Energy policy of Canada

1979:

that it spent a great deal of money on subsidies that could not be recovered in taxes on production. Furthermore, due to proximity to the U.S. market companies had opportunities to make money by playing differentials in prices. For instance, refiners in Eastern Canada would import oil subsidized down to half the world price, refine it into products, and export the products to the U.S. at full world price. Airlines flying between Europe and the U.S. via the polar route would take off with as little fuel as possible, and stop briefly in Canada to fill up before continuing on to their destination. Trucking companies operating between locations in the Northern U.S. would detour their trucks through Canada to refuel. None of these transactions was illegal, or even unusual considering the integrated nature of the economies, but all had the effect of transferring billions of Canadian tax dollars to the balance sheets of (mostly foreign owned) companies. A third flaw was that the NEP assumed that future oil discoveries would be made in areas under federal jurisdiction, such as the Arctic and offshore. As it turned out, most of the major oil discoveries in Canada had already been made, and the subsidies given by the federal government to companies exploring in federal jurisdiction were not productive. All of these flaws resulted in large, and unexpected, increases in the federal budget deficit.

1714: 2686:

Distribution and Power Plant departments combined to form Edmonton Power in 1970. Electrical generation capacity was also expanded in 1970 with the coal fired Clover Bar Generating Station construction. Within the next eight years, another three units are added, bringing the combined generating capacity of the Clover bar and Rossdale generating stations to 1050 megawatts by 1979. Expansion occurred again in 1989 with the first Genesee unit is operating at full load and in 1994 with a second Genesee unit to a total capacity of both units to 850 megawatts. Electricity generated at Genesee was made commercially available through the Alberta Interconnected Grid in the early 1990s. EPCOR was formed from the merger of Edmonton's municipal power and water utilities in 1996 and converted into a public company in 2006. Then EPCOR Utilities Inc. spun off its power generation business to create Capital Power Corporation in 2009.

1975:

exporting oil from its Western provinces into the United States. While it was popular in Eastern and Central Canada, the program incurred strong resentment in the province of Alberta where oil and gas production are concentrated. The second problem was that provincial governments, rather than the federal government, have constitutional jurisdiction over natural resources. The Government of Alberta actually owned most of the oil in Canada. This provoked a confrontation with the government of Alberta, since any reduction in oil prices came directly out of Alberta government revenues. The conflict was made worse by the fact that the Alberta government had constitutional mechanisms available to it by which it could remove oil from federal taxation and shift the costs of oil subsidies onto the federal government. This increased the federal government deficit.

807:, provincial-federal relationships improved with greater cooperation regarding energy policies, largely because the international energy situation had changed. Prime Minister Mulroney entered into three "important intergovernmental agreements in the energy sector". Federal-provincial accords and agreements included policies related to "management of Newfoundland's offshore resources, oil pricing and taxation in the western provinces, and natural gas pricing in western Canada." The NEP was dismantled through the Western Accord, market oriented agreement which brought in full deregulation of oil prices, "abolished import subsidies, the export tax on crude and oil products, and the petroleum compensation charge. It also phased out PIP grants and the PGRT. In addition, controls were lifted on oil exports." 854:, Canada entered into the Canada-EU Strategic Partnership Agreement in 2018, which includes the High Level Energy Dialogue (HLED), on "energy policy issues, such as market transparency, maintaining a safe, sustainable and competitive energy supply, as well as research and development in the energy industries with a focus on "transition toward a low carbon future, addressing market barriers and 'clean financing'." The EU's 2018 modern energy policy legislative framework called "Clean Energy for All Europeans" includes "regulatory certainty" with "binding renewable energy and energy efficiency targets", "national energy and climate plans", creates a "new energy ecosystem" and a market for Canadian "transition fuels (e.g. LNG), clean technologies, and services." 2116: 765:, there was a focus on increased development of electricity resources for both domestic and export to the United States and to improve interprovincial transmission systems which many hoped would become a national electricity grid. In 1963, Pearson's administration introduced the National Power Policy. However, the installation of interprovincial transmission lines was politically sensitive. If federal policies forced provinces to comply they would be accused of being heavy-handed. Some provinces preferred to market their excess power to the United States to escape the perceived burden of federalism. The premiers of Newfoundland and Quebec were engaged in a decades-long dispute over transmission of electricity from Newfoundland's 754:, the NOP made "consumers buy more Alberta oil and pay a premium over international prices that were depressed at the time. All of Canada west of the Ottawa River was reserved as an exclusive market for domestic production by a federal ban against cheaper imports." The NOP "established a protected market for domestic oil west of the Ottawa Valley, which freed the industry from foreign competition", while the five eastern provinces, which included major refineries in Ontario and Quebec, continued to rely on foreign imports of crude oil, for example from Venezuela. There were no major oil and gas policies made during the rest of the 1960s, a period marked stable fuel prices by increase in oil and gas consumption. 2249: 1480:

also doubted that they would be successful in forming a joint energy policy. However, this was not the case. After a three-day meeting in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Council of the Federation released this report that set out their vision for a national energy strategy. This agreement is meant to guide energy policy among the provincial governments. This agreement seeks out to influence provinces to promote energy efficiency and conservation, transition to lower carbon economy and enhance energy information and awareness. The Prince Edward Island Strategy is a provincial strategy that was in response to meeting the federal government goals presented in this agreement.

862:

NRC's Generation Energy Council was informed by a 2017 national dialogue which included a Generation Energy Forum held in Winnipeg in October, on a "low-carbon energy future". In December 2017, Natural Resources Canada established the Generation Energy Council, composed of "energy thought leaders with diverse perspectives and expertise on Canada's energy systems" as a follow-up to the forum. According to the "Canada’s Energy Transition" report, the decoupling of Canadian energy use and GDP growth from 1990 to 2015, was confirmed by statistics showing that during that period, Canada's GDP grew by almost 80 percent, while Canadian energy use increased by only 30 percent.

858:

discussion of "renewable technologies such as wind power, solar and zero-emissions aluminum" in the electricity sector. Rivers said that, "Canadian governments have a terrible record at hitting their climate targets...What matters is what impact the policies will have on these emissions....We should be pretty cautious, because we haven't got a great deal of data to look at in terms of what the effects of these policies will actually be...Things are changing more rapidly than we imagined." Rivers said that the "federal government’s climate goals and Canada's oil and gas industry are fundamentally incompatible." There is, however, "some tension between them."

2219:

production practices, and the Dinning Commission supported prioritizing Albertans for gas supplies. Alberta then passed the Gas Resources Conservation Act, giving control over gas and export permits to the Oil and Gas Conservation Board. The federal government, aligning with Alberta's approach, treated natural gas as a Canadian resource, regulating exports through the Pipe Lines Act in 1949. It wasn't until the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988 that natural gas became freely traded between the US and Canada. As of 2016, Alberta, Canada's largest natural gas producer, consumed the most natural gas, attributing 40% to electricity generation.

2202: 1882:

more secure from attack than the major US oil fields in Alaska, California and Texas. The Alberta producers asked the federal government for exclusive access to the Eastern Canadian oil market, although they calculated that they could not deliver Alberta oil to Montreal for less than the price of imported oil. The Montreal-area refineries and the Quebec government balked at this, resulting in the National Oil Policy of 1961. This drew a dividing line at the Ottawa River and gave Canadian producers exclusive rights to sell oil to the west of the line. Only the refineries east of the line could continue to process imported oil.

2127: 2396:(HEPC) to build transmissions lines to supply municipal utilities with power generated at Niagara Falls by private companies. In 1910 the HEPC began building 110,000 volt electric power lines to supply electricity to numerous municipalities in southwestern Ontario. In 1922 it started building its own generating stations, and gradually it took over most power generation in Ontario. In 1926 it signed long-term contracts to buy electricity from power companies in Quebec, but these proved controversial when jurisdictional disputes impeded development of the 2179:

subsidize the start-up costs since they will recover their initial subsidies from tax revenues over a long period of time. From the standpoint of federal-provincial revenues, they also differ in that the federal government will receive larger higher share and higher return on its incentives than it would from conventional oil, while the provincial share, although substantial, will be proportionally smaller. Consequently, there has tended to be much less intergovernmental conflict and more agreement on how these projects should be handled.

73: 7009: 2967: 564: 2473: 1367:

for oil and gas and fossil fuel-based electricity for state-owned enterprises (SOE), such as, Oil India, JOGMEC in Japan, KNOC in Korea, and EDF in France. The ODI report noted that as the global price of oil decreased, about 30 countries introduced fossil fuel consumer subsidy phase-out in 2014 and 2015. During that same period, fossil fuel-extracting companies in Canada "increased their pressure on governments" for help in remaining "competitive" by giving them "more tax breaks and other support."

1451: 1934:

tax on every barrel of exported Canadian oil. The tax equalled the difference between domestic and international oil prices, and the revenues were used to subsidize imports for eastern refiners. At a stroke, Ottawa began subsidizing eastern consumers while reducing the revenues available to producing provinces and the petroleum industry. Alberta premier Peter Lougheed soon announced that his government would revise its royalty policy in favour of a system linked to international oil prices.

2891: 297: 1394:"were no longer eligible for accelerated depreciation." They were "subject to the same tax regime as other oil, mining and gas development." The Atlantic Investment Tax Credit was also in the process of being phased out. The federal government introduced new fossil fuel subsidies in the form of "tax breaks for LNG production in the form of increased capital cost allowance rates that allow companies to deduct capital spending more quickly than was previously possible." 269: 2723: 2260: 7021: 2872: 1683:, is largely devoid of coal. As a result, these provinces import almost all of the coal for their steel mills and thermal power plants from the United States. Unfortunately coal from the Eastern United States is high in sulphur content, and this had contributed to a serious air quality problem, particularly in heavily populated Southwestern Ontario until they phased out the last coal fired power plant in 2014. In Alberta the coal fired 109: 2240:

greenhouse gases to 33 per cent below 2007 levels by 2020, however the province is far short of that goal, only achieving a 6.5% reduction as of 2015. Although the new Site C dam is expected to have a large initial electricity surplus, the former Liberal government of the province proposed to sell this power rather than using it to cut the 65 million m (2.3 billion cu ft) per day of natural gas consumption.

1871: 32: 1886:

use imported oil, while west of the Borden Line, consumers would use the more expensive Alberta supplies. For most of the 1961–1973 period, consumers to the west paid between $ 1.00 and $ 1.50 per barrel above the world price, which, just before the 1973 OPEC oil embargo and price increase, stood at around $ 3.00. They also paid proportionately higher prices at the pump than Canadians east of the Borden line.

738:, resulted in new legislation—the National Energy Board Act—Canada's "first integrated federal energy statute". In 1957, oil producers in the western provinces sought federal support for the construction of a pipeline to provide them with access to eastern markets. Eastern oil refiners were purchasing cheap oil mainly from the Middle East. In 1959, the NEB was advised by a New York oil consultant 1914:

reserves ran out. The idea of limited resources emerged from the realm of theory into hard facts of policy when the NEB rejected natural-gas export applications in 1970 and 1971, on grounds that there was no surplus and Canada needed the supplies. The strength of the new conservationist sentiment was underlined when the NEB held its position despite a 1971 declaration by the federal

1583:. The development of coal mines in western Canada is integrally mixed with the building of railways—the Canadian Pacific Railway was directly involved with the Fermie mines. A separate railway—the Crow's Nest Line—was built to move coal from the Rockies to the smelter at Trail. Coal in Alberta underlays parts of the Rocky Mountains. Historically, there were pits in 1536:

Cape Breton were involved in this tariff protection to help it compete against American coal entering Ontario via the Great Lakes. Cape Breton coal was dug underground then shipped to Toronto and Montreal. The vast industries of the east, including steel mills, were fuelled with this coal. While there were difficulties and strikes, coal powered Canada into the

1430:

arise. The problem is particularly acute since, while the energy consuming provinces have the bulk of the population and are able to elect federal governments which introduce policies favouring energy consumers, the energy producing provinces have the ability to defeat such policies by exercising their constitutional authority over natural resources.

677:"Canada has been dependent on energy imports largely because of the great distances separating indigenous sources of supply from markets. It is therefore primarily as a result of geography, rather than geology, that questions concerning the importation, export and particularly the transportation of energy have preoccupied energy policymakers." 2464:

rehabilitation, combined with increasing demand resulted in a substantial increase in coal-fired power generation, with resulting increases in air pollution levels. In 2003 a new government came into power in Ontario and pledged to phase out coal as a generation source, leaving open the question of how Ontario was to meet future demand.

1971:(NEP) had three objectives: energy self-sufficiency; redistributing wealth from a non-sustainable resource to benefit the country as a whole; and increased ownership of the oil industry by Canadians. As implemented, the NEP gave the Federal government control over petroleum prices, imposing a price ceiling and export duties. 822:, the federal government focused on three main principles underlying its energy policies—market orientation, "respect for jurisdictional authority and the role of the provinces", and when necessary, "targeted intervention in the market process to achieve specific policy objectives through regulation or other means." In 2014, 1902:, to "buy back" Canadian industries and resources with deals that included a takeover of the Western operations of France's Aquitaine and their conversion into Canterra Energy. Also in 1971, the federal government blocked a proposed purchase of Canadian-controlled Home Oil by American-based Ashland Oil. 1933:

The Canadian government had already begun to change its energy policy. Inflation had become a national problem and oil prices were rising, and on 4 September 1973 Pierre Trudeau asked the western provinces to agree to a voluntary freeze on oil prices. Nine days later, his government imposed a 40-cent

1885:

Not everyone was happy with the arrangement. The aim of the National Oil Policy was to promote the Alberta oil industry by securing for it a protected share of the domestic market. Under the policy, Canada was divided into two oil markets. The market east of the Ottawa Valley (the Borden Line) would

1437:

assigned to the provincial governments the exclusive authority to make laws in relation to non-renewable resources and electrical energy, while Section 125 prevented the federal government from taxing any provincial government lands or property. On the other hand, the federal government has the power

1429:

of 1930. The provincial governments own most of the petroleum, natural gas and coal reserves, and control most of the electricity production. This means that the national government must coordinate its energy policies with those of the provincial governments, and intergovernmental conflicts sometimes

1366:

2015 report on G20 subsidies to oil, gas and coal production. The leaders of the G20 countries had pledged in 2011 to phase-out fossil fuel subsidies. In 2013–2014, Canada also provided a "high level of public finance"—several billion dollars—for fossil fuel production abroad. This included subsidies

885:

which resulted in the "collapse in oil prices", left Alberta with its "greatest challenge" in the province's "modern history, threatening its main industry and wreaking havoc on its finances." While announcing a "series of measures to support the oil and gas industry", Trudeau said that "Just because

865:

In June 2016, Prime Minister Trudeau, said that he supported "interprovincial efforts to get carbon emissions down and emphasize hydroelectricity as a power source." BC Hydro's $ 8.8-billion Site C hydroelectric project on Peace River in northeastern B.C. which is slated for completion in 2024, would

826:

described how federal-provincial agreements and accords had informed Canada's energy policy including the Western Accord on oil and gas pricing and taxation with the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and British Columbia, the Agreement on Natural Gas Markets and Prices with Alberta, Saskatchewan and

715:

One of the major challenges of energy policy in Canada concerns geography not geology. The majority of energy consumers live in Ontario and Quebec and the major energy producers are located in the east and west. Canada's energy policies attempt to reconcile the economic interests of energy consumers

652:

in Canada are interrelated. These energy and climate policies are implemented at both the federal and provincial government level. The federal government is responsible for establishing objectives for the entire country and the provincial governments are responsible for enforcing these objectives and

2624:

In 2010 the province enacted the Clean Energy Act which puts it on a path toward electricity self-sufficiency and energy conservation, while opening the door to energy exports, further investments in clean, renewable energy and a requirement that 93 percent of its electricity must come from clean or

2227:

The provincial government has stated "natural gas is a climate solution", under the LiveSmart BC initiative, natural gas furnaces and water heaters receive cash back thereby promoting the burning of fossil fuel in the province. The province states that an important part of new natural gas production

2178:

Oil sands operations differ from conventional oil in that the initial profitability is somewhat lower, but the geological and political risks are low, the reserves are vast, and the expected lifetime of production extends for generations rather than just a few years. Governments have an incentive to

1767:

This body was the regulator of oil and gas production in Alberta, and therefore of most production in Canada. As the provincial regulatory authority with the most experience in the industry, it became a model for the other oil and gas producing provinces - indeed, it has been used as a model by many

1602:

field in 1947, and growing imports of cheap foreign oil into eastern Canada drastically affected the demand for Canadian coal. Beginning about 1950, almost all the coal used for heating, industry, and transportation was replaced by petroleum products and natural gas. This had a devastating effect on

719:

In the post-Confederation period one of the most important energy policy debates involved Nova Scotia's coal producers who sought tariffs that would protect their industry against imports of cheaper coal from the American midwest. Coal consumers in central Canada wanted free trade which would ensure

703:

has resulted in an "unwillingness of the federal government to commit to a national vision in most resource issues for fear of risking political capital in debates with those provinces who resist cooperative resource development." Canada was one of the few OECD countries that did not have a national

2419:

in conjunction with American power authorities allowed the development of the potential of the St. Lawrence River, and agreements with Quebec allowed Ontario to develop sites on the upper Ottawa River. However, hydroelectric capacity in Ontario was inadequate to meet growing demand, so coal burning

2138:

Canada has oil sands deposits greater than the world's total supply of conventional oil at 270 billion m (1,700 billion bbl) to 400 billion m (2,500 billion bbl). Of these, 27.8 billion m (175 billion bbl) are extractable at current prices

2068:

until 2002. The government also expected Petro-Canada to force down what it considered the high price of gasoline to consumers, but Petro-Canada's oil production was more expensive and its oil refineries less efficient than those of the competing multi-national companies, and it found itself losing

2043:

Federal ownership brought Petro-Canada into conflict with the provincial governments which had control over the largest and lowest cost oil production in the country. They objected to federal intrusion into their constitutional jurisdiction, and tried to block federal incursions. For instance, when

1755:

In 1930, crude oil was discovered in the Turner Valley field, below and to the west of the gas cap. This came as a shock to geologists because the free gas cap, which could have provided the reservoir drive to produce the oil, had largely been produced and flared off by that time. As a result, less

1730:

In 1858 James Miller Williams dug the first oil well in North America at Oil Springs, Ontario, preceding Edwin Drake who drilled the first one in the United States one year later. By 1870 Canada had 100 refineries in operation and was exporting oil to Europe. However, the oil fields of Ontario were

1659:

have coal deposits that were historically a very important source of energy, and Nova Scotia was once the largest coal producer in Canada, but these deposits are much smaller and much more expensive to produce than the Western coal, so coal production in the Atlantic provinces has virtually ceased.

1475:

In order to improve the coherence of provinces and federal policies a combination of policy tools have been instituted to facilitate collaboration between the federal and provincial governments. These policies tools have resulted in equal balance of federal and provincial government in the creation

861:

In June 2018, NRCAN's Generation Energy Council submitted their report entitled "Canada's Energy Transition: Getting to Our Energy Future, Together", which examined Canada's "long-term energy future", "generational goals", "guiding principles", and "potential pathways and milestones." The report by

641:

is Canada's major trade market for energy products and services. Canada sent around 98% of its total energy exports to the United States in 2015, meaning that Canada is the largest supplier of energy exports to the world's largest economy. Canada also exports significant amounts of uranium and coal

2709:

The diversity of Alberta's electricity supply has increased substantially in recent years. To a large extent because of deregulation, the province has more technology, fuels, locations, ownership, and maintenance diversity than in the past and the rest of Canada. The system's reliability, its cost

2218:

The natural gas industry in Alberta, dating back to 1883, faced political complexities in exporting gas compared to oil. Canadians historically regarded natural gas as a crucial resource, rooted in its importance for space heating. In the late 1940s, Alberta's Conservation Board addressed wasteful

1941:

These events aggravated tensions among provincial, federal and industry leaders. The rest of the 1970s were marked by rapid-fire, escalating moves and counter-moves by Ottawa, Western provinces and even Newfoundland. The atmosphere was one of urgency, alarm and crisis, with global conflicts adding

1913:

rule. Lougheed's elaborate election platform, titled New Directions, sounded themes common among OPEC countries by pledging to create provincial resources and oil growth companies, collect a greater share of energy revenues, and foster economic diversification to prepare for the day when petroleum

1610:

to the booming Japanese steel industry. This was of little benefit to Atlantic Canada, but led to the re-opening of closed mines and the development of new mines in Alberta and BC. Around the same time, Alberta and Saskatchewan began to use their substantial coal resources to generate electricity.

1467:

analysis conducted in 2013 of a Canadian energy and climate policies has shown that there is a lack of consistency between federal and regional strategies. The reason for this lack of consistency was attributed to the economic and environmental realities, the diversity of energy sources and energy

776:

In response to the provinces' increasing concerns about federal funding programs, the Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements and Established Programs Financing Act of 1977 was passed which gave the provinces more autonomy. It resulted in significant decentralization of government that favoured the

2174:

Cost of production in the oil sands, from raw oil sand to fractionate in the pipe feed, was $ 18 per barrel; now with improvements it is in the 12–15-dollar range. Rapid price increases in recent years have greatly contributed to the profitability of an industry which has traditionally focused on

1978:

The National Energy Program had a number of other flaws. It was based on a world price steadily increasing to $ 100 per barrel. The world oil price declined to as little as $ 10 per barrel in the years following. Since the federal government based its spending on the larger figure, the result was

1881:

Alberta oil producers found that they were receiving better treatment from the US government than from the Canadian government. US energy policy during the Cold War gave preference to Canadian oil and treated Alberta as if it were a US state, as the location of Alberta's vast oil fields made them

1535:

caused coal mines to be developed in various locations near railway lines in the prairies and mountains. By 1911 western mines produced most of the coal in Canada and, despite downturns, gradually expanded to produce over 95% of Canadian coal. Coal was subsidised in Canada from 1887. The mines of

1479:

In 2015, the federal government worked with Canada's provincial leaders and reached an agreement for cooperating in boosting the nation's industry while transitioning to a low-carbon economy. The critics of this agreement doubted that the provincial leaders would be to reach an agreement and they

2100:

of the two corporations was $ 43 billion. The merged organization would operate under the Suncor name, but would use the Petro-Canada brand in its retail operations. The companies estimated that the merger would save $ 1.3 billion per year in capital and operating costs, and said that the larger

711:

Since 1867, the rules of Canadian federalism ensure that "individual provinces own, market and control energy exports" of energy resources contained within their own provincial borders. The federal government has the responsibility over infrastructure between provinces, which includes pipelines.

2685:

On 23 October 1891 a group of entrepreneurs obtain a 10-year permit to build the Edmonton Electric Lighting and Power Company on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River. The Edmonton Electrical Lighting and Power Company became a municipally owned electric utility in 1902, then the Electrical

1759:

The Alberta provincial government became upset by the conspicuous waste so in 1931 it passed the Oil and Gas Wells Act, followed in 1932 by the Turner Valley Conservation Act. However, the federal government declared both Acts unconstitutional, and the wasteful burning of natural gas continued.

1471:

The Canadian energy policy is based on three important principles. These principles are (1) competitive markets to ensure a successful and innovative energy system capable of meeting Canadian energy needs, (2) respecting the jurisdictions of provinces and the federal government and (3) targeted

1982:

The final result of the NEP was that the federal government failed to keep fuel prices low while incurring financial losses. In the subsequent election in 1984, the governing Liberal party was defeated. The winning Progressive Conservative party dismantled the policy a year after its election.

1974:

The federal government had two major challenges in creating a truly national energy program. The first problem was that Canada is both an importer and an exporter of oil. It imports oil from offshore sources such as Venezuela and the Middle East into its Eastern provinces, while simultaneously

857:

During the 2019 federal election campaign, both the Liberals and Conservatives had "agreed to try to hit existing Paris commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 per cent by 2030." The Canada research chair in climate and energy policy, Nicholas Rivers, said that there is not enough

2705:

to oilsands plants and other petroleum processing facilities which generate marketable electricity surplus to their own needs, to coal-fired plants near Edmonton. Because of lower altitude, cooler temperatures, greater supplies of water for cooling and steam generation, and large near surface

2676:

In 1954, International Utilities became the corporate owner of Canadian, Northwestern and Canadian Western Utilities. Canadian Utilities purchased the McMurray Light and Power Company Limited and Slave Lake Utilities. Northland Utilities Limited was added in 1961. In the early 1970s, Canadian

2463:

In the 1990s, the enormous debt from building nuclear power stations, combined with lower than expected reliability and life span, became a political issue. The Ontario government decided to open the market to competition. In the meantime, the closure of many of Ontario's nuclear reactors for

2239:

Total BC petroleum and natural gas emissions in 2014 were 50 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. The city of Vancouver in 2015 issued a report stating that for buildings, natural gas supplied 59% of all energy use, while electricity made up the remainder. BC has committed to reducing

1619:

Canada has the tenth largest coal reserves in the world, an enormous amount considering the sparse population of the country. However, the vast majority of those reserves are located hundreds or thousands of kilometres from the country's industrial centres and seaports, and the effect of high

2526:

took power in 1960, Hydro-Québec gained exclusive rights to develop new hydroelectric projects, and in 1963 it began the gradual takeover of all private distributors in the province. Driven by rapidly growing demand, Hydro-Québec built three major hydroelectric complexes in rapid succession:

745:

In 1961, the National Oil Policy (NOP) was adopted through which the NEB accepted Mr. Levy's recommendations, and was the cornerstone of Canada's energy policy until the NOP ended in September 1973. The NOP fostered growth of the fledgling oil industry in Western Canada, which had begun with

2059:

Petro-Canada overestimated the future price of oil, and consequently paid high prices for the oil assets it acquired, which subsequently fell considerably in value. Its assumption that big new oil discoveries would be made in the Arctic and off the Atlantic coast turned out to be incorrect.

1635:. Alberta has 70% of Canada's coal reserves, and 48% of the province is underlain by coal deposits. The Hat Creek deposit in British Columbia has one of the thickest coal deposits in the world, about 550 metres (1,800 ft) thick. There are also smaller, but substantial, coal deposits in 2641:

With its earliest beginnings in the 1890s, Alberta's electricity system evolved as a combination of a municipally and privately owned and operated systems based on coal-fired generation supplemented with some hydro. Most major municipalities operated municipally owned distribution systems.

814:

Energy production, energy resource marketing, equity investment in the energy sector, environmental issues, relationships First Nations peoples, are more complex because of the nature of Canadian federalism. Throughout Canada's history, federal powers and policies have fluctuated between

1937:

Two days later, on 6 October, the Yom Kippur War broke out. OPEC used the conflict to double the posted price for a barrel of Saudi Arabian light oil, to US$ 5.14. Saudi and the other Arab states then imposed embargoes on countries supporting Israel, and oil prices rose to $ 12.

2175:

reducing operating costs, and continues to do so. Environmental economists point out that the focus on operating costs does not sufficiently address environmental issues - for example, "ravaged landscapes, despoiled rivers, diseased denizens, and altered atmospheric chemistry."

2617:. More than 80% of BC Hydro's electricity is produced by 61 dams at 43 locations on the Columbia and Peace rivers. Since that time the company's developments have been much smaller. During the 1980s BC Hydro changed its focus from building new hydroelectric plants to promoting 1620:

transportation costs is that they remain largely unexploited. As with other natural resources, regulation of coal production is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the provincial governments, and it only enters federal jurisdiction when it is imported or exported from Canada.

4520: 2170:

announced that in 2006 its Canadian oil sands operations were almost twice as profitable on a per-barrel basis as its international conventional oil operations and in July 2007, it announced it would start a massive $ 27 billion expansion of its oil sands plants in Alberta.

1743:

became the first significant field found in Alberta. Eastern Canadian investors and the federal government showed little interest and the field was developed primarily by subsidiaries of U.S. companies. It was originally believed to be a gas field with a small amount of

1362:. In the fiscal year 2013–2014, the federal government gave the petroleum industry approximately US$ 1.6 billion. The combined federal and provincial support for the petroleum industry during that period totalled almost US$ 2.7 billion. The CBC article cite the 2710:

structure and Alberta's collective exposure to risk are now met by a complex system based on diverse power sources. However, overloaded power lines between northern Alberta and the south of the province are wasting enough electricity to power half the city of

1731:

shallow and small, and oil production peaked and started to decline around 1900. In contrast, oil production in the United States grew rapidly in the first part of the 20th century after huge discoveries were made in Texas, Oklahoma, California and elsewhere.

1806:

The Leduc discovery and the string of even bigger ones that followed rapidly backed imported oil out of the Canadian prairies and produced a huge oil surplus which had no immediate market. In 1949, Imperial Oil applied to the federal government to build the

1382:

and the Office of the Auditor General of Canada compiled a report as part of a parliamentary enquiry in 2012. in 2013-2014 Canada spent US$ 2,738 million on subsidies for "upstream oil and gas, oil and gas pipelines, power plants and refining, multiple

657:. Provincial governments are developing their own strategies in order to reach the national goals. In 2016, Prince Edward Island Strategy became one of the first provinces to develop their own strategies in response to the federal agreement goals. 724:, John N. McDougall wrote that debates on energy policies in Canada pitted those who proposed free markets for energy products, regardless of national origin, against those who called for government intervention through tariffs and other means. 800:, From the mid-1970s to mid-1980s, energy policies—particularly policy regarding the oil and gas industry—was a very "contentious", and "high profile" intergovernmental issue, which had a "deletrious effect on federal-provincial relations". 5534: 5512: 1468:

demands that vary greatly among the Canadian provinces. As a result of the differing energy characteristics of the provinces there is creation of multiple federal and provincial strategies, sometimes complementary, but often contradictory.

2080:

in power in 1984, they began to reverse the nationalization process. In 1991, they passed legislation allowing privatization and began selling shares to the public. The Liberals returned to power in 1993, but had lost interest in having a

1476:

of energy policies. The federal government is responsible for establishing objectives for the entire country and the provincial governments are responsible for enforcing these objectives and developing the methods to achieve these goals.

2939:

After the 1973 Oil Crisis, energy conservation became practical with smaller cars and insulated homes. Appliances were improved to use less energy. In the recent years, this successfully lead to both a reduction in energy use and

810:

Other major agreements and accords between the provinces and the federal government include the 1994 Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT), the 1999 Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA) and the 2003 Council of the Federation (COF).

716:

who want the cheapest product, with the challenge of transporting indigenous energy products—such as coal from Nova Scotia in the 19th century for example, or oil and gas from Alberta—over long distances at competitive prices.

4467: 2672:

On 19 July 1911, Canadian Western Natural Gas, Light, Heat, and Power Company Limited was incorporated to provide natural gas from near Medicine Hat to other communities in southern Alberta. Electricity was also provided.

2577:

in 1928. Before and during World War II, BC Electric primarily supplied power to the main cities of Vancouver and Victoria, leaving other regions with spotty and unreliable supply. In 1938, the BC government created the

2166:, started in 2003. The oil price increases of 2004-2007 made the oil sands much more profitable, and by 2007 over $ 100 billion worth of new mines and thermal projects were under construction or on the drawing boards. 5884: 5854: 5759: 2518:. In the post-war era, Hydro-Québec set about expanding and improving the reliability of the electric power grid, and demonstrated it could transmit electricity over long distances at extremely high voltages. Under 1704: 827:

British Columbia, and the Atlantic Accords with Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, which included the creation of the Offshore Boards. International agreements that impact on Canada's energy policy include the

1819:. Many people questioned why it was built to an American port rather than a Canadian one, but the federal government was more interested in the fact that oil exports completely erased the country's trade deficit. 1462:

Canada has a robust energy profile with abundant and diverse resources. Energy and climate policies are interrelated. These policies are implemented at both the federal and provincial governmental level. A recent

1660:

Nova Scotia now imports most of the coal for its steel mills and power plants from other countries like Colombia. At the same time, the Western provinces export their coal to 20 different countries, particularly

1310:

and taxes on oil and natural gas production; provide drilling incentives; and grant permits and licenses to construct and operate facilities. The consuming provinces regulate distribution systems and oversee the

1611:

Crude oil price increases in the 1970s and early 1980s increased the demand for coal worldwide. New mines opened in Alberta and BC, and new port facilities were built in BC to supply the growing demand in Asia.

1803:, mostly in the north-central portion of the province. The Alberta oil rush began, and drillers quickly began to identify other important oil-bearing formations like the one hosting the giant Pembina oilfield. 5879: 2085:, and continued the privatization process. In 1995 the federal government reduced its interest to 20 percent, and in 2004 sold the remaining shares. Petro-Canada has done better since privatization because 653:

developing the methods to achieve these goals. In 2015, the federal and provincial governments created a national agreement for cooperating in boosting the nation's energy industry while transitioning to a

5809: 5859: 844: 2701:

Consumers range from residential buyers to huge industrial consumers mining the oil sands, operating pipelines and milling forest products. On the supply side, generators range from wind farms east of

5006: 4941: 5699: 4975: 2586:, the BC Power Commission (BCPC), to acquire small utilities and extended electrification to rural and isolated areas. BCPC grew to supply more than 200 small communities throughout the province. 5749: 4521:"CER – Canadian Energy Regulator Pipeline Damage Prevention Regulations – Authorizations and Canadian Energy Regulator Pipeline Damage Prevention Regulations – Obligations of Pipeline Companies" 3586: 1442:, which the Canadian government signed in 2002. Although the federal government had the authority to sign the treaty, it may require the cooperation of the provincial governments to enforce it. 2143:, but this is offset by the fact that the geological and political risks are much lower than in most major oil-producing areas. Almost all of the Canadian oil sands are located in Alberta. The 727:

In 1946, the Atomic Energy Control Act was passed and the Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB) was established to regulate the production and uses of uranium in Canada, under the premiership of

5764: 5659: 2060:

Petro-Canada has since abandoned all the wells Panarctic drilled, and the discoveries it did make off the Atlantic coast were fewer, more expensive, and took longer to develop than expected.

5849: 788:, was one of the "most controversial policy initiatives in Canadian history". It was introduced by the federal Liberal government, against the backdrop of the global recession following the 5814: 2110: 1708: 511: 2569:

in 1883. Created in 1897, the BC Electric Company built BC's first hydroelectric plant near Victoria the following year, and created subsidiaries to supply electricity to Victoria and

773:

through the province of Quebec. Then Newfoundland Premier Smallwood, had appealed to Prime Minister Pearson to "strengthen provisions for interprovincial transmission of electricity".

2547:. This, combined with lower than projected demand, created a surplus of electricity in Quebec, so in 1997, Hydro-Québec began wholesale marketing of electricity to the United States. 3289: 5869: 2196: 1350:(IMF) report, in 2015, Canada paid US$ 43 billion in post-tax energy subsidies which represents 2.9 percent of the GDP and an expenditure of US$ 1,191 per capita. On the eve of the 1749: 5864: 471: 4464: 5874: 6683: 5844: 5754: 5704: 5664: 886:

we're in a health crisis doesn't mean we can neglect the environmental crisis." Some of the "measures had a complementary goal of addressing serious environmental concerns."

5839: 5834: 5829: 5684: 2089:

make its high-cost production profitable, and consolidation of its refining operations to fewer but larger refineries reduced its downstream costs even as prices increased.

1603:

the coal mining communities of Atlantic Canada, although in western Canada the loss of jobs in the coal industry was more than compensated for by gains in the oil industry.

5819: 3045: 2460:, which had long been its informal name. Eventually, Pickering grew to eight 540 MW nuclear reactors, Bruce to eight 900+ MW reactors, and Darlington to four 935 MW units. 7068: 5824: 5739: 5714: 1740: 2677:

Utilities became the corporate parent of Canadian Western, Northwestern, Northland, and Alberta Power Limited, which was the electrical operations of Canadian Utilities.

5789: 5724: 5694: 5669: 6956: 6693: 5804: 5799: 5729: 5709: 4368: 823: 6834: 5744: 5734: 5674: 3362: 2192: 5794: 5719: 1793: 4099: 6021: 5689: 4685: 1391: 1371: 2350:

because AC systems could supply electricity over much longer distances than DC systems. This was enormously important to Canada, which had numerous potential

4126: 3073: 5013: 4948: 3161: 1823: 4390: 4379: 2931:

Politicians have been willing to subsidize renewable methods using taxpayer funds to increase the amount and percentage of Canada's electricity generated.

4972: 2493: 6911: 691:

Aspects of Canada's "unique" political and economic reality affect its federal energy strategies. Canada has "significant resources of conventional and

5332: 2756:(TWh) of electricity, which accounted for 16.6% of the nation's total electric energy generation in 2015. All but one of these reactors are located in 2609:

bought BC Electric in 1961, and the following year merged it with the BCPC to create the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, commonly known as

1895: 2139:

using current technology, which makes Canada's proven oil reserves second only to Saudi Arabia. Production costs are considerably higher than in the

1515:

and other American ports. Commercial mining in New Brunswick began in 1825 although most of the province's coal production has been used locally. In

4759: 4412: 1713: 6688: 4401: 3551: 2206: 708:, wrote that "Canada has one of the most divided and decentralized constitutional arrangements for energy among Western industrialized countries." 2760:

where they produced 61% of the province's electricity in 2016 (91.7 TWh). Seven smaller reactors are used for research and to produce radioactive

2332:(DC) systems could serve only a radius of 800 metres (2,600 ft) from the power plant. However, in 1888 the first permanent installation of a 4340: 2630: 2897:

Canada generates a significant part of its electricity from hydroelectric dams, but has otherwise limited renewable energy generation, although

1390:

The ODI reported that by late 2015, the Canadian federal government was phasing out some subsidies to oil, gas and mining. By January 2015, the

4226: 4079: 3820: 2921: 1504: 618:, third largest producer of hydro-electricity, fourth largest natural gas producer, and the fifth largest producer of crude oil. In 2006, only 5638: 5359: 1351: 5447: 4423: 5981: 5605: 3268: 5961: 4157: 3633: 2188: 1700: 318: 5575: 5134: 4285: 2293:

in 1878 and 1879. A permanent arc lighting system was installed in Toronto in 1881 and used to illuminate a number of stores, including

2056:

and Pacific Petroleums Ltd., its parent company, as a fully integrated oil company for the then-record purchase price of $ 1.5 billion.

1675:

The region between New Brunswick and Saskatchewan, a distance of thousands of kilometres which includes the major industrial centres of

5083: 4489: 4311: 2694:

This electrical system changed in 1996, when Alberta began to restructure its electricity market away from traditional regulation to a

1245:

Oil exports under long-term licenses and short-term orders (no applications for long-term exports have been filed in recent years), and

1223:

that regulated the Canadian energy industry. The NEB was created in 1959 and reported through the Minister of Natural Resources to the

882: 3129: 2706:

supplies of thermal coal, central Alberta is thermodynamically the best place in Alberta to generate hydrocarbon-fuelled electricity.

173: 6071: 6041: 5976: 4445: 4434: 5582: 1796:, and provided the geological key for other important discoveries within Alberta. Geologists soon began to identify and drill other 1760:

However, in 1938 the provincial government established the Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board (today known as the

145: 5379: 2594: 2441: 2306: 2073: 645:

Despite being a net energy exporter, Canada also imports energy products. $ 24.5 billion of energy products were imported in 2004.

126: 45: 5261: 4898: 7283: 5917: 5491: 4209: 5235: 5178: 4182: 1672:, in addition to using it in their own thermal power plants. Elk Valley Coal mine is the second biggest coal mine in the world. 3787: 2324:

systems began in Ontario and Quebec starting in 1882. In 1886 a small plant supplying incandescent lights was installed in the

152: 1854:

by 1956 and became, at 3,100 km (1,900 mi), the world's longest oil pipeline at that time. Extensions were built to

1776:

At the end of World War II, Canada was importing 90% of its oil from the U.S. The situation changed dramatically in 1947 when

1425:

originally did not control the natural resources in the provinces as a condition of their entry into Confederation, until the

7059: 5570: 3709: 3509: 3380: 2901:

is growing quickly. The first commercial wind farm in Canada was built in Alberta in 1993. A 20 megawatt tidal plant sits at

2579: 2453: 742:

to not build the proposed Edmonton-to-Montreal pipeline. Levy also recommended that "Alberta oil should go to U.S. markets."

5287: 4365: 3433: 2522:

the Quebec government preferred to leave electrification of rural areas to the Rural Electrification Agency., however after

1438:

to make treaties with foreign countries. This has important implications for treaties involving energy production, like the

1326:

and retail electricity competition are at the provincial level. To date, two provinces (Alberta and Ontario) have initiated

720:

access to the less expensive American coal which involved much lower transportation costs. In his 1982 publication entitled

5996: 4256: 3214:

Fertel, Camille (2013). "Canadian energy and climate policies: A SWOT analysis in search of federal/provincial coherence".

2445: 1302:

Provincial regulation of oil and natural gas activities, pipelines, and distribution systems is administered by provincial

3554:(1999). "Reflections on National Energy Board Regulation 1959-98: from Persuasion to Prescription and on to Partnership". 3099: 7288: 7228: 6470: 6100: 4660: 2853: 2115: 1761: 1548: 1188: 828: 159: 2301:, arc lights were installed in several mills. By 1883 arc lights were installed in the streets of Toronto, Montreal and 1179:

According to a 2006 Natural Resources Canada report on legal and policy frameworks on energy in North America, Canada's

7233: 6640: 6051: 5769: 4973:

http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/climate-change/policy-legislation-and-responses/climateaction_plan_web.pdf

3838: 1580: 1551:, or Devco which was in reality a large subsidy. The completion of the trans-Canada pipeline, nuclear reactors and the 836: 546: 455: 695:, natural gas and hydroelectricity" and has become "one of the world’s largest energy producers." According to a 2015 7278: 6409: 6066: 5991: 5986: 5971: 5631: 5600: 4742: 4693: 4474:, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto 4341:"Alberta Premier Kenney sees negative oil prices, $ 20-billion deficit in 'the greatest challenge of our generation'" 3370: 3195: 696: 210: 192: 59: 5422: 141: 7268: 6992: 6946: 6610: 6046: 6016: 3005: 2727: 2449: 1564: 1401:(EDC), Canada's export credit agency spent about $ 2.5 billion per year in 2013 and 2014 in the energy industries. 5483: 2796: 2020:

However, the government quickly expanded it by buying the Canadian assets of foreign-owned oil companies, such as

1752:

to extract the small amount of petroleum liquids, an amount of gas that today would be worth billions of dollars.

815:

centralizaton and de-centralization. By 2015, Canada faced a deepening dilemma regarding energy export potential.

6859: 6081: 3165: 2868:

in 1956. Eighteen reactors were then built in the following four decades in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick.

2857: 2772: 2433: 2053: 1949:

came first. War between that country and Iraq soon followed. Oil prices more than doubled, to US$ 36 per barrel.

1472:

federal interventions in the energy trading process ensuring the specific energy-policy objectives are achieved.

840: 4819: 4387: 4376: 3725:

Duquette, Michel (1 March 1995). "From nationalism to continentalism: Twenty years of energy policy in Canada".

1567:

and Fort Rupert. Coal was mined at Nanaimo for 102 years from 1853 to 1955. In BC's interior coal was mined at

6433: 5160: 4577:.’ Geneva: Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). 3441: 3015: 2780: 2086: 1899: 1363: 365: 130: 5404: 3760: 2613:. During the 60s and 70s, BC Hydro built some of the largest hydroelectric projects in the world, notably the 1191:. Provincial governments have jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation, and management of 873:, Prime Minister Trudeau's energy policy appeared to appease both environmentalists and the oil industry. The 7183: 6507: 6310: 6061: 5336: 3525: 3000: 2995: 2985: 2788: 2784: 2695: 2379: 2096:

announced they would merge to create Canada's largest oil company. At the time of the announcement, combined

851: 819: 804: 785: 623: 403: 313: 5047: 4549: 3966:

James, Patrick (1990). "The Canadian National Energy Program and Its Aftermath: A Game-Theoretic Analysis".

7198: 6583: 6558: 6490: 5951: 5624: 5611: 3025: 2902: 2792: 2333: 2275: 2248: 1335: 1334:, in Ontario the process is ongoing. In other provinces electricity is mostly generated and distributed by 370: 51: 19: 4767: 2745: 7243: 7208: 7143: 7083: 6982: 6563: 6438: 6296: 5910: 5592: 5071: 4452: 4409: 3294: 2823: 2800: 1997:

In 1975 the Liberal government reacted to the 1973 oil crisis by creating a federally owned oil company,

1606:

Coal mining began an expansion phase in the late 1960s with the signing of long-term contracts to supply

1347: 1303: 728: 665: 5108: 4790: 4398: 1822:

In 1950 the federal government approved a western pipeline, and in 1953 the 1,200 km (750 mi)

7248: 7188: 7168: 7078: 6926: 6880: 6718: 6573: 6497: 6398: 6382: 6086: 6056: 6026: 6007: 4009:

Courchene, Thomas J.; Melvin, James R. (1980). "Energy Revenues: Consequences for the Rest of Canada".

2990: 2885: 2566: 2437: 2310: 1688: 1572: 770: 649: 464: 382: 306: 280: 4919: 4612: 4312:"How the pandemic gave Trudeau an energy policy both the oilpatch and environmentalists could applaud" 7273: 7213: 7163: 7148: 7052: 6824: 6776: 6742: 6480: 6315: 6212: 6137: 4574: 3432:

Bast, Elizabeth; Doukas, Alex; Pickard, Sam; van der Burg, Laurie; Whitley, Shelagh (November 2015).

2947:

However, the adaptation of new technologies in civil engineering also caused new issues, such as the

2924:, used over 120,000 thin film photovoltaic solar panels, for a total of 9,1 megawatt, creating clean 2664:

in 2008, accounting for 47% of all Canadian emissions in the electricity and heat generation sector.

2650: 1623:

Over 90% of Canada's coal reserves and 99% of its production are located in the Western provinces of

1568: 1500: 1398: 1291: 1260: 734:

The Royal Commission on Energy (1957–1959)−the Borden Commission—established by then-Prime Minister,

419: 166: 3666: 2806:

Uranium mining in Canada took off with the Great Bear Lake deposit furnishing some material for the

2698:. The market now includes a host of buyers and sellers, and an increasingly diverse infrastructure. 7238: 7223: 7173: 7153: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7088: 6977: 6605: 6404: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6305: 2980: 2841: 2151: 2101:

company will have the financial resources to move ahead with the most promising oilsands projects.

1915: 1859: 1576: 1524: 1455: 3328: 2236:

will be released into the atmosphere. Natural gas production in BC tripled between 1990 and 2010.

2201: 2009:. Initially, its assets consisted only of the federal government's share of the oil sands company 7218: 7203: 7193: 7178: 7158: 7138: 7093: 6534: 6421: 6036: 5944: 5458: 4845: 4420: 3010: 2739: 2077: 1968: 1958: 1644: 1327: 1192: 878: 781: 766: 506: 119: 3250:

Laverty, Gene (20 July 2015). "Canada's Provincial leaders reach agreement on energy strategy".

2285:

The use of electricity in Canada began with a few trial installations of electric arc lights in

2147:

are the only major oil sands deposits in the world which are shallow enough for surface mining.

1894:

In 1970, Quebec created a provincially owned petroleum company called SOQUIP. A year later, the

1199:. Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and 7123: 7103: 6972: 6916: 6904: 6894: 6799: 6769: 6620: 6590: 6578: 6539: 6475: 6416: 6372: 5903: 2815: 2502:

government followed the example of Ontario in nationalizing its electrical sector, and in 1944

2065: 2005:

was originally developed to be an "eye on the petroleum industry" during a period of perceived

1684: 1434: 1426: 1414: 3641: 7133: 7128: 6647: 6529: 6485: 6443: 6428: 6178: 5314: 3948: 2590: 2528: 2416: 2370:

was harnessed, and by 1903 a 50,000 volt power line carried electricity from it to Montreal.

2097: 1640: 1359: 1216: 832: 355: 4715: 4497: 3902: 3499: 2346:

The competition between AC and DC came to a head during the development of the potential of

7045: 6752: 6735: 6725: 6667: 6662: 6389: 6359: 6152: 4588:

capp-royalty-program CAPP calls for new royalty credit program in climate change submission

3634:"June 1, 1985, marks the day the Western Accord on Energy – and an open market – took over" 2898: 2614: 2602: 2582:, which limited BC Electric's profit margins. In 1945, the provincial government created a 2536: 2397: 2229: 2082: 2061: 1224: 1184: 541: 5361:

National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada 1990–2008 (3 volumes)

4871: 4442: 4431: 4386:+ 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 3918: 2744:

Canada is a leader in the field of nuclear energy. Nuclear power in Canada is provided by

2649:

of all Canadian provinces and territories, with total emissions of 55.9 million tonnes of

2126: 8: 6839: 6757: 6713: 6652: 6465: 6345: 6202: 4641: 2731: 2618: 2481: 2336: 2264: 2144: 1816: 1418: 1200: 700: 531: 424: 4807: 2734:, is the world's largest nuclear station with an installed capacity of 7,276 MW (gross). 866:

supply electricity to Alberta to decrease Alberta's dependency on natural gas and coal.

86:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6854: 6730: 6657: 6595: 6502: 6456: 6377: 6340: 6264: 5265: 4034: 3991: 3874: 3866: 3611: 2952: 2646: 2321: 2025: 2021: 2006: 1946: 1839: 1648: 1607: 1552: 1410: 1232: 874: 692: 654: 648:

Canada has a robust energy profile with abundant and diverse resources. The energy and

536: 496: 491: 387: 3467:

A National Energy Strategy for Canada: Golden Age or Golden Cage of Energy Federalism?

1764:) to initiate conservation measures, and this time was successful in implementing it. 6951: 6921: 6869: 6829: 6819: 6791: 6764: 6600: 6546: 6521: 6240: 6230: 5934: 5596: 5566: 5239: 5186: 4738: 4735:

Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production, 2nd Ed

4575:

Tackling Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Climate Change: Levelling the energy playing field

4073: 4026: 3983: 3922: 3878: 3858: 3814: 3742: 3738: 3705: 3505: 3469:. 2013 Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association. Victoria, BC. 3376: 3290:

Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates

3191: 2948: 2849: 2807: 2711: 2583: 2574: 2540: 2519: 2511: 2477: 2340: 2167: 2002: 1422: 1252: 1220: 870: 762: 731:. The federal government took over the jurisdiction over uranium from the provinces. 599: 501: 450: 429: 296: 288: 4852:. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Fort McMurray branch. 2007 4053: 3796: 3667:"2000 May Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development" 2359: 1158:

Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power

6987: 6864: 6814: 6809: 6393: 6122: 6076: 4018: 3975: 3914: 3850: 3734: 3582: 3223: 2765: 2606: 2562: 2425: 2405: 2367: 2048:

in 1978, the Alberta government surreptitiously got control of Husky stock through

1831: 1748:

condensed in the gas, but due to the lack of regulations, about 90% of the gas was

1628: 1592: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1520: 1271: 758: 735: 661: 396: 377: 2629:

was denied by the BC Utilities Commission in 1983, BC Hydro began purchasing from

2573:, the province's two largest cities. BC Electric was taken over by Montreal-based 1705:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (frontier exploration and development)

7025: 6844: 6781: 6747: 6551: 6276: 6254: 6249: 5616: 5291: 5208: 4979: 4471: 4449: 4438: 4427: 4416: 4405: 4394: 4383: 4372: 2544: 2472: 2325: 1945:

In 1979–1980, further crises in the Middle East led to panic-driven pricing. The

1283: 797: 793: 412: 341: 328: 3227: 2864:

reactor. Ontario Hydro's first production power reactor was constructed at the

2515: 2489: 1242:

Export and import of natural gas under long-term licenses and short-term orders,

6899: 6849: 6271: 6259: 6225: 6031: 3761:"Federal–Provincial Fiscal Arrangements and Established Programs Financing Act" 3164:. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. December 2006. Archived from 3107: 3020: 2702: 2598: 2456:

in 1989. In 1974, toward the beginning of this expansion, the HEPC was renamed

2355: 2329: 2049: 2014: 1964: 1906: 1785: 1756:

than 12% of the original oil in place at Turner Valley will ever be recovered.

1599: 1516: 1489: 1439: 1248: 1180: 747: 739: 445: 348: 3854: 1450: 7262: 7037: 7013: 6367: 6281: 6132: 4661:"Curbing Transboundary Air Pollution: Protecting Health Through Legal Action" 4030: 3987: 3926: 3862: 3746: 2972: 2865: 2776: 2753: 2457: 2429: 2393: 2351: 2347: 2317: 2093: 1910: 1812: 1656: 1588: 1464: 1204: 789: 638: 627: 611: 607: 568: 4587: 3190:. Washington DC: International Business Publication, USA. 2015. p. 39. 2890: 2354:

sites in remote locations. In 1897 a transmission system was built from the

6804: 6235: 6162: 2925: 2906: 2827: 2409: 2401: 2163: 2045: 1998: 1992: 1898:'s nationalist flavour found practical expression with the creation of the 1777: 1718: 1632: 1559:. Coal is located on Vancouver Island: there are coal deposits in Cassidy, 1384: 1275: 631: 2532: 6330: 6142: 5084:"How Canada's provinces are tackling greenhouse gas emissions - CBC News" 3839:"Energy Politics in Canada, 1980-1981: Threat Power in a Sequential Game" 2913: 2845: 2523: 2503: 2252: 2140: 1919: 1789: 1652: 1556: 1499:

Coal has been mined in Canada since 1639 when a small mine was opened at

1287: 1236: 1196: 595: 579: 3288:

Coady, David; Parry, Ian; Le, Nghia-Piotr; Shang, Baoping (2 May 2019).

2722: 2259: 1691:

are the second and third largest sources of greenhouse gases in Canada.

5966: 4038: 3995: 3870: 2626: 2412:

they proved an extremely important source of power for war production.

2294: 2052:, and successfully blocked the takeover. In 1979 Petro-Canada acquired 1584: 1508: 1331: 1279: 603: 587: 268: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 6635: 5563: 4872:"World Proved Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Most Recent Estimates" 2871: 2836:

was Canada's first nuclear reactor built in 1945. Canada set up its

2570: 2385: 2111:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

2029: 1827: 1709:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

1598:

The discovery of huge oil fields in western Canada starting with the

1323: 1307: 1286:

is administered under joint federal and provincial responsibility in

4573:

Merrill, L., Bassi, A.M., Bridle, R., and Christensen, L.T. (2015) ‘

4550:"G20 spends $ 450B annually subsidizing fossil fuel industry: study" 4022: 3979: 108: 6889: 6127: 5135:"Justin Trudeau 'open' to $ 1-billion B.C. power line into Alberta" 4823: 4286:"Justin Trudeau 'open' to $ 1-billion B.C. power line into Alberta" 3566: 3311: 2761: 2610: 2556: 2302: 2286: 2159: 2131: 2037: 2010: 1808: 1797: 1413:

between the federal government and the provincial governments. The

1319: 889: 5416: 5414: 4757: 4210:

Canada's Energy Transition: Getting to Our Energy Future, Together

4158:"The energy discussion Canada's leaders didn't have this election" 1870: 1266:

In 1985, the federal government and the provincial governments in

6183: 6147: 6117: 4992: 4334: 4332: 4183:"Climate change and Western alienation: Can Trudeau tackle both?" 2917: 2757: 2421: 2389: 2290: 2268: 2197:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas liquids)

2120: 1875: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1835: 1781: 1676: 1624: 1560: 1528: 1267: 615: 591: 438: 2852:

was the first prototype power reactor in Canada. From this the

2484:, the Quebec premier who died at the site, on 26 September 1968. 6157: 5926: 5411: 5365: 3604: 3434:"Empty promises: G20 subsidies to oil, gas and coal production" 2819: 2811: 2499: 2363: 2298: 2155: 1843: 1745: 1680: 1512: 1312: 1203:

and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources on

1183:

of government, jurisdiction over energy is divided between the

619: 4329: 4279: 4277: 3903:"Canadian Energy Policy in 1985: Toward a Renewed Federalism?" 3482:

Power Switch: Energy Regulatory Governance in the 21st Century

2593:

in 1961 and ratified it in 1964, agreeing to share power from

847:

as contributors to the development of Canada's energy policy.

706:

Power Switch: Energy Regulatory Governance in the 21st Century

6188: 4519:

Government of Canada, Canada Energy Regulator (8 June 2023).

3431: 2879: 2861: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1636: 1315: 2822:

mines the world's largest high-grade uranium deposit at the

2625:

renewable sources. After the first application to build the

2597:. To enable development of major hydroelectric sites on the 1909:

and his Conservatives won power in 1971, ending 36 years of

1376:

The OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2015

792:

of the 1970s—which included two major oil price shocks: the

5588: 5290:. BC Hydro Power Pioneers Association. 2008. Archived from 4920:"CER – Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles - Canada" 4274: 3587:"Canada's absurd failure to attain energy self-sufficiency" 2833: 2749: 1800: 583: 5335:. Province of British Columbia. April 2010. Archived from 2875:

The Race Rocks Tidal Current Generator before installation

578:

Canada has access to all main sources of energy including

5895: 5380:"History of Canadian Utilities Limited – FundingUniverse" 4543: 4541: 4227:"Minister Carr Launches Generation Energy Council Report" 2837: 2689: 2193:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas)

1905:

The wave of direct action spread to Alberta when Premier

1355: 5333:"New Act Powers B.C. Forward With Clean Energy And Jobs" 4496:. Natural Resources Canada. January 2006. Archived from 4201: 4097: 3627: 3625: 2162:

opened the second major facility in 1978. The third, by

1255:

not covered by provincial/federal management agreements.

226:

Canada total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2015

3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3269:

Prince Edward Island Provincial Energy Strategy 2016/17

2033: 1780:

drilled into a peculiar anomaly on its newly developed

1771: 1547:

Federal involvement in Cape Breton, continued with the

4538: 4151: 4149: 4147: 2645:

As of 2008, Alberta's electricity sector was the most

1952: 1523:

from 1853. Starting in the 1880s, the building of the

1372:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1282:

the prices of crude oil and natural gas. Offshore oil

4808:

http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/cpp/June1990/James.pdf

4002: 3622: 3283: 3281: 1862:

during the 1960s, which improved US energy security.

1378:

and a Companion to the inventory. Canada prepared a

4518: 4215:(Report). The Generation Energy Council. p. 59. 3885: 3473: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 2962: 2428:

in the early 1950s. In the 1960s, Ontario turned to

1387:

or unspecified, coal mining, and coal-fired power."

704:

energy policy. The authors of the 2003 publication,

5423:"Language Matters: Keeping Electricity Competitive" 4876:

Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government

4640:Page, Garnet T.; Shapiro, Lisa (21 December 2018). 4303: 4250: 4248: 4144: 3458: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 2158:) launched the world's first major oil sands mine. 1409:Canadian energy policy reflects the constitutional 133:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5646: 5357: 4899:"In the Pipeline: Unconventional oil is no threat" 3832: 3830: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3518: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3278: 2818:are major produces of uranium for nuclear power. 2565:began with the installation of electric lights in 2550: 1458:per capita based on 2013 data from the World Bank. 1380:Study of Federal Support to the Fossil Fuel Sector 1341: 4716:"Petroleum History Society - Canadian Beginnings" 4658: 4233:(Press release). Winnipeg, Manitoba. 28 June 2018 3544: 3493: 3491: 3339: 3287: 3188:Canada Energy Policy Laws and Regulation Handbook 2589:The American and Canadian governments signed the 7260: 5535:"Energy Use Database Table - Residential Sector" 4914: 4912: 4245: 3581: 3046:"Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2016)" 2934: 2912:The first commercial solar project was built in 2748:commercial reactors with a net capacity of 13.5 2222: 1925: 1918:that it thought Canada had a 392-year supply of 1768:national petroleum industries around the world. 1330:. In Alberta, the electricity sector is largely 890:International Energy Statistics (IEA) as of 2014 660:In 2015, Canada paid US$ 43 billion in post-tax 5513:"Energy Use Database Table - Commercial Sector" 4093: 4091: 4089: 4008: 3827: 3684: 3618:. Vol. 2. Hurtig Publishers. p. 2736. 3396: 1942:gravity to the federal-provincial quarrelling. 1231:Inter-provincial and international oil and gas 614:. It is the world's second largest producer of 7067: 5420: 4878:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2007 3610: 3550: 3488: 3479: 2494:Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system 2209:(2014), based on data from The World Factbook. 2032:in 1981, the refining and marketing assets of 1889: 1815:, and in 1950 it was completed to the port of 1354:(COP21) held in Paris, CBC news reported that 1195:, as well as the generation and production of 1166:calculation criteria changed, numbers updated 761:from 1957 to 1963, and that of his successor, 7053: 5911: 5632: 4909: 4455:October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15 3718: 3631: 1865: 1352:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference 5048:"GHG Emissions - Environmental Reporting BC" 4458: 4219: 4086: 2717: 2440:, and in 1968 they brought the 200-megawatt 1614: 1494: 1358:countries spend US$ 452 billion annually on 750:in 1947. According to a 2009 article in the 5421:Mckenzie-brown, Peter (12 September 2008). 4766:. The University of Calgary. Archived from 4758:The Applied History Research Group (1997). 4639: 4364:IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 4045: 3779: 3661: 3659: 3480:Doern, G. Bruce; Gattinger, Monica (2003). 2189:History of the petroleum industry in Canada 1963:Introduced by the Liberal government under 1701:History of the petroleum industry in Canada 1647:, which are even further from markets. The 1503:. In 1720 French soldiers opened a mine in 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7060: 7046: 5982:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 5918: 5904: 5639: 5625: 5584:Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Canada 5158: 4254: 4125:Canada, Global Affairs (19 October 2015). 4098:Canada Natural Resources (14 April 2014). 4078:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3959: 3819:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3767:. History of Canadian Medicare (1968-1978) 3699: 2880:Renewable energy and carbon neutral energy 2069:money on all aspects of the oil industry. 1930:In 1973, this situation changed abruptly. 1544:into coal: one in 1947 and other in 1965. 1322:. The key regulations with respect to the 845:Program on Energy Research and Development 5561:White Gold: Hydroelectric Power in Canada 5312: 5161:"Development of Electric Power in Canada" 4547: 4255:Smith, Merran; Coady, Linda (June 2018). 3947:Grytten, Ola Honningdal (16 March 2008). 3785: 3702:White Gold: Hydroelectric Power in Canada 3497: 3464: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 2636: 2373: 2150:Commercial production began in 1967 when 1227:. Its primary responsibilities included: 211:Learn how and when to remove this message 193:Learn how and when to remove this message 5109:"Opinion: Site C: Truly awful economics" 4897:Al Fathi, Saadallah (27 December 2010). 4896: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4120: 4118: 4116: 3724: 3656: 3375:(Report). Calgary, Alberta. p. 27. 3209: 3207: 3156: 3154: 2889: 2870: 2771:Canadian nuclear reactors are a type of 2721: 2633:which provide 20% of BC Hydro's supply. 2605:rivers, the BC government under Premier 2595:hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River 2471: 2467: 2442:Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station 2258: 2247: 2200: 2125: 2114: 1869: 1712: 1449: 1404: 1297: 267: 6454: 5492:Independent Electricity System Operator 5351: 4635: 4633: 4358: 3946: 3940: 3900: 3786:MacEachen, Allan J. (28 October 1980), 3484:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3249: 2779:. CANDU reactors have been exported to 2444:into service. This was followed by the 2213: 2104: 1826:was built from Edmonton to the port of 1174: 784:(NEP), which was introduced during the 634:produce more total energy than Canada. 7261: 6878: 5236:"The History of Electricity in Quebec" 5233: 4820:"Suncor, Petro-Canada announce merger" 4788: 4760:"The Turner Valley Oil Era: 1913-1946" 4490:"Legal and Policy Frameworks - Canada" 4338: 4309: 4207: 4124: 4051: 3753: 3326: 3234: 3213: 2690:Alberta Electrical Distribution System 2508:Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company 2316:The first successful installations of 2263:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station near 1967:on 28 October 1980, the controversial 1189:provincial and territorial governments 883:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war 699:(CGAI), the "design and structure" of 7041: 6684:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 5899: 5620: 4548:McDiarmid, Margo (12 November 2015). 4477: 4283: 4113: 3965: 3919:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a037602 3843:Canadian Journal of Political Science 3836: 3360: 3263: 3261: 3204: 3151: 2580:British Columbia Utilities Commission 2561:The development of electric power in 2454:Darlington Nuclear Generating Station 2307:St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador 1511:. Cape Breton later supplied coal to 1210: 831:(NAFTA). In 2014, the NRC listed the 5213:Nuclear Powerplants around the World 5159:Richardson, W.G. (14 October 2020). 4732: 4630: 4155: 4127:"Canada and the European Union (EU)" 3901:Pollard, Bruce G. (1 January 1986). 3327:Bregha, François (20 October 2014). 3100:"Canadian Hydropower By the Numbers" 2951:insulation disaster and the ongoing 2446:Pickering Nuclear Generating Station 2232:where about 500 million tonnes of CO 1858:and other refinery locations in the 1784:recordings near the then-village of 1772:Post-war discoveries and development 1734: 131:adding citations to reliable sources 102: 66: 25: 6957:Topics by provinces and territories 5358:Environment Canada (15 July 2015). 5215:. The Virtual Nuclear Tourist. 2008 4846:"The Oil Sands Story: The Resource" 4613:"World Development Indicators Data" 3299:(Report). Working Paper. p. 39 2415:After WWII, the development of the 2305:, and by 1890 numerous cities from 2092:On 23 March 2009, Petro-Canada and 2064:did not produce oil until 1997 and 1953:National Energy Program (1980-1985) 1762:Energy Resources Conservation Board 1549:Cape Breton Development Corporation 1417:places natural resources under the 829:North American Free Trade Agreement 767:Muskrat Falls hydroelectric project 642:to Asia, Europe and Latin America. 13: 5553: 5476: 4052:Wilson, Michael H. (23 May 1985), 3907:Publius: The Journal of Federalism 3530:Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission 3258: 2905:, and uses the daily tides of the 1445: 837:Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission 14: 7300: 5313:Bondurant, Flint (4 March 2015). 5185:. Hydro One. 2008. Archived from 4789:Noakes, Taylor C. (28 May 2020). 4494:North America: The Energy Picture 3371:Canadian Global Affairs Institute 3361:Moore, Michal C. (October 2015). 3074:"World Nuclear Mining Production" 2775:(PHWR) of indigenous design, the 2752:(GWe), producing a total of 95.6 2680: 1306:. The producing provinces impose 1219:(NEB) was an independent federal 697:Canadian Global Affairs Institute 41:This article has multiple issues. 7020: 7019: 7007: 5760:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5537:. Natural Resources Canada. 2011 5515:. Natural Resources Canada. 2011 5264:. BC Hydro. 2008. Archived from 4659:Dr. David McKeown (March 2005). 4345:National Post via Bloomberg News 4156:Syed, Fatima (21 October 2019). 3949:"The Economic History of Norway" 3006:Science and technology in Canada 2965: 2728:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station 2667: 2450:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station 2436:started operating a 25-megawatt 2408:reduced demand. However, during 2280: 562: 295: 107: 71: 30: 6042:Former colonies and territories 5647:Energy policy of North America 5527: 5505: 5440: 5397: 5372: 5325: 5306: 5280: 5254: 5227: 5201: 5171: 5152: 5127: 5101: 5076: 5065: 5040: 5031: 4999: 4985: 4966: 4934: 4890: 4864: 4838: 4812: 4801: 4782: 4751: 4726: 4708: 4678: 4652: 4605: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4512: 4377:2014 (2012R as in November 2015 4310:Wherry, Aaron (18 April 2020). 4175: 3765:Canadian Museum of Civilization 3614:, ed. (1988). "Energy policy". 3465:Gattinger, Monica (June 2013). 3104:Canadian Hydropower Association 2773:pressurized heavy-water reactor 2551:Development in British Columbia 2476:The Daniel-Johnson Dam, on the 2434:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 2420:power stations were built near 2394:Hydro-Electric Power Commission 2054:Westcoast Transmission Co. Ltd. 1986: 1725: 1342:Fossil fuel subsidies in Canada 841:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 118:needs additional citations for 49:or discuss these issues on the 7284:Energy policy in North America 5977:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 5607:2011 Canadian Nuclear Factbook 5238:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 4922:. Neb-one.gc.ca. 15 March 2022 4737:. PennWell. pp. 410–411. 4339:Orland, Kevin (7 April 2020). 3727:The Journal of Socio-Economics 3442:Overseas Development Institute 3180: 3122: 3092: 3066: 3038: 3016:Petroleum production in Canada 2358:26 kilometres (16 mi) to 2243: 2182: 2087:oil price increases since 2003 2044:Petro-Canada attempted to buy 1922:and enough oil for 923 years. 1900:Canada Development Corporation 1364:Overseas Development Institute 1259:The NEB was superseded by the 1: 5448:"The battery and the charger" 5427:languageinstinct.blogspot.com 4993:"CO2 | Blue Fuel Energy" 4590:’. Calgary Herald. 2 October. 4284:Lintz, Larry (20 June 2016). 4257:The Generation Energy Council 4208:Smith, Merran; Coady, Linda. 3700:Froschauer, Karl (May 2000). 3632:Staff writers (1 June 2009). 3501:Fuels and the National Policy 3363:An Energy Strategy for Canada 3031: 3001:Electricity policy of Ontario 2996:Electricity policy of Alberta 2986:Canada and the Kyoto Protocol 2935:Energy conservation in Canada 2380:Electricity policy of Ontario 2339:(AC) system was installed in 2223:British Columbian natural gas 1926:Energy crises (1973 and 1979) 1419:jurisdiction of the provinces 852:Premiership of Justin Trudeau 820:Premiership of Stephen Harper 805:Premiership of Brian Mulroney 786:Premiership of Pierre Trudeau 722:Fuels and the National Policy 671: 5885:United States Virgin Islands 5612:Canadian Nuclear Association 4764:Calgary and Southern Alberta 3951:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.). 3795:, Ottawa, ON, archived from 3739:10.1016/1053-5357(95)90037-3 3130:"Energy Fact Book 2015-2016" 3026:Electricity sector in Canada 2276:Electricity sector in Canada 2013:and the Arctic oil explorer 1694: 1346:According to the 2 May 2019 769:on the lower portion of the 272:Development of CO2 emissions 20:Electricity sector in Canada 7: 6022:Crown and Indigenous people 5577:An Energy history of Canada 5209:"Canada's Nuclear Reactors" 4602:, s. 109; s. 92(5); s. 92A. 3498:McDougall, John N. (1982). 3295:International Monetary Fund 3228:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.057 2958: 2631:independent power producers 2506:the assets of the monopoly 2207:natural gas proven reserves 1890:Government energy companies 1842:. The IPL was extended via 1721:according to U.S. EIA, 2017 1348:International Monetary Fund 729:William Lyon Mackenzie King 666:International Monetary Fund 472:Companies listed on the TSX 262: Renewable energy (2%) 10: 7305: 7289:Economic history of Canada 7069:Energy policy of the World 6912:Provincial and territorial 6835:Inventions and discoveries 5972:British Canada (1763–1867) 5925: 4850:Oil Sands Discovery Centre 3526:"Canada's nuclear history" 2991:Renewable energy in Canada 2886:Renewable energy in Canada 2883: 2737: 2554: 2487: 2438:Nuclear Power Demonstrator 2377: 2311:Victoria, British Columbia 2273: 2186: 2108: 1990: 1956: 1866:National Oil Policy (1964) 1698: 1689:Genesee Generating Station 1519:, coal was first mined on 1507:to supply the fortress of 1487: 869:In April 2020, during the 757:During the Premiership of 624:People's Republic of China 17: 7075: 7001: 6965: 6939: 6790: 6706: 6676: 6628: 6619: 6520: 6358: 6294: 6210: 6201: 6171: 6138:Newfoundland and Labrador 6110: 6099: 6005: 5942: 5933: 5860:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5778: 5652: 5319:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5165:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4795:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4791:"National Energy Program" 4646:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3855:10.1017/S0008423900002432 3616:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3333:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2928:for 1000 homes annually. 2718:Nuclear power and Uranium 1874:Drilling rig in northern 1615:Coal in modern day Canada 1525:transcontinental railways 1501:Grand Lake, New Brunswick 1495:History of coal in Canada 1399:Export Development Canada 1292:Newfoundland and Labrador 1261:Canadian Energy Regulator 1156: 896: 871:2020 coronavirus pandemic 142:"Energy policy of Canada" 80:This article needs to be 7279:Energy policy by country 5880:Turks and Caicos Islands 4733:Hyne, Norman J. (2001). 4393:2 September 2014 at the 4231:Natural Resources Canada 3137:Natural Resources Canada 2981:Climate change in Canada 2842:Chalk River Laboratories 2392:Legislature created the 2152:Great Canadian Oil Sands 1860:Midwestern United States 1809:Interprovincial Pipeline 1505:Cape Breton, Nova Scotia 824:Canada Natural Resources 7269:Energy policy of Canada 6072:Persons of significance 6067:National Historic Sites 5384:www.fundinguniverse.com 4720:www.petroleumhistory.ca 4470:16 October 2013 at the 4426:11 October 2010 at the 4415:27 October 2011 at the 3837:James, Patrick (1993). 3162:"Canadian Energy Facts" 3011:Oil megaprojects (2011) 2740:Nuclear power in Canada 2432:. In 1962 the HEPC and 2384:In 1906, influenced by 2119:Petroleum resources in 1969:National Energy Program 1959:National Energy Program 1834:, with an extension to 1483: 1193:non-renewable resources 879:2020 stock market crash 782:National Energy Program 324:Energy policy of Canada 238: Natural gas (28%) 5967:New France (1534–1763) 5810:British Virgin Islands 5484:"IESO Supply Overview" 5234:Bolduc, André (2008). 4600:Constitution Act, 1867 4011:Canadian Public Policy 3968:Canadian Public Policy 3252:SNL Energy Power Daily 2903:Annapolis, Nova Scotia 2894: 2876: 2844:in 1947. In 1962 the 2816:Areva Resources Canada 2735: 2637:Development in Alberta 2485: 2374:Development in Ontario 2271: 2256: 2210: 2135: 2123: 2050:Alberta Gas Trunk Line 1878: 1824:Transmountain Pipeline 1722: 1685:Sundance Power Station 1555:have finished coal in 1459: 1454:A map depicting world 1435:Constitution Act, 1867 1427:Natural Resources Acts 1415:Constitution of Canada 835:(NEB) (1959-2019) the 689: 273: 6179:Northwest Territories 6082:Territorial evolution 5750:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5179:"Historical Timeline" 4465:Energy in Sweden 2010 2893: 2874: 2725: 2591:Columbia River Treaty 2475: 2468:Development in Quebec 2417:Saint Lawrence Seaway 2322:incandescent lighting 2262: 2251: 2204: 2129: 2118: 2098:market capitalization 1873: 1716: 1641:Northwest Territories 1540:. There were several 1453: 1421:. However, the three 1405:Constitutional issues 1360:fossil fuel subsidies 1298:Provincial regulation 1217:National Energy Board 833:National Energy Board 675: 271: 6153:Prince Edward Island 4690:maps-cartes.ec.gc.ca 4586:Healing, D. (2015) ‘ 4404:9 March 2013 at the 4382:5 April 2015 at the 4371:4 March 2016 at the 4262:(Report). p. 59 3638:Alberta Oil Magazine 3078:World Nuclear Mining 2840:research reactor at 2615:W. A. C. Bennett Dam 2537:Saint Lawrence River 2529:Manicouagan-Outardes 2326:Parliament Buildings 2214:Albertan natural gas 2105:Non-conventional oil 2083:national oil company 1916:Department of Energy 1392:Athasbaska oil sands 1225:Parliament of Canada 1175:Regulatory framework 803:By 1986, during the 752:Alberta Oil Magazine 746:discovery of oil in 664:according to a 2019 127:improve this article 6508:Firearms regulation 5765:Trinidad and Tobago 5660:Antigua and Barbuda 5321:. Historica Canada. 5242:on 25 February 2008 5189:on 25 February 2008 5167:. Historica Canada. 5019:on 11 February 2017 4954:on 11 February 2017 4797:. Historica Canada. 4648:. Historica Canada. 3953:EH.Net Encyclopedia 3335:. Historica Canada. 2824:McArthur River mine 2696:market-based system 2619:energy conservation 2482:Daniel Johnson, Sr. 2337:alternating current 2228:will come from the 2145:Athabasca oil sands 1817:Superior, Wisconsin 1553:Hibernia oil fields 1433:Section 92A of the 1201:international trade 818:In 2014, under the 701:Canadian federalism 486:Economy by province 6689:Population centres 5700:Dominican Republic 5559:Froschauer, Karl. 5288:"BC Hydro History" 4978:2017-02-06 at the 4448:2009-10-12 at the 4437:2013-10-07 at the 3673:, 15 November 2007 3591:The Globe and Mail 3556:Alberta Law Review 3110:on 3 November 2017 2953:Leaky condo crisis 2895: 2877: 2736: 2486: 2480:, was named after 2313:had arc lighting. 2272: 2257: 2211: 2136: 2124: 2026:Pacific Petroleums 2022:Atlantic Richfield 1947:Iranian Revolution 1879: 1792:well identified a 1723: 1649:Atlantic provinces 1608:metallurgical coal 1460: 1456:energy consumption 1411:division of powers 1336:provincially owned 1328:retail competition 1318:of natural gas to 1211:Federal regulation 875:COVID-19 recession 693:unconventional oil 655:low-carbon economy 274: 250: Nuclear (7%) 7256: 7255: 7035: 7034: 7014:Canada portal 6935: 6934: 6702: 6701: 6516: 6515: 6471:Political parties 6439:Foreign relations 6354: 6353: 6241:Canadian Prairies 6231:Pacific Northwest 6197: 6196: 6095: 6094: 6052:Foreign relations 5893: 5892: 5782:other territories 5571:978-0-7748-0709-8 5262:"Company History" 5052:www.env.gov.bc.ca 4666:. City of Toronto 4525:www.cer-rec.gc.ca 4189:. 3 December 2019 4162:National Observer 3802:on 20 August 2015 3711:978-0-7748-0709-8 3585:(6 August 2013). 3532:. 3 February 2014 3511:978-0-409-84805-2 3382:978-1-927573-49-5 2949:Urea-formaldehyde 2850:Rolphton, Ontario 2808:Manhattan Project 2712:Red Deer, Alberta 2584:crown corporation 2575:Power Corporation 2541:James Bay Project 2520:Maurice Duplessis 2512:crown corporation 2478:Manicouagan River 2452:in 1977, and the 2341:Cornwall, Ontario 2328:in Ottawa. These 2255:hydroelectric dam 2168:Royal Dutch Shell 2130:Sulfur blocks at 2003:Crown corporation 1896:Gordon Commission 1735:Turner Valley era 1542:Royal Commissions 1423:prairie provinces 1374:(OECD) published 1221:regulatory agency 1172: 1171: 1167: 1159: 897:Energy in Canada 763:Lester B. Pearson 682:François Bregha, 576: 575: 569:Canada portal 451:Banking in Canada 319:Petroleum history 307:Economic history 289:Economy of Canada 244: Hydro (26%) 221: 220: 213: 203: 202: 195: 177: 101: 100: 64: 7296: 7274:Energy in Canada 7062: 7055: 7048: 7039: 7038: 7023: 7022: 7012: 7011: 7010: 6876: 6875: 6719:Higher education 6626: 6625: 6611:Science and tech 6498:Multiculturalism 6452: 6451: 6434:Local government 6399:House of Commons 6383:Governor General 6219: 6208: 6207: 6123:British Columbia 6108: 6107: 5962:Pre-colonization 5940: 5939: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5850:Saint Barthélemy 5780:Dependencies and 5653:Sovereign states 5641: 5634: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5463: 5457:. Archived from 5452: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5339:on 4 August 2010 5329: 5323: 5322: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5113:vancouversun.com 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5012:. Archived from 5011: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4947:. Archived from 4946: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4692:. Archived from 4686:"Error - Erreur" 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4642:"Coal in Canada" 4637: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4500:on 3 August 2011 4486: 4475: 4462: 4456: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4153: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4122: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4095: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3898: 3883: 3882: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3801: 3794: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3697: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3640:. Archived from 3629: 3620: 3619: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3583:Peter Tertzakian 3579: 3564: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3504:. Butterworths. 3495: 3486: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3438: 3429: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3367: 3358: 3337: 3336: 3324: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3232: 3231: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3106:. Archived from 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3042: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2766:nuclear medicine 2661: 2660: 2659: 2647:carbon-intensive 2607:W. A. C. Bennett 2563:British Columbia 2510:to create a new 2406:Great Depression 2368:Shawinigan Falls 2230:Horn River basin 1832:British Columbia 1629:British Columbia 1538:Second World War 1533:British Columbia 1521:Vancouver Island 1272:British Columbia 1161: 1157: 894: 893: 759:John Diefenbaker 736:John Diefenbaker 687: 662:energy subsidies 650:climate policies 567: 566: 565: 397:Secondary sector 299: 276: 275: 261: 255: 249: 243: 237: 231: 216: 209: 198: 191: 187: 184: 178: 176: 135: 111: 103: 96: 93: 87: 75: 74: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7071: 7066: 7036: 7031: 7008: 7006: 6997: 6961: 6931: 6874: 6786: 6777:Social programs 6743:Law enforcement 6698: 6672: 6615: 6512: 6450: 6350: 6290: 6277:Atlantic Canada 6255:Canadian Shield 6250:Northern Canada 6217: 6216: 6193: 6167: 6103:and territories 6102: 6091: 6001: 5948: 5929: 5924: 5894: 5889: 5783: 5781: 5774: 5648: 5645: 5556: 5554:Further reading 5551: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5419: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5294:on 24 July 2008 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5268:on 24 July 2008 5260: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4980:Wayback Machine 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4826:. 23 March 2009 4818: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4770:on 18 June 2008 4756: 4752: 4745: 4731: 4727: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4638: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4546: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4488: 4487: 4478: 4472:Wayback Machine 4463: 4459: 4450:Wayback Machine 4439:Wayback Machine 4428:Wayback Machine 4417:Wayback Machine 4406:Wayback Machine 4395:Wayback Machine 4384:Wayback Machine 4373:Wayback Machine 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4282: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4154: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4123: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4100:"Energy Policy" 4096: 4087: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4023:10.2307/3549919 4007: 4003: 3980:10.2307/3550964 3964: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3899: 3886: 3835: 3828: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3698: 3685: 3676: 3674: 3671:Auditor General 3665: 3664: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3644:on 23 June 2018 3630: 3623: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3580: 3567: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3365: 3359: 3340: 3329:"Energy Policy" 3325: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3248: 3235: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3034: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2943: 2937: 2888: 2882: 2742: 2720: 2692: 2683: 2670: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2639: 2559: 2553: 2545:La Grande River 2496: 2470: 2382: 2376: 2283: 2278: 2246: 2235: 2225: 2216: 2199: 2187:Main articles: 2185: 2113: 2107: 2036:in 1983 and of 1995: 1989: 1961: 1955: 1928: 1892: 1868: 1794:large oil field 1788:, Alberta. The 1774: 1737: 1728: 1717:A map of world 1711: 1699:Main articles: 1697: 1617: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1448: 1446:Energy policies 1407: 1344: 1300: 1284:Atlantic Canada 1263:(CER) in 2019. 1213: 1177: 1165: 922: 892: 798:1979 oil crisis 794:1973 oil crisis 771:Churchill River 688: 681: 674: 563: 561: 554: 553: 527: 526:Economy by city 519: 518: 487: 479: 478: 456:Stock exchanges 420:Social programs 413:Tertiary sector 344: 334: 333: 329:Canadian dollar 314:Banking history 309: 266: 265: 264: 263: 259: 257: 256: Oil (31%) 253: 251: 247: 245: 241: 239: 235: 233: 232: Coal (6%) 229: 217: 206: 205: 204: 199: 188: 182: 179: 136: 134: 124: 112: 97: 91: 88: 85: 76: 72: 35: 31: 22: 12: 11: 5: 7302: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7229:United Kingdom 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7017: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6978:Historiography 6975: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6694:Municipalities 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6632: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6606:Transportation 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Stock exchange 6588: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6559:Communications 6556: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6526: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6405:Prime Minister 6402: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6326:National Parks 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6272:Eastern Canada 6269: 6268: 6267: 6260:Central Canada 6257: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6233: 6226:Western Canada 6222: 6220: 6218:(west to east) 6205: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Constitutional 6013: 6011: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5870:Sint Eustatius 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815:Cayman Islands 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5603: 5580: 5573: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5526: 5504: 5475: 5464:on 6 July 2011 5439: 5410: 5396: 5371: 5350: 5324: 5305: 5279: 5253: 5226: 5200: 5170: 5151: 5126: 5115:. 16 June 2016 5100: 5075: 5064: 5039: 5030: 4998: 4984: 4965: 4933: 4908: 4889: 4863: 4837: 4811: 4800: 4781: 4750: 4743: 4725: 4707: 4677: 4651: 4629: 4604: 4592: 4579: 4566: 4537: 4511: 4476: 4457: 4357: 4328: 4302: 4273: 4244: 4218: 4200: 4174: 4143: 4112: 4085: 4044: 4001: 3974:(2): 174–190. 3958: 3939: 3913:(3): 163–174. 3884: 3826: 3778: 3752: 3733:(1): 229–251. 3717: 3710: 3683: 3655: 3621: 3612:James H. Marsh 3603: 3565: 3552:Roland Priddle 3543: 3517: 3510: 3487: 3472: 3457: 3395: 3381: 3338: 3310: 3277: 3257: 3233: 3203: 3196: 3179: 3168:on 20 May 2011 3150: 3121: 3091: 3065: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3021:Coal in Canada 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2960: 2957: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2884:Main article: 2881: 2878: 2860:developed the 2754:Terawatt-hours 2719: 2716: 2703:Crowsnest Pass 2691: 2688: 2682: 2681:Edmonton Power 2679: 2669: 2666: 2656: 2638: 2635: 2552: 2549: 2469: 2466: 2375: 2372: 2360:Trois-Rivières 2356:Batiscan River 2330:direct current 2282: 2279: 2274:Main article: 2245: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2184: 2181: 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2015:Panarctic Oils 1991:Main article: 1988: 1985: 1965:Pierre Trudeau 1957:Main article: 1954: 1951: 1927: 1924: 1907:Peter Lougheed 1891: 1888: 1867: 1864: 1773: 1770: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1696: 1693: 1645:Arctic Islands 1616: 1613: 1600:Leduc, Alberta 1591:, Canmore and 1565:Campbell River 1517:western Canada 1496: 1493: 1490:Coal in Canada 1485: 1482: 1447: 1444: 1440:Kyoto Protocol 1406: 1403: 1343: 1340: 1304:utility boards 1299: 1296: 1257: 1256: 1253:offshore areas 1249:Frontier lands 1246: 1243: 1240: 1212: 1209: 1181:federal system 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134:Change 2004-10 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 970: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 947: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 924: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 898: 891: 888: 748:Leduc, Alberta 740:Walter J. Levy 684:Energy Policy. 679: 673: 670: 668:(IMF) report. 574: 573: 572: 571: 556: 555: 552: 551: 544: 539: 534: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 509: 504: 499: 494: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 467: 461: 460: 459: 458: 453: 448: 441: 435: 434: 433: 432: 427: 422: 415: 409: 408: 407: 406: 399: 393: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 374: 373: 368: 358: 351: 349:Primary sector 345: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 310: 305: 304: 301: 300: 292: 291: 285: 284: 258: 252: 246: 240: 234: 228: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 201: 200: 115: 113: 106: 99: 98: 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7301: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7234:United States 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Protectionism 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6535:Dairy farming 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6422:Supreme Court 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6283: 6282:The Maritimes 6280: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6133:New Brunswick 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037:First Nations 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5770:United States 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5601:92-64-10801-7 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5536: 5530: 5514: 5508: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5460: 5456: 5455:albertamsa.ca 5449: 5443: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5415: 5406: 5400: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5140: 5139:Vancouver Sun 5136: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5068: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5034: 5015: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4744:0-87814-823-X 4740: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4696:on 4 May 2017 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4291: 4290:Vancouver Sun 4287: 4280: 4278: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4101: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4081: 4075: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3816: 3798: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3704:. UBC Press. 3703: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3446:. p. 103 3445: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3222:: 1139–1150. 3221: 3217: 3216:Energy Policy 3210: 3208: 3199: 3197:9781312950481 3193: 3189: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3080:. 19 May 2016 3079: 3075: 3069: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2973:Canada portal 2963: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2866:Douglas Point 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777:CANDU reactor 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2687: 2678: 2674: 2668:Alberta Power 2665: 2663: 2648: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2458:Ontario Hydro 2455: 2451: 2448:in 1971, the 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430:nuclear power 2427: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402:Ottawa Rivers 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:hydroelectric 2349: 2348:Niagara Falls 2344: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:Thomas Edison 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281:Early history 2277: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2220: 2208: 2205:Countries by 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094:Suncor Energy 2090: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076:replaced the 2075: 2074:Conservatives 2070: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:energy crisis 2004: 2000: 1994: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1911:Social Credit 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1813:Lake Superior 1810: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1741:Turner Valley 1732: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1657:New Brunswick 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589:Pincher Creek 1586: 1582: 1581:Hudson's Hope 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1491: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1457: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370:In 2015, the 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1205:federal lands 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1168: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 994: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 971: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 948: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 927: 926: 918: 915: 912: 909: 907:Prim. energy 906: 903: 901: 900: 895: 887: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 863: 859: 855: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 821: 816: 812: 808: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 790:Energy crisis 787: 783: 778: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 743: 741: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 717: 713: 709: 707: 702: 698: 694: 685: 678: 669: 667: 663: 658: 656: 651: 646: 643: 640: 639:United States 635: 633: 629: 628:United States 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 570: 560: 559: 558: 557: 550: 549: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 523: 522: 515: 514: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 483: 482: 473: 470: 469: 468: 466: 463: 462: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 440: 437: 436: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 414: 411: 410: 405: 402: 401: 400: 398: 395: 394: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 352: 350: 347: 346: 343: 338: 337: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 303: 302: 298: 294: 293: 290: 287: 286: 282: 278: 277: 270: 227: 215: 212: 197: 194: 186: 183:November 2021 175: 172: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 147: 144: – 143: 139: 138:Find sources: 132: 128: 122: 121: 116:This article 114: 110: 105: 104: 95: 92:November 2021 83: 78: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 24: 21: 16: 7184:Saudi Arabia 7098: 7024: 7005: 6973:Bibliography 6895:Coat of arms 6879: 6800:Architecture 6770:Homelessness 6621:Demographics 6568: 6540:Floriculture 6476:Human rights 6455: 6444:Peacekeeping 6373:Constitution 6295: 6236:Great Plains 6211: 6163:Saskatchewan 6006: 5950: 5943: 5875:Sint Maarten 5855:Saint Martin 5679: 5606: 5583: 5576: 5560: 5539:. Retrieved 5529: 5517:. Retrieved 5507: 5497:15 September 5495:. Retrieved 5487: 5478: 5466:. Retrieved 5459:the original 5454: 5442: 5430:. Retrieved 5426: 5399: 5387:. Retrieved 5383: 5374: 5360: 5353: 5341:. Retrieved 5337:the original 5327: 5318: 5308: 5296:. Retrieved 5292:the original 5282: 5270:. Retrieved 5266:the original 5256: 5244:. Retrieved 5240:the original 5229: 5217:. Retrieved 5212: 5203: 5191:. Retrieved 5187:the original 5182: 5173: 5164: 5154: 5142:. Retrieved 5138: 5129: 5117:. Retrieved 5112: 5103: 5091:. Retrieved 5087: 5078: 5067: 5055:. Retrieved 5051: 5042: 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 5014:the original 5001: 4987: 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4949:the original 4936: 4924:. Retrieved 4902: 4892: 4880:. Retrieved 4875: 4866: 4854:. Retrieved 4849: 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4814: 4803: 4794: 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4768:the original 4763: 4753: 4734: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4698:. Retrieved 4694:the original 4689: 4680: 4668:. Retrieved 4654: 4645: 4622:17 September 4620:. Retrieved 4616: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4582: 4569: 4557:. Retrieved 4553: 4528:. Retrieved 4524: 4514: 4502:. Retrieved 4498:the original 4493: 4460: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4344: 4319:. Retrieved 4315: 4305: 4293:. Retrieved 4289: 4264:. Retrieved 4235:. Retrieved 4230: 4221: 4203: 4191:. Retrieved 4186: 4177: 4165:. Retrieved 4161: 4134:. Retrieved 4130: 4103:. Retrieved 4063:, retrieved 4061:, Ottawa, ON 4054: 4047: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3942: 3930:. Retrieved 3910: 3906: 3849:(1): 31–59. 3846: 3842: 3804:, retrieved 3797:the original 3788: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3764: 3755: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3701: 3675:, retrieved 3670: 3646:. Retrieved 3642:the original 3637: 3615: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3590: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3534:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3500: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3448:. Retrieved 3440: 3386:. Retrieved 3369: 3332: 3301:. Retrieved 3293: 3251: 3219: 3215: 3187: 3182: 3170:. Retrieved 3166:the original 3141:. Retrieved 3136: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3108:the original 3103: 3094: 3082:. Retrieved 3077: 3068: 3056:. Retrieved 3052: 3040: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2926:solar energy 2922:Skypower Ltd 2911: 2907:Bay of Fundy 2896: 2832: 2828:Saskatchewan 2826:in Northern 2805: 2770: 2743: 2708: 2700: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2644: 2640: 2623: 2588: 2560: 2516:Hydro-Québec 2507: 2504:expropriated 2497: 2490:Hydro-Québec 2462: 2414: 2410:World War II 2398:St. Lawrence 2383: 2345: 2334:Westinghouse 2315: 2284: 2238: 2226: 2217: 2177: 2173: 2164:Shell Canada 2149: 2137: 2091: 2071: 2058: 2042: 2019: 1999:Petro-Canada 1996: 1993:Petro-Canada 1987:Petro-Canada 1981: 1977: 1973: 1962: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1904: 1893: 1884: 1880: 1821: 1805: 1778:Imperial Oil 1775: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1738: 1729: 1726:First fields 1719:oil reserves 1674: 1633:Saskatchewan 1622: 1618: 1605: 1597: 1546: 1498: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1432: 1408: 1396: 1389: 1385:fossil fuels 1379: 1375: 1369: 1345: 1301: 1276:Saskatchewan 1265: 1258: 1214: 1178: 1160: 916:Electricity 868: 864: 860: 856: 849: 817: 813: 809: 802: 779: 775: 756: 751: 744: 733: 726: 721: 718: 714: 710: 705: 690: 683: 676: 659: 647: 644: 636: 632:Saudi Arabia 577: 547: 512: 507:Saskatchewan 446:Central Bank 360: 323: 225: 207: 189: 180: 170: 163: 156: 149: 137: 125:Please help 120:verification 117: 89: 81: 57: 50: 44: 43:Please help 40: 23: 15: 7199:Switzerland 6855:Individuals 6663:2021 Census 6648:Immigration 6530:Agriculture 6491:Transgender 6331:Great Lakes 6311:Earthquakes 6265:Great Lakes 6172:Territories 6143:Nova Scotia 6062:Monarchical 6047:Immigration 5845:Puerto Rico 5755:Saint Lucia 5705:El Salvador 5541:28 November 5519:28 November 5488:www.ieso.ca 5343:2 September 4187:The Fulcrum 4055:Budget 1985 4017:: 192–204. 3789:Budget 1980 2944:emissions. 2914:Stone Mills 2846:NPD reactor 2793:South Korea 2533:North Shore 2524:Jean Lesage 2253:Arrow Lakes 2244:Electricity 2183:Natural gas 2141:Middle East 1920:natural gas 1790:Leduc No. 1 1653:Nova Scotia 1557:Nova Scotia 1338:utilities. 1288:Nova Scotia 1237:power lines 1197:electricity 910:Production 850:During the 777:provinces. 580:oil and gas 404:Automotives 371:Electricity 356:Agriculture 7263:Categories 7244:Uzbekistan 7209:Tajikistan 7144:Kazakhstan 7084:Bangladesh 6983:Historians 6840:Literature 6753:Corruption 6736:Euthanasia 6726:Healthcare 6668:Population 6390:Parliament 6360:Government 5997:since 1982 5840:Montserrat 5835:Martinique 5830:Guadeloupe 5685:Costa Rica 5315:"BC Hydro" 5023:8 February 4958:8 February 4670:6 December 4617:World Bank 4065:22 October 3806:27 January 3677:27 January 3032:References 2899:wind power 2738:See also: 2732:Kincardine 2662:equivalent 2627:Site C Dam 2555:See also: 2539:, and the 2488:See also: 2378:See also: 2366:. In 1901 2265:Kincardine 2134:base plant 2066:Terra Nova 1840:Washington 1750:flared off 1585:Lethbridge 1509:Louisbourg 1488:See also: 1332:privatized 1280:deregulate 1278:agreed to 1162:2012R = CO 881:, and the 843:, and the 672:Background 600:geothermal 588:hydropower 153:newspapers 46:improve it 18:See also: 7249:Venezuela 7189:Sri Lanka 7169:Palestine 7079:Australia 6758:Terrorism 6714:Education 6653:Languages 6641:Ethnicity 6636:Canadians 6584:Petroleum 6564:Companies 6466:Elections 6346:Volcanism 6321:Mountains 6203:Geography 6111:Provinces 6101:Provinces 6032:Etymology 5992:1960–1981 5987:1945–1960 5945:Year list 5825:Greenland 5740:Nicaragua 5715:Guatemala 5564:UBC Press 5298:26 August 5272:26 August 5246:23 August 5219:23 August 5193:19 August 4903:Gulf News 4774:18 August 4504:16 August 4031:0317-0861 3988:0317-0861 3927:0048-5950 3879:153805570 3863:0008-4239 3747:1053-5357 3274:(Report). 3172:16 August 2810:. Today 2789:Argentina 2750:Gigawatts 2571:Vancouver 2386:Adam Beck 2072:When the 2046:Husky Oil 2040:in 1985. 2030:Petrofina 2028:in 1979, 2024:in 1976, 1828:Vancouver 1811:(IPL) to 1739:In 1914, 1695:Petroleum 1324:wholesale 1320:consumers 1308:royalties 1233:pipelines 923:emission 780:The 1980 542:Vancouver 465:Companies 425:Transport 366:Petroleum 52:talk page 7214:Thailand 7164:Pakistan 7149:Malaysia 7026:Category 6966:Research 6940:Contents 6922:Heraldic 6830:Identity 6825:Holidays 6820:Folklore 6731:Abortion 6658:Religion 6596:Taxation 6503:Cannabis 6481:Intersex 6457:Politics 6429:Military 6341:Wildlife 6128:Manitoba 6057:Military 6027:Economic 5952:timeline 5790:Anguilla 5725:Honduras 5695:Dominica 5670:Barbados 5183:About Us 4976:Archived 4830:25 March 4824:CBC News 4554:CBC News 4468:Archived 4446:Archived 4435:Archived 4424:Archived 4413:Archived 4402:Archived 4391:Archived 4380:Archived 4369:Archived 4074:citation 3815:citation 2959:See also 2920:in 2009. 2856:and the 2785:Pakistan 2762:isotopes 2611:BC Hydro 2599:Columbia 2567:Victoria 2557:BC Hydro 2404:and the 2303:Winnipeg 2287:Montreal 2160:Syncrude 2132:Syncrude 2078:Liberals 2062:Hibernia 2038:Gulf Oil 2011:Syncrude 1798:Devonian 1643:and the 1573:Coalmont 1527:through 930:Million 796:and the 680:— 532:Montreal 388:Forestry 281:a series 279:Part of 7239:Uruguay 7224:Ukraine 7174:Romania 7154:Morocco 7119:Germany 7114:Finland 7109:Ecuador 7089:Belgium 6993:Surveys 6988:Studies 6952:Outline 6927:Tartans 6881:Symbols 6870:Theatre 6815:Cuisine 6792:Culture 6765:Poverty 6707:Society 6601:Tourism 6574:Fishing 6547:Banking 6522:Economy 6378:Monarch 6316:Islands 6213:Regions 6184:Nunavut 6148:Ontario 6118:Alberta 5935:History 5820:Curaçao 5805:Bonaire 5800:Bermuda 5730:Jamaica 5710:Grenada 5665:Bahamas 5610:(2011) 5587:(2004) 5468:8 April 5432:8 April 5405:"EPCOR" 5389:8 April 5144:21 July 5119:8 April 5093:8 April 5057:8 April 4926:5 April 4882:7 April 4856:7 April 4700:8 April 4559:18 July 4350:7 April 4321:22 July 4295:20 July 4266:20 July 4237:23 July 4193:23 July 4167:22 July 4136:20 July 4105:19 July 4039:3549919 3996:3550964 3932:22 July 3871:3228997 3771:20 July 3648:20 July 3596:19 July 3536:22 July 3450:19 July 3388:20 July 3303:19 July 3143:19 June 3114:19 June 3084:19 June 3058:8 April 2918:Ontario 2797:Romania 2758:Ontario 2535:of the 2531:on the 2514:called 2426:Windsor 2422:Toronto 2390:Ontario 2295:Eaton's 2291:Toronto 2269:Ontario 2121:Alberta 1876:Alberta 1856:Chicago 1852:Toronto 1848:Ontario 1836:Seattle 1782:seismic 1677:Ontario 1625:Alberta 1593:Nordegg 1569:Merritt 1561:Nanaimo 1529:Alberta 1268:Alberta 1185:federal 913:Export 904:Capita 616:uranium 612:nuclear 592:biomass 548:more... 537:Toronto 513:more... 497:Ontario 492:Alberta 439:Finance 430:Tourism 383:Fishing 342:Sectors 167:scholar 82:updated 7219:Turkey 7204:Taiwan 7194:Sweden 7179:Russia 7159:Norway 7139:Jordan 7099:Canada 7094:Brazil 6890:Anthem 6865:Sports 6810:Cinema 6782:Values 6629:Topics 6569:Energy 6552:Dollar 6417:Courts 6394:Senate 6336:Rivers 6306:Cities 6297:Topics 6158:Quebec 6077:Racism 6008:Topics 5927:Canada 5745:Panama 5735:Mexico 5680:Canada 5675:Belize 5599: 5569: 5366:UNFCCC 5088:cbc.ca 5007:"pg15" 4942:"pg50" 4741: 4530:26 May 4037: 4029: 3994: 3986: 3925: 3877: 3869: 3861: 3745: 3708: 3508: 3379: 3373:(CGAI) 3254:: 1–3. 3194: 3139:. 2015 3053:bp.com 2820:Cameco 2812:Cameco 2799:, and 2500:Quebec 2388:, the 2364:Quebec 2299:Ottawa 2195:, and 2156:Suncor 2001:. The 1844:Sarnia 1746:naptha 1707:, and 1681:Quebec 1668:, and 1631:, and 1577:Fernie 1513:Boston 1313:retail 1152:-2.6% 877:, the 839:, the 686:(1999) 626:, the 622:, the 620:Russia 608:marine 502:Quebec 378:Mining 361:Energy 283:on the 260: 254: 248: 242: 236: 230: 169: 162: 155: 148: 140: 7124:India 7104:China 6947:Index 6917:Royal 6850:Media 6845:Music 6748:Crime 6677:Lists 6189:Yukon 6087:Women 5795:Aruba 5720:Haiti 5462:(PDF) 5451:(PDF) 5037:pg 51 5017:(PDF) 5010:(PDF) 4952:(PDF) 4945:(PDF) 4664:(PDF) 4260:(PDF) 4213:(PDF) 4059:(PDF) 4035:JSTOR 3992:JSTOR 3875:S2CID 3867:JSTOR 3800:(PDF) 3793:(PDF) 3444:(ODI) 3437:(PDF) 3366:(PDF) 3297:(IMF) 3272:(PDF) 3133:(PDF) 3049:(PDF) 2862:CANDU 2801:China 2781:India 2730:near 2603:Peace 2297:. In 2154:(now 1850:, to 1801:reefs 1786:Leduc 1670:China 1666:Korea 1662:Japan 1637:Yukon 1316:price 1149:-5.9% 1146:11.7% 1140:-6.4% 1123:2,146 1120:5,060 1117:2,945 1114:35.15 1100:1,962 1097:4,881 1094:2,921 1091:34.88 1088:2012R 1077:1,843 1074:4,757 1071:2,929 1068:34.48 1054:1,741 1051:4,627 1048:2,929 1045:34.11 1031:1,645 1028:4,533 1025:2,955 1022:33.74 1008:1,683 1005:4,738 1002:3,103 999:33.33 985:1,742 982:4,805 979:3,133 976:32.98 962:1,558 959:4,623 956:3,129 953:31.95 596:solar 174:JSTOR 160:books 7134:Iraq 7129:Iran 6905:List 6900:Flag 6486:LGBT 6410:list 5865:Saba 5690:Cuba 5597:ISBN 5589:OECD 5567:ISBN 5543:2014 5521:2014 5499:2017 5470:2018 5434:2018 5391:2018 5345:2010 5300:2008 5274:2008 5248:2008 5221:2008 5195:2008 5146:2020 5121:2018 5095:2018 5072:pg38 5059:2018 5025:2017 4960:2017 4928:2022 4884:2008 4858:2008 4832:2009 4776:2008 4739:ISBN 4702:2018 4672:2009 4624:2016 4561:2020 4532:2024 4506:2008 4443:2006 4432:2009 4421:2010 4410:2011 4399:2012 4388:2013 4366:2015 4352:2020 4323:2020 4297:2020 4268:2020 4239:2020 4195:2020 4169:2020 4138:2020 4107:2020 4080:link 4067:2019 4027:ISSN 3984:ISSN 3934:2020 3923:ISSN 3859:ISSN 3821:link 3808:2015 3773:2020 3743:ISSN 3706:ISBN 3679:2015 3650:2020 3598:2020 3562:(2). 3538:2020 3506:ISBN 3452:2020 3390:2020 3377:ISBN 3305:2020 3192:ISBN 3174:2008 3145:2016 3116:2016 3086:2016 3060:2018 2858:AECL 2834:ZEEP 2814:and 2764:for 2726:The 2601:and 2498:The 2492:and 2424:and 2400:and 2289:and 1687:and 1679:and 1655:and 1639:and 1579:and 1531:and 1484:Coal 1465:SWOT 1397:The 1290:and 1274:and 1251:and 1235:and 1215:The 1187:and 1143:0.1% 1137:6.8% 1129:536 1111:2013 1106:534 1083:530 1065:2012 1060:536 1042:2010 1037:521 1019:2009 1014:551 996:2008 991:557 973:2007 968:551 950:2004 942:TWh 939:TWh 936:TWh 933:TWh 637:The 630:and 610:and 604:wind 584:coal 146:news 6805:Art 6579:Oil 6368:Law 5593:IEA 4982:pg9 4453:IEA 4397:, 4316:CBC 4131:GAC 4019:doi 3976:doi 3915:doi 3851:doi 3735:doi 3224:doi 2854:NRC 2848:in 2838:NRX 2543:on 2320:'s 2309:to 1651:of 1356:G20 1126:546 1103:543 1080:566 1057:516 1034:522 1011:568 988:560 965:549 945:Mt 129:by 7265:: 5595:. 5490:. 5486:. 5453:. 5425:. 5413:^ 5382:. 5364:. 5317:. 5211:. 5181:. 5163:. 5137:. 5111:. 5086:. 5050:. 4911:^ 4901:. 4874:. 4848:. 4822:. 4793:. 4762:. 4718:. 4688:. 4644:. 4632:^ 4615:. 4552:. 4540:^ 4523:. 4492:. 4479:^ 4441:, 4430:, 4419:, 4408:, 4375:, 4343:. 4331:^ 4314:. 4288:. 4276:^ 4247:^ 4229:. 4185:. 4160:. 4146:^ 4129:. 4115:^ 4088:^ 4076:}} 4072:{{ 4033:. 4025:. 4013:. 3990:. 3982:. 3972:16 3970:. 3921:. 3911:16 3909:. 3905:. 3887:^ 3873:. 3865:. 3857:. 3847:26 3845:. 3841:. 3829:^ 3817:}} 3813:{{ 3763:. 3741:. 3731:24 3729:. 3686:^ 3669:, 3658:^ 3636:. 3624:^ 3589:. 3568:^ 3560:37 3558:. 3528:. 3490:^ 3439:. 3398:^ 3368:. 3341:^ 3331:. 3313:^ 3292:. 3280:^ 3260:^ 3236:^ 3220:63 3218:. 3206:^ 3153:^ 3135:. 3102:. 3076:. 3051:. 2955:. 2940:CO 2916:, 2909:. 2830:. 2803:. 2795:, 2791:, 2787:, 2783:, 2768:. 2746:19 2714:. 2652:CO 2621:. 2362:, 2343:. 2267:, 2191:, 2034:BP 2017:. 1846:, 1838:, 1830:, 1703:, 1664:, 1627:, 1595:. 1587:, 1575:, 1571:, 1563:, 1294:. 1270:, 1207:. 919:CO 606:, 602:, 598:, 594:, 590:, 586:, 582:, 55:. 7061:e 7054:t 7047:v 6401:) 6392:( 5954:) 5949:( 5919:e 5912:t 5905:v 5640:e 5633:t 5626:v 5591:/ 5545:. 5523:. 5501:. 5472:. 5436:. 5407:. 5393:. 5368:. 5347:. 5302:. 5276:. 5250:. 5223:. 5197:. 5148:. 5123:. 5097:. 5061:. 5027:. 4995:. 4962:. 4930:. 4905:. 4886:. 4860:. 4834:. 4778:. 4747:. 4722:. 4704:. 4674:. 4626:. 4563:. 4534:. 4508:. 4354:. 4325:. 4299:. 4270:. 4241:. 4197:. 4171:. 4140:. 4109:. 4082:) 4041:. 4021:: 4015:6 3998:. 3978:: 3955:. 3936:. 3917:: 3881:. 3853:: 3823:) 3775:. 3749:. 3737:: 3714:. 3652:. 3600:. 3540:. 3514:. 3454:. 3392:. 3307:. 3230:. 3226:: 3200:. 3176:. 3147:. 3118:. 3088:. 3062:. 2942:2 2657:2 2234:2 1239:, 1164:2 921:2 214:) 208:( 196:) 190:( 185:) 181:( 171:· 164:· 157:· 150:· 123:. 94:) 90:( 84:. 62:) 58:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.