History of the west coast of North America

19: 480: 1057: 1780: 538: 710:, and for nearly three centuries was the one followed by the galleons of Spain sailing from Manila to Acapulco. This return voyage across the Pacific could take up to seven months. A harbor on the coast of California where ships could find shelter and repair damage was greatly desired. A survey of the unknown northern Pacific coast of North America was ordered, and it was also suggested that the explorations be extended north of 42° north latitude. 238: 577:, landing at the Bay of La Paz. After taking on supplies of wood and water, Ulloa rounded the tip of the peninsula with great difficulty and sailed northward along the western shore of the peninsula, in the Pacific Ocean. The progress of his small ships was hampered by the fierce winds and high seas he encountered, eventually forcing him to turn back to Acapulco. The voyage eventually reached 28° north latitude (near the 617:, the Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, had shown in 1521 that the Pacific Ocean could be crossed from South America. Hence, beginning in 1536, using hardware from Spain (such as anchors) hauled across the isthmus of Central America, and local hardwoods, a flotilla of some thirteen ships was built over the next four years. After much difficulty, the larger number of these ships (under the command of 393: 1237:, signed in 1790, 1793, and 1794. Spain gave up its claim that it alone could establish settlements in the Pacific Northwest (a claim that dated back to the 1493 papal bull and Balboa's actions in 1513), and conceded the British right to establish settlements in any area nominally claimed by Spain but never occupied. This agreement effectively allowed a greatly increased British presence in the 857:

it was not far from the capital of New Spain, and perhaps more importantly, it had ready access to tropical hardwoods that would be needed to build the ships for the strenuous voyages as far north as today's Alaska. San Blas built the ships and was the home port for these exploration and supply voyages beginning in 1769 and continuing to 1820.

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earliest periods of the Black Marsh occupation, individuals were buried in an extended position facing north if on the east side of the site and south if on the west side. Observations by researchers suggest that individuals were not interred based on their sex or age, leading some archaeologists to assume a more culturally significant reason.

909:(military outpost), was to solidify the 250-year-old Spanish claim to the region. This need became more urgent as the Russians and British were establishing fur trading posts on the far northern part of the west coast of North America. In addition, there continued the long-standing interest in creating a safe anchorage for seaworn 744:, north of San Francisco. Using salvaged and local materials, the crew constructed an open boat, and the ship's company of more than seventy persons continued the homeward voyage. This open vessel reached Acapulco in early 1596—a remarkable voyage of nearly twenty-five hundred miles in an open boat. With the loss of the 763:. His major contributions were the glowing reports of the Monterey area as an anchorage and as land suitable for settlement, as well as the detailed charts he made of the coastal waters (which were used for nearly 200 years); however no settlements in today's California were established for the next 150 years. 1799:

The post-war years would be ones of great prosperity and growth on the west coast of North America. The quick reemergence of Japan and its stunning growth over the next decades meant great wealth for the west coast ports. Japan became the second largest trading partner of both Canada and the United

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Other explorers who visited Baja California include: Tomas Cardova, in 1610; Francisco de Ortega, in 1632, and again in 1636; Luigi Cestin de Cañas in 1642; Porter y Casanate in 1644; Bernal de Pinadero in 1667: Ysidro Otondo (who founded at La Paz a colony that endured about two years, and was then

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The next 75 years saw a monumental change on the west coast of the United States. Successive booms of agriculture, oil, entertainment, and industry greatly increased California's population. Logging, fishing, and industry drove the economies of California, Oregon, and Washington. However, Alaska had

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expedition of 1630) arrived on the Pacific coast of today's Alaska, and after establishing settlements there (beginning in 1784), expanded hunting and trading down the west coast of North America. In the early 19th century, fur trappers of the Russian Empire explored the west coast of North America,

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decided to create an entirely new shipbuilding port along the west coast of Mexico, when the port at Acapulco already existed. It has been speculated that the reasons San Blas was chosen included that it was a week's sailing closer than Acapulco to the intended destination sites in California, that

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or New England. Despite the facts that no settlements were ever established by Drake, and that the next official visit by the English would be some two hundred years later, Drake's action and Cabot's original claim in 1497 were the foundations of British claims to portions of the west coast of North

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It was years later that the ‘Los Angeles Man’ remains were finally dated, but by then the mammoth remains were not available for comparative study, and only the cranium of ‘Los Angeles Man’ remained available for dating. The UCLA radiocarbon laboratory indicated the sample age to be more than 23,600

782:, about 20 miles (32 km) away from San Bruno, also on the east coast of the peninsula. During this period (until 1750), some 16 missions were established on the peninsula—mostly on the east coast of the peninsula, with a handful on the Pacific coast, in the northwestern part of the peninsula. 229:

Although the cultures on the west coast of today's Canada and United States are not known to have developed substantial urban centers and sophisticated writing or scientific systems, it is likely that, before European contact, the population density was significantly higher than in the rest of the

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Samples of marine shell from archaeological context on the coast of Nayarit, Mexico, have given radiocarbon determinations of 1810 ± 80 B.C., 2000 ± 100 B.C., and 2100 ± 100 B.C. Even with maximum correction for upwelling these are the earliest dates for coastal occupation in West Mexico north of

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six weeks later. Ulloa named the Gulf the "Sea of Cortés" in honor of his patron. When one of his ships was lost in a storm, Ulloa paused to repair the other two ships, and then resumed his voyage, eventually reaching the northern end of the Gulf. Unable to find the Strait of Anián, Ulloa turned

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Along the middle reaches of Marsh Creek near the modern day city of Brentwood lies land that was once occupied by the Bay Miwok speaking peoples more specifically the Volvon tribelet. Radiocarbon dates at the burial site estimate that the individuals were interred around 5,000 to 3,000 BP. In the

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Dillon, B. 1990. Archaeological Record Search and Impact Evaluation for the Los Angeles Wastewater Program Management (NOS-NCOS) Project, Los Angeles, California. Prepared for Dr. Janet Fahey, James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, 250 N.Madison Ave., P.O. Box 7009, Pasadena, CA 91109-7009.

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Ranked by 2007 market valuation, nearly 10% of the 200 largest publicly traded companies in the world are based on the west coast of North America: Microsoft, Chevron, Cisco Systems, Intel, Wells Fargo, Google, Amgen, Hewlett-Packard, Qualcomm, Oracle, Apple Computer, eBay, Walt Disney, Yahoo,

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and the culture of the great Mexican landowners of this period is often harked back to as exemplifying the height of California's romantic pastoral era. Mexican control of the territory ended after only 25 years, when attempts by local Mexican officials to expropriate the property of American

600:'s overland expedition; Alarcón penetrated the lower Colorado River, perhaps as far as the modern California-Arizona boundary (but did not meet up with Coronado's expedition). The voyage of Bolaños provided little new information not already known in New Spain. Application of the name 1528:

which brought an influx of migrants across the nation and immigrants from around the world. While few found much gold, many stayed, founding communities and turning to farming and other practices. Despite these increases in population, the west coast was still on the periphery. The

2085:. Accessed 2008-02-01.) Of the 200 largest privately held companies in the United States (ranked by 2006 revenue), over 20% are based on the west coast of North America, including brand names Levi Strauss & Co. and E&J Gallo Winery, and global firms Bechtel and Parsons. ( 370:

Farther south, Panama was home to some of the earliest pottery-making, such as the Monagrillo culture dating to about 2500–1700 BC; this culture evolved into significant populations best known for spectacular burial sites (dating to c. 500–900 AD) and polychrome pottery of the

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landed on the coast of today's Washington—the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast. The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands, including to the Russian settlements in the north. The two ships sailed together as far north as

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The formal delineation of the international border had not completely allayed Britain's fears of losing its Pacific territories, especially as it continued to lag behind the western United States in population and development. As a condition of British Columbia's joining

1337:, before becoming a separate nation in 1838. Almost all of these Central American nations saw continuing political strife throughout this period (and into the 20th century), as struggles continued between indigenous peoples and elites, and among factions of the elites. 519:) was generally too dry for substantial agriculture or ranching that would support settlements. South of the deserts, the jungles of the Pacific Coast in Mexico and Central America, and the tropical diseases found there, were major obstacles to large-scale development. 1800:

States, and this trade was almost entirely based in the west coast (the United States and Canada are each other's largest trading partners). Later the other Asian economies would add to this trade. Throughout the Pacific Northwest, the primary extractive activities of

1692:), and began to expand agriculture, particularly in coffee and bananas with investment and substantial control by the United States. The establishment in 1903 of the newly independent nation of Panama (under pressure from the United States) led to the creation of the 1469:

In this era, much of the west coast of North America transformed from an area still largely populated by indigenous peoples to widespread population of non-natives. In particular, the west coast of the United States showed the most dramatic change, beginning with the

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personally sponsored and financed exploratory sailing voyages north from Acapulco, in a search for legendary riches reported to be in the site of today's California. In the third of these voyages, Cortés accompanied the voyage, and likely reached the site of today's

1901:'s near wins in 2000 and 2004 respectively; however, Alaska voted against all three candidates. This change was mainly in the urban coastal areas. Inland, rural regions of California remained staunchly Republican, and although once full of labour strongholds, the 717:, was directed to sail as far north as the weather would permit, and then east, and upon reaching the coast of California to make maps on his journey south. However, Gali accomplished only limited chart-making. He reached the California coast at latitude 37° 30' ( 475:

in 1513. In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America.

389:, and going down to the Pacific coast. These trade routes and cultural contacts then went on as far as Central America. These networks operated along the west coast with various interruptions from pre-Olmec times and up to the Late Classical Period (600–900 CE). 2092:. Accessed 2007-01-02.) Finally, of the nearly 800 billionaires in the world (as ranked by Forbes magazine in 2006) nearly 100 (or over 10%) live on the west coast of North America, including Bill Gates, listed as the wealthiest individual in the world. ( 1198:, midway through his third and final voyage of exploration, sailed along the west coast of North America, mapping the coast from California all the way to the Bering Strait. The northern stretch of the west coast of North America was claimed by the 378:

Each of these cultures rose, flourished, and was then conquered by a more militarily developed culture. While not all of these civilizations had large settlements along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, their influence extended to the Pacific coast.

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During the 1820s, the Central American possessions of Spain gained their independence, and the boundaries of the young nations shifted in alliances and configurations. For example, what was to become the nation of Panama was simply a province of

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culture, which appeared on the Pacific coast of modern Mexico about 1450 BC and spread into the interior. The following cultures developed into "high civilizations" in Mesoamerica, with extensive urban areas, writing, astronomy and fine arts:

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Jelmer W. Eerkens, Eric J. Bartelink, Karen S. Gardner & Randy S. Wiberg (2013) The Evolution of a Cemetery: Rapid Change in Burial Practices in a Middle Holocene Site in Central Alta California, California Archaeology, 5:1, 3-35, DOI:

629:, a Portuguese navigator sailing for the Spanish Crown. Cabrillo was ordered north along the west coast of North America to explore the expected coastal route to reach the Asian mainland, as well as attempt to find the Strait of Anián. 288:, had a human presence already about 11,000 years ago. The earliest fishhooks in the Americas were found here, dating to that time. These ancient fisher folk were catching deepwater fish species, indicating that they were using boats. 2375:

Descubrimientos y Exploraciones en las Costas de California ("Discoveries and Explorations on the Coasts of California 1532–1650," Madrid, 1947; 2ª edición 1982, pp. 113–141): relevant passage quoted and cited at on . Accessed 1

852:), for the purpose of building ships, supplying them, and being the expeditionary base for voyages north along the west coast of North America, from Baja California to Alaska. Today it remains unclear exactly why the Viceroy of 1396:. The United States argued that it acquired the Spanish rights to exclusive ownership of the Pacific Northwest as far north as Alaska, even though Spain had in fact relinquished any claim to exclusive rights as a result of the 1284:

from Spain in 1821, Mexico initially retained Spain's missions and settlements along the Pacific coast, and continued Spain's claims to territory as far north as today's border between California and Oregon. In the 1830s,

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The commonly held belief at the time was that the west coast of North America was in modest sailing distance of Asia to the west, or the two might actually physically connect. To the north was imagined a narrow

1364:, wrote in 1840 "...it is evident that California will belong to whatever nation chooses to send there a man-of-war and two hundred men." In 1841, the Mexican military commander in Northern California, General 1724:. These immigrants were willing to work for very little and played a crucial role in building the infrastructure of the west coast. However, they faced constant discrimination. Asians were deprived of their 2134:

Des Lauriers, Matthew R.; Davis, Loren G.; Turnbull, J.; Southon, John R.; Taylor, R. E. (2017). "The Earliest Shell Fishhooks from the Americas Reveal Fishing Technology of Pleistocene Maritime Foragers".

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governed for over thirty years. Nonetheless, the great port cities of San Francisco and Vancouver both fostered alternative views, acting as centers for environmentalism, unions, feminism, and gay rights.

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dominated the wartime manufacturing in the West Coast, especially in cities like Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles. Military investment into Alaska also increased in response to the growing threat from

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has a variety of meanings, including just the United States and Canada, those two countries plus Mexico, or all of the continent from Panama north; this article uses this most expansive definition.

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While the Spanish had dominated development on the west coast of North America for over 200 years since the early 16th century, beginning in the mid-18th century, this period saw the advent of

1007:, named Punta de los Martires (or "Point of the Martyrs") by Heceta in response to an attack by the local Quinault Indians. He was the first European to sight the mouth of the Columbia River. 702:. A sail of two thousand five hundred miles down the coasts of California and New Spain brought the voyagers to the port of Acapulco. This route was charted by the Basque navigator and friar 1763:

in an attempt to light forest fires. These were generally ineffective; a few landed in either Canada or the United States but they caused no great destruction. More destructive was the

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or fight!" The two countries agreed to defer resolution of the dispute, and to allow settlement by both British and American immigrants in what became known in the United States as the

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from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century—some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America.

1084:. The expedition's scientists made a study of the tribe, recording information on social mores, language, economy, warfare methods, and burial practices. Artists with the expedition, 2248: 2210: 1277: 2024: 207: 1037:

led an expedition that included visits to the sites of today's Cordova, Alaska and Valdez, Alaska, where acts of sovereignty were performed. Fidalgo went as far as today's

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industry. The region was hurt, however, by the decade-long economic slump of Japan beginning at the same time. This was made up for by the rapid growth of Southeast Asia,

1604:. Hoping to bring the conflict further into the continental U.S., Japan launched a series of attacks by land, air, and sea on the continental Pacific Coast as part of the 409:

explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus. From the point of view of European powers in the

1092:, produced portraits of tribal members and scenes of Tlingit daily life. A glacier between Yakutat Bay and Icy Bay was subsequently named after Malaspina. The botanist 2565: 725:), and noted that the land was high and fair; that the mountains were without snow, and that there were many indications of rivers, bays, and havens along the coast. 1759:, there were few attacks against North America with the Aleutian Islands campaign being the major one. Japan tried to damage the region by sending over thousands of 1537:(completed in 1869) stretched across the United States. For the first time, it was relatively cheap and easy for migrants and immigrants to move to the west coast. 1934: 1289:

of the missions in California and opened the land to secular development, particularly ranching. By the 1840s, there were small Mexican settlements at San Diego,

1111:. The two ships then sailed south to Mexico, stopping at the Spanish settlement and mission at Monterey, California on the way. Simultaneously an expedition under 671:. These goods were then carried across the Pacific by the Manila Galleons to Acapulco; from there, the goods were transshipped across Mexico, for delivery to the 1482:, and increased industry and agriculture in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Canadian and Mexican development also proceeded during this time, but at a slower pace. 2177:

Glassow, Michael A. (editor), Todd J. Braje, Julia G. Costello, Jon M. Erlandson, John R. Johnson, Don P. Morris, Jennifer E. Perry, and Torben C. Rick (2014).

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Glassow, Michael A. (editor), Todd J. Braje, Julia G. Costello, Jon M. Erlandson, John R. Johnson, Don P. Morris, Jennifer E. Perry, and Torben C. Rick (2014).

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to this part of the west coast of North America is attributed by some to Bolaños, however others insist that the name first appears in work written by Alarcón.

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The Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America was not especially conducive to economic development during this era. The northern Mexican coast (including the

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to explore the Pacific Coast, and to seek the Strait of Anián. The expedition sailed northwards along the west coast of the Mexican mainland, and reached the

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on the east coast of the Baja peninsula (San Bruno was abandoned as unsuccessful after two years). In 1697, the first "permanent" mission was established at

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By design, the two vessels separated with one continuing to what is today the border between Washington state and Canada. The other (now with second officer

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Both the gold rushes and the building of the railroads required vast amounts of labor. One available source that was used on both sides of the border were

504:. Confirmation of the land connection, and discovery of this Strait of Anián, were key elements in Spain's efforts to establish direct trade routes with 496:, which some believed reached the Pacific Ocean at 42° north latitude (the latitude of today's border between Oregon and California) and connected to the 1457:

In addition, the long-standing dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the Oregon Country was resolved in 1846, with the signing of the

675:, for shipment to Spain. The income provided to Spain by the Manila Galleons was essential to the Spanish Crown and to the Spanish economy of the era. 306:. The remains were located some 370 meters apart; they revealed a similar fluorine content profile, and were recovered within the same geological unit. 2435: 451:. Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull 1346: 1461:; the Oregon Treaty divided the disputed territory along what later became the current international boundary between Canada and the United States. 779: 385:—and especially along the west coast—have been the subject of considerable research. There is evidence of trade routes starting as far north as the 1831:

of the 1970s and 1980s did little to hurt the region—creating an imbalance between rapid growth in the west and stagnation or decline in the east.

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at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing. These practical difficulties discouraged all but the

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While the Pacific Coast of Mexico remained relatively undeveloped economically, exceptions were tobacco cultivation in the coastal territory of

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The rise of the Japanese economy also benefited the region as the ability to trade across the Pacific continued to show its great potential.

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Americans continued arriving on the west coast of North America in significant numbers in the mid-1830s. They first came overland along the

467:), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard 2245: 2207: 2029: 1700:

in 1914. The opening of the Canal benefited the region economically as trade with the Eastern United States and Europe became far easier.

1147:. The two expeditions met in the Strait of Georgia and worked together to map the waters and establish the insularity of Vancouver Island. 1014:

at the helm) moved up the coast according to its orders, ultimately reaching a position at 59° north latitude on August 15, 1775, entering

969: 960:, with the never-materialized hope of using that area to develop a source of agricultural products needed for their settlements in Alaska. 1870:. The entire region shifted quite dramatically politically, however. Westerners diverged from conservatism over social issues such as 632:

In 1542, Cabrillo became the first European to explore the west coast of today's United States, leading the expedition that landed at

2690: 1605: 1041:, visiting the small Russian settlement there. Fidalgo then went to the Russian settlement at Alexandrovsk (today's English Bay or 1392:. In 1819, the United States acquired the Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest (as negotiated in the Nootka Convention) in the 509: 2300: 534:

on the west coast of North America, and was used as a base for exploratory expeditions north and trade routes with the Far East.

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remained the central industries. California became a center of entertainment, aerospace engineering, and electronics. Following

1143:, and had them sail north to explore the Strait of Georgia. Galiano's expedition took place in 1792 at the same time as that of 1736:, and finally a complete ban in both nations in the 1920s. Because of discrimination, and also a desire to remain a community, 886: 2716: 1728:

in both the United States and Canada. There was also pressure to restrict Asian immigration, opinions that were acted on with

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in today's California, where he went ashore. He ventured inland south along the coast, and recorded a visit to what is likely

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also determined to build a Pacific fleet on the west coast of Guatemala, for use in an attempt to cross the Pacific to Asia.

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south of today's Portland. By 1841, the first overland party of American settlers reached California along what became the

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today is home to some of the largest and most important companies in the world, as well as being a center of world culture.

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The countries of Central America continued to struggle politically during this time (with perhaps the notable exception of

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As used in this article, the term "west coast of North America" means a contiguous region of that continent bordering the

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old (UCLA sample #1430), but the sample, obtained from cranial bone collagen, was too small to produce a confident date.

211: 2178: 2122: 360:(settled villages along the Pacific coast appear from 1800 BC, and ceremonial architecture by approximately 1000 BC) and 2004: 1994: 1428: 1286: 181: 1376:

In 1805, the first official party of Americans to arrive on the west coast of North America, the fabled expedition of

1256:. From this headquarters, Company fur trappers spread throughout the Pacific Northwest, extending as far east as the 2769: 2600: 2508: 2236:

Chartkoff, J. and K. K. Chartkoff. 1984. The Archaeology of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press: pp.33-35

1226:, in today's British Columbia, and sought forcibly to remove British traders by seizing their ships, triggering the 979: 214:. Although there are other theories, most scientists believe that the first significant groups of people came from 2658: 2633: 1999: 1919: 1839: 1834:

During this period, the west coast departed from positions held in the FDR years and moved toward the direction of

1022:. It is there that the Spaniards performed numerous "acts of sovereignty," naming and claiming Puerto de Bucareli ( 740:

on November 4, 1595. Following the line of the coast southwards, Cermeñon's ship became wrecked and was beached in

686:, back to New Spain, with orders to survey and chart a practicable route for ships returning from the Islands. The 890: 729: 597: 2290:

Acapulco, Guerrero. Analysis of the midden contents has provided new insights regarding early coastal adaptation.

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The general economic revival of North America in the late 1990s brought growth in Northern California due to the

1507: 1503: 1053:, where again, Fidalgo re-asserted the Spanish claim to the area by conducting a formal ceremony of sovereignty. 659:, laden with silver and gemstones from Mexico. There, the wealth was used to purchase Asian trade goods such as 463:. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern 2745: 1524:, Mexico ceded control of California to the United States. Things began to change dramatically in 1848 with the 294:

The oldest dated human remains were found in the Los Angeles area. Partial remains of a skeleton referred to as

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Unlike other areas of the United States, the western economies were not based upon manufacturing and the great

1788: 1572:. This was due to high costs and a risky investment climate that limited development in the Alaskan landscape. 866: 266: 41: 878: 413:, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world. The arduous journey around 2082: 2014: 832:, followed by the independence of Mexico and the Central American countries. Much later in this period, the 601: 483:

Map of the New World published in 1540, showing Japan and China very near North America, and Strait of Anián.

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Although it wasn't until 1579 that the west coast of North America was visited by an English explorer, the

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with the population favoring lower taxes. In the United States, this manifested itself in support for the

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Sites mentioned as sites of likely visits by early European explorers to the west coast of North America.

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in today's British Columbia. His post was torn down at the end of 1788, although he claimed otherwise.

468: 299: 193: 1361: 1140: 748:, exploration of the California coast by ships loaded with cargo from the Philippines came to an end. 698:(also known as the Japan Current), and made landfall on the coast of California about the latitude of 679: 626: 618: 302:

area. The ‘Los Angeles Man’ appeared to be contemporaneous with the partially preserved remains of an

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It is estimated that one-third of the silver from Mexico was used to purchase trade goods in Manila.

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ranchers and drive them out of California in the winter led to the successful uprising known as the

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with orders similar to those of Gali. In this attempt, he reached land between Point St. George and

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War between Spain and Great Britain over control of the Pacific Northwest was averted by the three

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America in the late 18th century. These claims would later be ceded to the United States after the

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northern part of the continent. For example, it has been estimated that in 1492, one-third of all

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It was not until 1769 that the first missions were established in today's California (then called

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had already been declared, and the American military quickly took control of California. At the

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was not completed until 1885. The new line became an important link in what was known as the

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and controversies over the location of the Pacific port and railhead and the use of importing

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also accompanied the expedition, during which he collected and described numerous new plants.

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In the late 18th century, Spain reacted to the increasing Russian and British presence in the

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in today's Mexico. While Navidad faded in importance, Acapulco became the primary port of the

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These island peoples maintained trading connections with the mainland for thousands of years.

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Today, Spain's legacy endures as dozens of Spanish place names. In Alaska these include the

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Voyages in 1540 and 1541 to Baja California were sponsored by Cortés's rival, the Viceroy of

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with American and European merchant vessels. This period is vividly portrayed in Bostonian

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During the return to Mexico, Malaspina's expedition spent a month at the Spanish outpost in

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was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60° N, but only made it as far as 55°30´ N. Off

901:, north of San Francisco. The purpose of the missions, which typically had an accompanying 703: 2527: 1974: 1813: 1784: 1525: 1471: 1354: 1294: 1167: 1077: 1065: 737: 645: 637: 501: 448: 396:

Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the Pacific Ocean and the lands that touch it.

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Americans in California rebelled against Mexico, and in 1846 established the short-lived

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and the subsequent opening of the transcontinental railroads, through the development of

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in 1871, the Canadian government promised British Columbia a railway, though due to the

1368:, wrote "there is no doubt that France is intriguing to become mistress of California." 775: 641: 640:. But Cabrillo died on January 3, 1543, and the remainder of the exploration was led by 621:) was ordered to make the first crossing of the Pacific Ocean from North America to the 222:

area, then through modern Alaska, and from there spread throughout North America and to

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Technical report. Channel Islands National Park Archaeological Overview and Assessment.

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Technical report. Channel Islands National Park Archaeological Overview and Assessment.

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A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea Or Pacific Ocean, Volume 2

2304: 1357:. They compiled an account of the California mission system, the land and the people. 493: 2596: 2504: 2164: 2152: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1949: 1924: 1693: 1653: 1454:, and by the mid-1840s significant numbers of Americans were arriving in California. 1447: 1431:

visited the west coast of North America by ship, and sent an overland party down the

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started on its path to become the dominant power on the west coast of North America.

489: 357: 2524:

Information from Monterey County Museum about Vizcaino's voyage and Monterey landing

2710: 2277:

Matanchén Complex: New Radiocarbon Dates on Early Coastal Adaptation in West Mexico

2144: 1883: 1879: 1792: 1588: 1495: 1451: 1349:

led a group of French scientists and artists on a voyage of exploration ordered by

1313: 1253: 1223: 1163: 1144: 1104: 1056: 1042: 1034: 978:

by sending exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska. In 1774

713:

In 1585, Captain Francisco de Gali, on the return voyage from the Philippines, via

695: 523: 406: 303: 101: 89: 732:, a Portuguese sailor in the service of Spain, sailed from the Philippines in the 655:. The Manila Galleons crossed the Pacific Ocean to the Spanish possession of the 636:, and continued north along the coast up to Punta del Año Nuevo, 37° 10' north of 537: 2720: 2694: 2615: 2473: 2439: 2252: 2214: 1779: 1768: 1752: 1649: 1597: 1592: 1541: 1499: 1491: 1377: 1365: 1257: 1179: 1159: 1135: 1050: 1004: 926: 910: 873: 652: 386: 327: 281: 149: 105: 1170:. In British Columbia some of the better-known Spanish names (of many) include 1089: 1771:, who were expropriated and sent into internal exile merely for their descent. 1665: 1561: 1545: 1432: 1409: 1381: 1261: 1249: 1175: 1155: 1085: 1081: 1023: 983: 940: 936: 930: 897:

eventually stretched from the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula to

821: 741: 699: 578: 531: 497: 418: 270: 2503:. Cambridge Library Collection - Maritime Exploration 2010, pages 59, 60, 61. 2763: 2591:

Distant Dominion: Britain and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1579-1809

2156: 2019: 1847: 1843: 1661: 1458: 1436: 1227: 1171: 1038: 1019: 957: 833: 794: 682:

completed the conquest of the Philippines in 1565, he sent his flagship, the

633: 452: 277: 258: 223: 219: 197: 65: 53: 31: 2523: 2396: 1218:

Spain established its own competing fortified trading post at Nootka Sound (

2749: 1944: 1890: 1835: 1756: 1733: 1725: 1697: 1576: 1443: 1207: 1129: 1100: 991: 756: 546: 30:

is believed to stretch back to the arrival of the earliest people over the

1202:, but the region was not occupied by any British subject until 1788, when 133: 1863: 1729: 1601: 1290: 1203: 1183: 1073: 1015: 987: 803: 766:

In the late 17th century, Spain sent the first missionaries into today's

656: 622: 323: 157: 34:, or alternately along the ice free coastal islands of British Columbia ( 2148: 1093: 755:, sailing for Spain, explored the coastline from Mexico as far north as 298:

were recovered from the ancient channel of the Los Angeles river in the

2553: 2189:

Moratto, M. 1984. California Archaeology. Florida: Academic Press, p.53

1898: 1817: 1689: 1548:, capping American westward expansion on the North American continent. 1195: 953: 564:, embarked on an expedition in three small vessels, sailing north from 250: 169: 85: 69: 2096: 522:

Notable exceptions were the development of important Spanish ports at

237: 1871: 1859: 1737: 1713: 1709: 1553: 1330: 949: 882: 853: 791: 668: 610: 585: 560:

In 1539, another voyage financed and sponsored by Cortés, and led by

440: 414: 392: 257:

in the Americas. They are now known to have been settled by maritime

165: 153: 1680:, tourism at Acapulco, and local-scale fishing all along the coast. 1360:

The leader of a further French scientific expedition to California,

998:. In 1775, a two-ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain 944:

hunting for sea otter pelts as far south as San Diego. In 1812, the

2255:

California Energy Commission, Sacramento, California, December 2000

2217:

California Energy Commission, Sacramento, California, December 2000

1875: 1664:

around the world, linking global travel through territories of the

1333:

was variously part of a confederation with Mexico, and part of the

1326: 1124: 914: 825: 565: 527: 161: 137: 2677:

Collection and discussion of Spanish placenames in today's Alaska.

2246:

Technical report for power plant construction. CULTURAL RESOURCES.

2208:

Technical report for power plant construction. CULTURAL RESOURCES.

1882:. In 1991, British Columbia threw out Social Credit electing the 1276:

After the Spanish possession now known as Mexico (first known as "

372: 1894: 1809: 1801: 1677: 1421: 1417: 849: 336: 145: 125: 121: 117: 2133: 1842:, especially for the two Republican California-based presidents 651:

Importantly beginning in 1565, Acapulco was a home of the vital

596:(1541). The voyage by Alarcón was meant to be coordinated with 1805: 1580: 1385: 1298: 660: 472: 464: 351: 285: 206:

The west coast of North America likely saw the first sustained

173: 141: 129: 113: 97: 81: 73: 1632:

began in British Columbia, and at the end of the century, the

1241:, including today's British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington. 2467:

Etext of Spanish exploration of west coast, including diaries

2044: 1867: 1787:

in Washington. Washington was one of the first two states to

1721: 1717: 1637: 1628:

The gold rush fever spread progressively north; in 1858, the

1413: 1405: 714: 505: 436: 363: 345: 93: 38: 2733:

Sailing With the Winds of History: A Pacific Coast Chronicle

1400:. This position led to a dispute with Britain known as the 2281:

Joseph B. Mountjoy, R. E. Taylor, and Lawrence H. Feldman.

1213: 839: 691: 664: 215: 1026:), Puerto de los Remedios, and Mount San Jacinto (renamed 326:(that is, western portions of today's Mexico and northern 1935:

Colonial police action against the people of Haida Gwaii

1740:

developed in all the major cities along the west coast.

1139:, placed them under the command of one of his officers, 844:

In the 1760s, a decision was made to create a harbor at

815: 1297:. These settlements primarily traded cattle hides and 1080:. At Yakutat Bay, the expedition made contact with the 330:), some larger settlements appeared around 2000 BCE. A 1248:, which, in 1825, established a major trading post at 424: 2330:

Development of Spanish ports and fleets on west coast

1889:. California, Washington, and Oregon were pivotal in 2127: 1930:

Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

1793:

the largest cannabis producing region in the country

1533:

had little effect, but began to change as the first

625:. A smaller number was placed under the command of 2285:17 March 1972: Vol. 175. no. 4027, pp. 1242–1243. 1743: 1384:to the river's mouth on the border between today's 1030:by British explorer James Cook three years later). 797:who landed at Drake's Bay and claimed the area for 2588: 1244:The primary beneficiary of this agreement was the 1824:fueled the state's economic growth in the 1960s. 1774: 1416:; much of today's British Columbia; and parts of 2761: 2595:. Vancouver: U Univ. of British Columbia Press. 2408:U.S. National Park Service Juan Cabrillo website 2397:U.S. National Park Service Juan Cabrillo website 1435:, from the site of today's Portland, Oregon, to 1319: 1293:, San Francisco, and the territorial capital at 1252:across the Columbia River just north of today's 1107:(see below). The expedition made a study of the 573:south and sailed along the eastern coast of the 44:and population densities, to the arrival of the 2462: 2460: 2458: 1816:in 1959, military spending, the development of 400: 265:was discovered in 1960 at Arlington Springs on 2637:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). 2078:Washington Mutual, and Occidental Petroleum. ( 1060:Spanish contact in British Columbia and Alaska 383:Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica 2662:. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). 2478: 2455: 2030:Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest 1347:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse 970:Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest 2735:. Jevne Haugan, Author (Authorhouse; 1999) 2533: 1464: 1123:, which prompted further investigation. In 317: 2485:History of Spanish explorers of west coast 2325: 2323: 2321: 2071: 828:fur traders, and the establishment of the 28:history of the west coast of North America 2558:"Point Reyes declared Drake landing site" 2334: 1893:'s two presidential victories as well as 1127:, Malaspina took over two schooners, the 694:, headed roughly northeast, followed the 644:, who sailed perhaps as far north as the 269:. The remains were dated to 13,000 years 40:, through the development of significant 2433:Summary of Spanish North Pacific history 1778: 1214:Conflict between Spain and Great Britain 1189: 1055: 840:Spanish settlements in coastal New Spain 536: 510:Early knowledge of the Pacific Northwest 478: 391: 236: 17: 2542:On-line text of Baja California history 2318: 1820:oil industry, and rebuilding after the 1271: 1222:, maintained between 1789 and 1795) on 1194:In 1778, the British seafaring Captain 261:peoples at least 13,000 years ago. The 234:were living in what is now California. 2762: 2651: 2645: 2616:History of creation of San Blas harbor 2496: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2112:New York, Modern Library (2005), p. 13 1850:. In British Columbia, the right wing 963: 920: 2586: 2552: 2386:Information about Cabrillo's voyages. 2010:Native Americans in the United States 1887:British Columbia New Democratic Party 816:Settlements and conflicts (1750–1846) 232:Native Americans in the United States 2626: 2568:from the original on 4 February 2018 2528:Summary of Vizcaino expedition diary 2083:Top ranked publicly traded companies 1755:would become a major threat. During 1012:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra 935:Explorers and fur trappers from the 648:in today's western coast of Oregon. 431:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2421: 2301:"Discussion of the Chapaca culture" 2090:Top ranked privately held companies 1751:However, only a few decades later, 1552:a small economy, despite the three 1335:United Provinces of Central America 994:, and on the homeward journey, the 948:set up a fortified trading post at 860: 785: 471:, who reached the Pacific coast of 455:) and rights contained in the 1494 425:Spanish explorers and conquistadors 13: 2712:The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, 2705:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1890) 2351:Spate, O. H. K., The Spanish Lake 2005:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1995:History of Washington (U.S. state) 1683: 1429:United States Exploring Expedition 1340: 1154:and Cordova Glacier, the towns of 1072:, surveying the Alaska coast from 557:on the Baja California peninsula. 253:provide the earliest evidence for 182:coastal islands of the Californias 14: 2791: 2656:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2631:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 1446:, settling primarily in the rich 1412:(today's Oregon, Washington, and 1371: 1280:" or "Northern America") won its 893:at San Francisco in 1776. These 508:and other countries in Asia. See 241:The cultural areas of Mesoamerica 2746:"World War II on the West Coast" 2659:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2634:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2000:Indigenous peoples of California 1920:1934 West Coast Longshore Strike 1744:Increased trade and World War II 1485: 1119:, discovered an entrance to the 180:off the west coast, such as the 2738: 2726: 2699: 2681: 2670: 2620: 2609: 2580: 2546: 2517: 2490: 2444: 2412: 2401: 2390: 2379: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2341:Text of Baja California history 2293: 2268: 2258: 2239: 2230: 2220: 2035:West Coast of the United States 1814:Alaska's admission to the Union 1508:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 1504:First transcontinental railroad 1264:, as far south as California's 952:, located north of present-day 187: 2265:10.1179/1947461X13Z.0000000005 2201: 2192: 2183: 2171: 2115: 2102: 2058: 1775:Post-war period (1945–present) 1703: 1640:hit by masses of prospectors. 867:Spanish missions in California 267:Santa Rosa Island (California) 1: 2629:"Pérez Hernández, Juan Josef" 2451:Information about de Urdaneta 2051: 2015:Origin of the name California 1404:, remembered for the slogan " 1320:Central American independence 1162:and Port Gravina, as well as 1018:near the present-day town of 889:at Monterey in 1770, and the 848:(in today's Mexican state of 730:Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho 598:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 588:. These voyages were led by 435:Explorers flying the flag of 2775:History of the Pacific Ocean 2652:Archer, Christon I. (1983). 1903:Interior of British Columbia 1791:, and California is home to 1305:'s famous seafaring memoir, 1206:first small trading post in 751:In 1602, the Basque captain 401:European arrival (1513–1750) 334:started with the very early 202:Coastal migration (Americas) 178:islands of the Pacific Ocean 59: 7: 2664:University of Toronto Press 2639:University of Toronto Press 1955:History of British Columbia 1912: 1618:Fu-Go balloon bomb campaign 1540:In 1867, the United States 1287:Mexico ended Church control 1068:undertook a search for the 443:beginning in 1492 with the 354:(beginning perhaps 1000 BC) 22:West coast of North America 10: 2796: 2780:History of Central America 2654:"Alcalá-Galiano, Dionisio" 2025:Settlement of the Americas 1905:has voted solidly for the 1878:, and the legalization of 1535:transcontinental railroads 1489: 1033:In 1790, Spanish explorer 967: 956:some sixty miles north of 924: 864: 428: 366:(from the 14th century AD) 194:Settlement of the Americas 191: 2540:abandoned) in 1683. See 1671: 1623: 1614:Aleutian Islands Campaign 1579:, defense companies like 1308:Two Years Before the Mast 990:he made contact with the 980:Juan José Pérez Hernández 575:Baja California peninsula 517:Baja California Peninsula 445:discovery of the Americas 348:(beginning about 1150 BC) 2770:History of North America 2627:Cook, Warren L. (1979). 1658:Canadian Pacific Railway 1585:Douglas Aircraft Company 1465:Rapid growth (1846–1945) 1045:), southwest of today's 946:Russian-American Company 545:From 1533–1535, Spanish 318:Larger human settlements 2099:. Accessed 2007-01-02.) 1630:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 1402:Oregon boundary dispute 1362:Eugène Duflot de Mofras 1141:Dionisio Alcalá Galiano 877:), including the first 810:Oregon boundary dispute 721:—just south of today's 680:Miguel López de Legazpi 627:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 619:Ruy López de Villalobos 322:In the western half of 212:people to the continent 2707:History of California, 2497:Burney, James (2010). 2110:California: a history, 1970:History of El Salvador 1796: 1646:Canadian Confederation 1610:Bombardment of Ellwood 1303:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 1117:Strait of Juan de Fuca 1061: 673:Spanish treasure fleet 542: 484: 397: 387:Mexico Central Plateau 332:succession of cultures 242: 184:, are also important. 68:: all or parts of the 42:pre-Columbian cultures 23: 2587:Gough, Barry (1980). 2040:Western United States 1965:History of Costa Rica 1960:History of California 1782: 1353:and were welcomed in 1278:América Septentrional 1190:British North America 1059: 770:, founding the first 540: 482: 469:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 457:Treaty of Tordesillas 395: 263:Arlington Springs Man 240: 192:Further information: 100:; all or part of the 52:. The west coast of 21: 2714:complete text online 2198:Heizer and Cook 1952 2097:List of billionaires 1975:History of Guatemala 1909:and its successors. 1785:marijuana dispensary 1526:California Gold Rush 1518:Mexican–American War 1472:California Gold Rush 1355:Monterey, California 1272:Mexican independence 1246:Hudson's Bay Company 1168:Revillagigedo Island 1166:, Cordova Peak, and 1078:Prince William Sound 1066:Malaspina Expedition 594:Francisco de Bolaños 502:Gulf of St. Lawrence 449:Christopher Columbus 411:age of sailing ships 2364:History of Cerritos 2149:10.1017/aaq.2017.13 1852:Social Credit Party 1829:deindustrialization 1761:Fu-Go balloon bombs 1696:and opening of the 1514:California Republic 1480:Southern California 1282:War of Independence 1220:Santa Cruz de Nutka 1000:Don Bruno de Heceta 964:Spanish exploration 921:Russian settlements 913:on their return to 830:California missions 590:Hernando de Alarcón 110:Baja California Sur 2719:2012-01-02 at the 2693:2006-10-17 at the 2472:2006-06-24 at the 2438:2009-06-19 at the 2251:2017-12-22 at the 2213:2017-12-22 at the 2137:American Antiquity 1797: 1789:legalize the plant 1783:A billboard for a 1634:Klondike Gold Rush 1570:commercial fishing 1531:American Civil War 1398:Nootka Conventions 1260:and, by using the 1235:Nootka Conventions 1113:Francisco de Eliza 1062: 899:Sonoma, California 753:Sebastián Vizcaíno 704:Andrés de Urdaneta 615:Ferdinand Magellan 570:Gulf of California 562:Francisco de Ulloa 543: 485: 461:Treaty of Zaragoza 398: 243: 218:, through today's 88:; all or parts of 24: 2688:History of Nootka 1990:History of Panama 1985:History of Oregon 1980:History of Mexico 1950:History of Alaska 1925:American frontier 1884:social democratic 1866:, and especially 1448:Willamette Valley 1394:Adams-Onís Treaty 1239:Pacific Northwest 1152:Malaspina Glacier 1121:Strait of Georgia 1070:Northwest Passage 976:Pacific Northwest 795:Sir Francis Drake 774:there in 1683 at 728:In 1594, Captain 524:Puerto de Navidad 490:Northwest Passage 280:off the coast of 2787: 2754: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2703: 2697: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2594: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2464: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2430: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2327: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2303:. Archived from 2297: 2291: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2075: 2069: 2062: 1840:Republican Party 1606:American Theater 1589:Kaiser Shipyards 1496:Gadsden Purchase 1452:California Trail 1380:, came down the 1314:Bear Flag Revolt 1254:Portland, Oregon 1224:Vancouver Island 1145:George Vancouver 1115:, exploring the 1105:Vancouver Island 1043:Nanwalek, Alaska 1035:Salvador Fidalgo 939:(beginning with 861:Spanish missions 786:English interest 696:Kuroshio Current 642:Bartolomé Ferrer 609:The governor of 304:Imperial mammoth 150:Central American 90:British Columbia 2795: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2721:Wayback Machine 2704: 2700: 2695:Wayback Machine 2686: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2650: 2646: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2551: 2547: 2538: 2534: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2474:Wayback Machine 2465: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2440:Wayback Machine 2431: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2253:Wayback Machine 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2215:Wayback Machine 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2103: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2049: 1915: 1822:1964 earthquake 1777: 1769:ethnic Japanese 1746: 1716:, largely from 1706: 1686: 1684:Central America 1674: 1650:Pacific Scandal 1626: 1593:Vigor Shipyards 1542:acquired Alaska 1516:. However, the 1510: 1500:Alaska Purchase 1492:Mexican Cession 1488: 1467: 1378:Lewis and Clark 1374: 1366:Mariano Vallejo 1343: 1341:French interest 1322: 1274: 1258:Rocky Mountains 1216: 1192: 1180:Gabriola Island 1051:Kenai Peninsula 1028:Mount Edgecumbe 1005:Point Grenville 972: 966: 933: 927:Russian America 925:Main articles: 923: 911:Manila Galleons 874:Las Californias 869: 863: 842: 818: 788: 768:Baja California 706:, on board the 653:Manila Galleons 494:Strait of Anián 492:, known as the 433: 427: 403: 328:Central America 320: 296:Los Angeles Man 282:Baja California 255:human seafaring 247:Channel Islands 204: 190: 176:. The eastern 106:Baja California 62: 12: 11: 5: 2793: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2756: 2755: 2737: 2725: 2698: 2680: 2669: 2644: 2619: 2608: 2601: 2579: 2545: 2532: 2516: 2509: 2489: 2477: 2454: 2443: 2420: 2411: 2400: 2389: 2378: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2333: 2317: 2292: 2267: 2257: 2238: 2229: 2219: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2170: 2143:(3): 498–516. 2126: 2114: 2108:Starr, Kevin. 2101: 2070: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1776: 1773: 1745: 1742: 1705: 1702: 1685: 1682: 1673: 1670: 1666:British Empire 1625: 1622: 1608:, such as the 1598:Imperial Japan 1546:Russian Empire 1522:end of the war 1487: 1484: 1466: 1463: 1433:Siskiyou Trail 1410:Oregon Country 1382:Columbia River 1373: 1372:U.S. expansion 1370: 1342: 1339: 1321: 1318: 1273: 1270: 1266:Central Valley 1262:Siskiyou Trail 1250:Fort Vancouver 1215: 1212: 1191: 1188: 1176:Galiano Island 1086:Tomas de Suria 1024:Bucareli Sound 996:Nuu-chah-nulth 984:Langara Island 968:Main article: 965: 962: 941:Semyon Dezhnev 937:Russian Empire 931:Russian Alaska 922: 919: 865:Main article: 862: 859: 841: 838: 817: 814: 787: 784: 700:Cape Mendocino 592:(1540) and by 579:Isla de Cedros 532:Spanish Empire 498:Atlantic Ocean 429:Main article: 426: 423: 419:Spanish Empire 402: 399: 368: 367: 361: 355: 349: 319: 316: 189: 186: 102:Mexican states 61: 58: 48:explorers and 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2792: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2612: 2604: 2602:0-7748-0113-1 2598: 2593: 2592: 2583: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2510:9781108024099 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2415: 2409: 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History of the west coast of North America

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