1072:
522:
765:
31:
1104:
363:
214:
1128:
174:
1023:. Also, the aperture isn't partially obstructed by the feed and its supports, as with ordinary front-fed parabolic dishes, allowing it to achieve aperture efficiencies of 70% as opposed to 55–60% for front-fed dishes. The disadvantage is that it is far larger and heavier for a given aperture area than a parabolic dish, and must be mounted on a cumbersome turntable to be fully steerable. This design was used for a few
514:
371:
185:(a metal pipe used to carry radio waves) out into space, or collect radio waves into a waveguide for reception. It typically consists of a short length of rectangular or cylindrical metal tube (the waveguide), closed at one end, flaring into an open-ended conical or pyramidal shaped horn on the other end. The radio waves are usually introduced into the waveguide by a
44:
440:, they can have pyramidal or conical cross sections. Exponential horns have minimum internal reflections, and almost constant impedance and other characteristics over a wide frequency range. They are used in applications requiring high performance, such as feed horns for communication satellite antennas and radio telescopes.
537:
For a given frequency and horn length, there is some flare angle that gives minimum reflection and maximum gain. The internal reflections in straight-sided horns come from the two locations along the wave path where the impedance changes abruptly; the mouth or aperture of the horn, and the throat
349:
As the size of a horn (expressed in wavelengths) is increased, the phase error increases, giving the horn a wider radiation pattern. Keeping the beamwidth narrow requires a longer horn (smaller flare angle) to keep the phase error constant. The increasing phase error limits the aperture size of
466:– This simple dual-mode horn superficially looks like a pyramidal horn with a square output aperture. On closer inspection, however, the square output aperture is seen to be rotated 45° relative to the waveguide. These horns are typically machined into split blocks and used at sub-mm wavelengths.
546:
of the antenna is low because the small mouth approximates an open-ended waveguide, with a large impedance step. As the angle is increased, the reflection at the mouth decreases rapidly and the antenna's gain increases. In contrast, in wide horns with flare angles approaching 90° most of the
1801:
1013:
in 1961. It is also referred to as the "sugar scoop" due to its characteristic shape. It consists of a horn antenna with a reflector mounted in the mouth of the horn at a 45 degree angle so the radiated beam is at right angles to the horn axis. The reflector is a segment of a parabolic
396:– A pyramidal horn with only one pair of sides flared and the other pair parallel. It produces a fan-shaped beam, which is narrow in the plane of the flared sides, but wide in the plane of the narrow sides. These types are often used as feed horns for wide search radar antennas.
260:). When radio waves travelling through the waveguide hit the opening, this impedance-step reflects a significant fraction of the wave energy back down the guide toward the source, so that not all of the power is radiated. This is similar to the reflection at an open-ended
446:– A horn with parallel slots or grooves, small compared with a wavelength, covering the inside surface of the horn, transverse to the axis. Corrugated horns have wider bandwidth and smaller sidelobes and cross-polarization, and are widely used as feed horns for
1802:
L. Chang, L. -L. Chen, J. -Q. Zhang and D. Li, "An Open
Boundary Quad-Ridged Horn Antenna Operating at 1-18 GHz," 2020 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), Xiamen, China, 2020, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/APCAP50217.2020.9246141. (2020).
157:. The usable bandwidth of horn antennas is typically of the order of 10:1, and can be up to 20:1 (for example allowing it to operate from 1 GHz to 20 GHz). The input impedance is slowly varying over this wide frequency range, allowing low
34:
Pyramidal microwave horn antenna, with a bandwidth of 0.8 to 18 GHz. A coaxial cable feedline attaches to the connector visible at top. This type is called a ridged horn; the curving fins visible inside the mouth of the horn increase the antenna's
382:
Below are the main types of horn antennas. Horns can have different flare angles as well as different expansion curves (elliptic, hyperbolic, etc.) in the E-field and H-field directions, making possible a wide variety of different beam profiles.
338:
increases smoothly from the edges of the aperture plane to the center, because of the difference in length of the center point and the edge points from the apex point. The difference in phase between the center point and the edges is called the
1301:
639:
547:
reflection is at the throat. The horn's gain is again low because the throat approximates an open-ended waveguide. As the angle is decreased, the amount of reflection at this site drops, and the horn's gain again increases.
1018:
fed off-axis. The advantage of this design over a standard parabolic antenna is that the horn shields the antenna from radiation coming from angles outside the main beam axis, so its radiation pattern has very small
484:– a long narrow horn, long enough so the phase error is a negligible fraction of a wavelength, so it essentially radiates a plane wave. It has an aperture efficiency of 1.0 so it gives the maximum gain and minimum
390:(fig. a) – a horn antenna with the horn in the shape of a four-sided pyramid, with a rectangular cross section. They are a common type, used with rectangular waveguides, and radiate linearly polarized radio waves.
932:
343:. This phase error, which increases with the flare angle, reduces the gain and increases the beamwidth, giving horns wider beamwidths than similar-sized plane-wave antennas such as parabolic dishes.
863:
134:
in World War II stimulated horn research to design feed horns for radar antennas. The corrugated horn invented by Kay in 1962 has become widely used as a feed horn for microwave antennas such as
287:
To improve these poor characteristics, the ends of the waveguide are flared out to form a horn. The taper of the horn changes the impedance gradually along the horn's length. This acts like an
350:
practical horns to about 15 wavelengths; larger apertures would require impractically long horns. This limits the gain of practical horns to about 1000 (30 dBi) and the corresponding minimum
472:– A pyramidal horn with ridges or fins attached to the inside of the horn, extending down the center of the sides. The fins lower the cutoff frequency, increasing the antenna's bandwidth.
517:
Corrugated horn antenna with a bandwidth of 3.7 to 6 GHz designed to attach to SMA waveguide feedline. This was used as a feedhorn for a parabolic antenna on a
British military base.
1039:, which can achieve equally good sidelobe performance with a lighter more compact construction. Probably the most photographed and well-known example is the 15-meter-long (50-foot)
681:
993:= 0.522. So an approximate figure of 0.5 is often used. The aperture efficiency increases with the length of the horn, and for aperture-limited horns is approximately unity.
248:
If a simple open-ended waveguide is used as an antenna, without the horn, the sudden end of the conductive walls causes an abrupt impedance change at the aperture, from the
460:– (The Potter horn ) This horn can be used to replace the corrugated horn for use at sub-mm wavelengths where the corrugated horn is lossy and difficult to fabricate.
498:– A special type of horn antenna designed as a four-pronged structure with open boundaries. It covers width the frequency range and polarization is dual linear.
1133:
AT&T Long-Lines KS-15676 C-band (4–6 GHz) microwave relay horn-reflector antennas on roof of AT&T telephone switching center, Seattle, Washington, USA
542:
of the horn (the angle the sides make with the axis). In narrow horns with small flare angles most of the reflection occurs at the mouth of the horn. The
276:, wasting energy and possibly overheating the transmitter. In addition, the small aperture of the waveguide (less than one wavelength) causes significant
560:
291:, allowing most of the wave energy to radiate out the end of the horn into space, with minimal reflection. The taper functions similarly to a tapered
1861:
1611:
2199:
1692:
295:, or an optical medium with a smoothly varying refractive index. In addition, the wide aperture of the horn projects the waves in a narrow beam.
1865:
550:
This discussion shows that there is some flare angle between 0° and 90° which gives maximum gain and minimum reflection. This is called the
488:
for a given aperture size. The gain is not affected by the length but only limited by diffraction at the aperture. Used as feed horns in
530:
434:(fig. e) – A horn with curved sides, in which the separation of the sides increases as an exponential function of length. Also called a
504:– Similar to the open boundary quad-ridged horn above. It was designed to operate over a wide frequency range, low VSWR, and high gain.
874:
306:. However conical and pyramidal horns are most widely used, because they have straight sides and are easier to design and fabricate.
2307:
205:
of satellite dishes, the open mouth of the horn is often covered by a plastic sheet transparent to radio waves, to exclude moisture.
17:
554:. Most practical horn antennas are designed as optimum horns. In a pyramidal horn, the dimensions that give an optimum horn are:
2110:
193:
antenna. The waves then radiate out the horn end in a narrow beam. In some equipment the radio waves are conducted between the
2570:
201:
and the antenna by a waveguide; in this case the horn is attached to the end of the waveguide. In outdoor horns, such as the
2565:
1824:
1670:
1582:
1284:
1722:
1560:
302:
taper. Exponential horns are used in special applications that require minimum signal loss, such as satellite antennas and
810:
1532:
2539:
2357:
2077:
2018:
1901:
1732:
1702:
1660:
1636:
1542:
1365:
1031:
ground antennas during the 1960s. Its largest use, however, was as fixed antennas for microwave relay links in the
768:
Large pyramidal horn used in 1951 to detect the 21 cm/8.3 inches (1.43 GHz) radiation from hydrogen gas in the
177:
Pyramidal horn antennas for a variety of frequencies. They have flanges at the top to attach to standard waveguides.
2008:
1919:
1274:
1891:
800:
of a pyramidal horn antenna (the ratio of the radiated power intensity along its beam axis to the intensity of an
2580:
478:– A horn which is divided into several subhorns by metal partitions (septums) inside, attached to opposite walls.
1248:
1094:
1052:
126:
in his pioneering experiments with microwaves. The modern horn antenna was invented independently in 1938 by
245:
of a tube to the impedance of free space, enabling the waves from the tube to radiate efficiently into space.
221:
on a Hughes
Direcway home satellite dish. A transparent plastic sheet covers the horn mouth to keep out rain.
1767:
Johansson, Joakim F.; Whyborn, Nicholas D. (May 1992). "The
Diagonal Horn as a Sub-Millimeter Wave Antenna".
154:
116:
36:
1953:
650:
2179:
979:
The aperture efficiency ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 in practical horn antennas. For optimum pyramidal horns,
2204:
2103:
1151:
761:. Tables showing dimensions for optimum horns for various frequencies are given in microwave handbooks.
334:, is a scaled-up reproduction of the fields in the waveguide. Because the wavefronts are spherical, the
1014:
reflector, and the focus of the reflector is at the apex of the horn, so the device is equivalent to a
2585:
1563:"A Broadband Double Ridged Horn Antenna for Radiated Immunity and Emissions Test from 18 GHz to 50 GHz"
1059:. Another more recent horn-reflector design is the cass-horn, which is a combination of a horn with a
521:
2575:
2442:
1561:
Tsung-Ching Lin; Chih-Hung Lee; Ming-Kun Hsieh; Cheng-Nan Chiu; Ding-Bing Lin; Hsin-Piao Lin (2021).
1071:
1854:
1604:
1402:
346:
At the flare angle, the radiation of the beam lobe is down about 20 dB from its maximum value.
2437:
2347:
1348:
1114:
2337:
2146:
1028:
538:
where the sides begin to flare out. The amount of reflection at these two sites varies with the
253:
2519:
2457:
2194:
2096:
2037:
1343:
1171:
1056:
773:
447:
2174:
2067:
1992:
1410:
1327:
1110:
1090:
1048:
123:
104:
2482:
2382:
2254:
2229:
1776:
1748:
Potter, P. D. (1963). "A new horn antenna with suppressed sidelobes and equal beamwidths".
1335:
1220:
1164:
1078:
1040:
299:
226:
190:
108:
764:
122:
One of the first horn antennas was constructed in 1897 by
Bengali-Indian radio researcher
8:
2402:
2294:
2249:
1002:
971:
273:
265:
189:
attached to the side, with the central conductor projecting into the waveguide to form a
158:
76:
2069:
Practical Conic
Sections: The Geometric Properties of Ellipses, Parabolas and Hyperbolas
1780:
1339:
2544:
2392:
2332:
2327:
2224:
2136:
1972:
1842:
1830:
1592:
1488:
1449:
1390:
1371:
1060:
1032:
801:
526:
288:
43:
2529:
2422:
2342:
2264:
2159:
2073:
2014:
1897:
1834:
1820:
1728:
1698:
1666:
1632:
1578:
1538:
1361:
1280:
1036:
1015:
331:
292:
281:
261:
92:
1816:
1574:
1492:
1453:
1005:
is known as a Hogg-horn, or horn-reflector antenna, invented by Alfred C. Beck and
2503:
2317:
2279:
2244:
1968:
1812:
1784:
1570:
1480:
1468:
1441:
1429:
1375:
1353:
634:{\displaystyle a_{E}={\sqrt {2\lambda L_{E}}}\qquad a_{H}={\sqrt {3\lambda L_{H}}}}
48:
2509:
2472:
2447:
2372:
2362:
2219:
2189:
2169:
2154:
2119:
1626:
1113:
in
Andover, Maine, USA, used in 1960s to communicate with the first direct relay
1024:
1006:
489:
451:
425:
315:
303:
230:
139:
72:
64:
1035:
microwave network. Since the 1970s this design has been superseded by shrouded
2534:
2467:
2452:
2427:
2302:
2259:
2234:
2184:
1804:
1562:
1484:
1445:
413:
403:
327:
323:
314:
The waves travel down a horn as spherical wavefronts, with their origin at the
249:
242:
198:
135:
1930:
1512:
1357:
1186:
2559:
2514:
2407:
2397:
2352:
2239:
1694:
Quasioptical
Systems: Gaussian beam quasioptical propagation and applications
335:
269:
186:
127:
428:, with a circular cross section. They are used with cylindrical waveguides.
2462:
2432:
2417:
2412:
2387:
2284:
2269:
2214:
2209:
1086:
1044:
794:
790:
715:
543:
319:
96:
84:
30:
2312:
2164:
786:
277:
194:
112:
957:
234:
161:(VSWR) over the bandwidth. The gain of horn antennas ranges up to 25
75:
to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at
1978:
1788:
1567:
2021 7th
International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI)
1103:
412:(fig. c) – A sectoral horn flared in the direction of the magnetic or
402:(fig. b) – A sectoral horn flared in the direction of the electric or
213:
2367:
2274:
1127:
1082:
1020:
1010:
769:
485:
375:
362:
351:
330:
at the aperture plane at the mouth of the horn, which determines the
218:
202:
182:
150:
100:
88:
80:
68:
1809:
2020 9th Asia-Pacific
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP)
173:
2524:
2322:
2128:
146:
1724:
Astrophysics, Volume 12 of Methods of experimental physics, Part 2
644:
For a conical horn, the dimensions that give an optimum horn are:
1805:"An Open Boundary Quad-Ridged Horn Antenna Operating at 1-18 GHz"
1411:"The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of MM-wave research"
1328:"The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of MM-wave research"
1118:
927:{\displaystyle G=\left({\frac {\pi d}{\lambda }}\right)^{2}e_{A}}
238:
162:
99:
of other antennas, and as directive antennas for such devices as
2088:
1954:"Project Echo: A Horn-Reflector Antenna for Space Communication"
370:
2498:
757:
horn). The optimum horn yields maximum gain for a given horn
2477:
513:
131:
1417:. Vol. 2, no. 3. Belgorod, Russia. pp. 87–96.
241:. It provides a gradual transition structure to match the
1935:, filed November 26, 1941, Alfred C. Beck, Harold T. Friis
1191:, filed November 26, 1941, Alfred C. Beck, Harold T. Friis
264:
or a boundary between optical mediums with a low and high
1430:"Metal Horns as Directive Receivers of Ultra-Short Waves"
257:
145:
An advantage of horn antennas is that since they have no
1332:
1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest
969:
is a dimensionless parameter between 0 and 1 called the
749:
An optimum horn does not yield maximum gain for a given
727:
is the slant height of the side in the H-field direction
298:
The horn shape that gives minimum reflected power is an
1915:
1913:
1109:
Large 54-meter (177 ft) horn reflector antenna at
268:, like at a glass surface. The reflected waves cause
1952:
Crawford, A.B.; Hogg, D. C.; Hunt, L. E. (July 1961).
1889:
1624:
181:
A horn antenna is used to transmit radio waves from a
119:, low losses, and simple construction and adjustment.
877:
858:{\displaystyle G={\frac {4\pi A}{\lambda ^{2}}}e_{A}}
813:
705:
is the width of the aperture in the H-field direction
696:
is the width of the aperture in the E-field direction
653:
563:
1988:
1986:
1910:
1769:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
1659:
Bakshi, K. A.; Bakshi, A. V.; Bakshi, U. A. (2009).
47:
The first modern horn antenna in 1938 with inventor
2045:
Bell System Practices, Issue 3, Section 402-421-100
1517:, filed: December 10, 1946, granted: April 19, 1949
1179:
Bell System Practices, Issue 3, Section 402-421-100
1009:in 1941 and further developed by David C. Hogg at
83:frequencies, above 300 MHz. They are used as
1658:
926:
857:
675:
633:
280:of the waves issuing from it, resulting in a wide
95:, as standard calibration antennas to measure the
1983:
2557:
1951:
1766:
1043:at Bell Labs in Holmdel, New Jersey, with which
733:is the diameter of the cylindrical horn aperture
525:Exponential feed horn for 26-meter (85 ft)
149:elements, they can operate over a wide range of
2010:Satellite systems: principles and technologies
1427:
1154:(uses 1 horn antenna for Jupiter observations)
1001:A type of antenna that combines a horn with a
2104:
2038:"KS-15676 Horn-Reflector Antenna Description"
1428:Southworth, G. C.; King, A. P. (March 1939).
1421:
1172:"KS-15676 Horn-Reflector Antenna Description"
753:. That is achieved with a very long horn (an
739:is the slant height of the cone from the apex
1890:Tasuku, Teshirogi; Tsukasa Yoneyama (2001).
1686:
1684:
1682:
1665:. Technical Publications. pp. 6.1–6.3.
1625:Stutzman, Warren L.; Gary A. Thiele (1998).
1506:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
225:A horn antenna serves the same function for
1947:
1945:
1943:
1467:Barrow, W. L.; Chu, L. J. (February 1939).
531:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
529:spacecraft communication antenna at NASA's
2111:
2097:
2032:
2030:
1864:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1218:
1111:AT&T satellite communications facility
986:= 0.511., while for optimum conical horns
950:is the aperture diameter of a conical horn
217:Corrugated conical horn antenna used as a
130:and G. C. Southworth The development of
2002:
2000:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1690:
1679:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1610:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1466:
1347:
1299:
1203:
996:
1940:
1716:
1714:
1460:
1085:in Holmdel, New Jersey, USA, with which
763:
520:
512:
369:
361:
212:
172:
91:) for larger antenna structures such as
42:
29:
2027:
1526:
1524:
1325:
1279:. Technical Publications. p. 159.
1272:
1242:
1240:
14:
2558:
2006:
1997:
1872:
1747:
1645:
1319:
676:{\displaystyle d={\sqrt {3\lambda L}}}
2092:
2065:
1720:
1711:
1697:. USA: IEEE Press. pp. 173–174.
1556:
1554:
1530:
1513:Barrow, Wilmer L, US patent 2467578
1055:in 1965, for which they won the 1978
1924:
1521:
1469:"Theory of the Electromagnetic Horn"
1408:
1334:. Vol. 45. pp. 2267–2273.
1237:
785:Horns have very little loss, so the
772:galaxy. Currently on display at the
718:of the side in the E-field direction
424:(fig. d) – A horn in the shape of a
309:
27:Funnel-shaped waveguide radio device
1893:Modern millimeter-wave technologies
1727:. USA: Academic Press. p. 11.
492:and other high-resolution antennas.
24:
1973:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1961.tb01639.x
1896:. USA: IOS Press. pp. 87–89.
1551:
789:of a horn is roughly equal to its
776:in Green Bank, West Virginia, U.S.
272:in the waveguide, increasing the
237:in a musical instrument such as a
111:. Their advantages are moderate
25:
2597:
2540:Circularly disposed antenna array
2358:Folded inverted conformal antenna
2118:
1246:
1219:Bevelacqua, Peter Joseph (2009).
1158:
67:that consists of a flaring metal
1721:Meeks, Marion Littleton (1976).
1326:Emerson, D. T. (December 1997).
1126:
1102:
1070:
868:For conical horns, the gain is:
502:Open boundary double-ridged horn
318:of the horn, a point called the
165:, with 10–20 dBi being typical.
2059:
1817:10.1109/APCAP50217.2020.9246141
1795:
1760:
1741:
1618:
1575:10.1109/ICASI52993.2021.9568460
804:with the same input power) is:
597:
508:
208:
2013:. USA: Springer. p. 275.
1631:. USA: J. Wiley. p. 299.
1293:
1266:
1181:. AT&T Co. September 1975.
1095:microwave background radiation
1053:microwave background radiation
496:Open boundary quad-ridged horn
289:impedance matching transformer
168:
13:
1:
2571:Radio frequency antenna types
2047:. AT&T Co. September 1975
1961:Bell System Technical Journal
1662:Antennas And Wave Propagation
1253:Radio-Electronics.com website
1197:
2566:Telecommunications equipment
2180:Dielectric resonator antenna
1300:Rodriguez, Vincente (2010).
1061:cassegrain parabolic antenna
944:is the area of the aperture,
378:for air search radar antenna
7:
2072:. Courier. pp. 49–50.
2056:on Albert LaFrance website
1691:Goldsmith, Paul F. (1998).
1183:on Albert LaFrance website
1152:Microwave Radiometer (Juno)
1145:
159:voltage standing wave ratio
10:
2602:
1537:. USA: IET. pp. 2–4.
1485:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228693
1446:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.229011
1302:"A brief history of horns"
1255:. Adrio Communications Ltd
1225:Antenna-theory.com website
284:without much directivity.
2491:
2443:Regenerative loop antenna
2293:
2145:
2127:
1931:U. S. patent no. 2416675
1628:Antenna theory and design
1534:Microwave horns and feeds
1358:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853
1187:U. S. patent no. 2416675
18:Horn (telecommunications)
2438:Reflective array antenna
2348:Corner reflector antenna
1531:Olver, A. David (1994).
1276:Antennas And Propagation
1115:communications satellite
357:
252:in the waveguide to the
2338:Collinear antenna array
1273:Narayan, C. P. (2007).
1139:Horn-reflector antennas
1037:parabolic dish antennas
1029:communication satellite
780:
254:impedance of free space
2581:Bangladeshi inventions
2520:Reconfigurable antenna
2483:Yagi–Uda antenna
2458:Short backfire antenna
2195:Folded unipole antenna
2007:Pattan, Bruno (1993).
1979:Alcatel-Lucent website
1473:Proceedings of the IRE
1434:Proceedings of the IRE
1409:Grigorov, Igor (ed.).
1308:. Same Page Publishing
1306:In Compliance Magazine
1221:"Horn antenna - Intro"
1077:15-meter (50 ft)
1063:using two reflectors.
1057:Nobel Prize in Physics
997:Horn-reflector antenna
928:
859:
777:
774:Green Bank Observatory
677:
635:
534:
518:
458:Dual-mode conical horn
379:
367:
222:
178:
105:automatic door openers
52:
40:
2175:Crossed field antenna
2066:Downs, J. W. (1993).
929:
860:
767:
678:
636:
524:
516:
482:Aperture-limited horn
373:
365:
227:electromagnetic waves
216:
191:quarter-wave monopole
176:
124:Jagadish Chandra Bose
109:microwave radiometers
46:
33:
2492:Application-specific
2383:Log-periodic antenna
2255:Rubber ducky antenna
2230:Inverted vee antenna
2205:Ground-plane antenna
1920:Narayan 2007, p. 168
1515:Electromagnetic horn
1079:Holmdel horn antenna
1041:Holmdel Horn Antenna
875:
811:
651:
561:
2403:Offset dish antenna
2250:Random wire antenna
1933:Horn antenna system
1781:1992ITMTT..40..795J
1340:1997imsd.conf..553E
1189:Horn antenna system
1033:AT&T Long Lines
1003:parabolic reflector
972:aperture efficiency
266:index of refraction
2545:Television antenna
2393:Microstrip antenna
2333:Choke ring antenna
2328:Cassegrain antenna
2225:Inverted-F antenna
2137:Isotropic radiator
1569:. pp. 63–66.
1167:Antenna-Theory.com
1093:discovered cosmic
1051:discovered cosmic
924:
855:
778:
673:
631:
535:
519:
380:
374:Stack of sectoral
368:
366:Horn antenna types
322:. The pattern of
223:
179:
93:parabolic antennas
53:
41:
2586:Indian inventions
2553:
2552:
2530:Reference antenna
2423:Parabolic antenna
2343:Conformal antenna
2265:Turnstile antenna
2160:Biconical antenna
1993:Meeks, 1976, p.13
1937:on Google Patents
1826:978-1-7281-9805-7
1789:10.1109/22.137380
1672:978-81-8431-278-2
1584:978-1-6654-4143-8
1286:978-81-8431-176-1
1193:on Google Patents
1016:parabolic antenna
902:
843:
802:isotropic antenna
745:is the wavelength
671:
629:
595:
416:in the waveguide.
406:in the waveguide.
332:radiation pattern
310:Radiation pattern
293:transmission line
282:radiation pattern
262:transmission line
16:(Redirected from
2593:
2576:Antennas (radio)
2504:Corner reflector
2318:Beverage antenna
2280:Umbrella antenna
2245:Monopole antenna
2200:Franklin antenna
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1976:
1967:(4): 1095–1099.
1958:
1949:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1887:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1811:. pp. 1–2.
1799:
1793:
1792:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1216:
1182:
1176:
1130:
1106:
1074:
1025:radio telescopes
933:
931:
930:
925:
923:
922:
913:
912:
907:
903:
898:
890:
864:
862:
861:
856:
854:
853:
844:
842:
841:
832:
821:
755:aperture limited
682:
680:
679:
674:
672:
661:
640:
638:
637:
632:
630:
628:
627:
612:
607:
606:
596:
594:
593:
578:
573:
572:
490:radio telescopes
452:radio telescopes
448:satellite dishes
432:Exponential horn
354:to about 5–10°.
304:radio telescopes
140:radio telescopes
136:satellite dishes
49:Wilmer L. Barrow
21:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2510:Evolved antenna
2487:
2473:Vivaldi antenna
2448:Rhombic antenna
2373:Helical antenna
2363:Fractal antenna
2308:AS-2259 Antenna
2289:
2220:Helical antenna
2190:Discone antenna
2170:Coaxial antenna
2155:Batwing antenna
2147:Omnidirectional
2141:
2123:
2117:
2087:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1888:
1873:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1800:
1796:
1765:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1680:
1673:
1657:
1646:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1529:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1465:
1461:
1426:
1422:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1075:
1007:Harald T. Friis
999:
991:
984:
967:
918:
914:
908:
891:
889:
885:
884:
876:
873:
872:
849:
845:
837:
833:
822:
820:
812:
809:
808:
783:
725:
712:
703:
694:
660:
652:
649:
648:
623:
619:
611:
602:
598:
589:
585:
577:
568:
564:
562:
559:
558:
511:
444:Corrugated horn
360:
328:magnetic fields
312:
231:acoustical horn
211:
171:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Spiral antenna
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Sterba antenna
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Sector antenna
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Plasma antenna
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Adcock antenna
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:Sloper antenna
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:J-pole antenna
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Dipole antenna
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2058:
2026:
2019:
1996:
1982:
1939:
1923:
1909:
1902:
1871:
1851:|website=
1825:
1794:
1775:(5): 795–800.
1759:
1740:
1733:
1710:
1703:
1678:
1671:
1644:
1637:
1617:
1601:|website=
1583:
1550:
1543:
1520:
1505:
1459:
1420:
1399:|journal=
1366:
1349:10.1.1.39.8748
1318:
1292:
1285:
1265:
1249:"Horn antenna"
1236:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1168:
1160:
1159:External links
1157:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
998:
995:
989:
982:
977:
976:
965:
961:
951:
945:
935:
934:
921:
917:
911:
906:
901:
897:
894:
888:
883:
880:
866:
865:
852:
848:
840:
836:
831:
828:
825:
819:
816:
782:
779:
747:
746:
740:
734:
728:
723:
719:
710:
706:
701:
697:
692:
684:
683:
670:
667:
664:
659:
656:
642:
641:
626:
622:
618:
615:
610:
605:
601:
592:
588:
584:
581:
576:
571:
567:
510:
507:
506:
505:
499:
493:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
441:
429:
419:
418:
417:
407:
391:
388:Pyramidal horn
359:
356:
311:
308:
270:standing waves
250:wave impedance
210:
207:
170:
167:
71:shaped like a
61:microwave horn
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2598:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Ground dipole
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Patch antenna
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Moxon antenna
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Curtain array
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Mast radiator
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2081:
2079:0-486-42876-1
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2020:0-442-01357-4
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1903:1-58603-098-1
1899:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1734:0-12-475952-1
1730:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1704:0-7803-3439-6
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1638:0-471-02590-9
1634:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1544:0-85296-809-4
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:(2): 95–102.
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:reprinted in
1404:
1392:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:0-7803-3814-6
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:Horn Antennas
1163:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1091:Robert Wilson
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Robert Wilson
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
985:
974:
973:
968:
962:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:
938:
919:
915:
909:
904:
899:
895:
892:
886:
881:
878:
871:
870:
869:
850:
846:
838:
834:
829:
826:
823:
817:
814:
807:
806:
805:
803:
799:
796:
792:
788:
775:
771:
766:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:aperture size
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
720:
717:
713:
707:
704:
698:
695:
689:
688:
687:
668:
665:
662:
657:
654:
647:
646:
645:
624:
620:
616:
613:
608:
603:
599:
590:
586:
582:
579:
574:
569:
565:
557:
556:
555:
553:
548:
545:
541:
532:
528:
523:
515:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:Diagonal horn
462:
459:
456:
453:
449:
445:
442:
439:
438:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
397:
395:
394:Sectoral horn
392:
389:
386:
385:
384:
377:
372:
364:
355:
353:
347:
344:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:, (about 377
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
215:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:coaxial cable
184:
175:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Wilmer Barrow
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:feed antennas
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
45:
38:
32:
19:
2463:Slot antenna
2433:Quad antenna
2418:Planar array
2413:Phased array
2388:Loop antenna
2378:Horn antenna
2377:
2285:Whip antenna
2270:T2FD antenna
2215:Halo antenna
2210:G5RV antenna
2068:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2044:
2009:
1964:
1960:
1932:
1926:
1892:
1808:
1797:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1723:
1693:
1661:
1627:
1620:
1566:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1479:(1): 51–64.
1476:
1472:
1462:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1414:
1379:. Retrieved
1331:
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1305:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1257:. Retrieved
1252:
1247:Poole, Ian.
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1188:
1178:
1087:Arno Penzias
1045:Arno Penzias
1000:
987:
980:
978:
970:
963:
953:
947:
941:
936:
867:
797:
784:
758:
754:
750:
748:
742:
736:
730:
721:
716:slant height
708:
699:
690:
685:
643:
552:optimum horn
551:
549:
539:
536:
509:Optimum horn
501:
495:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
443:
436:
435:
431:
422:Conical horn
421:
410:H-plane horn
409:
400:E-plane horn
399:
393:
387:
381:
348:
345:
340:
320:phase center
313:
297:
286:
247:
224:
209:How it works
180:
144:
121:
60:
57:horn antenna
56:
54:
2313:AWX antenna
2295:Directional
2165:Cage aerial
1750:Microwave J
1498:October 28,
787:directivity
540:flare angle
476:Septum horn
470:Ridged horn
437:scalar horn
341:phase error
300:exponential
278:diffraction
235:sound waves
195:transmitter
169:Description
151:frequencies
113:directivity
2560:Categories
2051:2011-12-20
1312:2010-11-12
1259:2010-11-11
1230:2010-11-11
1198:References
958:wavelength
527:Cassegrain
376:feed horns
203:feed horns
101:radar guns
89:feed horns
2506:(passive)
2368:Gizmotchy
2275:T-antenna
2129:Isotropic
1853:ignored (
1843:cite book
1835:226852649
1603:ignored (
1593:cite book
1401:ignored (
1391:cite book
1381:March 15,
1344:CiteSeerX
1083:Bell Labs
1021:sidelobes
1011:Bell Labs
900:λ
893:π
835:λ
827:π
770:Milky Way
666:λ
617:λ
583:λ
486:beamwidth
352:beamwidth
243:impedance
233:does for
219:feed horn
183:waveguide
155:bandwidth
153:, a wide
117:bandwidth
81:microwave
69:waveguide
37:bandwidth
2525:Rectenna
2323:Cantenna
1756:: 71–78.
1493:51635676
1454:51632525
1415:Antentop
1146:See also
1097:in 1964.
793:. The
324:electric
229:that an
199:receiver
147:resonant
115:, broad
107:, and
87:(called
2120:Antenna
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