889:
In the United States, UPA is sold under the brand name Ella, which is a 30 mg single pill to be taken up to 120 hours after unprotected sex. /> UPA has emerged as the most effective EC pill, however, the access to UPA is very limited in US cities. UPA is a prescription emergency contraceptive pill and a recent study has found that less than 10% of pharmacies indicated that a UPA prescription could be filled immediately. 72% of pharmacies reported the ability to order UPA and the prescription to be filled in a median wait time of 24 hours.
174:—was first marketed as a contraceptive in 1960. In the ensuing decades, many other delivery methods have been developed, although the oral and injectable methods are by far the most popular. Hormonal contraception is highly effective: when taken on the prescribed schedule, users of steroid hormone methods experience pregnancy rates of less than 1% per year. Perfect-use pregnancy rates for most hormonal contraceptives are usually around the 0.3% rate or less. Currently available methods can only be used by women; the development of a
893:
EC pills should be taken up to 72 hours after unprotected sex due to the drug becoming less effective over time. Levonorgestrel acts as an agonist of the progesterone receptor, preventing ovulation. Users of levonorgestrel often experience menses before the expected date. A prescription for levonorgestrel is not needed and can be found over the counter at local pharmacies. Because levonorgestrel does not have any life-threatening side effects, it has been approved by the FDA for use by all age groups.
140:
3290:
446:(IARC) stating: "It was concluded that, if the reported association was causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with typical patterns of current use of combined oral contraceptives was very small." and also saying that "there is also conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium":
1646:
Garceau RJ, Wajszczuk CJ, Kaunitz AM (December 2000). "Bleeding patterns of women using
Lunelle monthly contraceptive injections (medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension) compared with those of women using Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol triphasic)
634:
and is also a single rod that releases etonogestrel (similar to the body's natural progesterone). The only difference between
Implanon and Nexplanon is Nexplanon is radio opaque and can be detected by x-ray. This is needed for cases of implant migration. It is effective for three years and is usually
449:
The (IARC) notes that "the weight of the evidence suggests a small increase in the relative risk for breast cancer among current and recent users" which following discontinuation then lessens over a period of 10 years to similar rates as women who never used them, as well as "The increase in risk for
2196:
Because COCs so effectively suppress ovulation and block ascent of sperm into the upper genital tract, the potential impact on endometrial receptivity to implantation is almost academic. When the two primary mechanisms fail, the fact that pregnancy occurs despite the endometrial changes demonstrates
896:
The Yuzpe regimen used combination oral contraceptives for EC and has been used since 1974. This regimen is no longer commonly used due to side effects such as nausea and vomiting, as well as the discovery of more effective methods. The regimen consists of two pills, each containing a minimum 100 μg
789:
Insufficient evidence exists on whether changes in the endometrium could actually prevent implantation. The primary mechanisms of action are so effective that the possibility of fertilization during combined hormonal contraceptive use is very small. Since pregnancy occurs despite endometrial changes
662:
The effect of hormonal agents on the reproductive system is complex. It is believed that combined hormonal contraceptives work primarily by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Progestogen-only contraceptives can also prevent ovulation, but rely more significantly on the thickening of
892:
Plan B one step was the first levonorgestrel progestin-only EC approved by the FDA in 1999. Currently, there are many different brands of levonorgestrel EC pills, including Take Action, Next Choice One Dose, and My Way and regimens include a single 1.5 mg pill of levonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel
888:
UPA, a progesterone agonist-antagonist, was approved by the FDA in 2010 for use as an EC. UPA acts as a partial agonist and antagonist of the progesterone receptor and works by preventing both ovulation and fertilization. Users of UPA are likely to experience delayed menses after the expected date.
491:
Combined oral contraceptives can increase the risk of certain types of cardiovascular disease in women with a pre-existing condition or already-heightened risk of cardiovascular disease. Smoking (for women over 35), metabolic conditions like diabetes, obesity and family history of heart disease are
416:
Although high-quality studies are lacking, it is believed that estrogen-containing contraceptives significantly decrease the quantity of milk in breastfeeding women. Progestogen-only contraceptives are not believed to have this effect. In addition, while in general the progestogen-only pill is less
635:
done in office. It is over 99% effective. It works in 3 ways: 1. Prevents ovulation- usually an egg does not mature 2. thickens cervical mucus so to prevent sperm from reaching the egg 3. If those 2 fail, the last is the progesterone causes the lining of the uterus to be too thin for implantation.
2193:
COCs prevent fertilization and, therefore, qualify as contraceptives. There is no significant evidence that they work after fertilization. The progestins in all COCs provide most of the contraceptive effect by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus, although the estrogens also make a
481:
Most other forms of hormonal contraception are too new for meaningful data to be available, although risks and benefits are believed to be similar for methods which use the same hormones; e.g., risks for combined-hormone patches are thought to be roughly equivalent to those for combined-hormone
725:
Estrogen was originally included in oral contraceptives for better cycle control (to stabilize the endometrium and thereby reduce the incidence of breakthrough bleeding), but was also found to inhibit follicular development and help prevent ovulation. Estrogen negative feedback on the anterior
909:
Pills—combined and progestogen-only—are the most common form of hormonal contraception. Worldwide, they account for 12% of contraceptive use. 21% of users of reversible contraceptives choose COCPs or POPs. Pills are especially popular in more developed countries, where they account for 25% of
392:
reports a typical failure rate of 3% per year for the injection Depo-Provera, and 8% per year for most other user-dependent hormonal methods. While no large studies have been done, it is hoped that newer methods which require less frequent action (such as the patch) will result in higher user
900:
The most effective form of EC is the insertion of a Cu-IUD within 5 days of unprotected sex. Because the Cu-IUD is inserted into the uterus, it has the advantage of providing continued contraception for up to 10 years. Cu-IUDs have been the only IUDs that have been approved as ECs due to the
879:
The use of emergency contraceptives (ECs) allows for the prevention of a pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraception failure. In the United States, there are currently four different methods available, including ulipristal acetate (UPA), an oral progesterone receptor agonist-antagonist;
408:
is a possible side effect for all hormonal contraceptives, it is more common with progestogen-only formulations. Most regimens of COCPs, NuvaRing, and the contraceptive patch incorporate a placebo or break week that causes regular withdrawal bleeding. While women using combined injectable
897:
of ethinyl estradiol and a minimum of 500 μg of levonorgestrel. The first pill is taken 72 hours after unprotected sex and the second pill is taken 12 hours after the first. The Yuzpe regimen is often used in areas where dedicated EC methods are unavailable or where EC is not accepted.
614:(IUS) or Intrauterine Devices (IUD). An IUS/IUD must be inserted by a health professional. The copper IUD does not contain hormones. While a copper-containing IUD may be used as emergency contraception, the IUS has not been studied for this purpose.
471:
risks are approximately halved and persists for at least 10 years after cessation of use; although "sequential oral contraceptives which were removed from the consumer market in the 1970s was associated with an increased risk for endometrial
838:
using progestogen-only contraceptives, the endometrium is thin and atrophic. If the endometrium was also thin and atrophic during an ovulatory cycle, this could theoretically interfere with implantation of a blastocyst (embryo).
567:
is worn inside the vagina. A ring is worn for three weeks. After removal, the user takes a one-week break before inserting a new ring. As with COCPs, other regimens may be used with the contraceptive patch or NuvaRing to provide
1002:. A third combined injection, Cyclo-Provera, was reformulated in the 1980s by lowering the dose and renamed Cyclofem (also called Lunelle). Cyclofem and Mesigyna, another formulation developed in the 1980s, were approved by the
209:; while progestogen-only methods reduce the frequency of ovulation, most of them rely more heavily on changes in cervical mucus. The incidence of certain side effects is different for the different formulations: for example,
492:
all risk factors which may be exacerbated by the use of certain hormonal contraceptives. Oral contraceptives have also been linked to an inflated risk of myocardial infarction, arterial thrombosis, and ischemic stroke.
3105:
913:
Injectable hormonal contraceptives are also used by a significant portion—about 6%—of the world's contraceptive users. Other hormonal contraceptives are less common, accounting for less than 1% of contraceptive use.
544:. It is taken once a day, most commonly for 21 days followed by a seven-day break, although other regimens are also used. For women not using ongoing hormonal contraception, COCPs may be taken after intercourse as
373:, none of these methods has a failure rate greater than 0.3% per year. The SERM ormeloxifene is less effective than the steroid hormone methods; studies have found a perfect-use failure rate near 2% per year.
213:
is much more common with progestogen-only methods. Certain serious complications occasionally caused by estrogen-containing contraceptives are not believed to be caused by progestogen-only formulations:
387:
failure rates are the same as the method failure rates. Methods that require regular action by the user—such as taking a pill every day—have typical failure rates higher than perfect-use failure rates.
932:
demonstrated a temporary hormonal contraception in a female rabbit by transplanting ovaries from a second, pregnant, animal. By the 1930s, scientists had isolated and determined the structure of the
599:. Unlike COCPs, progestogen-only pills are taken every day with no breaks or placebos. For women not using ongoing hormonal contraception, progestogen-only pills may be taken after intercourse as
500:
Hormonal contraception methods are consistently linked with the risk of developing blood clots. However, the risk does vary depending on the hormone type or birth control method being used.
760:
The estrogen and progestogen in combined hormonal contraceptives have other effects on the reproductive system, but these have not been shown to contribute to their contraceptive efficacy:
1587:
Hubacher D, Lopez L, Steiner MJ, Dorflinger L (August 2009). "Menstrual pattern changes from levonorgestrel subdermal implants and DMPA: systematic review and evidence-based comparisons".
790:
when the primary mechanisms of action fail, endometrial changes are unlikely to play a significant role, if any, in the observed effectiveness of combined hormonal contraceptives.
901:
mechanism in hormonal and copper IUDs differing. Hormonal IUDs are used for the treatment of unplanned pregnancies by being placed in the uterus after an oral EC has been taken.
1619:
Riney S, O'Shea B, Forde A (January 2009). "Etonogestrel implant as a contraceptive choice; patient acceptability and adverse effect profile in a general practice setting".
824:), allow some follicular development but much more consistently inhibit ovulation in 97–99% of cycles. The same cervical mucus changes occur as with low dose progestogens.
831:
and
Noristerat, completely inhibit follicular development and ovulation. The same cervical mucus changes occur as with very low dose and intermediate dose progestogens.
2490:"Hormonal contraception increases the risk of psychotropic drug use in adolescent girls but not in adults: A pharmacoepidemiological study on 800 000 Swedish women"
478:
Information on progesterone-only pills is less extensive, due to smaller sampling sizes, but they do not appear to significantly increase the risk of breast cancer.
1682:
Truitt ST, Fraser AB, Grimes DA, Gallo MF, Schulz KF (October 2003). "Hormonal contraception during lactation. systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
1790:
1127:
3242:
Singh MM (July 2001). "Centchroman, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, as a contraceptive and for the management of hormone-related clinical disorders".
1106:
1874:"Endometrial cancer and oral contraceptives: an individual participant meta-analysis of 27 276 women with endometrial cancer from 36 epidemiological studies"
1256:
1152:
2037:
1062:
2116:
3756:
880:
levonorgestrel (LNG), an oral progestin; off-label use of combined oral contraceptives (Yuzpe regimen); and the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD).
2084:
1380:
Nityanand S, et al. (1990). "Clinical evaluation of
Centchroman: a new oral contraceptive". In Puri, Chander P., Van Look, Paul F. A. (eds.).
1067:
369:
failure rates of less than 1% per year. The lowest failure rates are seen with the implants
Jadelle and Implanon, at 0.05% per year. According to
3322:
2156:
Nelson AL, Cwiak C (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In
Hatcher RA, Trussell JN, Nelson AL, Cates Jr W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).
604:
813:
Mirena. These contraceptives inconsistently inhibit ovulation in ~50% of cycles and rely mainly on their progestogenic effect of thickening the
3470:
952:. A number of economic, technological, and social obstacles had to be overcome before the development of the first hormonal contraceptive, the
569:
3154:
563:
is applied to the skin and worn continuously. A series of three patches are worn for one week each, and then the user takes a one-week break.
975:, a high-dose progestin injection. Over the next decade and a half, other types of progestogen-only contraceptive were developed: a low-dose
450:
breast cancer associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives in younger women could be due to more frequent contacts with doctors"
3631:
396:
Currently there is little evidence that there is an association between being overweight and the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives.
3031:
1917:
Hormonal contraception and post-menopausal hormonal therapy; IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Volume 72
1859:
630:(Norplant 2) consists of two rods that release a low dose of hormones. It is effective for five years. Nexplanon has replaced the former
443:
592:
650:(SERM). Marketed as Centchroman, Centron, or Saheli, it is pill that is taken once per week. Ormeloxifene is legally available only in
620:
is an injection that provides three months of contraceptive protection. Noristerat is another injection; it is given every two months.
3503:
1052:
3183:
3002:
863:(the transformation of the endometrium in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo). While they are believed to prevent
3294:
1057:
4165:
3082:
1180:
1042:
3749:
3523:
2281:
2253:
2223:
2165:
1349:
1026:
647:
167:
3129:
3668:
3376:
3055:
376:
1367:
Pharmacology for Health in Asia : Proceedings of Asian
Congress of Pharmacology, 15–19 January 1985, New Delhi, India
3346:
3315:
1553:
923:
820:
Intermediate dose progestogen-only contraceptives, such as the progestogen-only pill
Cerazette (or the subdermal implant
2816:"Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth"
254:
Hormonal treatments, such as hormonal contraceptives, are frequently successful at alleviating symptoms associated with
1798:
738:
3480:
1924:
1231:
991:
576:
3663:
3742:
3465:
953:
726:
pituitary greatly decreases the release of FSH, which inhibits follicular development and helps prevent ovulation.
537:
475:
Studies have overall not shown effects on the relative risks for colorectal, malignant melanoma or thyroid cancers.
353:
in the pills stimulates the liver to produce more of a protein that binds to androgens and reduces their activity.
171:
125:
Withdrawal bleeds are frequently lighter than menstrual periods, and some methods can suppress bleeding altogether
4155:
3723:
3366:
2779:
553:
1365:
Puri V, et al. (1988). "Results of multicentric trial of
Centchroman". In Dhwan B. N., et al. (eds.).
3495:
3308:
691:
111:
2027:
1010:, a contraceptive vaginal ring, was first marketed in 2002. 2002 also saw the launch of Ortho Evra, the first
3485:
995:
418:
2124:
663:
cervical mucus. Ormeloxifene does not affect ovulation, and its mechanism of action is not well understood.
2032:
965:
805:
Low dose progestogen-only contraceptives include traditional progestogen-only pills, the subdermal implant
699:
2954:"Women's trials: the approval of the first oral contraceptive pill in the United States and Great Britain"
4079:
2092:
1873:
864:
779:
175:
2244:
Levin ER, Hammes SR (2011). "Estrogens and progestins". In
Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.).
3690:
3655:
3603:
2059:
1206:
1286:"The performance of levonorgestrel rod and Norplant contraceptive implants: a 5 year randomized study"
442:
There is a mixed effect of combined hormonal contraceptives on the rates of various cancers, with the
3568:
3513:
1003:
413:(lack of periods), they typically have predictable bleeding comparable to that of women using COCPs.
255:
231:
2009:
1910:
3940:
3911:
3794:
3421:
1047:
458:
729:
Another primary mechanism of action of all progestogen-containing contraceptives is inhibition of
3583:
2197:
that those endometrial changes do not significantly contribute to the pill's mechanism of action.
1441:
600:
545:
2747:
Black KI, Hussainy SY (October 2017). "Emergency contraception: Oral and intrauterine options".
990:
Combined contraceptives have also been made available in a variety of forms. In the 1960s a few
722:
LH surge. Inhibition of follicular development and the absence of a LH surge prevent ovulation.
379:
such as the implant and the IUS are user-independent methods. For user-independent methods, the
4170:
4110:
3906:
3789:
3593:
3410:
623:
428:(DVT – blood clots), progestogen-only contraceptives are not believed to affect DVT formation.
3734:
1844:
4160:
4069:
3545:
3508:
3402:
3179:
1940:
976:
588:
517:
405:
350:
287:
210:
186:
3573:
2501:
1465:
Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Chen M, Grey TW, Otterness C, Westhoff C, et al. (August 2016).
425:
215:
3214:
2815:
1912:
1823:
8:
4035:
4025:
3891:
3837:
3832:
3698:
3673:
3475:
3387:
3190:
1011:
980:
868:
810:
765:
703:
611:
560:
306:
279:
275:
259:
2605:
2547:
Munuce MJ, Gómez-Elías MD, Caille AM, Bahamondes L, Cuasnicú PS, Cohen DJ (March 2020).
2505:
1600:
1396:
1284:
Sivin I, Campodonico I, Kiriwat O, Holma P, Diaz S, Wan L, et al. (December 1998).
4105:
3842:
3827:
3817:
3678:
3598:
3351:
3267:
3007:
2983:
2934:
2909:
Perone N (1993). "The history of steroidal contraceptive development: the progestins".
2882:
Goldzieher JW (May 1982). "Estrogens in oral contraceptives: historical perspectives".
2614:
2589:
2524:
2489:
2444:
2419:
2194:
small contribution to ovulation suppression. Cycle control is enhanced by the estrogen.
1986:
1961:
1745:
1491:
1466:
1416:
707:
524:
or a synthetic analogue (progestin). There is also a non-hormonal contraceptive called
464:
3361:
2823:
Vital and Health Statistics. Series 23, Data from the National Survey of Family Growth
1960:
Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM (August 2015).
1889:
1695:
1660:
4084:
3703:
3259:
3012:
2975:
2926:
2891:
2864:
2830:
2756:
2729:
2693:
2663:
2658:
2641:
2619:
2588:
Shigesato M, Elia J, Tschann M, Bullock H, Hurwitz E, Wu YY, Salcedo J (March 2018).
2570:
2529:
2449:
2392:
2363:
2319:
2277:
2249:
2219:
2179:
2171:
2161:
1991:
1962:"Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke"
1920:
1893:
1772:
1737:
1699:
1664:
1628:
1604:
1537:
1496:
1345:
1338:
1307:
929:
775:
715:
687:
201:
or one of its synthetic analogues (progestins). Combined methods work by suppressing
3271:
3090:
2987:
2938:
2590:"Pharmacy access to Ulipristal acetate in major cities throughout the United States"
1333:
710:. Decreased levels of FSH inhibit follicular development, preventing an increase in
3847:
3251:
2965:
2918:
2653:
2609:
2601:
2560:
2519:
2509:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2353:
2309:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1885:
1749:
1729:
1691:
1656:
1596:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1408:
1297:
933:
680:
159:
155:
2218:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 19–152.
1821:
1397:"Contraceptive Use Elevates The Odds of Barrier Method Use for Disease Prevention"
847:
Ormeloxifene does not affect ovulation. It has been shown to increase the rate of
3784:
3608:
2514:
856:
778:
content, which may impede sperm motility and viability, or theoretically inhibit
719:
454:
3067:
1302:
1285:
1025:. While it acts on the estrogen hormonal system, it is atypical in that it is a
851:
development and to increase the speed at which the blastocyst is moved from the
325:
which thins the uterine lining, preventing excessive bleeding and loss of iron.
313:
to help regulate menstrual cycles and prevent prolonged menstrual bleeding. The
4115:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3901:
3429:
3184:"NuvaRing world's first vaginal birth control ring, first launch now in the US"
2685:
2384:
2314:
2297:
1941:"McKinley Health Center, University of Illinois: OrthoEvra Contraceptive Patch"
1733:
968:
approved an application that allowed Enovid to be marketed as a contraceptive.
852:
814:
754:
746:
468:
322:
206:
1565:
4149:
3613:
3558:
3331:
2970:
2953:
2183:
2175:
1911:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1999).
999:
961:
626:
are inserted under the skin of the upper arm, and contain progesterone only.
549:
151:
333:
Birth control pills are the most commonly prescribed hormonal treatment for
139:
4130:
4125:
4100:
4074:
4053:
4045:
4040:
3998:
3988:
3921:
3916:
3857:
3563:
3531:
3391:
3263:
3016:
2979:
2834:
2760:
2733:
2697:
2667:
2623:
2574:
2533:
2453:
2396:
2367:
2358:
2341:
2323:
1995:
1897:
1776:
1703:
1668:
1632:
1608:
1500:
1030:
1018:
972:
945:
871:, exactly how these effects operate to prevent pregnancy is not understood
828:
730:
695:
676:
643:
617:
525:
521:
314:
295:
291:
283:
235:
198:
2930:
2922:
2895:
2868:
2391:, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2012,
1741:
1541:
1311:
798:
The mechanism of action of progestogen-only contraceptives depends on the
4030:
3983:
3896:
3886:
3867:
3636:
3623:
3060:
Population Information Program, the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
2720:
Mittal S (December 2016). "Emergency contraception: which is the best?".
1554:"Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System (Mirena) for Contraception"
860:
835:
799:
771:
310:
239:
3300:
2565:
2549:"Mechanisms involved in the contraceptive effects of ulipristal acetate"
2548:
2389:
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
1467:"Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women"
4120:
3963:
3799:
3396:
1420:
848:
410:
2786:
2272:
Glasier A (2010). "Contraception". In Jameson JL, De Groot LJ (eds.).
1029:
rather than an estrogen, and has the capacity for both estrogenic and
4017:
3993:
3852:
3822:
3435:
3406:
3255:
2814:
Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J (December 2005).
2276:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 2417–2427.
1384:. Bombay: Indian Society for the Study of Reproduction and Fertility.
1107:"NPS News 54: Hormonal contraceptives – tailoring for the individual"
949:
937:
750:
711:
672:
513:
338:
334:
243:
227:
202:
190:
2248:(12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 1163–1194.
1412:
1128:"Hormonal Contraceptives Offer Benefits Beyond Pregnancy Prevention"
1087:
Susan Scott Ricci; Terri Kyle (2009). "Common Reproductive Issues".
3809:
3773:
3356:
3083:"The Chronological Important Events in the Development of Norplant"
2160:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 249–341.
1720:
Kelsey JJ (December 1996). "Hormonal contraception and lactation".
1007:
984:
941:
827:
High dose progestogen-only contraceptives, such as the injectables
821:
764:
Slowing tubal motility and ova transport, which may interfere with
631:
564:
342:
263:
3130:"Research and regulatory approval (of injectable contraceptives)"
2546:
1852:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
971:
The first progestogen-only contraceptive was introduced in 1969:
806:
627:
346:
181:
There are two main types of hormonal contraceptive formulations:
170:
is marketed as a contraceptive. The original hormonal method—the
2857:
Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Innere Medizin und Ihre Grenzgebiete
2640:
Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard Ø (November 2016).
1959:
855:
into the uterus. Ormeloxifene also suppresses proliferation and
3764:
3553:
3289:
3155:"World Health Agency Endorsing 2 New Injectable Contraceptives"
957:
742:
734:
714:
levels. Progestogen negative feedback and the lack of estrogen
591:(POP) is taken once per day within the same three-hour window.
318:
226:
Hormonal contraception is primarily used for the prevention of
1586:
2639:
1797:. University of Wisconsin-Seattle. 2007-02-11. Archived from
1022:
651:
163:
2487:
2246:
Goodman & Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics
1283:
1104:
964:
for the treatment of menstrual disorders. In 1960, the U.S.
294:
are used to treat cramping and pain associated with primary
2587:
1822:
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1999).
1086:
671:
Combined hormonal contraceptives were developed to prevent
3106:"Explanation of assumptions made for Norplant projections"
2418:
Shen J, Che Y, Showell E, Chen K, Cheng L (January 2019).
2813:
262:
are often prescribed to reverse the effects of excessive
2028:"Is It True That Birth Control Pills Cause Blood Clots?"
683:
and prevent ovulation as a primary mechanism of action.
595:
of POP are marketed. A low-dose formulation is known as
536:
The most popular form of hormonal contraception, is the
528:
which acts on the hormonal system to prevent pregnancy.
417:
effective than other hormonal contraceptives, the added
2642:"Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression"
2302:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
1681:
1645:
1132:
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
508:
There are two main classes of hormonal contraceptives:
2958:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
817:
and thereby reducing sperm viability and penetration.
393:
compliance and therefore lower typical failure rates.
16:
Birth control methods that act on the endocrine system
2488:
Zettermark S, Perez Vicente R, Merlo J (2018-03-22).
2060:"Birth Control Pill (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth"
1464:
2829:(25). National Center for Health Statistics: 1–160.
1618:
424:
While combined contraceptives increase the risk for
2785:. Population Reference Bureau. 2008. Archived from
2214:Speroff L, Darney PD (2011). "Oral contraception".
1063:
List of progestogens available in the United States
2417:
1520:"Progestogen-only pills and bleeding disturbances"
1337:
1181:"Noncontraceptive Benefits of Birth Control Pills"
610:Hormonal intrauterine contraceptives are known as
421:makes it highly effective in breastfeeding women.
361:Modern contraceptives using steroid hormones have
1105:National Prescribing Service (11 December 2009).
1091:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 119.
785:Endometrial edema, which may affect implantation.
749:) by decreasing the amount of and increasing the
266:levels, and decrease ovarian hormone production.
4147:
3003:"U.S. Approves Injectable Drug As Birth Control"
1763:"Maximizing the use of the progestin minipill".
1257:"Hirsutism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)"
1187:. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine
1068:List of estrogens available in the United States
994:were introduced, notably Injectable Number 1 in
579:can be administered as one injection per month.
399:
3237:
3235:
2875:
2267:
2265:
2209:
2207:
2205:
1331:
2854:
2683:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
1845:"Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives"
1373:
1344:(19th rev. ed.). New York: Ardent Media.
570:extended cycle combined hormonal contraception
453:Small increases are also seen in the rates of
230:, but is also prescribed for the treatment of
3750:
3316:
2746:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2213:
1336:. In Hatcher, Robert A.; et al. (eds.).
3232:
2780:"Family Planning Worldwide: 2008 Data Sheet"
2774:
2772:
2770:
2262:
2202:
1913:"Hormonal contraceptives, progestogens only"
1824:"5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation"
1394:
1382:Hormone Antagonists for Fertility Regulation
249:
3766:Active molecules in hormonal contraceptives
2902:
2424:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2420:"Interventions for emergency contraception"
2243:
2155:
2138:
1966:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1860:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1839:
1837:
1471:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
702:(FSH) and greatly decreases the release of
444:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3757:
3743:
3357:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
3323:
3309:
3103:
3056:"IUDs—An Update. Chapter 2: Types of IUDs"
2951:
2881:
2232:
2111:
2109:
1551:
1264:American Society for Reproductive Medicine
1160:American Society for Reproductive Medicine
987:, the first contraceptive implant (1983).
874:
3330:
2969:
2767:
2657:
2613:
2564:
2523:
2513:
2443:
2357:
2313:
2010:"Blood Clots with Hormonal Contraception"
1985:
1817:
1815:
1715:
1713:
1531:
1490:
1379:
1358:
1301:
1153:"Hirsutism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"
1100:
1098:
1053:Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive
486:
3029:
1834:
1439:
1318:
1232:"Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding)"
138:
3178:
2809:
2807:
2339:
2271:
2106:
1199:
1058:Estradiol-containing oral contraceptive
274:Hormonal birth control methods such as
4148:
2908:
2719:
2483:
2082:
1919:. Lyon: IARC Press. pp. 339–397.
1904:
1812:
1719:
1710:
1675:
1517:
1095:
1043:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
960:, the first COCP, was approved in the
657:
101:Every 3–12 months, depending on method
3738:
3304:
3241:
3161:. 1993-06-06. p. Section 1, p.20
3000:
2945:
2855:Müller-Jahncke WD (August 1988). "".
2715:
2713:
2679:
2677:
2635:
2633:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2413:
2411:
2379:
2377:
2335:
2333:
1027:selective estrogen receptor modulator
1021:was introduced as a contraceptive in
793:
648:selective estrogen receptor modulator
419:contraceptive effect of breastfeeding
168:selective estrogen receptor modulator
158:. Almost all methods are composed of
3362:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
3080:
3032:"Golden anniversary of a revolution"
2911:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
2804:
1526:. 11 Suppl 2 (Supplement 2): 20–23.
1364:
3347:Comparison of birth control methods
2606:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.10.009
1601:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.02.008
924:Contraceptive trials in Puerto Rico
904:
582:
309:are prescribed in the treatment of
13:
3724:Male contraceptives in development
3215:"FDA Approves Contraceptive Patch"
3066:(5). December 1995. Archived from
2710:
2674:
2630:
2581:
2460:
2408:
2374:
2330:
2216:A clinical guide for contraception
2040:from the original on 15 April 2019
1407:(2). Guttmacher Institute: 93–94.
992:combined injectable contraceptives
577:combined injectable contraceptives
14:
4182:
3282:
2884:The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal
842:
698:, which decreases the release of
690:decreases the pulse frequency of
3288:
2952:Junod SW, Marks L (April 2002).
2659:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387
2385:"Emergency Contraceptive Agents"
1884:(9): 1061–1070. September 2015.
1395:O'Connor ML (March–April 2001).
979:(1973); Progestasert, the first
954:combined oral contraceptive pill
538:combined oral contraceptive pill
356:
172:combined oral contraceptive pill
3367:Oral contraceptive formulations
3207:
3172:
3147:
3122:
3074:
3048:
3023:
2994:
2848:
2740:
2540:
2290:
2076:
2052:
2020:
2002:
1953:
1933:
1866:
1830:(Vol. 72 ed.). p. 49.
1795:Hall Health Primary Care Center
1791:"Progestin-only Contraceptives"
1783:
1765:Contraceptive Technology Update
1756:
1647:or other oral contraceptives".
1639:
1507:
1458:
1433:
1388:
1369:. Ahmedabad: Allied Publishers.
1207:"Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods"
638:
518:progestogen-only contraceptives
512:contain both an estrogen and a
431:
269:
221:
3902:Norethisterone (norethindrone)
3221:. Associated Press. 2001-11-11
2436:10.1002/14651858.CD001324.pub6
1978:10.1002/14651858.CD011054.pub2
1483:10.1002/14651858.CD008452.pub4
1277:
1249:
1224:
1173:
1145:
1120:
1080:
692:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
675:by suppressing the release of
593:Several different formulations
495:
459:hepatocellular (liver) tumours
409:contraceptives may experience
301:
234:, menstrual disorders such as
1:
4166:Human female endocrine system
3455:
3136:. AccessMyLibrary. 1995-08-01
2684:Vrettakos C, Bajaj T (2019).
1890:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00212-0
1828:Oral Contraceptives, Combined
1696:10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00133-1
1661:10.1016/S0010-7824(00)00183-9
1442:"What's New In Contraception"
1073:
936:and found that high doses of
666:
540:(COCP) known colloquially as
400:Combined vs. progestogen-only
3104:Dorflinger LJ (1991-08-02).
2801:Data from surveys 1997–2007.
2515:10.1371/journal.pone.0194773
2340:Upadhya KK (December 2019).
2033:National Blood Clot Alliance
1533:10.1093/humrep/11.suppl_2.20
1401:Family Planning Perspectives
981:hormonal intrauterine device
966:Food and Drug Administration
700:follicle-stimulating hormone
328:
178:is an active research area.
106:Advantages and disadvantages
48:Pregnancy rates (first year)
7:
4080:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
4051:Spironolactone derivatives:
3674:Fertility awareness methods
2749:Australian Family Physician
1771:(2): 19–21. February 1999.
1564:(10): 1799–. Archived from
1048:Male hormonal contraception
1036:
531:
176:male hormonal contraceptive
10:
4187:
3244:Medicinal Research Reviews
2315:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.09.004
2308:(6): 886–888. 2017-11-01.
2121:Reproductive Health Online
1734:10.1177/089033449601200419
1722:Journal of Human Lactation
921:
917:
883:
774:atrophy and alteration of
436:
93:Must follow usage schedule
4093:
4062:
4007:
3972:
3930:
3875:
3866:
3808:
3772:
3716:
3687:
3669:Calendar (rhythm) methods
3652:
3645:
3622:
3582:
3544:
3522:
3494:
3454:
3445:
3420:
3375:
3339:
3030:McFadden S (2009-06-15).
2692:. StatPearls Publishing.
2342:"Emergency Contraception"
2298:"Emergency Contraception"
1518:Kovacs G (October 1996).
1303:10.1093/humrep/13.12.3371
1004:World Health Organization
554:a variety of formulations
552:. COCPs are available in
256:polycystic ovary syndrome
250:Polycystic ovary syndrome
232:polycystic ovary syndrome
129:
121:
110:
105:
97:
89:
81:
73:
68:
64:Varies by method: 0.05-9%
60:
56:Varies by method: 0.05-2%
52:
47:
39:
31:
26:
21:
3941:Norethisterone enanthate
3912:Norethisterone enanthate
3795:Testosterone undecanoate
2158:Contraceptive technology
1340:Contraceptive Technology
1334:"Contraceptive Efficacy"
1332:Trussell, James (2007).
733:penetration through the
718:on LH release prevent a
603:. There are a number of
503:
390:Contraceptive Technology
371:Contraceptive Technology
218:is one example of this.
195:progestogen-only methods
154:methods that act on the
3584:Emergency Contraception
3001:Leary WE (1992-10-30).
2083:Stacey D (2009-07-28).
875:Emergency contraception
607:sold for this purpose.
601:emergency contraception
548:: this is known as the
546:emergency contraception
510:combined contraceptives
4156:Hormonal contraception
4111:Algestone acetophenide
3907:Norethisterone acetate
3790:Testosterone buciclate
3504:Multi-month injections
3447:Hormonal contraception
3411:Levonorgestrel implant
3377:Long-acting reversible
3295:Hormonal contraception
3102:, possibly taken from
3036:The New Zealand Herald
2971:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.117
2359:10.1542/peds.2019-3149
2199:
2123:. 2003. Archived from
2085:"Noristerat Injection"
694:(GnRH) release by the
681:follicular development
624:Contraceptive implants
487:Cardiovascular disease
185:which contain both an
148:Hormonal contraception
144:
22:Hormonal contraception
4070:Chlormadinone acetate
3632:Vaginal pH modulation
3609:Low-dose mifepristone
3509:Progestogen-only pill
3403:Contraceptive implant
2923:10.1353/pbm.1993.0054
2189:
1621:Irish Medical Journal
1185:Reproductivefacts.org
977:progestogen only pill
589:progestogen-only pill
406:breakthrough bleeding
288:contraceptive implant
211:breakthrough bleeding
142:
3664:Breastfeeding method
3574:Contraceptive sponge
3458:estrogen–progestogen
3407:Etonogestrel implant
3297:at Wikimedia Commons
2722:Minerva Ginecologica
1878:The Lancet. Oncology
612:intrauterine systems
426:deep vein thrombosis
404:While unpredictable
216:deep vein thrombosis
85:Upon discontinuation
4036:Nomegestrol acetate
4026:Segesterone acetate
3892:Etynodiol diacetate
3838:Estradiol enanthate
3833:Estradiol cypionate
3699:Non-penetrative sex
3691:vaginal intercourse
3656:vaginal intercourse
3476:Contraceptive patch
3471:Extended cycle Pill
3388:Intrauterine device
3352:Male contraceptives
2566:10.1530/REP-19-0355
2506:2018PLoSO..1394773Z
2191:Mechanism of action
1552:McCarthy L (2006).
1440:Paladine H (2003).
1012:contraceptive patch
998:and Deladroxate in
910:contraceptive use.
811:intrauterine system
802:activity and dose.
704:luteinizing hormone
658:Mechanism of action
561:contraceptive patch
377:Long-acting methods
307:Oral contraceptives
280:contraceptive patch
276:birth control pills
260:Birth control pills
197:which contain only
4106:Ulipristal acetate
3973:Third generation (
3876:First generation (
3843:Estradiol valerate
3828:Estradiol benzoate
3818:Diethylstilbestrol
3599:Ulipristal acetate
3587:(Post-intercourse)
3481:Monthly injections
3159:The New York Times
3134:Population Reports
3008:The New York Times
2016:. 27 January 2016.
1524:Human Reproduction
1446:The Female Patient
1290:Human Reproduction
836:anovulatory cycles
708:anterior pituitary
605:dedicated products
520:that contain only
345:production by the
337:, as they prevent
145:
143:Oral birth control
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4085:Megestrol acetate
4008:Fourth generation
3931:Second generation
3732:
3731:
3712:
3711:
3540:
3539:
3293:Media related to
3182:(July 16, 2002).
2652:(11): 1154–1162.
2283:978-1-4160-5583-9
2255:978-0-07-162442-8
2225:978-1-60831-610-6
2167:978-1-59708-004-0
1351:978-0-9664902-0-6
1296:(12): 3371–3378.
930:Ludwig Haberlandt
776:metalloproteinase
716:positive feedback
688:negative feedback
137:
136:
4178:
3873:
3872:
3848:Ethinylestradiol
3759:
3752:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3650:
3649:
3496:Progestogen-only
3452:
3451:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3276:
3275:
3256:10.1002/med.1011
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3189:. Archived from
3188:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3089:. Archived from
3078:
3072:
3071:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2973:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2686:"Levonorgestrel"
2681:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2559:(3): R139–R149.
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2485:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2352:(6): e20193149.
2337:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2211:
2200:
2187:
2153:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1612:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1558:Am Fam Physician
1545:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1084:
956:(COCP). In 1957
934:steroid hormones
905:Frequency of use
794:Progestogen-only
583:Progestogen-only
349:. Additionally,
183:combined methods
160:steroid hormones
156:endocrine system
133:No proven effect
19:
18:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4089:
4058:
4003:
3968:
3926:
3862:
3804:
3785:Dimethandrolone
3768:
3763:
3733:
3728:
3708:
3689:
3683:
3654:
3641:
3618:
3586:
3578:
3559:Internal condom
3554:External condom
3546:Barrier Methods
3536:
3518:
3490:
3457:
3441:
3416:
3378:
3371:
3335:
3329:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3096:
3094:
3081:Chin M (1992).
3079:
3075:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3028:
3024:
3011:. p. A.1.
2999:
2995:
2950:
2946:
2907:
2903:
2880:
2876:
2863:(15): 420–422.
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2755:(10): 722–726.
2745:
2741:
2718:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2682:
2675:
2646:JAMA Psychiatry
2638:
2631:
2586:
2582:
2545:
2541:
2500:(3): e0194773.
2486:
2461:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2338:
2331:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2242:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2168:
2154:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:Hormones Matter
2008:
2007:
2003:
1972:(8): CD011054.
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1909:
1905:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1718:
1711:
1680:
1676:
1644:
1640:
1613:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1546:
1512:
1508:
1477:(8): CD008452.
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1413:10.2307/2673760
1393:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1330:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1236:The Mayo Clinic
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1039:
926:
920:
907:
886:
877:
857:decidualization
853:fallopian tubes
845:
796:
747:fallopian tubes
737:into the upper
679:. They inhibit
669:
660:
641:
585:
534:
506:
498:
489:
455:cervical cancer
439:
434:
402:
359:
331:
304:
272:
252:
224:
205:and thickening
74:Duration effect
17:
12:
11:
5:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Dydrogesterone
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3959:Norelgestromin
3956:
3954:Levonorgestrel
3948:
3946:Norgestrienone
3943:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:Levonorgestrel
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3430:Tubal ligation
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3400:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3340:Related topics
3337:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3284:
3283:External links
3281:
3278:
3277:
3250:(4): 302–347.
3231:
3206:
3171:
3146:
3121:
3073:
3070:on 2007-06-29.
3047:
3022:
2993:
2964:(2): 117–160.
2944:
2917:(3): 347–362.
2901:
2890:(5): 165–169.
2874:
2847:
2803:
2766:
2739:
2728:(6): 687–699.
2709:
2673:
2629:
2600:(3): 264–269.
2580:
2539:
2459:
2407:
2373:
2329:
2289:
2282:
2261:
2254:
2231:
2224:
2201:
2166:
2137:
2105:
2075:
2064:kidshealth.org
2051:
2019:
2001:
1952:
1932:
1925:
1903:
1865:
1833:
1811:
1782:
1755:
1728:(4): 315–318.
1709:
1690:(4): 233–238.
1674:
1655:(6): 289–295.
1638:
1595:(2): 113–118.
1506:
1457:
1432:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1350:
1317:
1276:
1248:
1223:
1198:
1172:
1144:
1119:
1094:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1031:antiestrogenic
919:
916:
906:
903:
885:
882:
876:
873:
844:
841:
815:cervical mucus
795:
792:
787:
786:
783:
769:
755:cervical mucus
668:
665:
659:
656:
640:
637:
584:
581:
533:
530:
505:
502:
497:
494:
488:
485:
484:
483:
479:
476:
473:
469:ovarian cancer
462:
451:
447:
438:
435:
433:
430:
401:
398:
358:
355:
330:
327:
323:levonorgestrel
303:
300:
271:
268:
251:
248:
223:
220:
207:cervical mucus
162:, although in
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:User reminders
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4183:
4172:
4171:Sex and drugs
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:Miscellaneous
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:Norpregnanes:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3614:Yuzpe regimen
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3422:Sterilization
3419:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:contraception
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3332:Birth control
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3196:on 2005-10-27
3192:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3111:
3107:
3093:on 2009-04-29
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:(in German).
2858:
2851:
2845:See Table 60.
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2792:on 2008-09-11
2788:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:Contraception
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2274:Endocrinology
2268:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:on 2012-02-05
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:"Centchroman"
2112:
2110:
2095:on 2009-02-14
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1926:92-832-1272-X
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1801:on 2011-06-04
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Contraception
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Contraception
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Contraception
1584:
1580:
1568:on 2007-09-26
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:Contraception
1083:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:Latin America
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:United States
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
915:
911:
902:
898:
894:
890:
881:
872:
870:
869:fertilization
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
840:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
791:
784:
781:
777:
773:
770:
767:
766:fertilization
763:
762:
761:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:genital tract
736:
732:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
677:gonadotropins
674:
664:
655:
653:
649:
645:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
619:
615:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
550:Yuzpe regimen
547:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
501:
493:
480:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
440:
429:
427:
422:
420:
414:
412:
407:
397:
394:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
357:Effectiveness
354:
352:
348:
344:
341:and decrease
340:
336:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
267:
265:
261:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:birth control
149:
141:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
104:
100:
98:Clinic review
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:Reversibility
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4161:Hepatotoxins
4131:Proligestone
4126:Progesterone
4101:Mifepristone
4075:Medrogestone
4054:Drospirenone
4050:
4046:Trimegestone
4041:Promegestone
4022:
4014:
3999:Norgestimate
3989:Etonogestrel
3974:
3950:
3937:
3922:Quingestanol
3917:Noretynodrel
3877:
3868:Progestogens
3858:Ormeloxifene
3781:
3765:
3717:Experimental
3564:Cervical cap
3532:Ormeloxifene
3514:Vaginal ring
3486:Vaginal ring
3446:
3392:Hormonal IUD
3247:
3243:
3223:. Retrieved
3218:
3209:
3198:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3174:
3163:. Retrieved
3158:
3149:
3138:. Retrieved
3133:
3124:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:the original
3086:
3076:
3068:the original
3063:
3059:
3050:
3039:. Retrieved
3035:
3025:
3006:
2996:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2826:
2822:
2794:. Retrieved
2787:the original
2752:
2748:
2742:
2725:
2721:
2701:. Retrieved
2689:
2649:
2645:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2556:
2553:Reproduction
2552:
2542:
2497:
2493:
2430:: CD001324.
2427:
2423:
2400:, retrieved
2388:
2349:
2345:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2273:
2245:
2215:
2190:
2188:pp. 257–258:
2157:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2120:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2088:
2078:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1935:
1916:
1906:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1827:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1794:
1785:
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618:Depo-Provera
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270:Dysmenorrhea
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222:Medical uses
199:progesterone
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3984:Desogestrel
3897:Lynestrenol
3887:Ethisterone
3637:Nonoxynol-9
3624:Spermicides
3110:Unpublished
1216:14 November
861:endometrium
800:progestogen
772:Endometrial
496:Blood clots
465:Endometrial
363:perfect-use
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311:menorrhagia
302:Menorrhagia
240:menorrhagia
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4150:Categories
4121:Gestrinone
3964:Norgestrel
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3782:Male-only:
3704:Abstinence
3679:Withdrawal
3646:Behavioral
3594:Copper IUD
3397:Copper IUD
3225:2009-08-29
3200:2009-08-29
3165:2009-08-29
3140:2009-08-29
3115:2009-08-29
3097:2009-08-29
3041:2009-08-29
2840:2007-05-20
2796:2008-06-27
2703:2019-11-25
2690:StatPearls
2402:2019-11-25
2346:Pediatrics
2131:2009-08-29
2099:2009-08-29
2069:2022-09-21
1946:2007-07-13
1805:2009-09-01
1572:2009-09-01
1451:2009-08-30
1426:2009-08-30
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3774:Androgens
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2184:781956734
2176:0091-9721
2089:About.com
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1006:in 1993.
950:ovulation
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228:pregnancy
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191:progestin
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