Honoré de Balzac - Knowledge

6181: 40: 1430: 302: 1889:. In 1878 James wrote with sadness about the lack of contemporary attention paid to Balzac, and lavished praise on him in four essays (in 1875, 1877, 1902, and 1913). In 1878 James wrote: "Large as Balzac is, he is all of one piece and he hangs perfectly together". He wrote with admiration of Balzac's attempt to portray in writing "a beast with a hundred claws". In his own novels James explored more of the psychological motives of the characters and less of the historical sweep exhibited by Balzac—a conscious style preference; he stated: "the artist of the 1950: 255: 1145: 940: 605: 1701:, in contrast to descriptions of the weather and wildlife in the countryside. "If in Paris", Rogers says, "we are in a man-made region where even the seasons are forgotten, these provincial towns are nearly always pictured in their natural setting". Balzac said, "the streets of Paris possess human qualities and we cannot shake off the impressions they make upon our minds." His labyrinthine city provided a literary model used later by English novelist Charles Dickens and Russian author 1826: 1320: 1209: 1030: 1553: 1334: 664:" ("Look how the academy returns the pretty ones we send them!") Balzac himself attributed his condition to "intellectual congestion", but his extended confinement in the "alcove" was surely a factor. (Meanwhile, his father had been writing a treatise on "the means of preventing thefts and murders, and of restoring the men who commit them to a useful role in society", in which he heaped disdain on prison as a form of crime prevention.) 2038: 7427: 6200: 719: 849: 1653: 1426:. These works lacked firsthand knowledge; Saintsbury points out that "cœlebs cannot talk of with much authority". In late April the newly-weds set off for Paris. His health deteriorated on the way, and Ewelina wrote to her daughter about Balzac being "in a state of extreme weakness" and "sweating profusely". They arrived in the French capital on 20 May, his fifty-first birthday. 1055:), a fable-like tale about a despondent young man named Raphaël de Valentin who finds an animal skin which promises great power and wealth. He obtains these things, but loses the ability to manage them. In the end, his health fails and he is consumed by his own confusion. Balzac meant the story to bear witness to the treacherous turns of life, its "serpentine motion". 7439: 977:, Balzac paints the revolutionaries in a sympathetic light—even though they are the center of the book's most brutal scenes. This was the first book Balzac released under his own name, and it gave him what one critic called "passage into the Promised Land". It established him as an author of note (even if its historical fiction-genre imitates that of 995:

power", he wrote in 1830. The timing of the decision was also significant; as Robb explained: "The disappearance of the father coincides with the adoption of the nobiliary particle. A symbolic inheritance." Just as his father had worked his way up from poverty into respectable society, Balzac considered toil and effort his real mark of nobility.

1110:, a weekly magazine of society and politics. He tried to enforce strict impartiality in its pages and a reasoned assessment of various ideologies. As Rogers notes, "Balzac was interested in any social, political, or economic theory, whether from the right or the left." The magazine failed, but in July 1840 he founded another publication, the 655:, his 1832 novel about a young boy studying at an Oratorian grammar school at Vendôme. The narrator says : "He devoured books of every kind, feeding indiscriminately on religious works, history and literature, philosophy and physics. He had told me that he found indescribable delight in reading dictionaries for lack of other books." 436:. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists 1018:(which claimed widespread popular support) was disorganized and unprincipled, in need of a mediator to keep the political peace between the King and insurgent forces. He called for "a young and vigorous man who belongs neither to the Directoire nor to the Empire, but who is 1830 incarnate...." He planned to be such a 572:, who is commemorated on 16 May, four days before Balzac's birthday) was actually the second child born to the Balzacs; exactly one year earlier, Louis-Daniel had been born, but he lived for only a month. Honoré's sisters Laure and Laurence were born in 1800 and 1802, and his younger brother Henry-François in 1807. 1281:) had been a failure from the outset. In this letter, Balzac also reveals that the young woman had just come to tell him she was pregnant with his child. In 1834, 8 months after the event, Maria Du Fresnay's daughter by Balzac, Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay, was born. This revelation from French journalist 1786:

The only absolute authority which the imagination has been able to conceive, the authority of God, works according to rules which He has imposed on Himself. He can destroy all His worlds and return to His rest, but while He allows them to exist, they continue to be governed by the laws which together

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was also substantially influenced by Balzac. Praising his portrayal of society while attacking his prose style, Flaubert once wrote: "What a man he would have been had he known how to write!" While he disdained the label of "realist", Flaubert clearly took heed of Balzac's close attention to detail

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At the same time, the characters depict a particular range of social types: the noble soldier, the scoundrel, the proud workman, the fearless spy, the alluring mistress. That Balzac was able to balance the strength of the individual against the representation of the type is evidence of the author's

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Balzac". He followed his father in the surname Balzac but added the aristocratic-sounding nobiliary particle to help him fit into respected society, a choice based on skill rather than by right. "The aristocracy and authority of talent are more substantial than the aristocracy of names and material

801:, who convinced the author to write short stories, which Le Poitevin would then sell to publishers. Balzac quickly turned to longer works, and by 1826 he had written nine novels, all published under pseudonyms and often produced in collaboration with other writers. For example, the scandalous novel 467:

An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed

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Balzac influenced writers of his time and beyond. He has been compared to Charles Dickens and is considered one of Dickens' significant influences. Literary critic W. H. Helm calls one "the French Dickens" and the other "the English Balzac", while another critic, Richard Lehan, states that "Balzac

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light meal at five or six in the afternoon, then sleep until midnight. He then rose and wrote for many hours, fueled by innumerable cups of black coffee. He often worked for fifteen hours or more at a stretch; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle.

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Balzac's work habits were legendary. He wrote from 1 A.M. to 8 A.M. every morning and sometimes even longer. Balzac could write very rapidly; some of his novels, written with a quill, were composed at a pace equal to thirty words per minute on a modern typewriter. His preferred method was to eat a

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convinced many mothers of the time to nurse their own children, sending babies to wet nurses was still common among the middle and upper classes.) When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frosty distance from their parents, which affected the author-to-be significantly. His 1835

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tried to dissuade him from reading these early works of Balzac. American critic Samuel Rogers, however, notes that "without the training they gave Balzac, as he groped his way to his mature conception of the novel, and without the habit he formed as a young man of writing under pressure, one can

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Balzac revised obsessively, covering printer's proofs with changes and additions to be reset. He sometimes repeated this process during the publication of a book, causing significant expense both for himself and the publisher. As a result, the finished product quite often was different from the

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After writing several novels, in 1832 Balzac conceived the idea for an enormous series of books that would paint a panoramic portrait of "all aspects of society". The moment the idea came to him, Balzac raced to his sister's apartment and proclaimed: "I am about to become a genius!" Although he

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In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor, but his apprentice had had enough of the Law. He despaired of being "a clerk, a machine, a riding-school hack, eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours. I should be like everyone else. And that's what they call living, that life at the

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Representations of the city, countryside, and building interiors are essential to Balzac's realism, often serving to paint a naturalistic backdrop before which the characters' lives follow a particular course; this gave him a reputation as an early naturalist. Intricate details about locations

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A nearly infinite reserve of energy propels the characters in Balzac's novels. Struggling against the currents of human nature and society, they may lose more often than they win—but only rarely do they give up. This universal trait is a reflection of Balzac's own social wrangling, that of his

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of learning at the school. As a result, he was frequently sent to the "alcove", a punishment cell reserved for disobedient students. (The janitor at the school, when asked later if he remembered Honoré, replied: "Remember M. Balzac? I should think I do! I had the honour of escorting him to the

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Balzac's vision of a society in which class, money and personal ambition are the key players has been endorsed by critics of both left-wing and right-wing political persuasions. Marxist Friedrich Engels wrote: "I have learned more than from all the professional historians, economists and

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books, strengthens the realist representation. "When the characters reappear", notes Rogers, "they do not step out of nowhere; they emerge from the privacy of their own lives which, for an interval, we have not been allowed to see". He also used a realist technique which French novelist

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to 1820s Paris in order to rage at a society bereft of all love save the love of money. The centrality of a father in this novel matches Balzac's own position—not only as mentor to his troubled young secretary, Jules Sandeau, but also the fact that he had fathered a child,

632:, where he studied for seven years. His father, seeking to instill the same hardscrabble work ethic which had gained him the esteem of society, intentionally gave little spending money to the boy. This made him the object of ridicule among his much wealthier schoolmates. 481:

Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly owing to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, Balzac married

1372:'s fortune. In Balzac Countess Ewelina found a kindred spirit for her emotional and social desires, with the added benefit of feeling a connection to the glamorous capital of France. Their correspondence reveals an intriguing balance of passion, propriety and patience; 1255:

of Paris like many of his characters. "In the first place he was too busy", explains Saintsbury, "in the second he would not have been at home there.... e felt it was his business not to frequent society but to create it". However, he often spent long periods at the

1289:, a certain "Maria", turns out to be Maria Du Fresnay herself. Balzac had also long been suspected of being attracted to males as well. When the official records of homosexuals once maintained by the Paris police were finally released, his name was found listed. 1626:, "writers use whatever literary device seems capable of giving the greatest intensity of life to their characters". "Balzac's characters", Robb notes, "were as real to him as if he were observing them in the outside world". This reality was noted by playwright 869:

In the late 1820s Balzac dabbled in several business ventures, a penchant his sister blamed on the temptation of an unknown neighbour. His first enterprise was in publishing which turned out cheap one-volume editions of French classics including the works of

1528:. "Finished articles" were frequently revised between editions. This piecemeal style is reflective of the author's own life, a possible attempt to stabilize it through fiction. "The vanishing man", wrote Sir Victor Pritchett, "who must be pursued from the 1415:(Russia's former banking city in present-day Ukraine), where they were married by Abbot Ożarowski. The ten-hour journey to and from the ceremony took a toll on both husband and wife: her feet were too swollen to walk, and he endured severe heart trouble. 1127:, 1843). The novel concerns Lucien de Rubempré, a young poet trying to make a name for himself, who becomes trapped in the morass of society's darkest contradictions. Lucien's journalistic work is informed by Balzac's own failed ventures in the field. 472:, but he turned his back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician; he failed in all of these efforts. 1757:

Balzac concerned himself overwhelmingly with the darker essence of human nature and the corrupting influence of middle and high societies. His mission was to observe humankind in its most representative state, frequently wandering through the streets

1171:). The conniving and wrangling over wills and inheritances reflect the expertise gained by the author as a young law clerk. Balzac's health was deteriorating by this point, making the completion of this pair of books a significant accomplishment. 1464:

in Paris. At his memorial service, Victor Hugo pronounced "Today we have people in black because of the death of the man of talent; a nation in mourning for a man of genius". The funeral was attended by "almost every writer in Paris", including

1581:, he wrote: "the author firmly believes that details alone will henceforth determine the merit of works". Plentiful descriptions of décor, clothing, and possessions help breathe life into the characters. For example, Balzac's friend 1192:, 1835) opens with a broad panorama of Paris but becomes a closely plotted novella of only fifty pages. According to the literary critic Kornelije Kvas, "Balzac's use of the same characters (Rastignac, Vautrin) in different parts of 710:

Jean-Baptiste Guillonnet-Merville for three years he trained and worked at the office of the notary Édouard-Victor Passez, a family friend. During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature. In his 1840 novel

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explained, "She was certainly drily aware that she had been given to an old husband as a reward for his professional services to a friend of her family and that the capital was on her side. She was not in love with her husband".

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In 1814 the Balzac family moved to Paris, and Honoré was sent to private tutors and schools for the next two and a half years. This was an unhappy time in his life, during which he attempted suicide on a bridge over the river

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In 1833, as he revealed in a letter to his sister, Balzac entered into an illicit affair with fellow writer Maria Du Fresnay, who was then aged 24. Her marriage to a considerably older man (Charles du Fresnay, Mayor of

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describes it—"in a garret furnished in the most Spartan fashion, with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him", while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles (32 km) outside Paris.

1141:) in a convoluted and disastrous plan to regain social status. The book undergoes a massive temporal rift; the first part (of four) covers a span of six years, while the final two sections focus on just three days. 1456:

at Balzac's funeral. Some modern researchers have attributed a factor in his death to excessive coffee consumption or a caffeine overdose (Balzac reportedly drank over 50 cups a day) but this has yet to be proved.

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sometimes stretch for fifteen or twenty pages. As he did with the people around him, Balzac studied these places in depth, traveling to remote locations and comparing notes that he had made on previous visits.

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The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household, although Honoré was not turned away entirely. Instead, in April 1819 he was allowed to live in the French capital—as English critic

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Honoré de Balzac was born into a family which aspired to achieve respectability through its industry and efforts. His father, born Bernard-François Balssa, was one of eleven children from an artisan family in

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says it is "like an experimental novel in which the female protagonist is always trying to pull in extraneous realities but which the hero is determined to keep on course, whatever tricks he has to use".

1264:, the home of his friend Jean de Margonne, his mother's lover and father to her youngest child. Many of Balzac's tormented characters were conceived in the chateau's small second-floor bedroom. Today the 2370: 715:, he wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees "the oily wheels of every fortune, the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold, the human heart grappling with the Penal Code". 1722:

Balzac visited the Château de Saché in Touraine which was owned by his friend Jean de Margonne (who was also his mother's lover), between 1830 and 1837, and wrote many of his novels in the series

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Leone, Giuseppe (1999). "Honoré de Balzac, una creatività "sempre recidiva, mai stanca" – Con lui il romanzo s'è fatto uomo", su "Ricorditi di me...", in "Lecco 2000", Lecco, febbraio 1999

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Delahanty, James J. (September 1963). "Catholic Political Thought 1789–1848. Edited by Bela Menczer. (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. 1962. Pp. viii, 205. $ 1.95.)".

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he wrote: "Christianity, above all, Catholicism, being ... a complete system for the repression of the depraved tendencies of man, is the most powerful element of social order".

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beheaded in his person all fathers of families." Nevertheless, his keen insight regarding working-class conditions earned him the esteem of many socialists, including Marxists.

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in Paris. Her family's wealth was a considerable factor in the match: she was eighteen at the time of the wedding, and François Balzac fifty. As the author and literary critic

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similarly learned from the Realist example; he adored Balzac and studied his works carefully, although he criticised what he perceived as Balzac's "vulgarity". Balzac's story

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Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac : Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p.

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is half smothered by the historian". Still, both authors used the form of the realist novel to probe the machinations of society and the myriad motives of human behavior.

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novels, designed to sell quickly and titillate audiences. In Saintsbury's view, "they are curiously, interestingly, almost enthrallingly bad". Saintsbury indicates that

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reveal sympathy for those who are pushed to one side by society. As part of the 19th-century evolution of the novel as a "democratic literary form", Balzac wrote that "

1448:, in the presence of his mother—his wife, Eve de Balzac (formerly Countess Hańska) had gone to bed. He had been visited that day by Victor Hugo, who later served as a 1620:

Balzac sought to present his characters as real people, neither fully good nor fully evil, but completely human. "To arrive at the truth", he wrote in the preface to

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grindstone, doing the same thing over and over again.... I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite". He announced his intention to become a writer.

6790: 6442: 2831: 1630:, who said: "One of the greatest tragedies of my life is the death of Lucien de Rubempré.... It haunts me in my moments of pleasure. I remember it when I laugh". 6449: 936:, and he included in it all the fiction that he had published in his lifetime under his own name. This was to be Balzac's life work and his greatest achievement. 7524: 1240: 2228: 6758: 2602: 1922:, who said 1984: "I'm sure that my life in France would have been very different had I not met Balzac. the way that country and its society works." In 1970 1524:

remained unfinished at the time of his death—Balzac had plans to include numerous other books, most of which he never started. He frequently flitted between

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Although Balzac was "by turns a hermit and a vagrant", he managed to stay in tune with the social spheres which nourished his writing. He was friends with

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Balzac often fell ill, finally causing the headmaster to contact his family with news of a "sort of a coma". When he returned home, his grandmother said: "

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Chancerel, Pierrot (October–November 1955), "La véritable Eugénie Grandet : Marie du Fresnay" [The real Eugénie Grandet: Marie du Fresnay],

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style of Scottish novelist Walter Scott, Balzac sought to depict human existence through the use of particulars. In the preface to the first edition of

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saw the world through a colored lens, the naturalist sees through a clear glass—precisely the sort of effect Balzac attempted to achieve in his works.

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Balzac's extensive use of detail, especially the detail of objects, to illustrate the lives of his characters made him an early pioneer of literary

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Marshal Hański died in 1841, and his widow and her admirer finally had the chance to pursue their affections. A rival of the Hungarian composer

7539: 1312:, hoping that his anonymous critic would see it. Thus began a fifteen-year correspondence between Balzac and "the object of sweetest dreams": 3864: 3702: 6868: 2378: 7534: 6305: 39: 6942: 7118: 6246: 6241: 464:. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films and continue to inspire other writers. James called him "really the father of us all." 1762:

among the masses of Parisian society to undertake his research. He used incidents from his life and the people around him, in works like

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and read the entire work to his family; they were unimpressed. He followed this effort by starting (but never finishing) three novels:

778:. Although it pales by comparison with his later works, some critics consider it a good-quality text. When he finished, Balzac went to 1778:

Balzac was a legitimist; in many ways, his views are the antithesis of Victor Hugo's democratic republicanism. He wrote, in his essay

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Balzac has also influenced popular culture. Many of his works have been made into popular films and television serials, including:

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famously read Balzac in the middle of meetings of the Central Committee, much to the consternation of his colleagues and comrades.

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Once his studies were completed, Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the Law; after a stint in the office of the

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Balzac's literary mood evolved over time from one of despondency and chagrin to that of solidarity and courage—but not optimism.

874:. This business failed miserably, with many of the books "sold as waste paper". Balzac had better luck publishing the Memoirs of 2888: 7529: 7494: 584:; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home. (Although Genevan philosopher 428:

Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of

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These dismal business efforts—and his misadventures in Sardinia—provided an appropriate milieu in which to set the two-volume

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dungeon more than a hundred times!") Still, his time alone gave the boy ample freedom to read every book which came his way.

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Loosely translated by Pritchett from a letter written by Balzac to his sister August 15th, 1821. See Correspondance, Pierrot

990:—about a 30-year-old man who kills his father (Balzac was 30 years old at the time). This was the first work signed "Honoré 7519: 6428: 2274: 1996:). Balzac is mentioned, along with Chaucer and Rabelais, to humorous effect (as authors of allegedly unreliable morals) in 2045: 7484: 7479: 7394: 4630: 1882:. However, Proust wrote later in life that the contemporary fashion of ranking Balzac higher than Tolstoy was "madness". 903: 533:(he had also changed his name to the more noble sounding "Balzac", his son later adding—without official recognition—the 6261: 875: 852: 4566: 4399: 1408: 1649:

later termed "retrospective illumination", whereby a character's past is revealed long after she or he first appears.

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Balzac worked these scenes from his boyhood—as he did many aspects of his life and the lives of those around him—into

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there. It is now a museum dedicated to Balzac where one can see his writing desk and quill pen and chair.

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there. Near the end of his life Balzac was captivated by the idea of cutting 20,000 acres (81 km) of

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in 1843 and won her heart. After a series of financial setbacks, health problems and objections from

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Balzac borrowed money from his family and friends and tried to build a printing business, then a

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in 1955 confirmed what was already suspected by several historians: the dedicatee of the novel

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had a good knowledge of hanging wallpaper. Balzac transferred this to his descriptions of the

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extends to a thousand pages after starting inauspiciously in a small-town print shop, whereas

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skill. One critic explained that "there is a center and a circumference to Balzac's world".

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at Place Pablo-Picasso. Rodin featured Balzac in several of his smaller sculptures as well.

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Henry James, The Art of Fiction, 'The Lesson of Balzac', p.102 of the 1956 Vintage edition

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statisticians put together". Balzac has received high praise from critics as diverse as

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is key to Balzac's legacy as a realist. "Realism is nothing if not urban", notes critic

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Although he married late in life, Balzac had already written two treatises on marriage:

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and unvarnished depictions of bourgeois life. This influence shows in Flaubert's work

1504:. Cast in bronze, the Balzac Monument has stood since 1939 nearby the intersection of 1099: 1060: 723: 680: 184: 6621: 6229: 6214: 6176: 6163: 6147: 6130: 6098: 6088: 6076: 6067: 6053: 6039: 6022: 6005: 5991: 5960: 5946: 5918: 5902: 5885: 5865: 5847: 5537: 4797: 4608: 4395: 4370: 4351: 4339: 3951: 3776: 3664: 3082: 2322: 1800: 1715: 1702: 1582: 1505: 1119: 735: 511: 233: 6551: 6400: 4649: 4390:

Balzac (1994) . "Maximes et pensées". In d'Aurevilly, Barbey; Menczer, Béla (eds.).

3027: 2617: 2258: 1661: 1326: 1313: 1074: 483: 275: 205: 7443: 7207: 6505: 6351: 6256: 6185: 4927: 4898: 4571: 4331: 4282:

Robb and Sir Victor Pritchett cite specific examples, included in Biography, above.

3995: 3947: 3943: 2514: 2346: 2330: 1997: 1850: 1674: 1537: 1525: 1385: 1282: 1159: 1094: 1011: 978: 974: 944: 830: 622: 611: 449: 429: 365: 359: 316: 258: 156: 6456: 2681: 894:. It resurfaced painfully later when—as a renowned and busy author—he traveled to 478:

reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.

6935: 6579: 6372: 6250: 6167: 6014: 5856: 5803: 5777: 5751: 5725: 5699: 5673: 5647: 5595: 5564: 5529: 5503: 5477: 5451: 5399: 5347: 5321: 5292: 5240: 5214: 5162: 5136: 4989: 4937: 4908: 4879: 4853: 4827: 4789: 4758: 4732: 4701: 4675: 3728: 3032: 2932: 2898: 2737: 2306: 1985: 1911: 1896: 1847:

was the bridge between the comic realism of Dickens and the naturalism of Zola".

1792: 1470: 1369: 1338: 1224:

original text. Although some of his books never reached completion, some—such as

1175: 1144: 999: 838: 601:

features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline, modeled after his own caregiver.

561: 542: 522: 496:), a Polish aristocrat and his longtime love. He died in Paris six months later. 492: 461: 441: 398: 219: 939: 7313: 7019: 6751: 6533: 6491: 6421: 5832: 4727: 4725: 4723: 3930:

Perciaccante, A.; Riva, M. A.; Coralli, A.; Charlier, P.; Bianucci, R. (2016).

3060: 2799: 2745: 2362: 2338: 2298: 2164: 1943: 1923: 1915: 1570: 1153: 625: 614: 604: 526: 416: 407: 406:; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The 6695: 6172: 4335: 2172: 7453: 7431: 7012: 6660: 6108: 6031: 5129: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4343: 3006: 2108: 2012: 2002: 1993: 1919: 1865: 1834: 1791:

Balzac was influenced by the counter-revolutionary philosopher and statesman

1646: 1562: 1501: 1397: 1015: 826: 696: 695:, lectured on French and classical literature; and, most influential of all, 636: 556:

Balzac's mother, born Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, came from a family of

445: 45: 6117:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–301. 5590: 5588: 5586: 4720: 1885:

Perhaps the author most affected by Balzac was American expatriate novelist

1601: 514:, a region in the south of France. In 1760 he set off for Paris with only a 437: 6744: 6209: 6139: 5324:

Scènes de la vie poitique : L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine, etc.

3955: 3055: 1989: 1965: 1825: 1814: 1670: 1529: 1278: 882: 779: 515: 198: 5023: 4618: 1319: 6829: 5927: 5583: 3837: 2908: 2076: 2016:. Truffaut believed Balzac and Proust to be the greatest French writers. 1954: 1886: 1809: 1627: 1609: 1574: 1440:

Five months after his wedding, on Sunday, 18 August 1850, Balzac died of

1400: 1393: 1381: 1373: 1244: 970: 965: 819: 765: 752: 699:'s courses on philosophy encouraged his students to think independently. 661:

Voilà donc comme le collège nous renvoie les jolis que nous lui envoyons!

557: 550: 453: 421: 6102: 6092: 5983:

Dictionnaire biographique des personnages fictifs de la comédie humaine.

5922: 1740: 960: 7356: 6463: 6151: 5950: 5889: 2689: 1958: 1698: 1593:, making the wallpaper speak of the identities of those living inside. 1449: 1208: 1029: 1007: 760: 469: 141: 7126: 6498: 2236: 1300:" ("The Foreigner")—expressing sadness at the cynicism and atheism in 1082:, 1835) was his next success, in which Balzac transposes the story of 871: 629: 608: 6804: 6730: 6358: 5169:. 1837, Société belge de librairie, etc. Hauman, Cattoir et cie. 1837 2673: 2594: 2522: 1934: 1796: 1552: 1412: 1137:, 1847) continues Lucien's story. He is trapped by the Abbé Herrera ( 1084: 1019: 984:

Soon afterwards, around the time of his father's death, Balzac wrote

822:

suggests that as he discovered the Novel, Balzac discovered himself.

806: 581: 530: 6224: 6071: 4392:

Tensions of Order and Freedom: Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848

1333: 6194: 1862:. "What Balzac started", observes Lehan, "Flaubert helped finish". 1681:

exemplifies the danger of withdrawing from other people's company.

1441: 1350: 1323: 956: 895: 748: 6129:. Edited by Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. 3663:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 26. 705: 7066: 6470: 6190: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 2791: 2546: 1586: 1354: 1304:

and its negative portrayal of women. His response was to place a

1265: 1196:

is a consequence of the realist striving for narrative economy".

1138: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 1148:

Portrait of Honoré de Balzac by Jean Alfred Gérard-Séguin (1842)

7248: 6087:, Vol. I. Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, pp. vii–xivi. 3929: 2976: 1804: 1541: 1453: 1293: 1023: 834: 1271: 848: 718: 3279: 1669:

family, and an interest in the Austrian mystic and physician

1652: 1261: 669: 546: 374: 68: 1637:

Balzac's use of repeat characters, moving in and out of the

1174:

Many of his novels were initially serialized, like those of

981:) and provided him with a name outside his past pseudonyms. 4830:Études philosophiques : La Recherche de l'absolu, etc. 1361: 1292:

In February 1832 Balzac received an intriguing letter from

899: 6313: 5884:. English version by Richard Monges. New York: NYU Press. 4633:

Scènes de la vie militaire et Scènes de la vie de campagne

3969:

https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29iht-edjohnson

2019:

His life was dramatised as the 1950 Australian radio play

913: 825:

During this time Balzac wrote two pamphlets in support of

1928: 955:

After the collapse of his businesses, Balzac traveled to

907: 334: 325: 4678:

Scènes de la vie privée : Maison du chat-qui-pelote

5945:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 109–159. 4940:

Scènes de la vie de province : Les Rivalités, etc.

4911:

Scènes de la vie privée : Contrat de mariage, etc.

4784: 4782: 4780: 1813:

also makes some references to the works of Balzac, and

1241:

Pierre-Marie-Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette

1014:, but not without qualifications. He felt that the new 5835:(1986). "Le Père Goriot devant la critique anglaise". 3078:

Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L

2957: 2955: 7415: 6242:

Balzac on mimetism, language, desire for the absolute

5221:. 1902, Société d'éditions littéraires et artistiques 4796:. 1876, Calmann Lévy & Maison Michel Lévy. 1876. 1807:

declared that Balzac was his favorite writer. Marx's

386: 346: 337: 331: 6121:

Stowe, William W. (1983). "Systematic Realism". In:

4777: 4293:"Balzac: A Fight Against Decandence and Materialism" 1596:

Some critics consider Balzac's writing exemplary of

1544:

can construct a settled dwelling only in his work".

973:

royalist forces. Although he was a supporter of the

858: 772:

In 1820 Balzac completed the five-act verse tragedy

377: 371: 328: 322: 2952: 1899:wrote a short story about Balzac in his 1971 book, 1337:Portrait of Balzac in his famous dressing gown, by 910:in Ukraine and transporting it for sale in France. 368: 319: 4545:Literature and Art: Selections from Their Writings 1904:or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody 722:Drawing of Balzac in the mid-1820s, attributed to 679:, where he studied under three famous professors: 4708:. 1831, Charles Gosselin & Urbain Canel. 1831 4205:Histoire des Treize: Ferragus, chef des dévorants 3775:, Quintes-Feuilles, Paris 2012, pp26-427 passim; 3737: 3733:. Bureau de la Revue de Paris. 1960. p. 122. 3482: 3480: 1573:. While he admired and drew inspiration from the 1247:. Nevertheless, he did not spend as much time in 7451: 4735:Études philosophiques : Louis Lambert, etc. 4543:Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick Engels (1947). 1500:) was created by the celebrated French sculptor 1022:, appealing especially to the higher classes in 959:and stayed with the De Pommereul family outside 5936:. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 84–189. 3357:Balzac (1840). "Le Notaire". Quoted in Robb, 44 7525:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights 6247:Reader's Guide: Themes in the Novels of Balzac 5959:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. 5876:Balzac and the Tradition of the European Novel 3477: 837:, illustrated his lifelong admiration for the 7342: 7234: 7112: 6299: 5598:Études philosophiques : Les Marana, etc. 5269:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, vol. I 4458: 4456: 3661:The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature 1097:, who had been his source of inspiration for 545:(1793–94), François Balzac was despatched to 19:"Balzac" redirects here. For other uses, see 6123: 5981: 4269: 4267: 3609: 3607: 1749: 1268:is a museum dedicated to the author's life. 889: 860: 703: 659: 6233:by Professor Albert Keim and M. Louis Lumet 5784:. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900 5732:. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900 4584: 4018:"Honoré de Balzac – La grande chancellerie" 1296:—with no return address and signed simply " 1272:Marriage, romantic relationships, and death 1070:, arguably the most sublime of his novels. 969:(1829), a tale of love gone wrong amid the 7349: 7335: 7241: 7227: 7119: 7105: 6306: 6292: 6097: 4567:"James Baldwin, The Art of Fiction No. 78" 4453: 3762:, Volume 1, Routledge, Abingdon 1990, p105 3318: 1795:, and once remarked that "hen it beheaded 1232:, 1841)—are nonetheless noted by critics. 38: 16:French novelist and playwright (1799–1850) 6257:Victor Hugo's eulogy for Honoré de Balzac 5706:. 1837, Société typographique belge. 1837 4321: 4264: 3839:Адреса музею Оноре де Бальзака у Верхівні 3743: 3703:"Musée Balzac – Les châteaux de la Loire" 3604: 1360:, a wealthy Polish landowner living near 742: 525:; by 1776 he had become Secretary to the 6217:: text, concordances and frequency lists 6052:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 4369:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 260–261. 3771:Collectif (Prefecture de Paris Police), 3683:Balzac, A Biography, Graham Robb, p. 243 2878:Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress 2437:Annette et le Criminal (Argow le Pirate) 1948: 1932:, a detailed analysis of Balzac's story 1824: 1751:les livres sont faits pour tout le monde 1651: 1551: 1428: 1332: 1318: 1207: 1143: 1028: 938: 847: 717: 603: 419:French life, is generally viewed as his 7505:19th-century French short story writers 6717:Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan 6164:Works by Honoré de Balzac in eBook form 5510:. 1899, Little, Brown and Company. 1896 5113:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées, Vol. I 4996:. 1839, Méline, Cans et Compagnie. 1839 4607:. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000. 2587:Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan 1754:" ("books are written for everybody"). 878:, with whom he also had a love affair. 521:in his pocket, intent on improving his 7452: 5143:. 1898, The Gebbie Publishing Co. 1898 4389: 4364: 3074: 1178:. Their length was not predetermined. 649:. His time at Vendôme is reflected in 635:Balzac had difficulty adapting to the 7540:Obscenity controversies in literature 7330: 7222: 7100: 6640:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 6287: 6036:Against Sainte-Beuve and Other Essays 3979: 2355:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 1130:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 487: 397: 241:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 5901:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5484:. 1897, Henry Holt and Company. 1896 3865:"Distinguished Shrines of Berdichev" 3730:La Revue de Paris, Volume 67, Part 3 3658: 2889:List of works by Alexandre Falguière 2371:L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine 2032: 1487:, as well as representatives of the 1384:, Balzac visited Countess Hańska in 1106:In 1836 Balzac took the helm of the 1093:, with his otherwise-married lover, 797:In 1821 Balzac met the enterprising 415:, which presents a panorama of post- 7045:Petites misères de la vie conjugale 5354:. 1896, The Macmillan Company. 1896 5045:A distinguished provincial at Paris 4834:. 1860, A. Bourdilliat et cie. 1860 3705:. 30 September 2015. Archived from 1329:miniature by Holz von Sowgen (1825) 1006:in 1830, Balzac declared himself a 888:Balzac never lost his penchant for 687:, was Professor of Modern History; 13: 6182:Works by or about Honoré de Balzac 5139:A Woman of Thirty; A Start in Life 4394:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. 3119:"Généalogie de Honoré BALZAC (de)" 2391:As "Lord Rhône", in collaboration 2252:Un grand homme de province à Paris 1697:: nature defers to the artificial 1604:declared Balzac the father of the 621:At age ten Balzac was sent to the 580:As an infant Balzac was sent to a 14: 7551: 7535:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 6157: 6021:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. 6000:Prendergast, Christopher (1978). 5810:. 1870, Alexandre Houssiaux. 1870 4682:. 1870, Alexandre Houssiaux. 1870 4324:American Political Science Review 1744:developed, and the characters of 1693:The influence of Paris permeates 1608:. Zola indicated that whilst the 898:in the hopes of reprocessing the 7437: 7425: 6198: 6038:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 5796: 5770: 5744: 5718: 5692: 5666: 5640: 5614: 5571:. 1896, Macmillan & Co. 1896 5557: 5522: 5496: 5470: 5444: 5418: 5392: 5366: 5340: 5328:. 1869, Michel Lévy Frères. 1869 5285: 5259: 5233: 5207: 5181: 5155: 5103: 5077: 5051: 5037: 5008: 4982: 4956: 4944:. 1857, Librairie Nouvelle. 1857 4915:. 1870, Michel Lévy Frères. 1870 4872: 4846: 4751: 4694: 4597: 4578: 4559: 4550: 4547:. New York. Quoted in Rogers, ix 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4383: 4367:Balzac and the French Revolution 4358: 4315: 4285: 4276: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4207:, XIII, 13; quoted in Rogers, 45 4197: 4188: 4179: 2462:Histoire impartiale des Jésuites 2036: 1984:(1974 BBC mini-series, starring 1515: 963:. There he drew inspiration for 853:Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès 364: 315: 300: 253: 7500:French male short story writers 7460:Knights of the Legion of Honour 6429:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées 6253: (archived 27 October 2009) 4860:. 1856, Libraire Nouvelle. 1856 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4010: 4001: 3988: 3980:Zweig, Stefan (9 August 2019). 3973: 3962: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3857: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3765: 3752: 3721: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3489: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3270: 3257: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3075:Classe, O. (26 November 2017). 2275:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées 549:to coordinate supplies for the 284: 7085:Armorial de la Comédie Humaine 5974:Prométhée ou la vie de Balzac. 5406:. 1896, Roberts Brothers. 1896 5087:Une ténébreuse affaire, Vol. I 4970:. 1888, Roberts Brothers. 1888 3994:The full text is available at 3948:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.09.005 3111: 3102: 3068: 3048: 3033:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3020: 2989: 2964: 2926: 1858:which owes a debt to Balzac's 1729: 1199: 1: 7530:19th-century French novelists 7495:French Roman Catholic writers 6206:Honoré de Balzac's Collection 6085:The Works of Honoré de Balzac 6004:. London: Edward Arnold Ltd. 6002:Balzac: Fiction and Melodrama 5536:. Lulu.com. 19 January 2015. 5458:. 1907, Clarendon Press. 1907 3760:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality 3447:. Retrieved: 27 October 2014. 2945: 1879:À la recherche du temps perdu 1705:. The centrality of Paris in 1673:, who pioneered the study of 1657:The Works of Honoré de Balzac 1615: 1565:at Place Pablo-Picasso, Paris 1409:St. Barbara's Catholic Church 1243:, and he was acquainted with 1190:The Girl with the Golden Eyes 814:hardly imagine his producing 747:Balzac's first project was a 617:– engraving by Armand Queyroy 575: 6847:Scènes de la vie de campagne 6668:Les Comédiens sans le savoir 6544:Scènes de la vie de province 6345:La Maison du chat-qui-pelote 5864:. 20. Garnier Frères. 1999. 2937:Légion d'honneur - Chevalier 2141:Ferragus, chef des Dévorants 2085:La Maison du chat-qui-pelote 1980:(1968 BBC mini-series), and 1902:Letters from 74 rue Taitbout 1494:Later, a statue (called the 1114:. It produced three issues. 833:. The latter, regarding the 691:, a recent arrival from the 499: 7: 7520:French historical novelists 6632:Scènes de la vie Parisienne 6197:(public domain audiobooks) 6066:. New York: Octagon Books. 5882:Balzac and The Human Comedy 5880:Bertault, Philippe (1963). 5806:Les Cent Contes drolatiques 5506:Scènes de la vie parisienne 5117:. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain 5091:. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain 5065:. 1841, Hippolyte Souverain 5047:. London: J.M. Dent. 1897 . 4637:. 1874, Hébert et Cie. 1874 3746:Revue des sciences humaines 3254:. Patay. Quoted in Robb, 15 2855: 2769:Les Cent Contes drolatiques 2475:Incomplete at time of death 2408:As "Horace de Saint-Aubin" 1773: 1349:Rzewuska) was married to a 1010:, supporting King Charles' 675:In 1816 Balzac entered the 10: 7556: 7485:University of Paris alumni 7480:Writers from Tours, France 6971:Un drame au bord de la mer 6837:Une passion dans le désert 6822:Scènes de la vie militaire 6784:Un épisode sous la Terreur 6769:Scènes de la vie politique 6146:. New York: Viking Press. 5933:French Poets and Novelists 5826: 5758:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875 5680:. 1900, Calmann Lévy. 1900 5602:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875 4739:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875 4603:Truffaut, François et al. 4585:Jaggi, Maya (5 May 2001). 3936:Journal of Cardiac Failure 2754:Un épisode sous la Terreur 2698:Un drame au bord de la mer 1839:Victoria and Albert Museum 1780:Society and the Individual 1547: 1435:Cimetière du Père-Lachaise 1424:Scènes de la Vie Conjugale 920: 18: 7370: 7305: 7262: 7200: 7141: 7075: 7054: 7038:La Physiologie du mariage 7029: 6878: 6846: 6821: 6768: 6631: 6543: 6336: 6327: 6191:Works by Honoré de Balzac 6173:Works by Honoré de Balzac 6104:"Balzac, Honoré de" 5917:. London: Eveleigh Nash. 4765:. 1839, Charpentier. 1839 4605:Correspondence, 1945–1984 4336:10.1017/s0003055400287844 4252:Quoted in Prendergast, 26 3267:. Quoted in Pritchett, 29 3098:– via Google Books. 3061:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2872:Balzac Society of America 2808:Les Ressources de Quinola 1918:. He was also praised by 1837:(1892), displayed at the 1820: 1353:twenty years her senior, 1163:(1848) tell the story of 1091:Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay 947:is one of three Parisian 504: 399:[ɔnɔʁed(ə)balzak] 299: 294: 269: 249: 170: 162: 152: 132: 122: 99: 89: 75: 53: 37: 30: 6999:Sur Catherine de Médicis 6894:La Recherche de l'absolu 6215:Honoré de Balzac's works 5874:Adamson, Donald (2001). 5628:. 1831, Charles Gosselin 5432:. 1831, Charles Gosselin 5380:. 1831, Charles Gosselin 4886:. 1836, Ad. Wahlen. 1836 3838: 3659:Kvas, Kornelije (2020). 3081:. Taylor & Francis. 2919: 2762:Short Stories Collection 2387:Published pseudonymously 2157:La Recherche de l'absolu 2028: 1856:L'éducation sentimentale 1684: 1446:congestive heart failure 1306:classified advertisement 1058:In 1833 Balzac released 1041:1831 saw the success of 7515:French literary critics 7403:The Duchess of Langeais 7395:The Duchess of Langeais 7363:La Duchesse de Langeais 7076:Related works by others 6915:Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu 6901:Jésus-Christ en Flandre 6682:La Duchesse de Langeais 6608:Le Cabinet des Antiques 6337:Scènes de la vie privée 6237:Balzac and anthropology 6114:Encyclopædia Britannica 6062:Rogers, Samuel (1953). 5979:Lotte, Fernand (1952). 5972:Maurois, André (1965). 5955:Lehan, Richard (2005). 5654:. 1854, P. Jannet. 1854 4365:Butler, Ronnie (1983). 3366:Quoted in Pritchett, 42 2983:Oxford University Press 2914:Popular novel in France 2634:Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu 2425:Le Vicaire des Ardennes 2221:Le Cabinet des Antiques 2149:La Duchesse de Langeais 1579:Scènes de la Vie privée 1491:and other dignitaries. 1433:Balzac's statue in the 1366:marriage of convenience 1135:The Harlot High and Low 1067:La Duchesse de Langeais 876:the Duchess of Abrantès 689:Abel-François Villemain 21:Balzac (disambiguation) 7510:French fantasy writers 6985:L'Elixir de longue vie 6855:Le Médecin de campagne 6791:Madame de la Chanterie 6777:Une ténébreuse affaire 6689:La Fille aux yeux d'or 6647:Un prince de la bohème 6594:La Muse du département 6443:La Femme de trente ans 6124: 6064:Balzac & The Novel 5982: 5957:Realism and Naturalism 5061:Ursule Mirouët, Vol. I 4575:. No. 91: Spring 1984. 2936: 2832:Mercadet ou le faiseur 2579:La Fille aux yeux d'or 2468:Code des gens honnêtes 2396:L'Héritière de Birague 2291:La Femme de trente ans 2267:Une ténébreuse affaire 2213:La Muse du département 2133:Le Médecin de campagne 1992:; 1998 film, starring 1961: 1843: 1789: 1750: 1665: 1566: 1510:Boulevard Montparnasse 1462:Père Lachaise Cemetery 1437: 1420:Physiologie du Mariage 1342: 1330: 1220: 1185:La Fille aux yeux d'or 1149: 1038: 1012:Royal House of Bourbon 952: 890: 861: 855: 811:Robert Louis Stevenson 743:First literary efforts 726: 704: 660: 618: 570:Saint-Honoré of Amiens 94:Père Lachaise Cemetery 6879:Études philosophiques 6615:Le Lys dans la vallée 6587:L'illustre Gaudissart 6478:Le Contrat de mariage 6048:Robb, Graham (1994). 5939:James, Henry (1914). 4882:Le Lys dans la vallée 4113:Quoted in Rogers, 161 4068:Quoted in Rogers, 144 3869:The Berdichev Revival 3002:CollinsDictionary.com 2979:UK English Dictionary 2450:Published anonymously 2189:Le Contrat de mariage 2181:Le Lys dans la vallée 1952: 1828: 1784: 1655: 1623:Le Lys dans la vallée 1555: 1432: 1336: 1322: 1230:The Government Clerks 1211: 1147: 1033:Balzac caricature by 1032: 942: 928:originally called it 891:une bonne spéculation 862:Une bonne spéculation 851: 721: 607: 598:Le Lys dans la vallée 586:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 227:Le Lys dans la vallée 7158:The Conquering Power 6759:Les Petits Bourgeois 6485:Un début dans la vie 6408:Autre étude de femme 5624:La Comédie du diable 5273:. 1845, L. de Potter 3875:on 23 September 2015 3773:Le Registre Infamant 3709:on 30 September 2015 3250:Champfleury (1878). 2666:La Comédie du diable 2413:Clotilde de Lusignan 2315:Un début dans la vie 2050:adding missing items 2006:. He is included in 1942:literary criticism. 1460:Balzac is buried at 917:and literary success 841:. In the preface to 803:Vicaire des Ardennes 588:'s influential book 568:Honoré (named after 562:Sir Victor Pritchett 7062:Eugène de Rastignac 6957:Le Réquisitionnaire 6654:Un homme d’affaires 6520:La Messe de l'athée 6450:La Femme abandonnée 6394:La Fausse Maîtresse 6272:Études balzaciennes 6050:Balzac: A Biography 5911:Helm, W.H. (1905). 5857:L'Année balzacienne 5837:L'Année balzacienne 5702:La Messe de l'athée 5299:. 1911, George Wahr 4792:Histoire des Treize 4432:Quoted in Robb, 422 3996:Victor Hugo Central 3902:Quoted in Robb, 404 3538:Quoted in Robb, 190 3321:, pp. 298–301. 2972:"Balzac, Honoré de" 2863:L'Année balzacienne 2784:L'École des ménages 2706:La Messe de l'athée 2650:Le Réquisitionnaire 2283:La Fausse Maîtresse 1870:Une Heure de ma Vie 1165:Les Parents Pauvres 1049:The Wild Ass's Skin 799:Auguste Le Poitevin 693:Collège Charlemagne 683:, who later became 434:European literature 127:University of Paris 7490:French monarchists 7279:Man Without a Name 7030:Études analytiques 6908:Melmoth réconcilié 6887:La Peau de chagrin 6862:Le Curé de village 6710:La Maison Nucingen 6513:Le Colonel Chabert 6415:La Grande Bretèche 6380:Une double famille 6316:La Comédie humaine 6099:Saintsbury, George 6081:"Honoré de Balzac" 6077:Saintsbury, George 5942:Notes on Novelists 5567:La Grande Bretèche 5454:Le Colonel Chabert 4704:La Peau de Chagrin 4587:"The Latin Master" 4565:Elgrably, Jordan. 3893:Pritchett, 261–262 2903:Mme. Eve de Balzac 2642:La Grande Bretèche 2563:Le Colonel Chabert 2531:Une double famille 2456:Du Droit d'aînesse 2245:Le Curé de village 2101:La Peau de chagrin 2048:; you can help by 1962: 1938:and a key work in 1874:An Hour of my Life 1844: 1736:La Peau de Chagrin 1724:La Comédie Humaine 1707:La Comédie Humaine 1679:La Peau de Chagrin 1666: 1659:(1901), including 1567: 1558:Monument to Balzac 1497:Monument to Balzac 1467:Frédérick Lemaître 1438: 1343: 1331: 1302:La Peau de Chagrin 1221: 1213:Initial proofs of 1169:The Poor Relations 1150: 1108:Chronique de Paris 1044:La Peau de chagrin 1039: 953: 934:La Comédie Humaine 923:La Comédie Humaine 915:La Comédie Humaine 856: 843:La Comédie Humaine 816:La Comédie Humaine 727: 646:La Comédie humaine 619: 535:nobiliary particle 475:La Comédie Humaine 412:La Comédie humaine 192:La Peau de chagrin 178:La Comédie humaine 71:, Touraine, France 44:Revised detail of 7413: 7412: 7379:The Eternal Flame 7324: 7323: 7216: 7215: 7094: 7093: 6812:Le Député d'Arcis 6622:Illusions perdues 6387:La Paix du ménage 6262:Special Issue of 6230:Project Gutenberg 6177:Project Gutenberg 5914:Aspects of Balzac 5870:978-2-13-050961-5 5195:. 1844, de Potter 5165:Illusions perdues 4516:James (1914), 115 4507:James (1914), 127 4022:Legiondhonneur.fr 3844:Balzac-museum.com 3781:978-2-9532885-6-8 3670:978-1-7936-0910-6 3252:Balzac au Collège 3088:978-1-884964-36-7 3036:. Merriam-Webster 2539:La Paix du ménage 2502:Le Député d'Arcis 2323:Illusions perdues 2066: 2065: 2008:François Truffaut 1860:Illusions Perdues 1746:Illusions Perdues 1716:Illusions Perdues 1703:Fyodor Dostoevsky 1583:Henri de Latouche 1532:to ... 1526:works in progress 1506:Boulevard Raspail 1310:Gazette de France 1237:Théophile Gautier 1180:Illusions Perdues 1120:Illusions perdues 1080:Old Father Goriot 736:George Saintsbury 493:Contessa Rzewuska 458:François Truffaut 456:, and filmmakers 356: 308: 307: 234:Illusions perdues 163:Years active 153:Literary movement 7547: 7465:Honoré de Balzac 7442: 7441: 7440: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7421: 7358:Honoré de Balzac 7351: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7250:Honoré de Balzac 7243: 7236: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7208:Maria Du Fresnay 7128:Honoré de Balzac 7121: 7114: 7107: 7098: 7097: 6992:Maître Cornélius 6745:La Cousine Bette 6601:La Vieille Fille 6573:Le Curé de Tours 6352:Le Bal de Sceaux 6321:Honoré de Balzac 6308: 6301: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6274:(Balzac Studies) 6232: 6225:Honoré de Balzac 6210:One More Library 6202: 6201: 6186:Internet Archive 6127: 6125:Honoré de Balzac 6118: 6106: 6015:Pritchett, V. S. 5990:. Paris: Corti. 5989: 5985: 5976:Paris: Hachette. 5841: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5480:Le Curé de Tours 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5243:La Cousine Bette 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5191:Honorine, vol. 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It had been a 1258:Château de Saché 1194:The Human Comedy 1160:La Cousine Bette 1112:Revue Parisienne 1095:Maria Du Fresnay 979:Sir Walter Scott 949:literary museums 945:Maison de Balzac 930:Etudes des Mœurs 893: 864: 831:Society of Jesus 709: 663: 495: 450:Gustave Flaubert 401: 396: 389: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 373: 370: 363: 354: 349: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 311:Honoré de Balzac 304: 288: 286: 259:Legion of Honour 257: 199:La Cousine Bette 82: 65: 63: 42: 32:Honoré de Balzac 28: 27: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7414: 7409: 7366: 7355: 7325: 7320: 7301: 7295:Colonel Chabert 7287:Colonel Chabert 7271:Colonel Chabert 7258: 7255:Colonel Chabert 7247: 7217: 7212: 7196: 7190:Eugénie Grandet 7174:Eugenia Grandet 7166:Eugenia Grandet 7150:Eugenia Grandet 7137: 7133:Eugénie Grandet 7125: 7095: 7090: 7082:Fernand Lotte: 7071: 7050: 7025: 6978:L'Auberge rouge 6936:Massimilla Doni 6922:L'Enfant maudit 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2836: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2800:Pierre Grassou 2796: 2788: 2774: 2773: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2746:Pierre Grassou 2742: 2734: 2726: 2718: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2686: 2678: 2670: 2662: 2654: 2646: 2638: 2630: 2622: 2618:Étude de femme 2608: 2607: 2603:L'Amour masqué 2599: 2591: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2535: 2527: 2519: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2367: 2363:Le Cousin Pons 2359: 2351: 2343: 2339:Modeste Mignon 2335: 2327: 2319: 2311: 2303: 2299:Albert Savarus 2295: 2287: 2279: 2271: 2263: 2259:Ursule Mirouët 2255: 2249: 2241: 2233: 2225: 2217: 2209: 2201: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2173:Le Père Goriot 2169: 2161: 2153: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2121: 2113: 2105: 2097: 2089: 2081: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2043: 2041: 2030: 2027: 2010:'s 1959 film, 1978:Le Père Goriot 1944:Carlos Fuentes 1924:Roland Barthes 1916:Camille Paglia 1831:Bust of Balzac 1829: 1822: 1819: 1787:create order. 1775: 1772: 1731: 1728: 1686: 1683: 1662:Le Père Goriot 1617: 1614: 1591:Le Père Goriot 1549: 1546: 1517: 1514: 1327:Ewelina Hańska 1314:Ewelina Hańska 1273: 1270: 1212: 1201: 1198: 1154:Le Cousin Pons 1125:Lost Illusions 1075:Le Père Goriot 1053:The Magic Skin 921:Main article: 918: 912: 866: 857: 818:". Biographer 744: 741: 685:Prime Minister 626:grammar school 577: 574: 541:"). After the 527:King's Council 506: 503: 501: 498: 484:Ewelina Hańska 408:novel sequence 306: 305: 297: 296: 292: 291: 280: 276:Ewelina Hańska 274: 273: 271: 267: 266: 251: 250:Notable awards 247: 246: 245: 244: 237: 230: 223: 216: 209: 206:Le Père Goriot 202: 195: 188: 181: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 148: 147: 144: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 118: 117: 112: 109: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 83:(aged 51) 79:18 August 1850 77: 73: 72: 55: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7552: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7281: 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2557: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419:Le Centenaire 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117:Louis Lambert 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109:Les Proscrits 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2051: 2047: 2044:This list is 2042: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2013:The 400 Blows 2009: 2005: 2004: 2003:The Music Man 1999: 1995: 1994:Jessica Lange 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1940:structuralist 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1920:James Baldwin 1917: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866:Marcel Proust 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1835:Auguste Rodin 1832: 1827: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1768:Louis Lambert 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1647:Marcel Proust 1640: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1624: 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