1458:, from being a mere interpreter of dreams, rose to be a magician and then a possessor of the Holy Spirit. But the Holy Spirit did not appear to him except at night, all pagan prophets being in possession of their gift only then. The Torah includes the Balaam section in order to show why the Holy Spirit was taken from the non-Jew—i.e., because Balaam desired to destroy a whole people without cause. A very ancient source explains, based on Deuteronomy 18:15, that in the Holy Land the gift of prophecy is not granted to the non-Jew or in the interest of the non-Jew, nor is it given outside the Holy Land even to Jews. In the Messianic time, however, the Holy Spirit will (according to
1364:. According to Job 28:25, the Holy Spirit rested upon the Prophets in varying degrees, some prophesying to the extent of one book only, and others filling two books. Nor did it rest upon them continually, but only for a time. The stages of development, the highest of which is the Holy Spirit, are as follows: zeal, integrity, purity, holiness, humility, fear of sin, the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit conducts Elijah, who brings the dead to life. Pious individuals act through the Holy Spirit; whoever teaches the Torah in public partakes of the Holy Spirit. When Pinchas sinned the Holy Spirit departed from him.
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1411:'I will put My words into his mouth,' means 'I put them into his mouth, but I do not speak with him face to face'; know, therefore, that henceforth the Holy Spirit is put into the mouths of the Prophets." The "knowledge of God" is the Holy Spirit. The division of the country by lot among the tribes was likewise effected by means of the Holy Spirit.
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The visible results of the activity of the Holy Spirit are the books of the Bible, all of which are believed (in Jewish tradition) to have been composed under its inspiration. All the
Prophets spoke "in the Holy Spirit"; and the most characteristic sign of the presence of the Holy Spirit is the gift
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Although the Holy Spirit is often named instead of God, it was conceived as being something distinct. The Spirit was among the ten things that were created on the first day. Though the nature of the Holy Spirit is really nowhere described, the name indicates that it was conceived as a kind of wind
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The Holy Spirit rested not only on the children of Israel who crossed the Red Sea, but, toward the end of the time of the Second Temple, occasionally on common people; for "if they are not prophets, they are at least the sons of prophets". The Holy Spirit is at times identified with the spirit of
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like a bell. When the Holy Spirit was resting upon him, his hair gave forth a sound like a bell, which could be heard from afar. It imbued him with such strength that he could uproot two mountains and rub them together like pebbles, and could cover leagues at one step.
1399:) under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, because there was a continual opposition not only to the wise king personally, but also to his writings. A teacher of the Law says that probably for this reason the Holy Spirit rested upon Solomon in his old age only.
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remained available to the sages. Although the Holy Spirit was not continually present, and did not rest for any length of time upon any individual, yet there were cases in which it appeared and made knowledge of the past and of the future possible.
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The Holy Spirit dwells only among a worthy generation, and the frequency of its manifestations is proportionate to the worthiness. There was no manifestation of it in the time of the Second Temple, while there were many during the time of
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of prophecy, in the sense that the person upon whom it rests beholds the past and the future. With the death of the last three prophets (Haggai, Zechariah, and
Malachi), the Holy Spirit ceased to manifest itself in Israel, and only the
2185:
Whereas the verb shakan and terms from the root škn occur in the Hebrew
Scriptures, and while the term shekhinah/shekhinta is extremely common in rabbinic literature and the targums, no occurrence of it is attested in pre-rabbinic
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2002 p65 "Only Psalm 51, which contains no less than four occurrences of the word, im, permits the identification of the holy spirit with the human spirit.13 Three references occur in close succession in this psalm (51:10-12; MT
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is often referred to instead of the Holy Spirit. It is said of the former, as of the Holy Spirit, that it rests upon a person. The difference between the two in such cases has not yet been determined.
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it is stated, "the spirit took me up, and I heard behind me a voice of a great rushing," the expression "behind me" characterizing the unusual nature of the noise. The
Shekhinah made a noise before
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was sold, the Holy Spirit left Jacob, who saw and heard only indistinctly. When the Temple was destroyed and Israel went into exile, the Holy Spirit returned to heaven; this is indicated in
1332:(Exodus 2:12), i.e., it settled upon these individuals. Like everything that comes from heaven, the Holy Spirit is described as being composed of light and fire. When it rested upon
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Frequently, in rabbinical literature, a single
Biblical verse is described as having been spoken by the Holy Spirit (for example, verses in which God speaks in the first person).
1320:) the Holy Spirit" suggests that he upon whom the spirit rested saw a light. The Holy Spirit gleamed in the court of Shem, of Samuel, and of King Solomon. It "glimmered" in
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Sifre
Numbers 86; Tosefta Sotah 9:5; Sifre Deuteronomy 355 (six times); Genesis Rabbah 75:8, 84:12; Leviticus Rabbah 4:1 , 14:2, 27:2; Numbers Rabbah 15:21; 17:2, end;
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Isaiah 42:1 "Behold My servant, I will support him, My chosen one, whom My soul desires; I have placed My spirit upon him, he shall promulgate justice to the nations."
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In
Biblical times the Holy Spirit was widespread, resting on those who, according to the Bible, displayed a propitious activity; thus it rested on
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What the Bible generally calls "Spirit of God" is called in the Talmud and
Midrash "Holy Spirit" due to the disinclination to the use of the
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12:7: "the spirit shall return unto God". The spirit talks sometimes with a masculine and sometimes with a feminine voice, as the word
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Alan
Unterman and Rivka Horowitz, Ruach ha-Kodesh, Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia/Keter, 1997).
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Although the lights which accompanied the noise are not expressly mentioned, the frequently recurring phrase "he beheld (
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is both masculine and feminine, the Holy Spirit was conceived as being sometimes a man and sometimes a woman.
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Variations of a similar term, "spirit of God", also appear in various places in the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew
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the Holy Spirit will be poured out equally upon Jews and pagans, both men and women, freemen and slaves.
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Targum and
Testament Revisited: Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A Light on the New Testament
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of a Hebrew word meaning "dwelling" or "settling" and denotes the dwelling or settling of the divine
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was deposed from office as High Priest when he was deserted by the Holy Spirit without which the
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literature. In some cases it signifies prophetic inspiration, while in others it is used as a
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Joel 2:28 "I will pour out My spirit on all flesh; Your sons and daughters shall prophesy."
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1586:. Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums, 29. Leiden: Brill.
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Isaiah 44:3 "So will I pour My spirit on your offspring, My blessing upon your posterity."
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2248:" is used in rabbinic literature as one of the many abstract titles or references to God.
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32:4, "nitzotzah" and "hetzitz"; compare also Leviticus Rabbah 8:2, "hitkhil le-gashgesh"
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Trans. M. Friedländer. 2nd ed. New York: Dover Publications, 1956. pp. 242-244. Print.
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This article is about the term in Judaism. For the Holy Spirit in Christianity, see
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for God. The rabbinical understanding of the Holy Spirit has a certain degree of
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Compare Seder Olam, 1, beginning; Targum Yerushalmi to Genesis 41:38, 43:14;
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1 Samuel 16:13 "and the spirit of the LORD gripped David from that day on."
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1207:) can refer to "breath", "wind", or some invisible moving force ("
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Maimonides, Moses. Part II, Ch. 45: "The various classes of prophets."
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Fashion a pure heart for me, O God; create in me a steadfast spirit (
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contains a triple parallelism between different types of "spirit":
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Psalm 143:10 "Let Your gracious spirit lead me on level ground."
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2204:(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1970), p. 573: "Shekhinah".
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over the universe or over God's creatures, in given contexts.
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Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 45,2 (2019), 51–78.
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3:13, the statement is made (perhaps as a polemic against
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that became manifest through noise and light. As early as
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1128:) refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of
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The opposite of the Holy Spirit is the impure spirit (
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Genesis 1:2 "a wind from God sweeping over the water"
1514:. This term does not occur in the Bible, and is from
1414:
1598:
1843:Yerushalmi Shabbat 3c, above, and parallel passage
1145:The term "holy spirit" appears three times in the
2167:McNamara, Martin (2010). McNamara, Martin (ed.).
1563:Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)
2321:
1383:. It was necessary to reiterate frequently that
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1692:The Immanence of God in Rabbinical Literature
1296:. It is probably owing to this fact that the
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1214:The following are some examples of the word
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1703:See, for example, Targum to Isaiah 40:13
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1379:and (according to Joshua 2:16) even on
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1355:Individuals possessing the Holy Spirit
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2082:Deuteronomy 173, and parallel passage
1473:Relationship to other Jewish concepts
2091:Yerushalmi Sukkah 55a, and elsewhere
1931:Seder Olam, 1; Sifre, Deuteronomy 22
1488:
22:. For the Holy Spirit in Islam, see
2220:. Oxford University Press. p.
2217:Kabbalah: A Very Short Introduction
2213:
2032:Tosefta Sotah 13:2-4, and parallels
1653:The Spirit in First-Century Judaism
1584:The Spirit in First Century Judaism
1161:refers twice to "His holy spirit" (
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13:
2202:Dictionary of Comparative Religion
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14:
2351:
2306:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2173:(2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans.
1986:9:26; Isaiah 32:15, 40:13, 44:3;
1911:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1694:(London:Macmillan and Co., 1912).
1415:Works inspired by the Holy Spirit
2316:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2292:
1999:Sifre 170 (to Deuteronomy 18:18)
1921:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1901:
1336:, his face burned like a torch.
1324:(Genesis 38:18), in the sons of
1284:(or "not purely monotheistic").
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2041:ib.; also with reference to
1618:The Guide for the Perplexed.
1434:Non-Jews and the Holy Spirit
7:
2261:Anatomy of the soul. Rebbe
1558:Holy Spirit in Christianity
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20:Holy Spirit in Christianity
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2276:Breslov Research Institute
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1582:Levison, John R. (1997).
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1372:could not be consulted.
1328:(Genesis 42:11), and in
2313:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1918:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1387:wrote his three books (
1250:is found frequently in
2136:Sifre, Deuteronomy 175
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1834:Leviticus Rabbah 15:2
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2214:Dan, Joseph (2006).
2009:Shir haShirim Rabbah
1988:Shir haShirim Rabbah
1973:Tosefta Pesachim 4:2
1941:Shir haShirim Rabbah
1865:Shir haShirim Rabbah
1568:Holy Spirit in Islam
1547:Biblical inspiration
1187:) sustain me.
2335:Hebrew Bible topics
2023:Numbers 132, p. 49a
1802:Ecclesiastes Rabbah
1792:Genesis Rabbah 91:6
1677:See: Darshan, Guy,
1516:rabbinic literature
1467:Tanna Devei Eliyahu
1242:Rabbinic literature
975:Abrahamic religions
874:Selichot (S'lichot)
666:Bar and bat mitzvah
169:Principles of faith
2263:Nachman of Breslov
2068:Deuteronomy Rabbah
1867:1:9, end; compare
1665:Translations from
1554:, general article
1524:taught that quasi-
1339:From the day that
1070:Judaism portal
1035:Holocaust theology
1506:) is the English
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1177:רוּחַ נָכֹון
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1163:ruach kodsho
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1147:Hebrew Bible
1144:
1136:Hebrew Bible
1125:
1107:
1030:Anti-Judaism
1025:Antisemitism
970:Samaritanism
948:Christianity
849:Shehecheyanu
780:
773:
766:
759:
754:Four species
661:Pidyon haben
615:Rosh yeshiva
526:
419:Beth midrash
365:Noahide laws
108:Conservative
15:
2330:Holy Spirit
2186:literature.
2051:Gamaliel II
2043:Rabbi Akiva
1656:51:12-14):"
1552:Holy Spirit
1504:Shechina(h)
1318:hetzitz be-
1114:Holy Spirit
714:Sefer Torah
676:Bereavement
656:Zeved habat
439:Holy Temple
379:Holy cities
113:Conservadox
2324:Categories
2236:The term "
2055:Rabbi Meir
1913:"Abiathar"
1825:Sotah 12:5
1592:References
1496:Shekina(h)
1477:See also:
1403:prophecy.
901:Yom Kippur
444:Tabernacle
189:Chosenness
161:Philosophy
142:Humanistic
2268:Jerusalem
2246:Shekhinah
2238:shekhinah
2049:21:8; to
1964:Sotah 6:2
1712:e.g., in
1479:Shekhinah
1444:Shekhinah
1407:remarks:
1298:Shekhinah
1256:midrashic
1246:The term
1122:רוח הקודש
1020:Criticism
985:Pluralism
963:Mormonism
869:Kol Nidre
643:education
568:Acharonim
414:Synagogue
391:Jerusalem
73:Movements
2272:New York
1984:II Kings
1813:Yoma 21b
1735:Sotah 9b
1541:See also
1448:II Kings
1389:Proverbs
1366:Abiathar
1252:talmudic
1169:Psalm 51
1151:Psalm 51
1050:Muhammad
953:Hinduism
926:Hanukkah
864:Tachanun
859:Havdalah
724:Tefillin
671:Marriage
563:Rishonim
549:Savoraim
406:Tiberias
355:Tzedakah
275:Rabbinic
174:Kabbalah
147:Haymanot
81:Orthodox
34:a series
32:Part of
2301::
2278:, 1998
2200:, ed.,
2148:15, end
2070:11, end
1962:Tosefta
1890:Pesikta
1853:Tanhuma
1823:Tosefta
1667:Sefaria
1526:Sefirah
1492:šekīnah
1463:2:28–29
1423:Bat Kol
1385:Solomon
1334:Pinchas
1276:trinity
1272:duality
1264:metonym
1110:Judaism
1010:Zionism
916:Shavuot
834:Kaddish
811:Prayers
744:Menorah
739:Mezuzah
729:Tzitzit
684:Yeshiva
639:Culture
544:Amoraim
539:Tannaim
510:Rebecca
498:Solomon
466:Abraham
345:Kashrut
296:Tosefta
291:Midrash
281:Mishnah
263:Piyutim
244:Ketuvim
239:Nevi'im
179:Messiah
137:Renewal
127:Karaite
92:Hasidic
42:Judaism
2282:
2228:
2177:
1943:1:6-10
1906:
1888:19:6;
1456:Balaam
1395:, and
1362:Elijah
1341:Joseph
1310:Samson
1288:Nature
1281:shituf
1209:spirit
1159:Isaiah
1157:) and
1118:Hebrew
1112:, the
1015:Israel
911:Pesach
906:Sukkot
854:Hallel
839:Minyan
829:Aleinu
824:Amidah
797:Gartel
792:Kittel
775:Hadass
749:Shofar
734:Kippah
719:Tallit
694:Cheder
689:Kollel
605:Hazzan
558:Geonim
533:Chazal
515:Rachel
429:Sukkah
424:Mikveh
401:Hebron
383:places
360:Niddah
350:Tzniut
286:Talmud
258:Siddur
253:Ḥumash
228:Tanakh
184:Ethics
120:Reform
99:Modern
87:Haredi
59:
53:
2115:20:12
2080:Sifre
2021:Sifre
1757:85:12
1714:Sifre
1530:Da'at
1522:Rashi
1489:שכינה
1452:Jesus
1405:Sifre
1381:Rahab
1349:ruach
1330:Moses
1326:Jacob
1322:Tamar
1262:or a
1216:ruacḥ
1201:ruacḥ
1045:Jesus
1040:Music
958:Islam
921:Purim
819:Shema
782:Arava
768:Lulav
761:Etrog
625:Kohen
620:Mohel
610:Dayan
600:Posek
595:Rebbe
590:Rabbi
505:Sarah
493:David
488:Aaron
483:Moses
476:Jacob
471:Isaac
396:Safed
268:Zohar
234:Torah
220:Texts
199:Names
2280:ISBN
2242:shkn
2226:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2127:20:1
2103:20:7
1871:35:7
1804:12:7
1766:See
1460:Joel
1377:Eber
1254:and
1211:").
1198:noun
1005:Jews
651:Brit
641:and
520:Leah
2011:1:9
1990:1:2
1533:is
1274:or
1205:רוח
1165:).
1130:God
1108:In
325:Tur
312:Law
194:God
24:Rūḥ
2326::
2310:.
2274:,
2266:.
2234:.
2224:.
2222:46
2183:.
2045:,
1915:.
1892:9a
1600:^
1537:.
1518:.
1502:,
1498:,
1487::
1391:,
1149::
1124:,
1120::
36:on
2270:/
1409:"
1203:(
1116:(
1097:e
1090:t
1083:v
381:/
26:.
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