the Sarnia plant, Amoco and Dome could meet regional requirements for liquids by rail, water and road links to central Canada and the US Midwest. Also, of course, pipelines were constructed to local
576:(or LPGs, another name for propane and butane) have to be contained well above atmospheric pressure to remain in liquid form. The partners therefore had to build special "breakout" facilities in
468:, a wet gas field which was operated by other companies. Also, in 1964 Imperial constructed another plant for solution gas/liquids extraction to service Judy Creek, Swan Hills, and other fields.
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or burned off most of their residue gas until the board ruled that only wells connected to a market could be produced, stopping the practice. Since the rule applied only to wells that tapped the
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began operating in 1938, the BA and Gas and Oil Products Limited plants had to change their operations significantly. Only Royalite had a market for its residue of gas stripped of liquids in the
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per day (2,100 m/d). And from there, volumes went up. Since that time, bigger plants have made the records of 1962 seem small. However, this plant was nonetheless an industry pioneer.
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As the Turner Valley story illustrates, the extraction of natural gas liquids goes back to the industry's early years. However, the development of partnerships between the large American
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Although not primarily related to the liquids business, the merger with Dome brought Amoco another large transportation system. The Rangeland Pipeline, which was originally developed by
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from the field. Also known as "casing head gas" or "associated gas," solution gas is dissolved in reservoir oil at underground pressures. Released under the relatively low pressures at
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For NGLs to become a major business, however, took the efforts of large and imaginative players, plus the development of a much larger gas supply from which to extract these light
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plant. Having storage capacity for NGLs enabled the company to buy and store surplus NGLs year round, including times when markets were soft and prices dropped to seasonal lows.
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took over Amoco in a friendly merger ten years later. Here is the story of how those two companies developed key components of the infrastructure for this vital niche industry.
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barrels (16,700 m) of liquids. Those volumes represented about 4 per cent of North America’s gas processing capacity, 5 per cent of the continent’s liquids capacity.
580:, to enable this operation to work. They also had to construct batch receipt facilities, storage, and a fractionation plant at Sarnia. That plant went on stream in 1970.
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The plan consisted of four components. The straddle plants at Empress were the first. The second was a petrochemical complex at Joffre — then a village near the city of
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modified its proposal and was awarded the project. As a result of the Amoco/BA intervention, Imperial became operator, but Amoco and the other producers were partners.
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464:, and owned by Imperial Oil. That plant processed liquids from Leduc, Redwater and other Imperial-operated fields. Later, it also processed liquids from
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336:'s overlying gas cap, the Hartell and Longview plants stayed in operation by processing solution gas, or gas dissolved in oil from the Valley's wells.
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Between 1924 and 1927, Royalite operated two gas processing facilities side-by-side in Turner Valley: the sweetening plant and the liquids plant.
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Another Amoco/Dome joint venture soon followed. At the end of the ‘60s, Alberta and Southern Gas Company began building a larger plant at
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could. Working with Chicago, Amoco Canada began developing a marketing strategy, a critical part of which would be the delivery system.
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marketing group had a great deal of independence in the early years. However, many synergies were possible through cooperation between
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During this early period of growth, Dome proposed to build a liquids recovery plant — in effect, a very large straddle plant — at the
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to the bottom. The amount of heat applied to the brew depends on which component is being separated out for sale to the customer.
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transmission line. The Empress plant sits just inside the Alberta/Saskatchewan border. This is for reasons related to both
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irony in this, since Amoco became operator of both the Cochin pipeline and Empress after the acquisition of Dome.)
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separate a stream of mixed NGL feedstock into specification-grade ethane, propane, butane and condensate products.
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for liquids in the Midwest, its US liquids subsidiary — Tuloma Gas Products by name — moved headquarters from
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At about the same time, Dome developed a solution gas gathering business based on oilfields around Steelman,
172:- "skunk gas" it was called, because of its distinctive odour - that early producers extracted from it. That
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to Chicago. Clearly, the business would grow through partnership between Calgary and Chicago.
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In the mid-1960s, there were only two fractionation facilities in Alberta. One was a plant at
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plants. Thus, Sarnia had the essential infrastructure for a successful marketing operation.
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Alberta’s liquids business dates to the development of the Pembina field, when Dallas-based
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plant increased NGL processing capacity to nearly 50,000 barrels per day (7,900 m/d).
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connect Empress, which would soon become the largest gas processing centre in the world.
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Dome- and Amoco-operated lines were soon delivering NGLs to the Fort Saskatchewan plant.
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symbolic importance, since Goliad had such a key role in the early liquids business.
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was chosen for several reasons. Most importantly, of course, it is the terminus of
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Amoco and Dome partnering to become the largest players in Canada’s NGL business.
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266:, oil and gas exploration and production, pipelines, and in the marketing of
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849:, Canadian Centre for Energy Information, Calgary; Seventh edition, 2004
199:-ready. Many of these plants extracted NGLs from natural gas as part of
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industry grew with pipeline construction in the 1950s, many companies -
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Peter McKenzie-Brown; Gordon Jaremko; David Finch (15 November 1993).
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The corporation was growing globally, but it was heavily focused in
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flowing from Fort Saskatchewan through Interprovincial Pipeline.
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176:(NGL) could be poured directly into an automobile's fuel tank.
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Our Petroleum Challenge: Sustainability into the 21st Century
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One kilopascal = 1% of atmospheric pressure (near sea level).
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Accordingly, Alberta passed the Alberta Gas Trunk Line Act.
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1976:
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The Richness of Discovery: Amoco's First 50 Years in Canada
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The lighter product coming off the top of the tower as a
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International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
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The great oil age: the petroleum industry in Canada
705:— to convert ethane to the petrochemical feedstock
245:'s (Amoco's) most important single asset after the
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752:One cubic metre of natural gas = 35.49 cubic feet.
355:to create sophisticated liquids infrastructure in
164:dates back to the discovery of wet natural gas at
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590:’ main lines. The city itself is a big part of
313:in 1934 and British American (BA) opened one at
241:from the neighbouring state of Ohio. And it was
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168:in 1914. The gas was less important than the
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322:Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board
2544:History of the petroleum industry in Canada
732:1960s, they were also pioneers in Canada’s
225:Headquarters for Amoco Corporation were in
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328:distribution system. The other two plants
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1807:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
422:are an undifferentiated batch of light
374:and Calgary. As importantly, Amoco and
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1681:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1440:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
894:
860:Canadian Centre for Energy Information
749:One cubic metre of oil = 6.29 barrels.
560:The impact of this arrangement on the
233:. Whiting was home of Amoco’s largest
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868:
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162:Canada's natural gas liquids industry
2445:Frontier exploration and development
1812:China National Petroleum Corporation
696:
491:
301:Liquids extraction in Turner Valley
21:This article is part of a series on
13:
1872:National Iranian South Oil Company
1588:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
413:
14:
2560:
2340:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2229:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
1882:Oil & Gas Development Company
853:
557:facilities at Fort Saskatchewan.
553:. In 1980, the partnership added
2424:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
2377:
2376:
774:
473:Hudson’s Bay Oil and Gas Company
229:, because that city is close to
33:
1887:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
187:, British American (B/A; later
2355:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2126:Port Harcourt Refining Company
1792:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
613:As Amoco prepared to increase
1:
1301:Production sharing agreements
825:Peter McKenzie-Brown (1998).
795:
685:At the same time the team of
418:Separated from a gas stream,
2549:Petroleum industry in Canada
2335:Canadian petroleum companies
2330:American Petroleum Institute
1867:National Iranian Oil Company
1852:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
326:Canadian Western Natural Gas
7:
2480:Northwestern Alberta Plains
2350:International Energy Agency
1335:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
767:
386:received rights to recover
10:
2565:
1937:PTT Public Company Limited
1538:East Midlands Oil Province
1523:List of natural gas fields
1123:Integrated asset modelling
624:
540:Built in the early 1970s,
2463:
2430:
2372:
2322:
2309:Weatherford International
2188:
2038:
1990:
1842:Iraq National Oil Company
1778:
1735:
1720:
1711:
1596:
1513:
1395:
1281:
1175:
1103:
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1005:
998:
920:
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588:Interprovincial Pipelines
574:Liquefied petroleum gases
568:
533:feedstocks, for example.
2507:Northern Rocky Mountains
726:Hudson’s Bay Oil and Gas
633:, delivery point to the
2493:North-central foothills
2440:Oil sands and heavy oil
2360:World Petroleum Council
2234:China Oilfield Services
1291:Petroleum fiscal regime
990:Western Canadian Select
985:West Texas Intermediate
810:. Detselig Enterprise.
790:Energy policy of Canada
738:oil sands and heavy oil
351:and the young, dynamic
125:Energy policy of Canada
73:Resources and producers
55:Oil sands and heavy oil
1837:Indian Oil Corporation
1323:Submersible pump (ESP)
1268:Underbalanced drilling
1089:of gasoline and diesel
676:PanCanadian Petroleums
658:Alberta Gas Trunk Line
506:Dome-Amoco partnership
201:natural gas processing
166:Turner Valley, Alberta
2214:Cameron International
1656:Petrodollar recycling
1639:fossil fuel phase-out
1202:Differential sticking
1155:Reflection seismology
1128:Petroleum engineering
970:OPEC Reference Basket
499:National Energy Board
2464:Depositional regions
2111:Occidental Petroleum
1425:1990 oil price shock
1251:Shale oil extraction
1224:Drilling engineering
1207:Directional drilling
1133:Reservoir simulation
734:geographic frontiers
444:Fractionation towers
340:Amoco/Dome Synergies
50:Story of natural gas
2450:Natural gas liquids
2432:Hydrocarbon history
2259:Naftiran Intertrade
2204:Amec Foster Wheeler
2131:Reliance Industries
2020:Naftiran Intertrade
1832:Hindustan Petroleum
1430:2000s energy crisis
651:resource management
578:Superior, Wisconsin
276:natural gas liquids
243:Standard of Indiana
86:Petroleum companies
27:Petroleum in Canada
2106:Marathon Petroleum
1528:List of oil fields
1138:Reservoir modeling
896:Petroleum industry
744:Metric conversions
668:Pacific Petroleums
401:. And in Alberta,
384:Goliad Oil and Gas
256:petroleum products
251:Standard Oil Trust
174:natural gas liquid
2531:
2530:
2490:North-east Plains
2390:
2389:
2368:
2367:
2254:Nabors Industries
2184:
2183:
1382:Well intervention
1357:Petroleum product
1256:Ljungström method
1160:Seismic inversion
1145:Petroleum geology
1099:
1098:
817:978-1-55059-072-2
542:Fort Saskatchewan
366:, Amoco Canada’s
362:Headquartered in
212:Amoco Corporation
159:
158:
121:Economy of Canada
2556:
2485:Canadian Rockies
2471:Southern Alberta
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2403:
2394:
2393:
2380:
2379:
2081:Hess Corporation
1802:Bharat Petroleum
1733:
1732:
1718:
1717:
1405:1967 Oil Embargo
1241:Lost circulation
1079:Posted oil price
1003:
1002:
960:Isthmus-34 Light
889:
882:
875:
866:
865:
842:
831:. Amoco Canada.
821:
809:
784:
779:
778:
697:Other components
662:NOVA Corporation
660:(later known as
631:Empress, Alberta
549:oil pipeline to
492:Recycling plants
405:like the one at
247:US Supreme Court
231:Whiting, Indiana
170:natural gasoline
151:
144:
137:
37:
18:
17:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2476:Central Alberta
2459:
2426:
2421:
2391:
2386:
2364:
2318:
2314:John Wood Group
2304:Valaris Limited
2197:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2046:APA Corporation
2034:
1986:
1785:
1782:
1774:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1608:Classification
1592:
1515:
1509:
1445:Nationalization
1415:1979 oil crisis
1410:1973 oil crisis
1391:
1377:Water injection
1345:Steam injection
1340:Gas reinjection
1308:Artificial lift
1277:
1219:Drill stem test
1171:
1095:
1042:
994:
916:
898:
893:
856:
839:
818:
798:
780:
773:
770:
746:
699:
627:
571:
522:Straddle plants
508:
494:
416:
414:Extracting NGLs
342:
320:Once Alberta's
303:
155:
123:
12:
11:
5:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2483:South-central
2481:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Surgutneftegas
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Eneos Holdings
2068:
2063:
2061:ConocoPhillips
2058:
2053:
2051:Cenovus Energy
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:Energy trading
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1676:Swing producer
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Gulf of Mexico
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:2010s oil glut
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:1980s oil glut
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1229:Drilling fluid
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1167:Seismic source
1164:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1000:
996:
995:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Japan Cocktail
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
912:Primary energy
909:
903:
900:
899:
892:
891:
884:
877:
869:
863:
862:
855:
854:External links
852:
851:
850:
843:
837:
822:
816:
797:
794:
793:
792:
786:
785:
769:
766:
757:
756:
753:
750:
745:
742:
698:
695:
643:infrastructure
626:
623:
592:central Canada
570:
567:
529:additives and
507:
504:
493:
490:
482:central Canada
462:Devon, Alberta
415:
412:
376:Dome Petroleum
357:Western Canada
353:Dome Petroleum
341:
338:
302:
299:
293:demand in the
287:middle America
264:petrochemicals
239:sour crude oil
216:Dome Petroleum
157:
156:
154:
153:
146:
139:
131:
128:
127:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
107:Oil refineries
104:
96:
95:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
75:
74:
70:
69:
68:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Fort St. John
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2187:
2177:
2176:Valero Energy
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Suncor Energy
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:TotalEnergies
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1714:organisations
1712:Companies and
1710:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Petrocurrency
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Oil shale gas
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1604:Abbreviations
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Permian Basin
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:United States
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Seven Sisters
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Core sampling
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Indian Basket
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
923:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
901:
897:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
870:
867:
861:
858:
857:
848:
845:Robert Bott,
844:
840:
838:0-9684022-0-8
834:
830:
829:
823:
819:
813:
808:
807:
800:
799:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:Energy portal
777:
772:
765:
763:
754:
751:
748:
747:
741:
740:development.
739:
735:
729:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
687:Dow Chemicals
683:
679:
677:
673:
670:(acquired by
669:
665:
663:
659:
654:
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
601:
600:petrochemical
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
566:
563:
558:
556:
555:fractionation
552:
546:
543:
538:
534:
532:
531:petrochemical
528:
523:
519:
517:
512:
503:
500:
489:
487:
483:
477:
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
347:
337:
335:
334:oil reservoir
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
306:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:North America
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
152:
147:
145:
140:
138:
133:
132:
130:
129:
126:
122:
119:
118:
113:
112:Oil companies
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
93:
92:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
72:
71:
66:
63:
61:
60:The frontiers
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
45:Early history
43:
42:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
28:
25:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2517:Saskatchewan
2449:
2279:Schlumberger
2209:Baker Hughes
2101:Marathon Oil
2091:Imperial Oil
2086:Husky Energy
2076:Galp Energia
2066:Devon Energy
1952:Saudi Aramco
1932:Petrovietnam
1877:NNPC Limited
1781:National oil
1661:Petrofiction
1629:Orphan wells
1597:Other topics
1568:Persian Gulf
1495:Saudi Arabia
1465:Standard Oil
1273:Well logging
1150:Petrophysics
846:
827:
805:
758:
730:
723:
719:
715:
711:
700:
684:
680:
672:Petro-Canada
666:
655:
647:
628:
615:market share
612:
608:
604:
596:
582:
572:
559:
547:
539:
535:
520:
513:
509:
495:
478:
471:Originally,
470:
459:
452:
448:
424:hydrocarbons
417:
399:Saskatchewan
396:
388:solution gas
381:
361:
343:
319:
307:
304:
280:
260:
249:ordered the
235:oil refinery
224:
208:hydrocarbons
205:
178:
161:
160:
81:Oil reserves
64:
15:
2502:Fort Nelson
2497:Liard River
2455:Natural gas
2249:Halliburton
2121:Phillips 66
1942:QatarEnergy
1912:Petrobangla
1847:KazMunayGas
1737:Supermajors
1686:heavy crude
1573:Prudhoe Bay
1553:Niger Delta
1533:Caspian Sea
1296:Concessions
1246:Measurement
1212:Geosteering
1195:Squeeze job
1105:Exploration
1054:Consumption
1013:Consumption
1006:Natural gas
935:Bonny Light
635:TransCanada
346:oil company
291:hydrocarbon
272:natural gas
189:Gulf Canada
181:natural gas
65:Gas liquids
2538:Categories
2299:Transocean
2166:Tullow Oil
2156:TechnipFMC
1922:PetroChina
1760:ExxonMobil
1666:Shale band
1543:East Texas
1516:and fields
1330:Downstream
1283:Production
1190:Completion
1118:Geophysics
1059:Production
1018:Production
955:Indonesian
930:Argus Sour
922:Benchmarks
796:References
486:US Midwest
466:Swan Hills
440:condensate
407:Whitecourt
295:US Midwest
102:Oil fields
94:Categories
2487:foothills
2294:TC Energy
2195:companies
2025:Trafigura
1972:Sonatrach
1917:Petrobras
1907:Pertamina
1817:Ecopetrol
1783:companies
1727:companies
1725:petroleum
1701:tight oil
1696:oil shale
1691:oil sands
1671:Shale gas
1612:sweet oil
1583:Venezuela
1558:North Sea
1514:Provinces
1505:Venezuela
1352:Midstream
1047:Petroleum
907:Petroleum
562:economics
317:in 1936.
268:crude oil
2523:Manitoba
2521:Western
2382:Category
2289:Subsea 7
2269:Petrofac
2264:NOV Inc.
2244:GE Power
2239:Enbridge
2193:services
2015:Mercuria
2005:Glencore
1967:Sonangol
1927:Petronas
1862:Naftogaz
1634:Peak oil
1617:sour oil
1372:Upstream
1367:Refining
1362:Pipeline
1318:Pumpjack
1313:Gas lift
1234:invasion
1177:Drilling
1064:Reserves
1023:Reserves
768:See also
707:ethylene
703:Red Deer
639:politics
527:gasoline
516:Cochrane
484:and the
315:Longview
278:(NGLs).
197:pipeline
185:Imperial
1957:Sinopec
1947:Rosneft
1827:Gazprom
1822:Equinor
1750:Chevron
1397:History
1263:Tracers
1185:Blowout
1074:Exports
1069:Imports
1033:Exports
1028:Imports
736:and in
625:Empress
432:propane
372:Chicago
368:liquids
364:Calgary
311:Hartell
227:Chicago
179:As the
2323:Others
2274:Saipem
2171:Tüpraş
2161:TNK-BP
2146:Sunoco
2136:Repsol
2096:Lukoil
2039:Others
2010:Gunvor
1644:timing
1578:Russia
1490:Norway
1475:France
1470:Canada
835:
814:
691:ethane
584:Sarnia
569:Sarnia
551:Sarnia
455:vapour
436:butane
428:ethane
403:plants
330:flared
191:) and
2190:Major
2056:Cepsa
2030:Vitol
2000:Enron
1962:SOCAR
1902:Pemex
1897:PDVSA
1892:Orlen
1857:Lotos
1797:ANCAP
1765:Shell
1722:Major
1480:India
1084:Price
1038:Price
980:Urals
975:Tapis
945:Dubai
940:Brent
762:tonne
619:Tulsa
392:Earth
349:Amoco
193:Shell
2284:Snam
2224:CH2M
1977:TPAO
1485:Iraq
1455:OPEC
1450:GECF
999:Data
833:ISBN
812:ISBN
641:and
438:and
420:NGLs
274:and
214:and
2219:CGG
2116:OMV
1982:YPF
1755:Eni
2540::
1745:BP
1387:XT
678:.
434:,
430:,
426:—
359:.
297:.
270:,
258:.
220:BP
203:.
2416:e
2409:t
2402:v
888:e
881:t
874:v
841:.
820:.
150:e
143:t
136:v
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