547:
140:
464:
118:
358:, hence the name. Most species range in size from 50 to 100 millimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in), reaching 2 metres (79 in) in extreme cases, and 1 to 3 millimetres (0.039 to 0.118 in) in diameter. Horsehair worms can be discovered in damp areas, such as watering troughs, swimming pools, streams, puddles, and cisterns. The adult worms are free-living, but the
1020:, the "infected insects may first display an erratic behaviour which brings them sooner or later close to a stream and then a behavioural change that makes them enter the water", rather than seeking out water over long distances.
585:
worms. Unlike nematomorphs, mermithids do not have a terminal cloaca. Male mermithids have one or two spicules just before the end apart from having a thinner, smoother cuticle, without areoles and a paler brown colour.
562:
ecosystem showed that nematomorphs can cause orthopterans to become 20 times more likely to enter water than non-infected orthopterans; these orthopterans constituted up to 60% of the annual energy intake for the
567:. Absence of nematomorphs from riparian communities can thus lead to char predating more heavily on other aquatic invertebrates, potentially causing more widespread physiological effects.
1354:
Sato, Takuya; Watanabe, Katsutoshi; Kanaiwa, Minoru; Niizuma, Yasuaki; Harada, Yasushi; Lafferty, Kevin D. (2011). "Nematomorph parasites drive energy flow through a riparian ecosystem".
390:. About 351 freshwater species are known and a conservative estimate suggests that there may be about 2000 freshwater species worldwide. The name "Gordian" stems from the legendary
774:
506:
is also remarkably able to survive the predation of their host, being able to wiggle out of the predator that has eaten the host. The nematomorpha parasite affects host
502:
as their hosts, the infection acts on the infected host's brain. This causes the host insect to seek water and drown itself, thus returning the nematomorph to water.
627:, from the Lower Cambrian; this organism is, however, very different from extant species; fossilized worms resembling the modern forms have been reported from mid
519:. Thus the host goes into water and the parasite's lifecycle completes. Many of the genes the parasites use for manipulating their host have been acquired through
445:. The larvae have rings of cuticular hooks and terminal stylets that are believed to be used to enter the hosts. Once inside the host, the larvae live inside the
1494:
Poinar George; Ron
Buckley (September 2006). "Nematode (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and hairworm (Nematomorpha: Chordodidae) parasites in Early Cretaceous amber".
741:
1416:
637:
Relationships within the phylum are still somewhat unclear, but two classes are recognised. The five marine species of nematomorph are contained in
3329:
1211:
Hong, Eui-Ju; Sim, Cheolho; Chae, Joon-Seok; Kim, Hyeon-Cheol; Park, Jinho; Choi, Kyoung-Seong; Yu, Do-Hyeon; Yoo, Jae-Gyu; Park, Bae-Keun (2015).
3960:
677:. Unlike nectonematiodeans, gordioideans lack lateral rows of setae, have a single, ventral epidermal cord and their blastocoels are filled with
3986:
1700:
1199:
965:
3934:
1116:
Ponton, Fleur; Camille
Lebarbenchon; Thierry Lefèvre; David G. Biron; David Duneau; David P. Hughes; Frédéric Thomas (April 2006).
3973:
3035:
1553:
1081:
767:
1722:
861:
1580:
945:
1549:
4083:
3978:
456:
The adults are mostly free-living in freshwater or marine environments, and males and females aggregate into tight balls (
673:. Gordioidean adults are free-living in freshwater or semiterrestrial habitats and larvae parasitise insects, primarily
1749:
526:
There are a few cases of accidental parasitism in vertebrate hosts, including dogs and humans. Several cases involving
449:
and absorb nutrients directly through their skin. Development into the adult form takes weeks or months, and the larva
1637:
1496:
1266:"Two Human Cases Infected by the Horsehair Worm, Parachordodes sp. (Nematomorpha: Chordodidae), in Japan and America"
1117:
813:
768:"Naasaab Izhi-anishinaabebii'igeng conference report: a conference to find a common Anishinaabemowin writing system"
4035:
3913:
1786:
576:
3991:
558:
as hosts, nematomorphs can be significant factors in shaping community ecology. One study conducted in a
Japanese
3926:
1781:
1176:
973:
730:
4078:
17:
1865:
1855:
1838:
437:, with the internal fertilization of eggs that are then laid in gelatinous strings. Adults have cylindrical
1597:
Baker GL, Capinera JL (1997). "Nematodes and nematomorphs as control agents of grasshoppers and locusts".
658:
along each side of the body, dorsal and ventral longitudinal epidermal cords, a spacious and fluid-filled
3887:
3882:
3869:
3028:
1429:
920:
669:
The approximately 320 remaining species are distributed between two families, within the monotypic class
139:
878:
Poinar Jr., G (January 2008). "Global diversity of hairworms (Nematomorpha: Gordiaceae) in freshwater".
394:. This relates to the fact that nematomorphs often coil themselves in tight balls that resemble knots.
4040:
4001:
3172:
490:
126:
987:
4068:
1620:
796:
520:
1071:
Thomas, F.; et al. (2003). "Biochemical and histological changes in the brain of the cricket
3257:
1870:
1177:"Parasites manipulate praying mantis's polarized-light perception, causing it to jump into water"
484:
468:
966:"Do hairworms (Nematomorpha) manipulate the water seeking behaviour of their terrestrial hosts?"
4027:
3847:
3809:
3021:
1742:
1465:
982:
258:
4063:
4022:
3485:
3135:
1833:
508:
4014:
839:"Animal biodiversity: An introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness"
3895:
3856:
3150:
1134:
704:
516:
355:
3965:
1575:(6th International ed.). Singapore: Mc-Graw Hill Education (Asia). pp. 452–457.
1452:
1008:
8:
1717:
1618:
Hanelt, B.; Thomas, F.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2005). "Biology of the phylum
Nematomorpha".
964:
Thomas, F.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Martin, G.; Manu, C.; Durand, P.; Renaud, F. (May 2002).
794:
Hanelt, B.; Thomas, F.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2005). "Biology of the phylum
Nematomorpha".
3013:
1138:
4073:
3480:
3162:
2298:
1850:
1828:
1816:
1791:
1397:
1290:
1265:
1241:
1212:
1158:
1115:
1000:
895:
427:
419:
415:
134:
1629:
1094:
1032:"Two Dimensions of Biodiversity Research Exemplified by Nematomorpha and Gastrotricha"
805:
4009:
3861:
3272:
2720:
2640:
1990:
1860:
1823:
1811:
1801:
1735:
1713:
1643:
1633:
1576:
1513:
1424:
1389:
1381:
1336:
1295:
1246:
1150:
1098:
1053:
996:
941:
819:
809:
546:
3874:
1401:
1004:
899:
838:
3548:
3427:
3319:
3262:
3202:
3197:
3125:
3110:
1775:
1625:
1606:
1505:
1371:
1363:
1326:
1285:
1277:
1236:
1228:
1162:
1142:
1125:
1090:
1043:
992:
887:
853:
801:
411:
410:. Internally, they have only longitudinal muscle and a non-functional gut, with no
1994:
3721:
3626:
3588:
3543:
3475:
3232:
3192:
3177:
3070:
3001:
2907:
2758:
2661:
2518:
2051:
1655:
Poinar GO Jr (1991). "Nematoda and
Nematomorpha". In Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.).
296:
3921:
3908:
3781:
3726:
3716:
3558:
3372:
3324:
3237:
3212:
3207:
3187:
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3085:
3075:
2666:
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2374:
2352:
2315:
1806:
638:
564:
1706:
1509:
1281:
1232:
891:
857:
4057:
3505:
3490:
3452:
3377:
3313:
3299:
3247:
3242:
3156:
3145:
3140:
3120:
3115:
3090:
2811:
2715:
2214:
1385:
1331:
1314:
631:
623:
602:
597:. Their closest relatives are the nematodes. The two phyla make up the group
463:
117:
70:
1610:
3701:
3696:
3646:
3636:
3563:
3432:
3306:
3267:
3252:
3227:
3222:
3167:
3100:
2917:
2912:
2800:
2656:
2542:
2428:
2331:
2310:
2131:
2087:
2068:
1647:
1517:
1393:
1299:
1250:
1154:
1102:
1057:
1048:
1031:
823:
659:
618:
495:
391:
1340:
963:
3947:
3841:
3832:
3756:
3731:
3676:
3651:
3573:
3568:
3533:
3523:
3217:
3130:
2878:
2849:
2835:
2825:
2410:
2226:
2139:
1921:
606:
582:
184:
45:
1707:
Nematomorph worm – Behavior modification of cricket by nematomorph worm.
3789:
3751:
3681:
3661:
3656:
3641:
3611:
3583:
3538:
3528:
3500:
3495:
3437:
3412:
3105:
3080:
2975:
2960:
2955:
2936:
2931:
2859:
2806:
2776:
2768:
2710:
2584:
2576:
2559:
2339:
2251:
2204:
2144:
2106:
2080:
1926:
1911:
1376:
1264:
Yamada, Minoru; Tegoshi, Tatsuya; Abe, Niichiro; Urabe, Misako (2012).
912:
678:
674:
654:, especially crabs. They are characterized by a double row of natotory
628:
614:
610:
555:
423:
387:
383:
341:
274:
220:
107:
90:
55:
1727:
1367:
3952:
3706:
3686:
3578:
3457:
3392:
3382:
3367:
3362:
3343:
3095:
2941:
2888:
2883:
2854:
2843:
2792:
2787:
2739:
2651:
2438:
2433:
2395:
2244:
2236:
2165:
2117:
2038:
2025:
2006:
2001:
1960:
1657:
917:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
670:
643:
598:
594:
590:
515:
s light-interpreting organs so the host is attracted to horizontally
446:
375:
367:
243:
230:
210:
197:
171:
151:
95:
3803:
1571:
Pechenik, Jan A. (2010). "Four Phyla of Likely
Nematode Relatives".
1146:
3826:
3761:
3741:
3736:
3711:
3691:
3666:
3631:
3621:
3616:
3447:
3422:
3402:
3062:
2965:
2949:
2872:
2864:
2819:
2782:
2763:
2752:
2734:
2728:
2589:
2530:
2506:
2403:
2284:
2173:
2057:
1948:
1939:
1845:
1415:
Bryant, Malcolm S.; Adlard, Robert D.; Cannon, Lester R.G. (2006).
940:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 307–308.
651:
605:. During the larval stage, the animals show a resemblance to adult
559:
499:
474:
379:
363:
348:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3939:
3766:
3746:
3442:
3417:
3407:
3397:
3353:
3290:
2925:
2901:
2893:
2830:
2744:
2564:
2551:
2484:
2475:
2420:
2345:
1692:
450:
403:
100:
75:
1319:
Nihon
Juigaku Zasshi. The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science
3606:
3598:
3467:
2970:
2704:
1904:
1891:
1762:
1759:
442:
434:
371:
344:
337:
161:
782:
Girls, don't swim without pants or a hairsnake will enter you.
3900:
3515:
3387:
1200:
This Parasitic Worm ‘Steals’ Genes From Its Unsuspecting Host
663:
438:
407:
359:
3553:
3045:
681:
in young animals but become spacious in older individuals.
655:
351:
1617:
1353:
793:
581:
Nematomorphs can be confused with nematodes, particularly
3043:
1693:
Horsehair Worms, Hairworms, Gordian Worms, Nematomorphs,
1493:
1312:
2694:
1217:
sp. (Nematomorpha: Gordiida), Passed in a Canine Feces"
1118:"Parasitology: Parasite survives predation on its host"
1466:"Early Cambrian worms from Chengjiang, Yunnan, China:
538:
have been recorded in human hosts in Japan and China.
1263:
1315:"A hairworm, Gordius sp., vomited by a domestic cat"
1313:Saito, Y; Inoue, I; Hayashi, F; Itagaki, H (1987).
1659:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 249–283.
1414:
773:. Toronto, Ontario: Literacy Ontario. p. 27.
650:: adults are planktonic and the larvae parasitise
935:
4055:
3330:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
1564:
1531:
1529:
1527:
641:. This order is monotypic containing the genus
1599:Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada
1210:
1029:
3029:
1743:
1674:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
1596:
1542:
877:
593:clade of moulting organisms that include the
27:Phylum of parasitoid animals, horsehair worms
1668:Leidy, as a parasite of the Mormon cricket,
1654:
1524:
959:
957:
836:
2130:
426:near the anterior end of the animal, and a
3036:
3022:
2104:
1750:
1736:
1070:
765:
397:
116:
2297:
1375:
1330:
1289:
1240:
1047:
986:
954:
2164:
2088:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
2036:
1663:
1570:
830:
545:
462:
3061:
1889:
1757:
1554:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
728:
14:
4056:
3289:
2082:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2052:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1463:
1082:International Journal for Parasitology
3808:
3807:
3017:
2023:
1731:
4002:77e832fd-e34c-4197-a049-baa2b0ae9022
3927:73e74fb8-88f4-4a4a-b27d-edfc96ae15ed
2353:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1075:infected by a manipulative parasite
931:
929:
766:Ningewance, Pat (8–10 August 1996).
621:. The earliest Nematomorph could be
589:The phylum is placed along with the
541:
1036:Integrative and Comparative Biology
453:several times as it grows in size.
422:. The nervous system consists of a
24:
2387:
2193:
1950:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1624:. Vol. 59. pp. 243–305.
1590:
1270:The Korean Journal of Parasitology
1221:The Korean Journal of Parasitology
800:. Vol. 59. pp. 243–305.
702:
25:
4095:
1685:
1497:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
926:
780:from the original on 2020-10-22.
729:Troxell, W.H. (30 January 1903).
402:Nematomorphs possess an external
2994:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1697:spp. (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea).
1664:Thorne G (1940). "The hairworm,
1030:Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (2002).
997:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00410.x
867:from the original on 2022-10-10.
634:dated to 100 million years ago.
577:List of bilaterial animal orders
138:
43:
1703:. Published 1999, revised 2005.
1487:
1457:
1446:
1408:
1347:
1306:
1257:
1204:
1193:
1169:
1109:
1064:
1023:
974:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
747:from the original on 2021-05-09
2181:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
906:
871:
787:
759:
722:
696:
550:Horsehair worm in Germany 2021
13:
1:
2024:
1630:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)59004-3
1095:10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00014-6
806:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)59004-3
684:
2793:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1573:Biology of the Invertebrates
1565:General and cited references
1537:Biology of the Invertebrates
689:
7:
4084:Suicide-inducing parasitism
2850:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
2590:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
2405:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2316:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2205:Loricifera (corset animals)
1712:Gordian worms discussed on
1477:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica
617:, all members of the group
570:
10:
4100:
2740:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
2486:Annelida (segmented worms)
2311:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2227:Onychophora (velvet worms)
1417:"Gordian Worms: Factsheet"
936:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
574:
433:Reproductively, they have
3816:
3779:
3597:
3514:
3466:
3351:
3342:
3285:
3057:
3053:
3048:phyla/divisions by domain
2990:
2788:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2690:
2683:
2634:
2585:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
2575:
2566:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
2550:
2541:
2526:
2517:
2502:
2495:
2471:
2460:
2419:
2411:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
2394:
2383:
2372:
2324:
2306:
2293:
2282:
2235:
2222:
2213:
2200:
2189:
2157:
2140:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2126:
2115:
2100:
2076:
2067:
2047:
2032:
2019:
1984:
1959:
1935:
1920:
1912:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1900:
1885:
1769:
1510:10.1016/j.jip.2006.04.006
1464:Sun, W.; Hou, X. (1987).
1453:Nematomorpha – Bumblebees
1282:10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.263
1233:10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.719
1077:Paragordius tricuspudatus
892:10.1007/s10750-007-9112-3
858:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.3
491:Paragordius tricuspidatus
347:superficially similar to
271:
266:
135:Scientific classification
133:
127:Paragordius tricuspidatus
124:
115:
34:
2346:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2145:Priapulida (penis worms)
1621:Advances in Parasitology
1332:10.1292/jvms1939.49.1035
797:Advances in Parasitology
521:horizontal gene transfer
430:running along the body.
324:, and commonly known as
3258:Thermodesulfobacteriota
2560:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
2532:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2253:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2246:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1611:10.4039/entm129171157-1
485:Spinochordodes tellinii
469:Spinochordodes tellinii
398:Description and biology
2735:Anthozoans inc. corals
2434:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
1699:University of Florida
1016:— according to Thomas
554:Owing to their use of
551:
523:from the host genome.
479:
4079:Parasitic protostomes
4023:Paleobiology Database
3486:Neocallimastigomycota
2865:Hexapods inc. insects
2175:Nematoda (roundworms)
837:Zhang, Z.-Q. (2011).
549:
509:Hierodula patellifera
466:
3922:Fauna Europaea (new)
3151:Coprothermobacterota
2058:Chordata (chordates)
1049:10.1093/icb/42.3.633
938:Invertebrate Zoology
738:Emmitsburg Chronicle
609:and some species of
267:Orders and families
2508:Mollusca (molluscs)
1993:of the animal root
1718:Critter of the Week
1213:"A Horsehair Worm,
1139:2006Natur.440..756P
1073:Nemobius sylvestris
731:"Erroneous Beliefs"
709:State of the Ozarks
652:decapod crustaceans
441:, opening into the
420:circulatory systems
3481:Blastocladiomycota
2721:Calcareous sponges
1906:Porifera (sponges)
705:"Horse Hair Snake"
552:
480:
435:two distinct sexes
428:ventral nerve cord
320:(sometimes called
4051:
4050:
4010:Open Tree of Life
3810:Taxon identifiers
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3775:
3774:
3338:
3337:
3281:
3280:
3273:Verrucomicrobiota
3011:
3010:
2986:
2985:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2153:
2152:
2096:
2095:
2015:
2014:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1582:978-0-07-127041-0
1425:Queensland Museum
1368:10.1890/09-1565.1
1079:(Nematomorpha)".
947:978-0-03-056747-6
649:
542:Community ecology
460:) during mating.
315:
314:
307:
301:
291:
285:
279:
262:
41:Cenomanian–Recent
16:(Redirected from
4091:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4030:
4018:
4017:
4005:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3805:
3804:
3549:Anthocerotophyta
3428:Hemimastigophora
3349:
3348:
3320:Nitrososphaerota
3287:
3286:
3263:Thermomicrobiota
3203:Kiritimatiellota
3198:Ignavibacteriota
3163:Deferribacterota
3126:Campylobacterota
3111:Bdellovibrionota
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3015:
3014:
2692:
2691:
2648:
2548:
2547:
2524:
2523:
2500:
2499:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2220:
2219:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2162:
2161:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2074:
2073:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
1998:
1933:
1932:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1798:
1778:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1691:Capinera, J. L.
1681:
1666:Gordius robustus
1660:
1651:
1614:
1586:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1522:
1521:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1428:. Archived from
1421:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1379:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1007:. Archived from
990:
970:
961:
952:
951:
933:
924:
910:
904:
903:
875:
869:
868:
866:
843:
834:
828:
827:
791:
785:
784:
779:
772:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
746:
735:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
703:Heston, Joshua.
700:
647:
514:
504:P. tricuspidatus
305:
299:
289:
283:
277:
257:
143:
142:
120:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4069:Ecdysozoa phyla
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3812:
3802:
3793:
3771:
3722:Gnathostomulida
3627:Xenacoelomorpha
3593:
3589:Flowering plant
3544:Marchantiophyta
3510:
3476:Chytridiomycota
3462:
3334:
3277:
3233:Planctomycetota
3193:Gemmatimonadota
3178:Elusimicrobiota
3071:Acidobacteriota
3049:
3042:
3012:
3007:
2982:
2908:Phylactolaemata
2696:
2686:
2685:
2671:
2662:Xenambulacraria
2638:
2594:
2571:
2537:
2519:Kryptotrochozoa
2513:
2491:
2461:
2448:
2439:Monoblastozoa (
2415:
2373:
2360:
2332:Micrognathozoa
2320:
2283:
2258:
2231:
2209:
2185:
2149:
2116:
2105:
2092:
2063:
2037:
2028:
2011:
1988:
1972:
1955:
1924:
1916:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1796:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1723:6 November 2015
1688:
1670:Anabrus simplex
1640:
1593:
1591:Further reading
1583:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1539:, 2010, pg 457.
1534:
1525:
1492:
1488:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1352:
1348:
1311:
1307:
1262:
1258:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1147:10.1038/440756a
1120:
1114:
1110:
1069:
1065:
1028:
1024:
1011:
988:10.1.1.485.9002
968:
962:
955:
948:
934:
927:
921:Greenwood Press
911:
907:
876:
872:
864:
841:
835:
831:
816:
792:
788:
777:
770:
764:
760:
750:
748:
744:
740:. No. 37.
733:
727:
723:
713:
711:
701:
697:
692:
687:
579:
573:
544:
517:polarized light
512:
400:
326:horsehair worms
297:Nectonematoidea
256:
137:
111:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4032:
4019:
4006:
3996:
3983:
3970:
3957:
3944:
3931:
3918:
3909:Fauna Europaea
3905:
3892:
3879:
3866:
3853:
3838:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3782:Incertae sedis
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3727:Micrognathozoa
3724:
3719:
3717:Acanthocephala
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Lycopodiophyta
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Ancyromonadida
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3325:Thermoproteota
3322:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Pseudomonadota
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Mycoplasmatota
3210:
3208:Lentisphaerota
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Fusobacteriota
3185:
3183:Fibrobacterota
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Armatimonadota
3083:
3078:
3076:Actinomycetota
3073:
3067:
3065:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2873:Platyhelminths
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2667:Centroneuralia
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2472:
2466:
2463:Lophotrochozoa
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2378:
2375:Platytrochozoa
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2337:
2334:(Limnognathia)
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2121:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:(Triploblasts)
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1944:and relatives)
1936:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:Mesomycetozoea
1868:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1807:Diaphoretickes
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1687:
1686:External links
1684:
1683:
1682:
1661:
1652:
1638:
1615:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1523:
1486:
1456:
1445:
1407:
1362:(1): 201–207.
1346:
1305:
1256:
1203:
1192:
1168:
1108:
1089:(4): 435–443.
1063:
1042:(3): 633–640.
1022:
1014:on 2015-09-24.
981:(3): 356–361.
953:
946:
925:
905:
870:
829:
814:
786:
758:
721:
694:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
639:Nectonematoida
572:
569:
565:Kirikuchi char
543:
540:
399:
396:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
308:
294:
293:
292:
286:
269:
268:
264:
263:
251:
247:
246:
241:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
182:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
18:Horsehair worm
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4096:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3506:Basidiomycota
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Glomeromycota
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Stramenopiles
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Apusomonadida
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3314:Nanoarchaeota
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:Euryarchaeota
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Spirochaetota
3246:
3244:
3243:Rhodothermota
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Dictyoglomota
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3157:Cyanobacteria
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Chrysiogenota
3144:
3142:
3141:Chloroflexota
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Calditrichota
3119:
3117:
3116:Caldisericota
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Atribacterota
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3003:
3002:dubious phyla
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:Hemichordates
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Glass sponges
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Deuterostomia
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:of Bilateria
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2476:Cycliophora (
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
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2379:
2376:
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2355:
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2341:
2338:
2336:
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2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
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2312:
2309:
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2305:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Panarthropoda
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:Stramenopiles
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:(major groups
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:9780120317592
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1483:(3): 299–305.
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1468:Maotianshania
1460:
1454:
1449:
1435:on 2008-07-22
1431:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1325:(6): 1035–7.
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:(6): 719–24.
1226:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:(7085): 756.
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
975:
967:
960:
958:
949:
943:
939:
932:
930:
922:
918:
914:
909:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Hydrobiologia
874:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
833:
825:
821:
817:
815:9780120317592
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
743:
739:
732:
725:
710:
706:
699:
695:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
662:and singular
661:
657:
653:
648:Verrill, 1879
646:
645:
640:
635:
633:
632:Burmese amber
630:
626:
625:
624:Maotianshania
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:Cycloneuralia
601:in the clade
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
578:
568:
566:
561:
557:
548:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:Parachordodes
524:
522:
518:
511:
510:
505:
501:
497:
494:, which have
493:
492:
487:
486:
477:
476:
471:
470:
465:
461:
459:
458:Gordian knots
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
334:Gordian worms
331:
327:
323:
319:
304:Nectonemidae
303:
302:
300:Rauther, 1930
298:
295:
287:
281:
280:
278:Rauther, 1930
276:
273:
272:
270:
265:
260:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
227:Superphylum:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
119:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
4064:Nematomorpha
3875:Nematomorpha
3862:Nematomorpha
3848:Nematomorpha
3818:Nematomorpha
3817:
3788:
3780:
3702:Orthonectida
3697:Gastrotricha
3672:Nematomorpha
3671:
3647:Chaetognatha
3637:Hemichordate
3564:Pteridophyta
3433:Malawimonada
3307:Korarchaeota
3268:Thermotogota
3253:Synergistota
3228:Nitrospirota
3223:Nitrospinota
3168:Deinococcota
3101:Bacteroidota
3000:Potentially
2995:
2948:
2924:
2918:Gymnolaemata
2913:Stenolaemata
2902:Ectoproctans
2900:
2871:
2842:
2818:
2812:Pterobranchs
2799:
2775:
2751:
2727:
2703:
2697:within phyla
2695:Major groups
2565:
2552:Bryozoa s.l.
2543:Lophophorata
2531:
2507:
2485:
2477:
2440:
2429:Orthonectida
2404:
2351:
2344:
2333:
2252:
2245:
2180:
2174:
2132:Scalidophora
2081:
2069:Ambulacraria
2056:
1969:(see below↓)
1949:
1941:
1905:
1856:Opisthokonta
1716:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1619:
1602:
1598:
1572:
1550:"Gordioidea"
1544:
1536:
1504:(1): 36–41.
1501:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1423:
1410:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1276:(3): 263–7.
1273:
1269:
1259:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1130:
1124:
1111:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1017:
1009:the original
978:
972:
937:
916:
908:
886:(1): 79–83.
883:
879:
873:
849:
845:
832:
795:
789:
781:
761:
749:. Retrieved
737:
724:
712:. Retrieved
708:
698:
675:orthopterans
668:
660:blastocoelom
642:
636:
622:
619:Scalidophora
588:
580:
556:orthopterans
553:
535:
531:
527:
525:
507:
503:
496:grasshoppers
489:
483:
481:
473:
467:
457:
455:
432:
401:
392:Gordian knot
384:orthopterans
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:Nematomorpha
317:
316:
282:Chordodidae
254:Nematomorpha
253:
237:
217:(unranked):
204:
191:
178:
168:Subkingdom:
125:
35:Nematomorpha
29:
3948:iNaturalist
3842:Wikispecies
3757:Brachiopoda
3732:Cycliophora
3677:Onychophora
3652:Kinorhyncha
3574:Ginkgophyta
3569:Cycadophyta
3534:Chlorophyta
3524:Glaucophyta
3218:Myxococcota
3136:Chlorobiota
3131:Chlamydiota
2976:Tusk shells
2961:Cephalopods
2932:Polychaetes
2879:Turbellaria
2860:Crustaceans
2836:Secernentea
2826:Chromadorea
2807:Acorn worms
2777:Echinoderms
2769:Vertebrates
2711:Demosponges
2645:is disputed
2107:Protostomia
1995:is disputed
1922:ParaHoxozoa
1672:Haldeman".
1605:: 157–211.
1535:Pechenik, '
1377:2433/139443
913:Piper, Ross
607:kinorhyncha
532:Paragordius
416:respiratory
388:crustaceans
376:cockroaches
221:Protostomia
185:ParaHoxozoa
4058:Categories
3790:Parakaryon
3752:Entoprocta
3687:Arthropoda
3682:Tardigrada
3662:Priapulida
3657:Loricifera
3642:Echinoderm
3612:Ctenophora
3584:Gnetophyta
3539:Charophyta
3529:Rhodophyta
3501:Ascomycota
3496:Zygomycota
3438:Metamonada
3413:Euglenozoa
3398:Ciliophora
3106:Balneolota
3081:Aquificota
2956:Gastropods
2937:Clitellata
2844:Arthropods
2783:Sea lilies
2729:Cnidarians
2647:; see also
2577:Brachiozoa
2340:Syndermata
2299:Gnathifera
1997:; see also
1942:Trichoplax
1940:Placozoa (
1927:Planulozoa
1680:: 219–231.
1439:2008-03-10
1186:2021-07-04
685:References
679:mesenchyme
629:Cretaceous
615:Priapulida
611:Loricifera
595:Arthropoda
575:See also:
424:nerve ring
370:, such as
368:arthropods
356:morphology
342:parasitoid
330:hairsnakes
306:Ward, 1892
288:Gordiidae
275:Gordioidea
108:Atdabanian
4074:Nematoida
3707:Dicyemida
3579:Pinophyta
3458:Telonemia
3393:Cryptista
3383:Breviatea
3368:Amoebozoa
3363:Alveolata
3344:Eukaryote
3096:Bacillota
2942:Sipuncula
2889:Monogenea
2884:Trematoda
2855:Myriapods
2820:Nematodes
2764:Tunicates
2759:Lancelets
2753:Chordates
2745:Myxozoans
2652:Nephrozoa
2641:phylogeny
2441:Salinella
2396:Rouphozoa
2237:Tactopoda
2166:Nematoida
2118:Ecdysozoa
2039:Bilateria
2026:Bilateria
2007:Benthozoa
2002:Eumetazoa
1991:phylogeny
1961:Bilateria
1851:Amoebozoa
1829:Alveolata
1817:Cryptista
1792:Eukaryota
1473:(Paywall)
1470:gen. nov"
1386:1939-9170
983:CiteSeerX
751:1 January
714:1 January
690:Citations
671:Gordioida
644:Nectonema
599:Nematoida
591:Ecdysozoa
583:mermithid
447:haemocoel
412:excretory
364:parasitic
322:Gordiacea
290:May, 1919
284:May, 1919
259:Vejdovsky
244:Nematoida
231:Ecdysozoa
211:Nephrozoa
198:Bilateria
172:Eumetazoa
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
106:Possible
3827:Wikidata
3767:Annelida
3762:Mollusca
3742:Phoronid
3737:Nemertea
3712:Rotifera
3692:Flatworm
3667:Nematoda
3632:Chordate
3622:Cnidaria
3617:Placozoa
3448:Rhizaria
3423:Haptista
3403:Cercozoa
3063:Bacteria
2966:Bivalves
2950:Molluscs
2926:Annelids
2285:Spiralia
1892:Animalia
1846:Amorphea
1824:Rhizaria
1812:Hacrobia
1802:Excavata
1787:Bacteria
1709:YouTube.
1648:16182867
1518:16737709
1402:20274754
1394:21560690
1300:22949758
1251:26797439
1181:phys.org
1155:16598248
1103:12705936
1058:21708759
1005:86278524
915:(2007),
900:37985613
862:Archived
852:: 7–12.
824:16182867
775:Archived
742:Archived
571:Taxonomy
560:riparian
500:crickets
475:Meconema
472:and its
406:without
380:mantises
349:nematode
336:) are a
250:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
3747:Bryozoa
3443:Provora
3418:Jakobea
3408:Discoba
3354:Protist
3291:Archaea
3044:Extant
2971:Chitons
2894:Cestoda
2831:Enoplea
2705:Sponges
2478:Symbion
2421:Mesozoa
1861:Animals
1782:Archaea
1758:Extant
1695:Gordius
1356:Ecology
1341:3430914
1291:3428576
1242:4725239
1215:Gordius
1163:7777607
1135:Bibcode
846:Zootaxa
536:Gordius
404:cuticle
372:beetles
345:animals
4041:162564
4015:189836
3999:NZOR:
3888:261851
3607:Sponge
3599:Animal
2996:bolded
1839:Plants
1776:Domain
1760:animal
1646:
1636:
1579:
1516:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1339:
1298:
1288:
1249:
1239:
1161:
1153:
1126:Nature
1101:
1056:
1018:et al.
1003:
985:
944:
898:
822:
812:
664:gonads
451:moults
443:cloaca
439:gonads
386:, and
360:larvae
338:phylum
261:, 1886
110:Record
4036:WoRMS
4028:67132
3992:33310
3979:64183
3961:IRMNG
3953:63142
3914:11802
3833:Q5186
3516:Plant
3468:Fungi
3388:CRuMs
2158:N+L+P
1866:Fungi
1763:phyla
1433:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
1398:S2CID
1159:S2CID
1121:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
1001:S2CID
969:(PDF)
896:S2CID
865:(PDF)
842:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
745:(PDF)
734:(PDF)
656:setae
534:, or
513:'
408:cilia
352:worms
332:, or
238:Clade
205:Clade
192:Clade
179:Clade
3987:NCBI
3974:ITIS
3935:GBIF
3901:1539
3883:BOLD
3554:Moss
3046:life
2639:The
1989:The
1701:IFAS
1644:PMID
1634:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1514:PMID
1390:PMID
1382:ISSN
1337:PMID
1296:PMID
1247:PMID
1151:PMID
1099:PMID
1054:PMID
942:ISBN
850:3148
820:PMID
810:ISBN
753:2021
716:2021
613:and
498:and
488:and
478:host
362:are
46:PreꞒ
3966:223
3896:EoL
3870:AFD
3857:ADW
2496:M+K
2388:R+M
2325:M+S
2194:L+P
1714:RNZ
1626:doi
1607:doi
1603:171
1506:doi
1372:hdl
1364:doi
1327:doi
1286:PMC
1278:doi
1237:PMC
1229:doi
1143:doi
1131:440
1091:doi
1044:doi
993:doi
888:doi
884:595
854:doi
802:doi
482:In
418:or
366:on
354:in
340:of
4060::
4038::
4025::
4012::
3989::
3976::
3963::
3950::
3940:64
3937::
3924::
3911::
3898::
3885::
3872::
3859::
3844::
3829::
1721:,
1678:30
1676:.
1642:.
1632:.
1601:.
1552:.
1526:^
1512:.
1502:93
1500:.
1481:26
1479:.
1475:.
1422:.
1396:.
1388:.
1380:.
1370:.
1360:92
1358:.
1335:.
1323:49
1321:.
1317:.
1294:.
1284:.
1274:50
1272:.
1268:.
1245:.
1235:.
1225:53
1223:.
1219:.
1179:.
1157:.
1149:.
1141:.
1129:.
1123:.
1097:.
1087:33
1085:.
1052:.
1040:42
1038:.
1034:.
999:.
991:.
979:15
977:.
971:.
956:^
928:^
919:,
894:.
882:.
860:.
848:.
844:.
818:.
808:.
736:.
707:.
666:.
530:,
414:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
328:,
240::
207::
194::
181::
96:Pg
3356:"
3352:"
3316:"
3312:"
3309:"
3305:"
3302:"
3298:"
3159:"
3155:"
3037:e
3030:t
3023:v
3004:†
2480:)
2445:†
2443:)
1929:)
1925:(
1873:)
1751:e
1744:t
1737:v
1650:.
1628::
1613:.
1609::
1585:.
1556:.
1520:.
1508::
1442:.
1404:.
1374::
1366::
1343:.
1329::
1302:.
1280::
1253:.
1231::
1189:.
1165:.
1145::
1137::
1105:.
1093::
1060:.
1046::
995::
950:.
923:.
902:.
890::
856::
826:.
804::
755:.
718:.
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
20:)
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