Honey bee - Knowledge

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arrive, waiting for her to join them. When the queen arrives, she is crowded immediately by the drones who are eager to mate with her. The drones receive a signal from the queen that her "sting chamber" is open, which induces the drones to mate with her and bring forward their physical contact which warrants reproduction. A successful drone clasps onto the queen and releases seminal fluid and spermatozoa into the queen. After this process is complete, the drone typically remains inside of the queen, which is indicative of the drone's desire to deter other drones from engaging with the queen and reproducing. This behavior also indicates that if the drone blocks other drones from mating with the queen, it will allow the mating drone to fertilize a greater number of the queen's eggs. If the drone does not remain within the queen and removes itself from her, the drone is able to reproduce again with slim chances. Finally, the drone will die after mating with the queen within minutes or hours after reproduction is complete.

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requires 125-187.5 mg pollen or 25–37.5 mg protein for proper development. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids, ten of which are considered essential to honey bees: methionine, tryptophan, arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and valine. Of these amino acids, honey bees require highest concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, however elevated concentrations of arginine and lysine are required for brood rearing. In addition to these amino acids, some B vitamins including biotin, folic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavin, thiamine, pantothenate, and most importantly, pyridoxine are required to rear larvae. Pyridoxine is the most prevalent B vitamin found in royal jelly and concentrations vary throughout the foraging season with lowest concentrations found in May and highest concentrations found in July and August. Honey bees lacking dietary pyridoxine were unable to rear brood.

3308: 5817:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins (ID 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791); sodium alginate and ulva (ID 1873); vitamins, minerals, trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract (ID 8, 1673, 1674); vitamins, minerals, lysine and/or arginine and/or taurine (ID 6, 1676, 1677); plant-based preparation for use in beverages (ID 4210, 4211); Carica papaya L. (ID 2007); "fish protein" (ID 651); acidic water-based, non-alcoholic flavoured beverages containing calcium in the range of 0.3 to 0.8 mol per mol of acid with a pH not lower than 3.7 (ID 1170); royal jelly (ID 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1230, 1231, 1326, 1328, 1329, 1982, 4696, 4697); foods low in cholesterol (ID 624); and foods low in trans-fatty acids (ID 672, 4333) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006" 2805:, queens are the central reproducers among their colonies. Although reproduction may occur around the calendar, it may stop in the late fall due to falling temperatures. If a colony does not have a queen or she is unable to reproduce, workers are able to lay unfertilized eggs that may develop into males. The queens, however, do not reach this point immediately. Typically, it takes a queen 16 days to reach adulthood, with an additional week to begin developing and laying eggs. To begin the process of reproduction in a honeybee colony, workers begin to produce queen larvae while simultaneously finding a place to create a new hive. The queen larvae will then hatch at the old hive, and the queens will fight one another until there is only a single queen left to begin reproducing. 1869: 1954:. Indeed, for plant species with more specialized pollinators, experiments show that increased honeybee visitation can actually reduce pollination, both where honey bees are non-native and even where they are native. What's more, their tendency to visit all species in a given area means that the pollen they carry for any one species is often very diluted. As such, they can provide some pollination to many plants, but most plants have some native pollinator that is more effective at pollinating that species. When honey bees are present as an invasive species in an area, they compete for flowers with native pollinators, which can actually push out the native species. 1889:(81 °F) at the start of winter (during the broodless period) and 34 °C (93 °F) once the queen resumes laying. The worker bees rotate through the cluster from the outside to the inside so that no bee gets too cold. The outside edges of the cluster stay at about 8–9 °C (46–48 °F). The colder the weather is outside, the more compact the cluster becomes. During winter, they consume their stored honey to produce body heat. The amount of honey consumed during the winter is a function of winter length and severity, but ranges in temperate climates from 15 to 50 kilograms (33 to 110 lb). In addition, certain bees, including the 2870:) is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees, which vibrate their muscles vigorously to raise the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level ("balling"). Previously, heat alone was thought to be responsible for killing intruding wasps, but recent experiments have demonstrated the increased temperature in combination with increased carbon dioxide levels within the ball produce the lethal effect. This phenomenon is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective, an action known to beekeepers as 'balling the queen', named for the ball of bees formed. 2621: 3239: 3290: 3323: 1845: 3269: 2138: 1428: 1088: 2107: 2091: 1833: 176: 2833: 3335: 1918: 1285: 714: 3205: 3168: 1857: 3042:. While honey bees lack the parts of the brain that a human being uses for consciousness like the cerebral cortex or even the cerebrum itself, when those parts of a human brain are damaged, the midbrain seems able to provide a small amount of consciousness. Honey bees have a tiny structure that appears similar to a human midbrain, so if it functions the same way they may possibly be able to achieve a small amount of simple awareness of their bodies. 2154: 152: 3224: 2741:, where queens mate with an extremely high number of males with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen. The sting of queens is not barbed like a worker's sting, and queens lack the glands that produce beeswax. Once mated, queens may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day. They produce a variety of pheromones that regulate the behavior of workers, and help swarms track the queen's location during the swarming. 722: 2166: 3183: 9088: 8944: 3255: 2178: 2644:. They are produced by the queen if she chooses not to fertilize an egg or by an unfertilized laying worker. There are rare instances of diploid drone larvae. This phenomenon usually arises when there are more than two generations of brother-sister mating. Sex determination in honey bees is initially due to a single locus, called the complementary sex determiner ( 2680:

Their duties change with age in the following order (beginning with cleaning out their own cell after eating through their capped brood cell): feed brood, receive nectar, clean hive, guard duty, and foraging. Some workers engage in other specialized behaviors, such as "undertaking" (removing corpses of their nestmates from inside the hive).

4772:"Albert Einstein is sometimes quoted as saying, "If the bee disappears from the surface of the earth, man would have no more than four years to live." It's highly unlikely that Einstein said that. For one thing, there's no evidence of him saying it. For another, the statement is hyperbolic and wrong (and Einstein was rarely wrong)." 785:), in European deposits. The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate Europe as the place of origin of the genus, only that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin, and fewer still have been thoroughly studied. 450: 2997:) and native wild bees often have to compete for the limited habitat and food sources available, and Western honey bees may become defensive in response to the seasonal arrival of competition from other colonies, particularly Africanized bees which may be on the offence and defence year round due to their tropical origin. 1775:, they begin building comb cells. They progress to other within-colony tasks as they become older, such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers, and guarding the hive. Later still, a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of her life as a forager. 2761:

eggs. Another form of worker-based policing is aggression toward fertile females. Some studies have suggested a queen pheromone which may help workers distinguish worker- and queen-laid eggs, but others indicate egg viability as the key factor in eliciting the behavior. Worker policing is an example of

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And your Lord inspired the bees: “Make ˹your˺ homes in the mountains, the trees, and in what people construct, and feed from ˹the flower of˺ any fruit ˹you please˺ and follow the ways your Lord has made easy for you.” From their bellies comes forth liquid of varying colours, in which there is healing

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by rearing the offspring most related to them. This relationship leads to a phenomenon known as "worker policing". In these rare situations, other worker bees in the hive who are genetically more related to the queen's sons than those of the fertile workers will patrol the hive and remove worker-laid

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gene, they will develop into males. The instances where the individual is homozygous at this gene are the instances of diploid males. Drones take 24 days to develop, and may be produced from summer through to autumn, numbering as many as 500 per hive. They are expelled from the hive during the winter

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are arguably the biggest threat to honey bees in the United States. These mites invade hives and reproduce by laying eggs on pupa. The hatching mites eat away at the pupa, causing deformities as well as spreading disease. If not detected and treated early on, the mite population may increase to such

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published in 2023 found the number of United States honeybee colonies "remained relatively stable" although 48% of colonies were lost in the year that ended April 1, 2023, with a 12-year average annual mortality rate of 39.6%. The previous year (2021-2022) the loss was 39% and the 2020-2021 loss was

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Starting in the first decade of the 21st century, abnormally high die-offs (30–70% of hives) of western honey bee colonies have occurred in North America. This has been dubbed "colony collapse disorder" (CCD) and was at first unexplained. It seems to be caused by a combination of factors rather than

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However, as humans continued to manipulate the western honey bee and deliberately transferred them on a global scale, diseases simultaneously spread and harmed managed colonies. Colony losses have occurred periodically throughout history. Fungus, mites, and starvation have all been thought to be the

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Pollen is also a lipid source for honey bees ranging from 0.8% to 18.9%. Lipids are metabolized during the brood stage for precursors required for future biosynthesis. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are not considered essential but have shown to significantly improve the number of brood reared.

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Honey bees obtain all of their nutritional requirements from a diverse combination of pollen and nectar. Pollen is the only natural protein source for honey bees. Adult worker honey bees consume 3.4–4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter requirement of 66–74% protein. The rearing of one larva

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The process of queens engaging with their mates is not widely understood because the process takes place in free flight, so it is difficult to observe despite various advances in technology and observation techniques. It begins with drones flying in the same area where they know the queen will soon

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Once a queen matures and is ready to begin reproducing, she will begin making flights to orient to mating in free flight and finding mates before actually beginning to mate. Queens that are ready to mate take between 1 and 6 flights across multiple consecutive days, called nuptial flights. Over the

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Workers have two sets of chromosomes. They are produced from an egg that the queen has selectively fertilized from stored sperm. Workers typically develop in 21 days. A typical colony may contain as many as 60,000 worker bees. Workers exhibit a wider range of behaviors than either queens or drones.

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is used in its place. Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide, revising the historical role of the self-employed beekeeper, and favoring large-scale

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Honey bees require water to maintain osmotic homeostasis, prepare liquid brood food, and to cool the hive through evaporation. A colony's water needs can generally be met by nectar foraging as it has high water content. Occasionally on hot days or when nectar is limited, foragers will collect water

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Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors, as is common in insects. They also rely on a sophisticated dance language that conveys information about the distance and direction to a specific location (typically a nutritional source, e.g., flowers or water). The

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Under ordinary circumstances the death (or removal) of a queen increases reproduction in workers, and a significant proportion of workers will have active ovaries in the absence of a queen. The workers of the hive produce a last batch of drones before the hive eventually collapses. Although during

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In cold climates, honey bees stop flying when the temperature drops below about 10 °C (50 °F) and crowd into the central area of the hive to form a "winter cluster". The worker bees huddle around the queen bee at the center of the cluster, shivering to keep the center between 27 °C

2723:". Queens are produced in oversized cells and develop in only 16 days; they differ in physiology, morphology, and behavior from worker bees. In addition to the greater size of the queen, she has a functional set of ovaries, and a spermatheca, which stores and maintains sperm after she has mated. 1811:

to a nest site which was scouted by worker bees beforehand and whose location is communicated with a special type of dance. Once the swarm arrives, they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood. This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus,

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The sting apparatus, including the barbs, may have evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates, as the barbs do not usually function (and the sting apparatus does not detach) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue. While the sting can also penetrate the membranes between

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between sons of the queen and those of the other workers would decrease. The benefit of policing is negated, and policing is less favored. Experiments confirming this hypothesis have shown a correlation between higher mating rates and increased rates of worker policing in many species of social

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from a series of exocrine glands on their abdomens. They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb. As with honey, beeswax is gathered by humans for various purposes such as candle making, waterproofing, soap and cosmetics manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, art, furniture polish and more.

2313:(or "tracheal mites") are parasitic mites which live and reproduce in adult bees' tracheae, or respiratory tubes, piercing the tube walls with their mouthparts to feed on haemolymph. To infest new hosts, the mites must find newly emerged bees; after three days, the bristles (setae) guarding the 2768:

In very rare instances workers subvert the policing mechanisms of the hive, laying eggs which are removed at a lower rate by other workers; this is known as anarchic syndrome. Anarchic workers can activate their ovaries at a higher rate and contribute a greater proportion of males to the hive.

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in some regions. However, these strains do not overwinter well, so they are not often found in the colder, more northern parts of North America. The original breeding experiment for which the East African lowland honey bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued (though not as

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The stings of honey bees are barbed and therefore embed themselves into the sting site, and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion which keep delivering venom even after detachment. The gland which produces the alarm pheromone is also associated with the sting apparatus. The

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Nectar is collected by foraging worker bees as a source of water and carbohydrates in the form of sucrose. The dominant monosaccharides in honey bee diets are fructose and glucose but the most common circulating sugar in hemolymph is trehalose which is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose

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has been used extensively for commercial pollination of fruit and vegetable crops. The scale of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars, credited with adding about 9% to the value of crops across the world. However, despite contributing substantially to crop

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are generalist floral visitors, and pollinate many species of flowering plants, but because of their "generalized" nature, they often do so inefficiently. Without specialized adaptations for specific flowers, their ability to reach pollen and nectar is often limited. This combined with their

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When a fertile female worker produces drones, a conflict arises between her interests and those of the queen. The worker shares half her genes with the drone and one-quarter with her brothers, favouring her offspring over those of the queen. The queen shares half her genes with her sons and

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embedded stinger continues to emit additional alarm pheromone after it has torn loose; other defensive workers are thereby attracted to the sting site. The worker dies after the sting becomes lodged and is subsequently torn loose from the bee's abdomen. The honey bee's venom, known as

4669:"Flowers set more seeds when visited by wild insects, and the more plants that were visited by wild insects, the more likely they were to set fruit. In some places the researchers considered, wild insects were pollinating most of the plants despite rented honey bees being present." 2465:

Worker bees combine pollen, honey and glandular secretions and allow it to ferment in the comb to make bee bread. The fermentation process releases additional nutrients from the pollen and can produce antibiotics and fatty acids which inhibit spoilage. Bee bread is eaten by

3932: 2182: 2181: 2185: 2184: 2180: 4759:"First, the easy part: "I've never seen anything definitively link the quote to Einstein," says Mark Dykes, the chief inspector for Texas Apiary Inspection Service. Quote checkers like this one, and this one agree. But debunking its message? That's more complicated." 2345:

that hatch tunnel through and destroy the honeycombs that contain bee larva and their honey stores. The tunnels they create are lined with silk, which entangles and starves emerging bees. Destruction of honeycombs also result in honey leaking and being wasted. Both

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reports "Three-fourths of the world’s flowering plants and about 35 percent of the world’s food crops depend on animal pollinators to reproduce" and honey bees "pollinate 80 percent of all flowering plants, including more than 130 types of fruits and vegetables."

3125:, bee and honey imagery appears when Asenath converts and is visited by an angel. If the work was indeed connected to the Leontopolis temple, the bees likely represent Levite priests, and the imagery intends to signify the legitimacy of a Jewish temple in Egypt. 2186: 3149: 4682:

The problem is that there are only so many flowers and places to nest. And once the numbers of honeybees have been artificially inflated (commercial-scale beekeeping would not exist without humans) the increased competition for these resources can push native

1899:, are known to engage in effective methods of nest thermoregulation during periods of varying temperature in both summer and winter. During the summer, however, this is achieved through fanning and water evaporation from water collected in various fields. 2899:, entrances to these cavities are guarded and checked for intruders in incoming traffic. Another act of defense against nest invaders, particularly wasps, is "body shaking", a violent and pendulum like swaying of the abdomen, performed by worker bees. 2115:

Honey bees ingest phytosterols from pollen to produce 24-methylenecholesterol and other sterols as they cannot directly synthesize cholesterol from phytosterols. Nurse bees have the ability to selectively transfer sterols to larvae through brood food.

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Although an increase in the number of drones would decrease the overall productivity of the hive, the reproductive fitness of the drones' mother would increase. Anarchic syndrome is an example of selection working in opposite directions at the

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have been described as essential to human food production, leading to claims that without their pollination humanity would starve or die out. Apples, blueberries, and cherries, for example, are 90 percent dependent on honeybee pollination.

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Hadisoesilo, S.; Raffiudin, Rika; Susanti, Wirian; Atmowidi, Tri; Hepburn, Colleen; Radloff, Sarah E.; Fuchs, Stefan; Hepburn, H. Randall (1 September 2008). "Morphometric analysis and biogeography of Apis koschevnikovi Enderlein (1906)".

458: 2183: 2881:" that spreads as a ripple across a layer of bees densely packed on the surface of the comb when a threat is perceived, and consists of bees momentarily arching their bodies and flicking their wings. In cavity dwelling species such as 1763:

produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. The larva undergoes several moultings before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and

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Hind leg of a honey bee with pollen pellet stuck on the pollen basket or corbicula. When the worker bee is collecting pollen, their legs make the transfer of pollen from the inner basitarsal combs to the outer pollen basket (shown in

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that stimulates the attack response in other bees. The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species by the possession of small barbs on the sting, but these barbs are found only in the worker bees.

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Dennis vanEngelsdorp; Jay D. Evans; Claude Saegerman; Chris Mullin; Eric Haubruge; Bach Kim Nguyen; Maryann Frazier; Jim Frazier; Diana Cox-Foster; Yanping Chen; Robyn Underwood; David R. Tarpy; Jeffery S. Pettis (August 2009).

1023:. They usually build single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs, on cliffs, and sometimes on buildings. They can be very fierce. Periodically robbed of their honey by human "honey hunters", colonies are easily capable of 3128:

A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society, from Aristotle and Plato to Virgil. Honey bees, signifying immortality and resurrection, were royal emblems of the

455: 1927: 3025:, dance on the upper surface of the comb, which is horizontal (not vertical, as in other species), and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting. 1465:

originally intended). Novel hybrid strains of domestic and re-domesticated Africanized honey bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields. They are popular among beekeepers in Brazil.

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from insect stings. Bee venom products are marketed in many countries, but, as of 2018, there are no approved clinical uses for these products which carry various warnings for potential allergic reactions.

1456:. They are often more aggressive than European honey bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus, but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers. Accidentally released from quarantine in 2661:

months when the hive's primary focus is warmth and food conservation. Drones have large eyes used to locate queens during mating flights. They do not defend the hive or kill intruders, and do not have a

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Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds, sap flows or other botanical sources, which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive. Propolis may cause severe

1068:, though authors applying a genetic species concept have suggested it should be considered a separate species and more recent research has confirmed this classification. Essentially restricted to the 5251: 4714: 2288:

50.8%. Beekeepers told the surveying scientists that 21% loss over the winter is acceptable and more than three-fifths of beekeepers surveyed said their losses were higher than that in 2022-2023.

4734: 1928: 1388:, so it was not present when the European explorers and colonists arrived. However, other native bee species were kept and traded by indigenous peoples. In 1622, European colonists brought the 2384: 2690:, abdominal glands that produce beeswax, brood-feeding glands, and barbs on the sting. Under certain conditions (for example, if the colony becomes queenless), a worker may develop ovaries. 2515:– is nutritious and seen as a delicacy in countries such as Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand, and many African countries; it has been consumed since ancient times by the Chinese and Egyptians. 6575:"Observation of the Mating Behavior of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Queens Using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): Factors Influencing the Duration and Frequency of Nuptial Flights" 2179: 5635: 3456:

Whitfield, Charles W.; Behura, Susanta K.; Berlocher, Stewart H.; et al. (27 October 2006). "Thrice Out of Africa: Ancient and Recent Expansions of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera".

1404:) and others. Many of the crops that depend on western honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times. Escaped swarms (known as "wild" honey bees, but actually 1370:. That the western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans for many millennia – including hybridization and introductions – has apparently increased the speed of its 2526:. According to a worker at a Yunnan-based specialty restaurant, the bees are best served "deep-fried with salt and pepper", and they are "naturally sweet and tasty". Kellie Schmitt of 3118:. Because of their divine origin, they were used to represent the Pharaoh. They were also used as a symbol of Lower Egypt in conjuction with the sedge, which represented Upper Egypt. 960:

are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia. They make very small, exposed nests in trees and shrubs. Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin, so the

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Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion used to nourish the larvae. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe

1340:. This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave-nesting honey bees was separated into the western group of East Africa and the eastern group of tropical Asia by 3137:

is called the "Beehive State", the state emblem is the beehive, the state insect is the honey bee, and a beehive and the word "industry" appear on both the state flag and seal.

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pollination, there is debate about the potential spillover to natural landscapes and competition between managed honey bees and many of the ~20,000 species of wild pollinators.

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an extent that the hive will succumb to the diseases and deformities caused by the mites. It was widely believed that the mites drank the blood of bees. However, a 2018 study

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Primarily in places where western honey bees were imported by humans, periodic collapses in western honey bee populations have occurred at least since the late 19th century.

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Jones, Julia C; Fruciano, Carmelo; Hildebrand, Falk; Al Toufalilia, Hasan; Balfour, Nicholas J; Bork, Peer; Engel, Philipp; Ratnieks, Francis LW; Hughes, William OH (2018).

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is considerably more aggressive, honey is, if at all, usually harvested from the former only. They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees, maybe diverging in the

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Maria C. Arias; Walter S. Sheppard (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data".

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Still, honey bees are considered "crucial to the food supply, pollinating more than 100 of the crops we eat, including nuts, vegetables, berries, citrus and melons." The

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species make single, exposed combs, while the more recently evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs, which has greatly facilitated their domestication.

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will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees, but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site, and this worker force is not a true "swarm".

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Radloff, Sarah E.; Hepburn, Colleen; Randall Hepburn, H.; Fuchs, Stefan; Hadisoesilo, Soesilawati; Tan, Ken; Engel, Michael S.; Kuznetsov, Viktor (15 March 2010).

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cause of the deaths. Limited occurrences resembling CCD were documented as early as 1869. Colony collapses were called "May Disease" in Colorado in 1891 and 1896.

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Hudewenz, Anika; Klein, Alexandra-Maria (1 December 2013). "Competition between honey bees and wild bees and the role of nesting resources in a nature reserve".

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molecules. Adult worker honey bees require 4 mg of utilizable sugars per day and larvae require about 59.4 mg of carbohydrates for proper development.

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exhibit some form of the behavior. If the resources are very close to the hive, they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the "round dance".

1751:, the queen can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on which cell she is laying it into. Drones develop from unfertilised eggs and are 4687:

pollinators out of their natural habitats. Honeybees also spread exotic plants and transmit pathogens, both of which have been shown to harm other pollinators.

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Hadisoesilo, S.; Otis, G. W.; Meixner, M. (1995). "Two distinct populations of cavity-nesting honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia".

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commercial operations. Bees of various types other than honey bees are also domesticated and used for pollination or other means around the world, including

2784:, worker policing is not favored if a queen does not mate multiple times. Workers would be related by three-quarters of their genes, and the difference in 3401: – Subfamily of wasps unique among wasps in feeding their larvae exclusively with pollen and nectar, in a fashion quite similar to many solitary bees 4026:

Kitnya N, Prabhudev MV, Bhatta CP, Pham TH, Nidup T, Megu K, Chakravorty J, Brockmann A, Otis GW (2020) Geographical distribution of the giant honey bee

2922:), a strategy not replicated by their European and North American counterparts, though collection and use of feces in nest construction is well-known in 1977:

Many important crops need no insect pollination at all. The ten most important crops, comprising 60% of all human food energy, fall into this category:

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or waggle dance) to communicate information regarding resources with each other; this dance varies from species to species, but all living species of

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are firm enough to prevent the mites' entry into the tracheae. Mite infestations are known as acarine, and have been called "Isle of Wight disease".

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and mate with multiple drones before returning. The drones die in the act of mating. Queen honey bees do not mate with drones from their home colony.

813:– are also social to some degree, and social behavior is considered to be a trait that predates the origin of the genus. Among the extant members of 995:(some 40 million years ago or slightly later) from the other lineages, but do not seem to have diverged from each other a long time before the 7614: 6886:

Mattila, Heather R.; Otis, Gard W.; Nguyen, Lien T. P.; Pham, Hanh D.; Knight, Olivia M.; Phan, Ngoc T. (9 December 2020). Blenau, Wolfgang (ed.).

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dance language is also used during the process of colony fission, or swarming, when scouts communicate the location and quality of nesting sites.

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Anderson, Kirk E.; Carroll, Mark J.; Sheehan, Tim; Lanan, Michele C.; Mott, Brendon M.; Maes, Patrick; Corby-Harris, Vanessa (5 November 2014).

3898:"Corrigendum to "Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data"" 3268: 7800: 6527:

Davies, N.R., Krebs, J.R., and West, S.A. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Print. pp. 387–388

5643: 5276: 3334: 569:, though historically 7 to 11 species are recognized. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. 9578: 6688:"Chapter 8: Most Spectacular Mating | The University of Florida Book of Insect Records | Department of Entomology & Nematology | UF/IFAS" 3167: 7738: 6493:

Châline, N.; Martin, S.J.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2004). "Worker policing persists in a hopelessly queenless honey bee colony (Apis mellifera)".

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one-quarter with the sons of fertile female workers. This pits the worker against the queen and other workers, who try to maximize their

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Honey is the complex substance made when bees ingest nectar, process it, and store the substance into honey combs. All living species of

5611:. Home technologies and practices for small agricultural producers, UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 29 August 2016. Archived from 1227:, the eastern honey bee proper, is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia. One of its subspecies, the Indian honey bee ( 9552: 5863:"Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products" 2470:(younger workers) which produce the protein-rich royal jelly needed by the queen and developing larvae in their hypopharyngeal glands. 1771:

Young worker bees, sometimes called "nurse bees", clean the hive and feed the larvae. When their royal jelly-producing glands begin to

606:

are true honey bees, but some other types of bees produce and store honey and have been kept by humans for that purpose, including the

7224: 5993: 5956: 2361:

To manage the mite, temperature treatments are possible, but also distorts wax of the honeycombs. Chemical fumigants, particularly CO

693:, which are appropriate because dragonflies and butterflies are not flies. Honey bee, not honeybee, is the listed common name in the 6022: 5560: 4543:"Introduced Honeybees (Apis mellifera) Reduce Pollination Success without Affecting the Floral Resource Taken by Native Pollinators" 9500: 3090:". It is named after honey bees, and contains a comparison of the industry and adaptability of honey bees to the industry of man. 9539: 6746: 6450:

Barron, A.; Oldroyd, B; Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2001). "Worker reproduction in honey-bees (Apis) and the anarchic syndrome: a review".

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course of their nuptial flights, queens engage with multiple mates and have little control over the number of times they do so.

8672: 4315: 3740:

Michael S. Engel; I. A. Hinojosa-Diaz; A. P. Rasnitsyn (2009). "A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of

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and the ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the gift of eloquence and even of prescience. The priestess at

1912: 4755: 8979: 8084: 7722: 7670: 5940: 4355: 4267: 4207: 3902: 3860: 3654: 1970:

is sometimes misquoted as saying "If bees disappeared off the face of the earth, man would only have four years left to live"

9544: 5146: 1374:

and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many

9685: 7577: 6246:

Hadisoesilo, Soesilawati. "The Comparative Study of Two Species of Cavity-Nesting Honey Bees of Sulawesi, Indonesia" (PDF).

5500:"Hive-stored pollen of honey bees: many lines of evidence are consistent with pollen preservation, not nutrient conversion" 3035:) use their antennae asymmetrically for social interactions, with a strong lateral preference to use their right antennae. 1832: 5880:

Leung, R; Ho, A; Chan, J; Choy, D; Lai, CK (March 1997). "Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community".

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that enable it to nest in the open at high altitudes despite low ambient temperatures. It is the largest living honey bee.

7520: 2693:

Worker honey bees perform different behavioural tasks that cause them to be exposed to different local environments. The

5814: 7793: 6873: 2297: 6768:

Michio Sugahara; Fumio Sakamoto (2009). "Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets".

3322: 8266: 6999: 6964:

Basari N, Ramli SN, Mohd Khairi NS. (2018) Food reward and distance influence the foraging pattern of stingless bee,

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is the most enigmatic of all honey bee species. It seems to have diverged from its eastern relatives only during the

1320: 9479: 5172: 4801: 1327:

have been bred. Behavior, colour, and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another.

8381: 8319: 4371: 1299:, the most common domesticated species, was first domesticated before 2600 BC and was the third insect to have its 698: 4177: 1348:

and adjacent regions, which caused declines of food plants and trees that provided nest sites, eventually causing

9680: 9583: 9492: 9289: 8397: 8324: 7559:"O Asvins, lords of brightness, anoint me with the honey of the bee, that I may speak forceful speech among men! 3805: 3182: 2477:

source necessary during brood-rearing. In certain environments, excess pollen can be collected from the hives of

314: 7640: 3978:

Nathan Lo; Rosalyn S. Gloag; Denis L. Anderson; Benjamin P. Oldroyd (2009). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus

2988: 2873:

Defense can vary based on the habitat of the bee. In the case of those honey bee species with open combs (e.g.,

8787: 7870: 7714: 6888:"Honey bees (Apis cerana) use animal feces as a tool to defend colonies against group attack by giant hornets ( 4405: 3006: 2765:, where the benefits of worker reproduction are minimized and that of rearing the queen's offspring maximized. 2485:. The product is used as a health supplement. It has been used with moderate success as a source of pollen for 1319:

range. It is variously called the European, western, or common honey bee in different parts of the world. Many

7223:

Boyle, R. J; Elremeli, M; Hockenhull, J; Cherry, M. G; Bulsara, M. K; Daniels, M; Oude Elberink, J. N (2012).

6198:

Jones, J. C; Fruciano, C; Marchant, J; Hildebrand, F; Forslund, S; Bork, P; Engel, P; Hughes, W. O. H (2018).

3015:

The details of the signalling being used vary from species to species; for example, the two smallest species,

1256:

from the Philippines to satisfaction; some researchers argue that these are indeed distinct species, but that

9632: 9565: 8870: 8463: 7786: 5310: 2719:

Queen honey bees are created when worker bees feed a single female larva an exclusive diet of a food called "

2351: 2273: 5343:

Kwadha, Charles A.; Ong'amo, George O.; Ndegwa, Paul N.; Raina, Suresh K.; Fombong, Ayuka T. (9 June 2017).

4768: 3204: 8261: 6091: 5866: 5862: 5608: 5151: 4697: 3951:

Wongsiri, S.; et al. (1997). "Comparative biology of Apis andreniformis and Apis florea in Thailand".

3223: 1844: 1060:, the Himalayan giant honey bee, was initially described as a distinct species. Later, it was included in 9675: 9409: 9386: 9055: 8920: 8374: 8289: 8014: 5252:"'Victory for bees' as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population" 2785: 1211: 42: 9414: 9207: 9035: 8900: 8880: 6039: 4868:"Struggling beekeepers stabilize U.S. honeybee population after nearly half of colonies died last year" 4495: 2993:

With an increased number of honey bees in a specific area due to beekeeping, Western honey bees (as an

1065: 63: 9619: 4933: 4783: 4728: 4118: 3121:

In Joseph and Asenath, a work composed by ancient Egyptian Jews who may have been affiliated with the

9593: 8972: 8355: 8309: 4313: 2390:

Mite treatment is accomplished by several methods, including treatment strips and acid vaporization.

508: 38: 17: 6687: 5583: 5284: 4541:

do Carmo, Roselaini Mendes; Franceschinelli, Edivani Villaron; da Silveira, Fernando Amaral (2004).

4164:"What's Happening To The Bees? – Part 5: Is There A Difference Between Domesticated And Feral Bees?" 265: 9002: 8865: 8860: 8245: 8220: 8000: 7979: 7965: 7951: 7944: 7176:"Bee venom acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials" 3363: 3122: 2247: 702: 7538: 2862:

joints in the exoskeleton of other insects (and is used in fights between queens), in the case of

9265: 9060: 8767: 8744: 8657: 8284: 8139: 8042: 8021: 8007: 7742: 6847: 6573:

Heidinger, Ina Monika Margret; Meixner, Marina Doris; Berg, Stefan; Büchler, Ralph (2014-07-01).

5815:

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, European Food Safety Authority (2011).

5666: 2220: 1797: 678: 618: 175: 163: 7662:

Priests in exile: the history of the temple of Onias and its community in the Hellenistic Period

5996:. University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2017. Archived from 5723: 5557:"Sensasi Rasa Unik Botok Lebah yang Menyengat (Unique taste sensation botok with stinging bees)" 5318: 4844: 4718:"A world without honeybees would also mean a world without fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds." 4606:"Native pollen thieves reduce the reproductive success of a hermaphroditic plant, Aloe maculata" 4443:

Geldmann, Jonas; González-Varo, Juan P. (2018). "Conserving honey bees does not help wildlife".

3766: 1323:

have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environments; in addition, breeds such as the

750:

are native to that region. Notably, living representatives of the earliest lineages to diverge (

9606: 9326: 8832: 8035: 8028: 7986: 7958: 2620: 2355: 2280: 1908: 674: 463: 9531: 6407:

Oldroyd, B.; Ratnieks, Francis (2002). "Egg-marking pheromones in honey-bees Apis mellifera".

2648:) gene. In developing bees, if the conditions are that the individual is heterozygous for the 2467: 9655: 9601: 8925: 8817: 8607: 8602: 8453: 8314: 8299: 6068: 5842: 3992: 3977: 2731:, with one female mating with multiple males. The highest documented mating frequency for an 2314: 1367: 1246: 1207: 977: 7066:"Calcium-independent phospholipases A2 and their roles in biological processes and diseases" 5169: 685:, because it is a kind or type of bee. It is incorrect to run the two words together, as in 9690: 9448: 9373: 8965: 8772: 8566: 8553: 8345: 7875: 7860: 7449: 7433: 7361: 7306: 7128: 6903: 6779: 6645: 6459: 6416: 6361: 6314: 6151: 5511: 5187: 5042: 4617: 4554: 4452: 3869: 3527: 3465: 3368: 3057: 2967: 2837: 2757: 2728: 1804: 1073: 1009:

are also completely yellow with the exception of the scutellum of workers, which is black.

961: 725: 5997: 5682:"Propolis and bee health: The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees" 1807:", which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees. This group moves 1803:

Colonies are established not by solitary queens, as in most bees, but by groups known as "

8: 9660: 9305: 9015: 8930: 8875: 8757: 8642: 8627: 8511: 8340: 8304: 8294: 8240: 8131: 7972: 7906: 7350:"Modeling the Adaptive Role of Negative Signaling in Honey Bee Intraspecific Competition" 6770: 6038:

Weinstock, George M.; Robinson, Gene E., & the Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium

6019: 5124: 4986: 3373: 3110:

In ancient Egyptian mythology, honey bees were believed to be born from the tears of the

3028: 2350:

adults and larvae are possible vectors for pathogens that can infect bees, including the

2329: 1363: 1072:, it differs little from the giant honey bee in appearance, but has extensive behavioral 1036:, the giant honey bee, is native and widespread across most of South and Southeast Asia. 7453: 7414: 7365: 7310: 7132: 6907: 6822: 6783: 6649: 6463: 6420: 6365: 6318: 6155: 5796:

Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene".

5515: 5191: 5046: 4621: 4558: 4496:"Consumptive emasculation: the ecological and evolutionary consequences of pollen theft" 4456: 4289: 3873: 3531: 3469: 1856: 1288:

The European honey bee may have originated from eastern Africa. This bee is pictured in

8448: 8235: 7772: 7470: 7437: 7390: 7349: 7330: 7252: 7200: 7175: 7151: 7116: 7092: 7065: 7041: 7016: 6947: 6934: 6887: 6803: 6669: 6609: 6574: 6545: 6510: 6475: 6432: 6330: 6287: 6224: 6199: 6172: 6139: 5905: 5893: 5532: 5499: 5371: 5344: 5058: 4964: 4586: 4578: 4566: 4523: 4476: 4244: 4145: 4099: 4072: 4009: 3548: 3511: 3489: 3350: 3017: 2867: 2842: 2777:

this period worker policing is usually absent, in certain groups of bees it continues.

2213: 1978: 1739:. Details vary among the different species of honey bees, but common features include: 1229: 1133: 1101: 956: 863: 839: 758: 422: 357: 170: 9278: 7778: 6384: 6349: 5923:

Cervoni, Mário Sérgio; Hartfelder, Klaus (2021). "Caste Differentiation: Honey Bees".

5773: 5746: 3621: 3423:

The Mayans kept and collected honey and brood, but from stingless social bees such as

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gene, they will develop into females. If the conditions are so that the individual is

9435: 9231: 8652: 8622: 8571: 8561: 8536: 8470: 8225: 8213: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7911: 7865: 7834: 7718: 7676: 7666: 7475: 7431: 7395: 7377: 7322: 7257: 7205: 7156: 7097: 7046: 6995: 6951: 6939: 6921: 6869: 6795: 6661: 6614: 6596: 6389: 6279: 6274: 6257: 6229: 6177: 6140:"Gut microbiota composition is associated with environmental landscape in honey bees" 5936: 5897: 5778: 5537: 5376: 5232: 4956: 4824: 4641: 4633: 4570: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4480: 4468: 4401: 4351: 4203: 4064: 4005: 3885: 3650: 3576: 3553: 3481: 3425: 3340: 3295: 3274: 3260: 3254: 3229: 3188: 3173: 3158: 2955: 2770: 2579: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2376: 2284: 2207:, and they are often maintained, fed, and transported by beekeepers. In Japan, where 1962: 1890: 1752: 1452: 1389: 1360: 875: 573: 331: 159: 9391: 7334: 7275: 6807: 6673: 6514: 6479: 6436: 5909: 5062: 4968: 4903: 4590: 4248: 4149: 4013: 3493: 2228:

for tree nut and fruit pollination in the United States, and a number of species of

2137: 1816:

wasps also found new nests by swarming (sometimes including multiple queens). Also,

1427: 531: 8822: 8704: 8597: 8592: 8458: 8091: 7465: 7457: 7385: 7369: 7314: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7195: 7187: 7146: 7136: 7087: 7077: 7036: 7028: 6929: 6911: 6787: 6742: 6653: 6604: 6586: 6502: 6467: 6424: 6379: 6369: 6334: 6322: 6291: 6269: 6219: 6211: 6167: 6159: 6043: 5928: 5889: 5828: 5768: 5758: 5703: 5693: 5527: 5519: 5437: 5410: 5406: 5366: 5356: 5224: 5195: 5050: 5033:

Kuhnholz, Susanne (1997). "The Control of Water Collection in Honey Bee Colonies".

4998: 4948: 4625: 4562: 4507: 4460: 4240: 4236: 4137: 4076: 4056: 4001: 3964: 3960: 3911: 3877: 3796: 3543: 3535: 3473: 3299: 2994: 2948: 2895: 2737: 2553: 2486: 2387:

showed that they actually feed on the fat body tissue of live bees, not the blood.

2225: 2106: 2041: 2006: 1447: 1252: 1202: 1107: 1087: 936: 881: 643: 534: 436: 8366: 7595: 5932: 4885: 3739: 2421:

are the only species that have had their honey harvested for commercial purposes.

1244:

It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean honey bee

9440: 9252: 9075: 9040: 9025: 9020: 8187: 8143: 7891: 7141: 6916: 6026: 5200: 5156: 4678: 4665: 3644: 3379: 3314: 3051: 2878: 2750: 2146: 2049: 1990: 1967: 1441: 1413: 1341: 1166: 1154: 911:

Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and

889: 818: 558: 288: 9570: 7191: 3916: 3897: 3881: 2697:

composition of workers varies according to the landscape and plant species they

1778:

Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of "dancing" (known as the

9487: 9474: 9364: 9149: 8948: 8839: 8812: 8738: 8612: 8496: 8429: 8192: 8167: 8151: 8048: 7937: 7901: 7117:"Risk Associated with Bee Venom Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 7064:

Ramanadham, S; Ali, T; Ashley, J. W; Bone, R. N; Hancock, W. D; Lei, X (2015).

3596: 3395: – Genus of wasps (honey wasps) known to collect and store nectar as honey 2889: 2309: 1279: 1119: 1056: 921: 869: 798: 792:

species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of

746: 737: 595: 429: 393: 339: 304: 7680: 7660: 7373: 7318: 7032: 6791: 6634:"Worker reproduction in honey-bees (Apis) and the anarchic syndrome: a review" 6506: 6428: 6215: 5228: 4314:

Michael S. Engel, Ismael A. Hinojosa-Díaz & Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn (2009).

1974:

Einstein did not say this and there is no science to support this prediction.

1755:, while females (queens and worker bees) develop from fertilised eggs and are 915:

by humans indigenous to their native ranges. Only two species have been truly

9665: 9649: 9378: 9349: 9045: 9030: 8895: 8440: 7381: 7326: 6925: 6665: 6600: 5833: 5816: 5442: 5425: 5003: 4960: 4637: 4574: 4068: 3039: 2971: 2959: 2923: 2832: 2781: 2684: 2498: 2459: 2269: 2068:

mentioned by Jefferson are distant relatives of the honey bees, in the genus

2065: 1817: 1790: 1461: 1234: 1137:) is often referred to in the literature as the "red bee of Sabah"; however, 1046:

subspecies of the giant honey bee or a distinct species; in the latter case,

810: 770: 607: 520: 512: 482: 310: 284: 109: 6632:

Barron, Andrew B.; Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Ratnieks, Francis L. (2001-08-01).

6374: 5698: 5681: 5457: 4987:"Pyridoxine Requirement of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) For Brood Rearing" 4952: 4464: 4141: 4060: 4031: 3799:(1999). "The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: 3477: 939:, and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range. 9557: 9283: 9175: 9007: 8827: 8792: 8716: 8486: 8350: 7896: 7479: 7399: 7261: 7209: 7160: 7101: 7050: 6943: 6799: 6618: 6591: 6393: 6305:

Ratnieks, F.; Visscher, P. Kirk (1989). "Worker policing in the honeybee".

6283: 6233: 6181: 6040:

Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera

5782: 5541: 5380: 5361: 5236: 4645: 4519: 4472: 3889: 3557: 3485: 3404: 3392: 3210: 3130: 3065: 2877:), would-be predators are given a warning signal that takes the form of a " 2641: 2625: 2090: 1994: 1951: 1917: 1409: 1385: 1337: 1324: 1263: 1032: 916: 851: 671: 550: 516: 500: 386: 296: 6711: 6657: 6471: 5901: 5763: 5426:"The fine structure of the wax gland of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)" 5054: 2705:

crops, and with different hive tasks, such as nursing or food processing.

1412:, usually preceding the colonists. Honey bees did not naturally cross the 1284: 1177:

and they do not live in tropical evergreen rain forests which extend into

541:, the large size of their colonies, and surplus production and storage of 9513: 9401: 9358: 9181: 9117: 9102: 9070: 8988: 8890: 8721: 8692: 8617: 8587: 8541: 8491: 8162: 8106: 7993: 7916: 7839: 7767: 6848:"Giant Honeybees Use Shimmering 'Mexican Waves' To Repel Predatory Wasps" 4605: 4400:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press. 3398: 3386: 2918: 2904: 2883: 2790: 2720: 2615: 2595: 2573: 2203: 1950:

behavioural flexibility may be why they are the most commonly documented

1895: 1760: 1748: 1397: 1345: 1266:, consisting of several separate species, though other researchers argue 1258: 1223: 1113: 1001: 950: 927: 857: 845: 752: 741: 586: 581: 415: 364: 250: 227: 84: 7225:"Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings" 7082: 6633: 5747:"Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians" 5708: 5020:

Physiological Ecology: How Animals Process Energy, Nutrients, and Toxins

4735:

Michigan State University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources

4582: 4542: 4375: 4103: 3103: 2056:, and all other New World crops evolved with native pollinators such as 1793:, which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers. 1050:

and/or other lineages would probably also have to be considered species.

796:

by Europeans. Only one fossil species is documented from the New World,

713: 9505: 9236: 9201: 9167: 9161: 9122: 9050: 8667: 8662: 8519: 8434: 8197: 8182: 8177: 8157: 8064: 7829: 7174:

Lee, J. A; Son, M. J; Choi, J; Jun, J. H; Kim, J. I; Lee, M. S (2014).

6258:"Worker reproduction and policing in insect societies: an ESS analysis" 2845:: The body heat trapped by the ball will overheat and kill the hornets. 2674: 2637: 2599: 2449: 2149:. The modular design allows for easier management and honey harvesting. 2142: 2132: 2061: 2057: 2026: 1756: 1736: 1431:

An Africanized honey bee (left) and a European honey bee on a honeycomb

1421: 834: 733: 591: 566: 129: 94: 9427: 7461: 6200:"The gut microbiome is associated with behavioural task in honey bees" 6163: 5523: 5345:"The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella" 4629: 3575:(1st ed.). New York: Random House Children's Books. p. 157. 2153: 151: 9518: 9461: 9194: 9189: 9065: 8885: 8501: 8172: 8135: 8096: 7824: 7615:"Honey, I love you: our 40,000-year relationship with the humble bee" 6979:

Beescape for Meliponines: Conservation of Indo-Malayan Stingless Bees

6326: 5394: 4604:

Hargreaves, Anna L.; Harder, Lawrence D.; Johnson, Steven D. (2010).

4494:

Hargreaves, Anna L.; Harder, Lawrence D.; Johnson, Steven D. (2009).

3539: 3345: 3196: 3155: 2916:

and even human urine to defend their hives against raids by hornets (

2854: 2850: 2827: 2714: 2694: 2603: 2413:

have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption.

2053: 2033: 1779: 1744: 1732: 1728: 1371: 1349: 1333: 1316: 1162: 1069: 1043: 1024: 992: 973: 969: 806: 802:, known from a single 14 million-year-old specimen from Nevada. 778: 639: 599: 524: 207: 187: 134: 9320: 6256:

Wenseleers, T.; Helanterä, H.; Hart, A.; Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2004).

6137: 2157:

A professional beekeeper inspects hives for breeding and selection,

1796:

Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony to a

9466: 9422: 9343: 9297: 9139: 9132: 8782: 8687: 8529: 8524: 8101: 8069: 7695: 5122: 5095:"Colony Collapse Disorder: The Vanishing Honeybee (Apis Mellifera)" 4045: 2940: 2939:, carries several active components, the most abundant of which is 2936: 2762: 2702: 2698: 2653: 2543: 2531: 2261: 2211:

is vulnerable to local hornets and disease, the Japanese honey bee

2165: 2070: 1724: 1289: 1186: 1178: 1150: 935:

has been cultivated at least since the time of the building of the

635: 612: 546: 479: 124: 119: 104: 99: 89: 9087: 6348:

Pirk, C.; Neumann, P.; Hepburn, R.; Moritz, R.; Tautz, J. (2003).

5215:

Bryony, Bonning (11 November 2009). "Honey Bee Disease Overview".

4540: 4116: 2234:(bumblebees) for pollination in various regions globally, such as 1165:. Its habitat is limited to the tropical evergreen forests of the 721: 9627: 9215: 9154: 9144: 8777: 8733: 8699: 8677: 8632: 8230: 8127: 8074: 7855: 6864:

Radloff, Sara E.; Hepburn, H. Randall; Engel, Michael S. (2011).

4264:"A Brief Survey of Ancient Near Eastern Beekeeping; A Final Note" 3696: 3111: 3100: 3087: 2975: 2963: 2909: 2662: 2633: 2474: 2436: 2430: 2018: 2002: 1982: 1772: 1446:

Africanized honey bees (known colloquially as "killer bees") are

1190: 1182: 1174: 1158: 996: 912: 830: 623: 562: 538: 504: 139: 114: 7642:

The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt

7563:

91–258, quoted in Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat (Anthea Bell, tr.)

5612: 4398:

Asian Honey Bees (Biology, Conservation, and Human Interactions)

4316:"A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of 3895: 3857: 3510:

Han, Fan; Wallberg, Andreas; Webster, Matthew T. (August 2012).

2298:

Apis cerana § Pathogens and parasites affecting Apis cerana

9453: 9112: 8711: 8412: 8401: 8122: 6255: 6197: 4345: 3824: 3279: 3070: 2944: 2866:, defense against larger insects such as predatory wasps (e.g. 2560:

in some individuals. Propolis is also used in wood finishes on

2523: 2455: 2265: 2235: 2230: 2158: 2095: 2045: 1986: 1813: 1765: 1457: 1450:

between European stock and the East African lowland subspecies

1417: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1170: 1146: 774: 627: 237: 217: 197: 8957: 8943: 4290:"Africanized honey bee – Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier" 2333:

parasitize both wild and cultivated honey bees, in particular

2193:

hive entrance with audio. The last part is at one fourth speed

9614: 8682: 8079: 7222: 6767: 5127:. The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology 3455: 3078: 3061: 2913: 2591: 2519: 2518:

Adult wild honeybees are also consumed as a food in parts of

2404: 2342: 2170: 2022: 2014: 1998: 1468: 1405: 1214:, with reddish-tan hair colour that covers most of the body. 1142: 965: 893: 663: 655: 554: 542: 496: 486: 7115:

Park, J. H; Yim, B. K; Lee, J. H; Lee, S; Kim, T. H (2015).

5342: 2958:

for its potential properties and uses in reducing risks for

2385:

Article in PNAS: "Linking pesticides and gut health in bees"

837:, although historically seven to 11 species are recognized: 584:. The only other domesticated bee is the eastern honey bee ( 8726: 7017:"Melittin, the Major Pain-Producing Substance of Bee Venom" 6572: 5744: 5497: 4698:"If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive" 3718: 3134: 3095:

for people. Surely in this is a sign for those who reflect.

3083: 2853:

intruders as a form of defense, and alarmed bees release a

2508: 2078: 2010: 1312: 1206:

is a cavity-nesting species. The species has rust-coloured

968:

can be handled with minimal protection. They occur largely

631: 2683:

Workers have morphological specializations, including the

9107: 8147: 7521:"Do Honeybees Feel? Scientists Are Entertaining the Idea" 5680:

Simone-Finstrom, Michael; Spivak, Marla (May–June 2010).

4436: 2527: 782: 493: 6347: 4715:

A Devastating Look At Our World If Honeybees Disappeared

2606:. Drones are male, while workers and queens are female. 1303:

mapped. It seems to have originated in eastern tropical

708: 580:), which was domesticated for honey production and crop 7808: 7063: 5017: 4931: 4603: 4493: 4030:

Smith, 1871 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 951: 67–81.

3115: 2044:

brought over with colonists in the last few centuries.

1042:, the Indonesian giant honey bee, is classified as the 7495:"Honeybees use right antennae to tell friend from foe" 5018:

Karasov, William H.; Martinez del Rio, Carlos (2008).

4932:

Brodschneider, Robert; Crailsheim, Karl (1 May 2010).

4227:

and traditional beekeeping in the Yucatán peninsula".

4223:

Villanueva, Rogel; et al. (2005). "Extinction of

4089: 3982:

suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines,

2238:, which are not effectively pollinated by honey bees. 1099:

species include three or four species, including

805:

The close relatives of modern honey bees – e.g.,

7348:

Johnson, Brian R.; Nieh, James C. (1 November 2010).

6885: 6631: 6492: 6449: 5679: 5125:"Colony Collapse Disorder: Have We Seen This Before?" 4442: 3176:

foragers loaded with pollen on the hive landing board

2123:

from streams or ponds to meet the needs of the hive.

1460:, they have spread to North America and constitute a 829:

While about 20,000 species of bees exist, only eight

666:

for "bee". Although modern dictionaries may refer to

4679:

Saving pollinators is about more than just honeybees

1747:, produced and shaped by the worker bees. Using her 732:

Honey bees appear to have their center of origin in

511:

of honey bees, introducing multiple subspecies into

503:. After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and 8396: 7438:"A right antenna for social behaviour in honeybees" 6029:

Journal of Apiculture Research, (1963), pages 19–24

4802:"What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?" 4041: 4039: 3671:"Integrated Taxonomic Information System – Search, 3642: 3624:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2019 3154:A coloured dot applied by a beekeeper identifies a 2989:

Western honey bee § As an environmental threat

1420:pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s, and by ship to 7432:Rogers, Lesley J.; Elisa Rigosi; Elisa Frasnelli; 6020:Drone Larvae from Fertilized Eggs of the Honey Bee 5636:"U.N. Urges Eating Insects: 8 Popular Bugs to Try" 5397:(1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". 3509: 2849:All honey bees live in colonies where the workers 6868:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6350:"Egg viability and worker policing in honey bees" 5922: 5726:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 28 July 2022 5633: 4769:Would a World Without Bees Be a World Without Us? 4328:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4222: 3986:Maa, and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India, 3747:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 1005:have smaller wing spans than its sister species. 908:(the western honey bee and its close relatives). 9647: 6304: 4980: 4978: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4396:Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Wongsiri, Siriwat (2006). 4036: 3946: 3944: 3795: 3383:– a 2012 Swiss documentary film about honey bees 1366:aided by climate and habitat changes during the 1359:subspecies is probably the product of a largely 833:of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 43 565:of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 43 6992:Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, Part II 6990:Biller, Jose; Ferro, Jose M (7 February 2014). 6406: 5879: 5482: 5173:"Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study" 5144: 4823:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 82. 4756:What Would Happen if All the Bees Went Extinct? 2197:The only domesticated species of honey bee are 1981:are sterile and propagated by cuttings, as are 1396:) to the Americas first, followed later by the 642:, as a lubricant and in mould-making using the 530:Honey bees are known for their construction of 6968:. Insects 9(4):138. doi:10.3390/insects9040138 6543: 6530: 5745:Gambichler T; Boms S; Freitag M (April 2004). 5609:"How to collect drone larvae from the beehive" 5338: 5336: 3056:The bee was used as a symbol of government by 888:Honey bees are the only extant members of the 8973: 8382: 7794: 7296: 7173: 7114: 7014: 6820: 6089: 5795: 4984: 4975: 4914: 4659:Plants, Pollinators, and the Price of Almonds 3941: 1957: 7612: 5847:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5559:(in Indonesian). Sayangi.com. Archived from 5423: 4119:"Population structure and classification of 3636: 1735:, or males; and tens of thousands of female 1731:, a female; seasonally up to a few thousand 1241:, though on a more limited, regional scale. 507:, humans became responsible for the current 7658: 7492: 7347: 6989: 6116:. Visual Dictionary, QA International. 2017 5959:. Visual Dictionary, QA International. 2017 5627: 5548: 5333: 5249: 5123:Robyn M. Underwood; Dennis van Engelsdorp. 4886:"The Importance of Pollinators | USDA" 4350:. Scientific American Library. p. 19. 4092:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 3896:Maria C. Arias; Walter S. Sheppard (2005). 3038:There has been speculation as to honey bee 2796: 2241: 2173:inspects a well-developed jumbo frame hive. 1126: 1019:Two species are recognized in the subgenus 892:Apini. Today's honey bees constitute three 717:Distribution of honey bees around the world 23: 8980: 8966: 8389: 8375: 7801: 7787: 7708: 7008: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 5584:"Women Work to Save Native Bees of Mexico" 4784:"The 10 Most Important Crops In The World" 4721: 4346:James L. Gould; Carol Grant Gould (1995). 4020: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3298:collecting pollen from turnip blossoms in 2808: 1237:and kept in hives in a fashion similar to 701:Common Names of Insects Database, and the 150: 24: 7469: 7389: 7251: 7199: 7150: 7140: 7091: 7081: 7040: 6933: 6915: 6736: 6608: 6590: 6383: 6373: 6273: 6223: 6193: 6191: 6171: 5832: 5772: 5762: 5707: 5697: 5531: 5441: 5387: 5370: 5360: 5199: 5002: 4845:"Are honey bees native to North America?" 4202:(First ed.). lulu.com. p. 116. 4193: 4191: 4083: 4032:https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.951.49855 3934:Coexisting on Earth Homo sapiens Quagmire 3915: 3649:. Cornell University Press. p. vii. 3547: 2640:, and primarily exist for the purpose of 2341:. Eggs are laid within the hive, and the 2296:For parasites affecting Apis cerana, see 1117:. The genetics of the western honey bee ( 545:, distinguishing their hives as a prized 466:. Followed by segment at one tenth speed. 6879: 6718:. Arizona State University. 13 June 2017 6133: 6131: 5032: 3950: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3764: 3570: 3451: 3449: 2954:Honey bee venom is under laboratory and 2831: 2744: 2619: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2136: 2105: 2089: 1925: 1916: 1874:Emergence of a European dark honey bee ( 1838:Honey bee eggs shown in opened wax cells 1743:Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax 1435: 1426: 1283: 1086: 720: 712: 448: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7425: 7232:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6994:(1st ed.). Elsevier. p. 995. 6983: 6544:Hammond, George; Blankenship, Madison. 6050: 5656: 5601: 5581: 5417: 5393: 5315:United States Department of Agriculture 4862: 4860: 4858: 4729:"Supporting pollination in agriculture" 4261: 4110: 3784: 2943:, and the most biologically active are 1196: 980:, their distribution later converging. 695:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 616:and the Indian stingless or dammar bee 14: 9648: 8673:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 7665:. Studia Judaica. Berlin: De Gruyter. 7518: 7268: 6712:"Bee Bonanza. The story of Honey Bees" 6188: 6047:, volume "'443'" (2006), pages 931–949 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5214: 4818: 4781: 4197: 4188: 3512:"From where did the Western honeybee ( 2320: 1913:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 1727:bees, a colony generally contains one 9325: 9324: 8961: 8370: 7782: 7412: 7015:Chen J, Guan SM, Sun W, Fu H (2016). 6128: 6092:"Breeding and Genetics of Honey Bees" 5650: 5554: 4985:Anderson, Leroy M; Dietz, A. (1976). 4339: 3930: 3903:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3861:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3842: 3505: 3503: 3446: 2435:Worker bees of a certain age secrete 1469:Living and fossil honey bees (Apini: 762:) have their center of origin there. 709:Origin, systematics, and distribution 649: 9633:4132E584-2769-4B53-B2B7-E26DD62ECC7E 9620:EB9627B8-268D-0D80-98F8-7029E96DF821 9594:33c3b363-cfc7-4972-b7d0-0c5a7702effd 9493:a8cc3594-078a-4470-8f3e-c130f44eef75 7741:. Utah State Library. Archived from 5994:"Getting Started: Honey Bee Biology" 5657:Schmitt, Kellie (26 December 2011). 4934:"Nutrition and health in honey bees" 4855: 4178:"Egyptian honeybee - Arca del Gusto" 3571:Buchmann, Stephen L. (8 June 2010). 1273: 1217: 1153:, but a dark, coppery colour in the 1027:a human being to death if provoked. 744:), as all the extant species except 728:of a sterile female worker honey bee 59:Colonial flying insect of genus Apis 7711:The Hive: The Story of the Honeybee 6638:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6452:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6409:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5971: 5317:. February 18, 2005. Archived from 5035:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3817: 3758: 2585: 1937:Of all the honey bee species, only 56: 9671:Extant Oligocene first appearances 7638: 6114:"Morphology of a honeybee: worker" 6018:Woyka, J.; Pszczelnictwa, Zaklad; 5894:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x 5555:Haris, Emmaria (6 December 2013). 5077:"Bumblebee species | Biobest" 4567:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00329.x 4419:"Conservation Work for Honey Bees" 4266:. The FARMS Review. Archived from 4200:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 4198:Reuber, Brant (21 February 2015). 3699:. Entomological Society of America 3697:"Common Names of Insects Database" 3689: 3500: 1997:are root vegetables propagated by 1933:Buzzing bees on the flowering plum 1883: 1270:is a single monophyletic species. 549:target of many animals, including 57: 9702: 7885:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes 7768:Could a Mushroom Save a Honeybee? 7760: 6823:"Honeybee mobs overpower hornets" 5634:Holland, Jennifer (14 May 2013). 5424:Sanford, M.T.; Dietz, A. (1976). 5217:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 3573:Honey Bees: Letters from the Hive 2473:In the hive, pollen is used as a 2303: 2036:depend on the western honey bee ( 873:(the Himalayan giant honey bee); 670:as either honey bee or honeybee, 9086: 8942: 7731: 7702: 7687: 7652: 7632: 7606: 7588: 7570: 7553: 7531: 7512: 7486: 7406: 7341: 7290: 7216: 7167: 7108: 7057: 6971: 6958: 6858: 6840: 6814: 6761: 6730: 6704: 6680: 6625: 6566: 6521: 6275:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00751.x 5399:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 5145:Benjamin Lester (7 March 2007). 4512:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00074.x 4372:"What do bees do in the winter?" 4006:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00504.x 3931:Clark, Michael C. (2018-04-03). 3765:Nicholls, Henry (15 June 2015). 3721:. Tree of Life Web Project. 2004 3333: 3321: 3306: 3288: 3267: 3253: 3237: 3222: 3203: 3181: 3166: 3147: 3000: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1759:. Larvae are initially fed with 1091:Western honey bee on a honeycomb 972:, though they are very distinct 699:Entomological Society of America 572:The best known honey bee is the 174: 82: 9290:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 8987: 7519:Gorman, James (18 April 2016). 6486: 6443: 6400: 6341: 6298: 6262:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6249: 6240: 6106: 6083: 6032: 6012: 5949: 5916: 5873: 5855: 5808: 5789: 5738: 5716: 5673: 5575: 5491: 5476: 5450: 5307:""Tracheal mites" Tarsonemidae" 5299: 5269: 5243: 5208: 5163: 5138: 5116: 5087: 5069: 5026: 5011: 4896: 4878: 4837: 4812: 4794: 4775: 4762: 4749: 4708: 4690: 4672: 4652: 4597: 4534: 4487: 4411: 4390: 4364: 4307: 4282: 4255: 4216: 4170: 4156: 3990:Fabricius, are valid species". 3971: 3924: 3806:Journal of Hymenoptera Research 3744:(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)". 3733: 3417: 2773:for the stability of the hive. 2492: 2462:and carry it back to the hive. 2393: 2368: 1416:; they were transported by the 1408:) spread rapidly as far as the 987:is more widely distributed and 976:and are probably the result of 8788:Home-stored product entomology 7871:Bee learning and communication 7659:Piotrkowski, Meron M. (2019). 7415:"The Honey Bee Dance Language" 7299:Journal of Insect Conservation 7244:10.1002/14651858.CD008838.pub2 6090:Harbo JR, Rinderer TE (1980). 6069:"Worker, drone and queen bees" 5925:Encyclopedia of Social Insects 5411:10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919 4241:10.1080/0005772X.2005.11099651 3965:10.1080/0005772X.1997.11099328 3711: 3663: 3614: 3589: 3564: 3244:A colony of giant honey bees ( 3007:Bee learning and communication 2982: 2567: 2530:described the dish as one of " 2169:A professional beekeeper from 1902: 13: 1: 8871:Decline in insect populations 8464:List of insect-inspired songs 7739:"Utah State Motto and Emblem" 6821:Victoria Gill (3 July 2009). 5933:10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1_151 5458:"Wax Rendering | Bee Culture" 5311:Agricultural Research Service 4904:"The Value of Birds and Bees" 4821:Grasses and grassland ecology 4320:(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)" 3440: 2780:According to the strategy of 2352:Israeli acute paralysis virus 2274:Israeli acute paralysis virus 2126: 2064:, and other native bees. The 2029:, as are most other grasses. 1718: 1064:as a subspecies based on the 879:(the western honey bee); and 843:(the black dwarf honey bee); 7613:Holly Norton (24 May 2017). 7142:10.1371/journal.pone.0126971 6917:10.1371/journal.pone.0242668 6739:"Heat tolerance as a weapon" 5867:Food and Drug Administration 5582:Pearson, Gwen (3 May 2014). 5250:McDonald-Gibson, Charlotte. 5201:10.1371/journal.pone.0006481 5022:. Princeton. pp. 63–66. 3643:Robert E. Snodgrass (1984). 3140: 3045: 2628:system of sex determination. 2443: 2291: 2085: 2032:No crops originating in the 885:(the Philippine honey bee). 867:(Koschevnikov's honey bee); 602:. Only members of the genus 7: 9686:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 9056:Sexual selection in insects 8015:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan 7192:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006140 5659:"Shanghai's weirdest foods" 5147:"Mystery of the dying bees" 3917:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.002 3882:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.017 3357: 3328:A wild colony in Chandigarh 2771:individual and group levels 2537: 2110:A forager collecting pollen 2040:) at all, as the bee is an 1723:As in a few other types of 942: 904:(the giant honey bee), and 861:(the red dwarf honey bee); 10: 9707: 9208:Austroplatypus incompertus 9036:Identity in social insects 8901:Pesticide toxicity to bees 8881:List of endangered insects 7354:Journal of Insect Behavior 5277:"Colony Collapse Disorder" 3049: 3004: 2986: 2841:forming a ball around two 2825: 2821: 2748: 2712: 2672: 2668: 2613: 2571: 2541: 2496: 2447: 2428: 2424: 2402: 2327:Larval stages of the moth 2295: 2245: 2130: 1958:Claims of human dependency 1906: 1824: 1439: 1277: 1131:Koschevnikov's honey bee ( 1066:biological species concept 1012: 824: 681:requires two words, i.e., 523:(early 17th century), and 64:Honey bee (disambiguation) 61: 9333: 9245: 9224: 9095: 9084: 8995: 8939: 8911: 8853: 8805: 8756: 8641: 8580: 8552: 8510: 8479: 8422: 8408: 8356:Honeybee Discovery Center 8333: 8275: 8267:Diseases of the honey bee 8254: 8206: 8115: 8057: 7994:Apis mellifera scutellata 7884: 7848: 7817: 7812:types and characteristics 7600:www.miracles-of-quran.com 7374:10.1007/s10905-010-9229-5 7319:10.1007/s10841-013-9609-1 7070:Journal of Lipid Research 7033:10.1007/s12264-016-0024-y 6792:10.1007/s00114-009-0575-0 6507:10.1007/s00040-003-0708-y 6429:10.1007/s00265-002-0480-4 6216:10.1007/s00040-018-0624-9 5229:10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.015 2708: 2701:, such as differences in 2636:, having only one set of 2609: 2141:A beekeeper inspecting a 2094:A honey bee forager on a 1812:though several groups of 1307:and spread from there to 849:(the eastern honey bee); 622:. Modern humans also use 509:cosmopolitan distribution 499:, all native to mainland 326: 321: 302: 295: 171:Scientific classification 169: 158: 149: 73: 9003:Evolution of eusociality 8866:Colony collapse disorder 8861:Bees and toxic chemicals 8334:Museums and insectariums 8246:Colony collapse disorder 8221:Varroa sensitive hygiene 8001:Apis mellifera siciliana 7980:Apis mellifera monticola 7966:Apis mellifera pomonella 7952:Apis mellifera artemisia 7945:Apis mellifera adansonii 7771:Documentary produced by 5834:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083 5483:Gillott, Cedric (1995). 3646:Anatomy of the Honey Bee 3410: 3364:Bees and toxic chemicals 3283:) in Oakland, California 2929: 2797:Timeline of reproduction 2499:Bee brood § As food 2398: 2248:Colony collapse disorder 2242:Colony collapse disorder 1789:Honey bees also perform 1127:Koschevnikov's honey bee 900:(the dwarf honey bees), 703:Tree of Life Web Project 39:latest accepted revision 9266:Charles Duncan Michener 8768:Insect bites and stings 8745:Drosophila melanogaster 8658:Biological pest control 8140:Horizontal top-bar hive 8043:Apis mellifera unicolor 8022:Apis mellifera sossimai 8008:Apis mellifera simensis 7539:"The symbols of empire" 6375:10.1073/pnas.0402506101 5487:. Springer. p. 79. 4465:10.1126/science.aar2269 3478:10.1126/science.1132772 3073:was the "Delphic Bee". 2974:for protection against 2809:Reproductive strategies 2221:Tetragonula iridipennis 1798:drone congregation area 1080: 855:(the giant honey bee); 619:Tetragonula iridipennis 610:belonging to the genus 164:horizontal top-bar hive 9681:Bees described in 1758 8833:Rats, Lice and History 8207:Parasites and diseases 8036:Apis mellifera taurica 8029:Apis mellifera syriaca 7987:Apis mellifera remipes 7959:Apis mellifera litorea 6592:10.3390/insects5030513 6094:. Beesource Beekeeping 6071:. PerfectBee LLC. 2017 5443:10.1051/apido:19760301 5362:10.3390/insects8020061 5004:10.1051/apido:19760105 3767:"The truth about bees" 3108: 3033:Apis mellifera carnica 2846: 2656:or homozygous for the 2629: 2590:Honey bees have three 2507:– the eggs, larvae or 2356:black queen cell virus 2281:University of Maryland 2194: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2111: 2099: 1934: 1923: 1909:Pollination management 1432: 1293: 1230:A. c. indica 1092: 1048:A. d. breviligula 729: 718: 527:(early 19th century). 467: 9602:Paleobiology Database 9271:The Bees of the World 8818:Alfred Russel Wallace 8603:Entomological warfare 8454:Insects in literature 7596:"Honey Bees in Quran" 7413:Tarpy, David (2016). 7021:Neuroscience Bulletin 6716:askabiologist.asu.edu 6658:10.1007/s002650100362 6472:10.1007/s002650100362 6144:Ecology and Evolution 5764:10.1186/1471-5945-4-3 5699:10.1051/apido/2010016 5055:10.1007/s002650050402 4953:10.1051/apido/2010012 4819:Gibson, D.J. (2009). 4142:10.1051/apido/2010008 4061:10.1051/apido:2008029 3993:Systematic Entomology 3520:Ecology and Evolution 3092: 2987:Further information: 2835: 2745:Queen-worker conflict 2632:Drones are typically 2623: 2582:in some individuals. 2268:, possibly including 2189: 2168: 2156: 2140: 2109: 2093: 1932: 1920: 1478:Tribe Apini Latreille 1436:Africanized honey bee 1430: 1287: 1139:A. koschevnikovi 1102:A. koschevnikovi 1090: 989:A. andreniformis 978:allopatric speciation 724: 716: 461: 9488:Fauna Europaea (new) 8773:Insect sting allergy 8567:Cicadas in mythology 8346:Bee Museum of Rhodes 8262:Topics in beekeeping 7861:Honey bee life cycle 7434:Giorgio Vallortigara 7276:"Wasp and Bee venom" 6554:Animal Diversity Web 5927:. pp. 177–184. 5081:www.biobestgroup.com 4704:. 15 September 2014. 4182:Slow Food Foundation 3829:Encyclopedia of Life 3601:The Latin Dictionary 3369:Honey bee life cycle 3060:of France. Both the 3029:Carniolan honey bees 2968:rheumatoid arthritis 2912:found that they use 2864:Apis cerana japonica 2838:Apis cerana japonica 2758:reproductive fitness 2554:adverse interactions 2534:'s weirdest foods". 1876:A. m. mellifera 1424:in the early 1850s. 1402:A. m. ligustica 1394:A. m. mellifera 1262:as defined is still 1247:A. c. nuluensis 1197:Philippine honey bee 62:For other uses, see 9306:Journey to the Ants 8876:Habitat destruction 8628:Insects in religion 8341:Malacca Bee Gallery 8241:Deformed wing virus 8132:BS National Beehive 7973:Apis mellifera meda 7907:Carniolan honey bee 7709:Bee Wilson (2004). 7565:The History of Food 7454:2013NatSR...3E2045R 7366:2010JIBeh..23..459J 7311:2013JICon..17.1275H 7133:2015PLoSO..1026971P 7083:10.1194/jlr.R058701 6977:Jalil, A.H. (2014) 6966:Heterotrigona itama 6908:2020PLoSO..1542668M 6784:2009NW.....96.1133S 6771:Naturwissenschaften 6650:2001BEcoS..50..199B 6464:2001BEcoS..50..199B 6421:2002BEcoS..51..590O 6366:2004PNAS..101.8649P 6319:1989Natur.342..796R 6156:2018EcoEv...8..441J 5640:National Geographic 5615:on 13 February 2018 5516:2014MolEc..23.5904A 5192:2009PLoSO...4.6481V 5047:1997BEcoS..41..407K 4622:2010Ecol...91.1693H 4559:2004Biotr..36..371D 4457:2018Sci...359..392G 3937:. Michael C. Clark. 3874:2005MolPE..37...25A 3532:2012EcoEv...2.1949H 3470:2006Sci...314..642W 3389:, the study of bees 3374:Honeybee starvation 2330:Galleria mellonella 2322:Galleria mellonella 1311:and eastwards into 1141:is pale reddish in 1108:A. nigrocincta 769:bees appear in the 590:), which occurs in 561:. Only 8 surviving 29:Page version status 9676:Insects in culture 8949:Insects portal 8921:Insects and humans 8449:Arthropods in film 8398:Human interactions 8236:American foulbrood 7773:Oregon Field Guide 7745:on 21 October 2017 7582:www.islamicity.com 7567:, 2nd ed. 2009:14. 7525:The New York Times 7442:Scientific Reports 7419:NC State Extension 6692:entnemdept.ufl.edu 6025:2014-10-22 at the 6000:on 24 January 2018 5882:Clin. Exp. Allergy 5287:on 6 February 2013 4782:Goldschein, Eric. 4664:2018-09-19 at the 4500:Biological Reviews 4294:entnemdept.ufl.edu 3351:Lompoc, California 3123:Leontopolis temple 3086:(chapter) titled " 3058:Emperor Napoleon I 3018:Apis andreniformis 2868:Asian giant hornet 2847: 2630: 2624:Honey bees have a 2580:allergic reactions 2562:string instruments 2558:prescription drugs 2550:allergic reactions 2348:G. mellonella 2214:A. cerana japonica 2195: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2112: 2100: 1963:Western honey bees 1935: 1924: 1678:sensu strictissimo 1433: 1294: 1134:Apis koschevnikovi 1093: 957:Apis andreniformis 864:Apis koschevnikovi 840:Apis andreniformis 781:boundary (34 759:Apis andreniformis 730: 719: 650:Etymology and name 468: 423:Apis koschevnikovi 358:Apis andreniformis 35: 9643: 9642: 9327:Taxon identifiers 9318: 9317: 9232:Bees in mythology 8955: 8954: 8844:Insect Literature 8801: 8800: 8700:Carmine/Cochineal 8653:Beneficial insect 8623:Insects in ethics 8572:Scarab (artifact) 8562:Bees in mythology 8471:Insects on stamps 8364: 8363: 8226:Small hive beetle 8215:Varroa destructor 7932:Western honey bee 7927:Russian honey bee 7922:Maltese honey bee 7912:European dark bee 7835:Laying worker bee 7775:, 14 October 2015 7724:978-0-7195-6598-4 7672:978-3-11-059107-1 7493:Jessica Shugart. 7462:10.1038/srep02045 7278:. Drugs.com. 2018 6866:Honeybees of Asia 6360:(23): 8649–8651. 6313:(6251): 796–797. 6164:10.1002/ece3.3597 5942:978-3-030-28101-4 5669:on 28 March 2013. 5524:10.1111/mec.12966 5510:(23): 5904–5917. 5504:Molecular Ecology 5405:(sup1): 100–105. 5159:on 24 March 2008. 4630:10.1890/09-0792.1 4451:(6374): 392–393. 4357:978-0-7167-6010-8 4225:Melipona beecheii 4209:978-1-312-93733-8 3656:978-0-8014-9302-7 3464:(5799): 642–645. 3426:Melipona beecheii 3341:Western honey bee 3296:Western honey bee 3275:Western honey bee 3261:Western honey bee 3230:Western honey bee 3189:Eastern honey bee 3174:Western honey bee 3159:Western honey bee 2956:clinical research 2479:A. mellifera 2415:A. mellifera 2365:, are also used. 2285:Auburn University 2187: 1939:A. mellifera 1930: 1891:western honey bee 1398:Italian honey bee 1384:is not native to 1376:A. mellifera 1361:Early Pleistocene 1355:The diversity of 1274:Western honey bee 1239:A. mellifera 1218:Eastern honey bee 1120:A. mellifera 937:Egyptian pyramids 933:A. mellifera 794:A. mellifera 574:western honey bee 459: 447: 446: 332:Apis lithohermaea 291: 269: 162:on the bars of a 160:Western honey bee 47:25 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 9698: 9636: 9635: 9623: 9622: 9610: 9609: 9597: 9596: 9587: 9586: 9574: 9573: 9571:NHMSYS0000875422 9561: 9560: 9548: 9547: 9535: 9534: 9522: 9521: 9509: 9508: 9496: 9495: 9483: 9482: 9470: 9469: 9457: 9456: 9444: 9443: 9431: 9430: 9418: 9417: 9405: 9404: 9395: 9394: 9382: 9381: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9322: 9321: 9258:The Dancing Bees 9090: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8959: 8958: 8947: 8946: 8823:Jean-Henri Fabre 8598:Cricket fighting 8593:Cockroach racing 8459:Insects in music 8420: 8419: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8368: 8367: 8092:Honey extraction 8085:Alcoholic drinks 7803: 7796: 7789: 7780: 7779: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7706: 7700: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7574: 7568: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7436:(27 June 2013). 7429: 7423: 7422: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7393: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7305:(6): 1275–1283. 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7255: 7229: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7203: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7144: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7085: 7076:(9): 1643–1668. 7061: 7055: 7054: 7044: 7012: 7006: 7005: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6937: 6919: 6902:(12): e0242668. 6883: 6877: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6745:. Archived from 6743:Davidson College 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6594: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6541: 6528: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6377: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6327:10.1038/342796a0 6302: 6296: 6295: 6277: 6268:(5): 1035–1047. 6253: 6247: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6204:Insectes Sociaux 6195: 6186: 6185: 6175: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6065: 6048: 6036: 6030: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5990: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5846: 5838: 5836: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5766: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5701: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5665:. Archived from 5654: 5648: 5647: 5646:on June 6, 2013. 5642:. Archived from 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5535: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5283:. Archived from 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5177: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5155:. Archived from 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5099: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4938: 4929: 4912: 4911: 4910:. June 22, 2020. 4900: 4894: 4893: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4874:. June 22, 2023. 4864: 4853: 4852: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4788:Business Insider 4779: 4773: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4694: 4688: 4676: 4670: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4616:(6): 1693–1703. 4601: 4595: 4594: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4415: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4374:. Archived from 4368: 4362: 4361: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4324: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4262:Head RJ (2008). 4259: 4253: 4252: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4127: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4043: 4034: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3893: 3855: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3797:Michael S. Engel 3793: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3551: 3540:10.1002/ece3.312 3526:(8): 1949–1957. 3507: 3498: 3497: 3453: 3434: 3421: 3337: 3325: 3313:A predator, the 3310: 3300:Eastern Oklahoma 3292: 3271: 3257: 3241: 3232:visiting flowers 3226: 3207: 3185: 3170: 3151: 3106: 2995:invasive species 2970:, and use as an 2949:phospholipase A2 2902:A 2020 study of 2896:Apis nigrocincta 2738:Apis nigrocincta 2727:queens practice 2586:Sexes and castes 2487:hand pollination 2279:A survey by the 2226:blue orchard bee 2188: 2042:invasive species 1931: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1835: 1708:A. koschevnikovi 1605:A. andreniformis 1559:species group († 1497:species group († 1453:A. m. scutellata 1390:German honey bee 1253:Apis nigrocincta 1203:Apis nigrocincta 882:Apis nigrocincta 675:Robert Snodgrass 644:lost wax process 559:hunter-gatherers 460: 437:Apis nigrocincta 283: 264: 179: 178: 154: 144: 81: 80:Oligocene–Recent 77:Temporal range: 71: 70: 21: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9631: 9626: 9618: 9613: 9605: 9600: 9592: 9590: 9582: 9577: 9569: 9564: 9556: 9551: 9543: 9538: 9530: 9525: 9517: 9512: 9504: 9499: 9491: 9486: 9478: 9473: 9465: 9460: 9452: 9447: 9439: 9434: 9426: 9421: 9413: 9408: 9400: 9398: 9390: 9385: 9377: 9372: 9363: 9362: 9357: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9329: 9319: 9314: 9279:Bert Hölldobler 9253:Karl von Frisch 9246:Pioneers, works 9241: 9220: 9091: 9082: 9076:Worker policing 9061:Social conflict 9041:Kin recognition 9026:Group selection 9012:Social insects 8991: 8986: 8956: 8951: 8941: 8935: 8913: 8907: 8849: 8797: 8759: 8752: 8644: 8637: 8576: 8548: 8506: 8475: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8395: 8365: 8360: 8329: 8277: 8271: 8250: 8202: 8188:Honey extractor 8144:Langstroth hive 8111: 8053: 7892:Africanized bee 7880: 7844: 7813: 7807: 7763: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7725: 7707: 7703: 7692: 7688: 7673: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7611: 7607: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7578:"THE HONEY BEE" 7576: 7575: 7571: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7517: 7513: 7503: 7501: 7491: 7487: 7430: 7426: 7411: 7407: 7346: 7342: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7238:(2): CD008838. 7227: 7221: 7217: 7186:(11): e006140. 7172: 7168: 7127:(5): e0126971. 7113: 7109: 7062: 7058: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6963: 6959: 6884: 6880: 6863: 6859: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6819: 6815: 6766: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6749:on 18 July 2010 6737:C. H. Thawley. 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6696: 6694: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6630: 6626: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6542: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6491: 6487: 6448: 6444: 6405: 6401: 6346: 6342: 6303: 6299: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6196: 6189: 6136: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6051: 6037: 6033: 6027:Wayback Machine 6017: 6013: 6003: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5921: 5917: 5878: 5874: 5869:. 5 April 2010. 5861: 5860: 5856: 5840: 5839: 5813: 5809: 5794: 5790: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5678: 5674: 5655: 5651: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5563:on 22 June 2015 5553: 5549: 5496: 5492: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5464:. 23 March 2016 5456: 5455: 5451: 5422: 5418: 5392: 5388: 5341: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5321:on May 17, 2011 5305: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5256:The Independent 5248: 5244: 5213: 5209: 5175: 5168: 5164: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5104:. 12 March 2011 5097: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5031: 5027: 5016: 5012: 4983: 4976: 4936: 4930: 4915: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4866: 4865: 4856: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4817: 4813: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4733:AgBioResearch, 4727: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4666:Wayback Machine 4657: 4653: 4602: 4598: 4539: 4535: 4492: 4488: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4378:on 4 March 2016 4370: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4344: 4340: 4322: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4270:on 30 July 2013 4260: 4256: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4196: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4166:. 26 June 2014. 4162: 4161: 4157: 4125: 4115: 4111: 4088: 4084: 4044: 4037: 4025: 4021: 3976: 3972: 3949: 3942: 3929: 3925: 3894: 3856: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3794: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3763: 3759: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3569: 3565: 3508: 3501: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3380:More than Honey 3360: 3353: 3338: 3329: 3326: 3317: 3315:green bee-eater 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3272: 3263: 3258: 3249: 3248:) on their comb 3246:A. dorsata 3242: 3233: 3227: 3218: 3215:A. dorsata 3211:Giant honey bee 3208: 3199: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3162: 3152: 3143: 3133:. The state of 3107: 3099: 3054: 3052:Bee (mythology) 3048: 3009: 3003: 2991: 2985: 2962:from bee venom 2947:, particularly 2932: 2875:A. dorsata 2830: 2824: 2811: 2799: 2763:forced altruism 2753: 2751:Worker policing 2747: 2717: 2711: 2677: 2671: 2618: 2612: 2588: 2576: 2570: 2546: 2540: 2501: 2495: 2452: 2446: 2433: 2427: 2407: 2401: 2396: 2374: 2364: 2325: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2250: 2244: 2177: 2147:Langstroth hive 2135: 2129: 2088: 2027:wind-pollinated 2007:self-pollinated 1968:Albert Einstein 1960: 1926: 1915: 1907:Main articles: 1905: 1886: 1884:Winter survival 1879: 1872: 1863: 1860: 1851: 1850:Eggs and larvae 1848: 1839: 1836: 1827: 1721: 1652:species group ( 1628:A. lithohermaea 1617:species group ( 1589:species group ( 1579:, species novus 1475: 1444: 1442:Africanized bee 1438: 1414:Rocky Mountains 1342:desertification 1282: 1276: 1220: 1199: 1167:Malay Peninsula 1155:Malay Peninsula 1129: 1123:) are unclear. 1085: 1062:A. dorsata 1017: 947: 827: 740:(including the 711: 652: 464:yellow ironweed 449: 317: 308: 282: 263: 173: 145: 143: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 79: 78: 75: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9704: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9637: 9624: 9611: 9598: 9588: 9575: 9562: 9549: 9536: 9523: 9510: 9497: 9484: 9475:Fauna Europaea 9471: 9458: 9445: 9432: 9419: 9406: 9396: 9383: 9370: 9355: 9339: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9302: 9294: 9281: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9150:Dwarf mongoose 9147: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8985: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8953: 8952: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8917: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8840:Lafcadio Hearn 8837: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8813:Jan Swammerdam 8809: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8764: 8762: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8739:Model organism 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8660: 8655: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8613:Insect farming 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8516: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8497:Artificial fly 8494: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8430:Insects in art 8426: 8424: 8417: 8406: 8405: 8394: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8320:United Kingdom 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8193:Queen excluder 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8168:Wax foundation 8165: 8160: 8155: 8152:Stewarton hive 8125: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8049:Honey bee race 8046: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7938:Apis laboriosa 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7902:Cape honey bee 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7762: 7761:External links 7759: 7757: 7756: 7730: 7723: 7717:. p. 14. 7701: 7686: 7671: 7651: 7639:Haynes, Dawn. 7631: 7605: 7587: 7569: 7552: 7541:. Napoleon.org 7530: 7511: 7485: 7424: 7405: 7360:(6): 459–471. 7340: 7289: 7267: 7215: 7166: 7107: 7056: 7007: 7000: 6982: 6970: 6957: 6878: 6874:978-3642164217 6857: 6839: 6813: 6760: 6729: 6703: 6679: 6644:(3): 199–208. 6624: 6585:(3): 513–527. 6565: 6548:Apis mellifera 6529: 6520: 6485: 6458:(3): 199–208. 6442: 6415:(6): 590–591. 6399: 6340: 6297: 6248: 6239: 6210:(3): 419–429. 6187: 6150:(1): 441–451. 6127: 6105: 6082: 6049: 6031: 6011: 5970: 5948: 5941: 5915: 5872: 5854: 5807: 5798:Z Bienenforsch 5788: 5737: 5715: 5692:(3): 295–311. 5672: 5649: 5626: 5600: 5574: 5547: 5490: 5475: 5449: 5436:(3): 197–207. 5416: 5386: 5332: 5298: 5268: 5242: 5207: 5162: 5137: 5115: 5086: 5068: 5041:(6): 407–422. 5025: 5010: 4974: 4947:(3): 278–294. 4913: 4895: 4877: 4854: 4836: 4829: 4811: 4808:. 7 June 2019. 4793: 4774: 4761: 4748: 4720: 4707: 4689: 4671: 4651: 4596: 4553:(3): 371–376. 4533: 4506:(2): 259–276. 4486: 4435: 4410: 4389: 4363: 4356: 4338: 4306: 4281: 4254: 4215: 4208: 4187: 4169: 4155: 4136:(6): 589–601. 4109: 4098:(4): 399–407. 4082: 4055:(5): 495–503. 4035: 4028:Apis laboriosa 4019: 4000:(2): 226–233. 3984:A. breviligula 3970: 3940: 3923: 3841: 3816: 3783: 3757: 3732: 3710: 3688: 3662: 3655: 3635: 3613: 3588: 3581: 3563: 3514:Apis mellifera 3499: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3277:on rock rose ( 3273: 3266: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3193:A. cerana 3187: 3180: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3163: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3097: 3050:Main article: 3047: 3044: 3023:A. florea 3005:Main article: 3002: 2999: 2984: 2981: 2960:adverse events 2931: 2928: 2924:stingless bees 2890:Apis mellifera 2826:Main article: 2823: 2820: 2810: 2807: 2803:Apis mellifera 2798: 2795: 2749:Main article: 2746: 2743: 2713:Main article: 2710: 2707: 2673:Main article: 2670: 2667: 2614:Main article: 2611: 2608: 2587: 2584: 2572:Main article: 2569: 2566: 2542:Main article: 2539: 2536: 2497:Main article: 2494: 2491: 2483:A. cerana 2460:pollen baskets 2448:Main article: 2445: 2442: 2429:Main article: 2426: 2423: 2419:A. cerana 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2373: 2367: 2362: 2335:Apis mellifera 2324: 2319: 2310:Acarapis woodi 2305: 2304:Acarapis woodi 2302: 2293: 2290: 2272:pesticides or 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2224:in India, the 2131:Main article: 2128: 2125: 2087: 2084: 2066:stingless bees 2038:Apis mellifera 1995:sweet potatoes 1959: 1956: 1952:pollen thieves 1904: 1901: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1818:stingless bees 1801: 1794: 1791:tremble dances 1787: 1776: 1769: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1702:A. nigrocincta 1699: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1570:A. armbrusteri 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1540:A. "longtibia" 1536: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1474: 1467: 1440:Main article: 1437: 1434: 1382:Apis mellifera 1280:Apis mellifera 1278:Main article: 1275: 1272: 1259:A. cerana 1219: 1216: 1198: 1195: 1128: 1125: 1114:A. cerana 1084: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1057:Apis laboriosa 1053: 1052: 1051: 1040:A. d. binghami 1016: 1011: 985:A. florea 974:evolutionarily 946: 941: 922:Apis mellifera 876:Apis mellifera 870:Apis laboriosa 826: 823: 811:stingless bees 799:Apis nearctica 747:Apis mellifera 738:Southeast Asia 710: 707: 651: 648: 608:stingless bees 578:Apis mellifera 474:(also spelled 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 440: 433: 430:Apis mellifera 426: 419: 409: 408: 400: 399: 398: 397: 394:Apis laboriosa 390: 380: 379: 371: 370: 369: 368: 361: 351: 350: 343: 340:Apis nearctica 335: 324: 323: 319: 318: 309: 305:Apis mellifera 300: 299: 293: 292: 275: 271: 270: 258: 254: 253: 248: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 167: 166: 156: 155: 147: 146: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 76: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9703: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9393: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9308: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9089: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9046:Kin selection 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9031:Haplodiploidy 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8978: 8976: 8971: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8950: 8945: 8938: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8910: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8896:Neonicotinoid 8894: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8755: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581:Other aspects 8579: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8441:Musca depicta 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8325:United States 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 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6961: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6882: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6778:(9): 1133–6. 6777: 6773: 6772: 6764: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6555: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6192: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6132: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6086: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6015: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5958: 5952: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5486: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5126: 5119: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5014: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4851:. 7 May 2024. 4850: 4846: 4840: 4832: 4830:9780198529187 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4765: 4757: 4752: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4348:The Honey Bee 4342: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4165: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3720: 3714: 3698: 3692: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3639: 3623: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3582:9780375895579 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516:) originate?" 3515: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3343:on lavender ( 3342: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3102: 3101:Surah An-Nahl 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3040:consciousness 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3008: 3001:Communication 2998: 2996: 2990: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972:immunotherapy 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2782:kin selection 2778: 2774: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:gut microbial 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685:pollen basket 2681: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2511:of honey bees 2510: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2454:Bees collect 2451: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2299: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2270:neonicotinoid 2267: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2192: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658:sensu stricto 1655: 1651: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526:A. petrefacta 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 970:sympatrically 967: 963: 959: 958: 953: 952: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 929: 924: 923: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 883: 878: 877: 872: 871: 866: 865: 860: 859: 854: 853: 848: 847: 842: 841: 836: 832: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 800: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771:fossil record 768: 763: 761: 760: 755: 754: 749: 748: 743: 739: 735: 727: 723: 715: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:correct usage 677:asserts that 676: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 615: 614: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 588: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551:honey badgers 548: 544: 540: 536: 533: 528: 526: 522: 521:North America 518: 514: 513:South America 510: 506: 502: 498: 495: 491: 488: 484: 483:flying insect 481: 477: 473: 465: 462:Honeybees on 439: 438: 434: 432: 431: 427: 425: 424: 420: 418: 417: 413: 412: 411: 410: 406: 402: 401: 396: 395: 391: 389: 388: 384: 383: 382: 381: 377: 373: 372: 367: 366: 362: 360: 359: 355: 354: 353: 352: 348: 344: 342: 341: 336: 334: 333: 328: 327: 325: 320: 316: 312: 307: 306: 301: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 280: 276: 273: 272: 267: 262: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 177: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 72: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 9656:Apis (genus) 9334: 9304: 9296: 9288: 9284:E. O. Wilson 9270: 9257: 9206: 9180: 9176:Thysanoptera 9166: 9127: 9008:Presociality 8926:Insecticides 8843: 8831: 8828:Hans Zinsser 8793:Clothes moth 8743: 8554:In mythology 8487:Fishing bait 8439: 8351:Honey Museum 8278:by countries 8214: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7897:Buckfast bee 7809: 7766: 7747:. Retrieved 7743:the original 7733: 7710: 7704: 7694: 7689: 7661: 7654: 7641: 7634: 7622:. Retrieved 7619:The Guardian 7618: 7608: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7572: 7564: 7561:Atharva Veda 7560: 7555: 7543:. Retrieved 7533: 7524: 7514: 7502:. Retrieved 7499:Science News 7498: 7488: 7445: 7441: 7427: 7418: 7408: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7280:. Retrieved 7270: 7235: 7231: 7218: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7024: 7020: 7010: 6991: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6881: 6865: 6860: 6852:ScienceDaily 6851: 6842: 6830:. Retrieved 6826: 6816: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6751:. Retrieved 6747:the original 6732: 6720:. Retrieved 6715: 6706: 6695:. Retrieved 6691: 6682: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6557:. Retrieved 6553: 6550:(honey bee)" 6547: 6523: 6498: 6495:Insectes Soc 6494: 6488: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6242: 6207: 6203: 6147: 6143: 6118:. Retrieved 6108: 6096:. Retrieved 6085: 6073:. Retrieved 6042: 6034: 6014: 6002:. Retrieved 5998:the original 5961:. Retrieved 5957:"Bee castes" 5951: 5924: 5918: 5888:(3): 333–6. 5885: 5881: 5875: 5857: 5843:cite journal 5824: 5821:EFSA Journal 5820: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5754: 5751:BMC Dermatol 5750: 5740: 5728:. Retrieved 5718: 5709:11299/182451 5689: 5685: 5675: 5667:the original 5662: 5652: 5644:the original 5639: 5629: 5617:. Retrieved 5613:the original 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5587: 5577: 5565:. Retrieved 5561:the original 5550: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5484: 5478: 5466:. Retrieved 5461: 5452: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5352: 5348: 5323:. Retrieved 5319:the original 5301: 5289:. Retrieved 5285:the original 5280: 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5255: 5245: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5186:(8): e6481. 5183: 5179: 5165: 5157:the original 5150: 5140: 5129:. Retrieved 5118: 5106:. Retrieved 5101: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5019: 5013: 4994: 4990: 4944: 4940: 4907: 4898: 4890:www.usda.gov 4889: 4880: 4871: 4848: 4839: 4820: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4777: 4764: 4751: 4740:. Retrieved 4738:. 2018-10-01 4732: 4723: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4684: 4674: 4654: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4426:. Retrieved 4422: 4413: 4397: 4392: 4380:. Retrieved 4376:the original 4366: 4347: 4341: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4309: 4297:. Retrieved 4293: 4284: 4272:. 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Retrieved 3600: 3591: 3572: 3566: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3461: 3457: 3430: 3424: 3419: 3405:Honeypot ant 3393:Brachygastra 3378: 3344: 3278: 3245: 3214: 3192: 3131:Merovingians 3127: 3120: 3109: 3093: 3077: 3075: 3066:Atharva Veda 3064: 3055: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3010: 2992: 2953: 2933: 2917: 2903: 2901: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2786:relationship 2779: 2775: 2767: 2754: 2736: 2735:queen is in 2732: 2724: 2718: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2642:reproduction 2631: 2626:haplodiploid 2589: 2577: 2547: 2522:, including 2517: 2512: 2504: 2502: 2493:Bees as food 2482: 2478: 2472: 2464: 2453: 2434: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2394:Bee products 2389: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2360: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2308: 2307: 2278: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2229: 2219: 2212: 2209:A. mellifera 2208: 2202: 2199:A. mellifera 2198: 2196: 2190: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2076: 2069: 2037: 2031: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1894: 1887: 1875: 1808: 1783: 1722: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1670:A. mellifera 1669: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1640:A. laboriosa 1639: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1577:A. nearctica 1576: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1546: 1539: 1533:A. miocenica 1532: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1451: 1445: 1410:Great Plains 1401: 1393: 1386:the Americas 1381: 1380: 1378:subspecies. 1375: 1368:last ice age 1357:A. mellifera 1356: 1354: 1338:Late Miocene 1331:A. mellifera 1330: 1329: 1325:Buckfast bee 1297:A. mellifera 1296: 1295: 1267: 1264:paraphyletic 1257: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1235:domesticated 1228: 1222: 1221: 1210:, legs, and 1201: 1200: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1081: 1061: 1055: 1047: 1039: 1033:Apis dorsata 1031: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1006: 1000: 988: 984: 982: 955: 949: 948: 943: 932: 926: 920: 917:domesticated 910: 905: 901: 897: 887: 880: 874: 868: 862: 856: 852:Apis dorsata 850: 844: 838: 828: 814: 804: 797: 793: 789: 787: 766: 764: 757: 751: 745: 731: 690: 686: 682: 672:entomologist 667: 659: 653: 638:and various 617: 611: 603: 585: 577: 571: 529: 517:16th century 501:Afro-Eurasia 489: 475: 471: 469: 435: 428: 421: 414: 404: 392: 387:Apis dorsata 385: 375: 363: 356: 346: 338: 330: 303: 297:Type species 278: 277: 260: 244: 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 9691:Pollination 9514:iNaturalist 9359:Wikispecies 9182:Kladothrips 9118:Crabronidae 9103:Hymenoptera 9016:Agriculture 8989:Eusociality 8912:Categories, 8891:Insecticide 8722:Sericulture 8693:Royal jelly 8618:Flea circus 8608:Entomophagy 8542:Cantharidin 8537:Spanish fly 8512:In medicine 8492:Fly fishing 8423:In the arts 8310:New Zealand 8276:Beekeeping 8163:Honey super 8107:Royal jelly 8058:Cultivation 7917:Italian bee 7715:John Murray 6890:Vespa soror 5827:(4): 2083. 5619:13 February 5567:14 February 5462:Bee Culture 4908:Farmers.gov 4702:Elite Daily 4428:24 November 4335:(3): 23–38. 4121:Apis cerana 3754:(3): 23–38. 3725:25 February 3703:21 February 3681:26 February 3628:27 February 3606:23 November 3429:, not from 3399:Pollen wasp 3387:Melittology 2983:Competition 2919:Vespa soror 2905:Apis cerana 2884:Apis cerana 2791:hymenoptera 2721:royal jelly 2688:(corbicula) 2638:chromosomes 2616:Drone (bee) 2574:Royal jelly 2568:Royal jelly 2339:Apis cerana 2062:bumble bees 2058:squash bees 1945:Species of 1903:Pollination 1896:Apis cerana 1893:as well as 1862:Drone pupae 1761:royal jelly 1749:spermatheca 1737:worker bees 1557:armbrusteri 1549:"Miocene 1" 1519:A. henshawi 1505:Cockerell) 1346:Middle East 1224:Apis cerana 1143:Sabah State 1074:adaptations 1007:Apis florea 1002:Apis florea 983:Given that 951:Apis florea 928:Apis cerana 858:Apis florea 846:Apis cerana 817:, the more 753:Apis florea 742:Philippines 587:Apis cerana 582:pollination 537:nests from 485:within the 416:Apis cerana 365:Apis florea 251:Corbiculata 228:Hymenoptera 9661:Beekeeping 9650:Categories 9392:Apis;Apini 9237:Coalescent 9225:In culture 9202:Coleoptera 9168:Synalpheus 9162:Crustacean 9123:Halictidae 9051:Polyethism 8931:Pesticides 8668:Bee pollen 8663:Beekeeping 8645:entomology 8588:Biomimicry 8520:Apitherapy 8480:In fishing 8435:Beetlewing 8416:in culture 8198:Jenter kit 8183:Bee smoker 8178:Queen clip 8158:Hive frame 8065:Beekeeping 7856:Bee colony 7849:Life cycle 7830:Worker bee 7818:Bee castes 7749:13 October 7713:. 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