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points called "targets". Once a pilot has directed the balloon as close as possible to a target, a weighted marker with an identifying number written on it is dropped. The distance between a pilot's marker and that target determines his or her score. During some competitive flights, pilots will be required to fly to 5 or more targets before landing. To assist with navigation, topographic maps and GPS units are used. Another common form of competition is the "Hare and Hound" race. The Hare balloon takes off a set amount of time before the Hound balloons and typically flies with multiple altitude changes to make it more difficult for the chasing balloons to match its flight path. After a set amount of flight time, the Hare will land and typically lay out a target cross for the Hounds to drop their weighted markers near. As above, the distance between a pilot's marker and the target determines his or her score.
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establish its basic shape before the burner flame is aimed into the mouth heating the air inside. A crew member stationed opposite the mouth, holds a rope (crown line) tied to the apex (crown) of the envelope. Some balloons, AX7 and larger, may have two (or more) crown lines. The "crown-man" role is twofold: one is to prevent the envelope from excessive sway, and two is to prevent the envelope from rising before it is sufficiently buoyant. Once the balloon is upright, pilot and passengers climb into the basket. When the pilot is ready for launch, more heat is directed into the envelope and the balloon lifts off.
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variety of techniques. For example, to determine wind directions beneath the balloon a pilot might simply spit or release a squirt of shaving cream and watch this indicator as it falls to determine where possible turns are (and their speed). Pilots are also looking for other visual clues such as flags on flagpoles, smoke coming from chimneys, etc. To determine wind directions above the balloon, the pilot will obtain a weather forecast prior to the flight which includes upper-level wind forecasts. The pilot will also send up a helium pilot balloon, known as a
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680:. It is the last of these, contact with power lines, that poses the greatest danger. One of the most common causes of serious ballooning accidents in the US is power line strikes. One reason for the high frequency of such incidents is the fact that pilots often attempt to land their balloons on or near roads in order to reduce the amount of off-road driving necessary to recover the balloon. However, in most rural areas where balloons fly, roads usually have power lines running along with them.
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on the bottom) may drag for a bit or even tip over. Even the presence of ground crew may not help much. The combined weight (for an average passenger-carrying system as calculated above) can easily exceed the weight of a large automobile. (It is best not to be on the downwind side of a landing balloon to avoid being pinned between it and a hard place.) Pilots can improve the situation by landing in a spot protected from the wind, such as behind a line of trees or in a small valley.
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on the balloon manufacturer's instructions and wind conditions. Tethers can be attached to the basket, burner support, or the top of the envelope. A "night glow" is a tethered flight in darkness to enhance visual effects. While typical day flights use the main valve, using an efficient blue flame, at night tethered pilots use the liquid valve "whisper burner" ("cow burner", as it does not startle livestock), creating a spectacular bright orange flame.
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458:, trees, and buildings to allow lift-off under the predicted wind conditions. Finally, the take-off point must be situated such that the predicted winds will move the balloon in the direction of suitable landing sites. Taking off from a location that is directly up wind of a hazard, such as a large body of water, a large metropolitan area, or a large uninterrupted forest, without sufficient fuel to pass over the hazard is not safe.
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slow or stop a descent. The pilot may also open a vent, if the envelope is so equipped, to let hot air escape, decreasing the temperature inside the envelope, thereby decreasing lift, and thus descend or slow or stop an ascent. Unless the pilot intervenes, the air inside the envelope will slowly cool, by seepage or by contact with cooler outside air, and slowly provide less lift.
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This lightens the total weight of the system and increases its buoyancy, but not immediately. From the time that the burner is lit until the balloon slows or stops its descent can take 30 seconds or more, depending on its rate of descent, how cold it has become, and how powerful the burner. This delay requires a great deal of anticipation on the part of the pilot.
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There are many regular gatherings of balloons and balloonists around the world. Most of these events are held on an annual basis. The festivities provide both a place for balloonists to interact as well as a venue for entertaining spectators. Events range in size from a few balloons and no spectators
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While it is certainly possible to enjoy the sport of hot air ballooning without a chase vehicle, returning from the landing site by foot, bicycle, or hitch hiking, many balloonists opt to be followed by their ground crew in some sort of chase vehicle. Crew at the landing site can aid with the landing
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Sometimes, especially at balloon festivals or other special events, balloons are flown while tied to the ground with ropes (tethers). This enables quick rides to many passengers, instead of long rides drifting with the wind away from the event with one load of passengers. Tethering techniques depend
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Some experienced pilots are able to take a flight in one direction then rise to a different altitude to catch wind in a returning direction. With experience, luck, and the right conditions, some pilots are able to control a precision landing at the destination. On rare occasions, they may be able to
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In competition, the pilots need to be able to read different wind directions at different altitudes. Balloon competitions are often called "races" but they are most often a test of accuracy, not speed. For most competitive balloon flights, the goal is to fly as close as possible to one or more exact
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Most pilots try to perform as smooth a landing as possible. This becomes difficult if the air at ground level is moving at more than 5 mph (2.2 m/s) or so. If the balloon is moving at this speed or more when it contacts the ground, the basket (which usually does not have wheels of any kind
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Communication between the balloon and chase vehicle can be accomplished by two-way radio, or even shouting, when they are close enough together. The use of cell phones for this purpose, while the balloon is flying, may violate local telecommunication laws and should therefore be avoided except in an
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One of the tricks involved in flying a balloon is learning to deal with the delayed response. To slow or stop a descent requires the pilot to open a burner blast valve. This sends hot combustion exhaust through the mouth into the envelope where it expands and forces some cooler air out of the mouth.
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Today, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation. According to the FAA's
General Aviation Survey data, in 2012, there were about 2,300 personally owned and flown balloons, and about 495 commercial sightseeing ride operators in the United States. Balloon rides are available in many locations
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include the exceptional quiet (except when the propane burners are firing), the lack of a feeling of movement, and the bird's-eye view. Since the balloon moves with the direction of the winds, the passengers feel absolutely no wind, except for brief periods during the flight when the balloon climbs
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During the flight, the pilot's only ability to steer the balloon is the ability to climb or descend into winds going different directions. Thus, it is important for the pilot to determine what direction the wind is blowing at altitudes other than the balloon's altitude. To do this, the pilot uses a
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The ability to fly hot air balloons in the winter is limited mostly by the ability of the participants to withstand the cold. The balloons themselves fly well in cold air. Because the temperature difference between inside and outside the balloon, not the absolute inside temperature, determines the
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The direction of flight depends on the wind, but the altitude of the balloon can be controlled by changing the temperature of the air inside the envelope. The pilot may open one or more burner blast valves to increase the temperature inside the envelope, thereby increasing lift, and thus ascend or
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Before a safe hot air balloon flight can begin, the pilot must check the weather and select a suitable take-off point. The current and forecast weather must have sufficient visibility for the pilot to see and avoid obstructions (little or no fog or low clouds) and sufficiently slow winds to allow
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Modern hot air ballooning was born in 1960, when Ed Yost launched a balloon with a new nylon envelope and propane burner system of his own invention. Yost's first balloon was basketless, with nothing but a seat for him to ride on, but in a few years he and other balloon enthusiasts would develop
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The next step in a hot air balloon flight is unpacking the balloon from its carrying bag, laying it out on the ground, and connecting it to the basket and burner. A fan, often gasoline-powered, is used to blow cold (outside) air into the envelope. The cold air partially inflates the balloon to
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These two facts together mean that under most conditions level flight is anything but. The goal of the pilot is to light the burner at the right interval and for the right duration (a few seconds) to keep the balloon slowly drifting up and down about the desired altitude.
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Most hot air balloon launches are made during the cooler hours of the day, at dawn or two to three hours before sunset. At these times of day, the winds are typically light making for easier launch and landing of the balloon. Flying at these times also avoids
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Add to that the fact that when a hot air balloon is not actively being heated, it is cooling off. This means that it is in perfect equilibrium only momentarily. The rest of the time it is either too warm or too cool and so either climbing or descending.
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between 1997 and 2007, 4 involved contact with power lines, 3 involved falling after hanging onto the outside of a rising balloon, 3 involved striking an object on landing (boulder, wall, or tree), and 1 involved an equipment failure (an eyebolt).
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of the UK flew from Japan to
Northern Canada, completing 7,671.91 km. With a volume of 74,000 m (2,600,000 cu ft), the balloon envelope was the largest ever built for a hot air craft. Designed to fly in the trans-oceanic
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However, if the liquid propane in the fuel tanks is too cold (0 °C / or less) it does not generate sufficient vapor pressure to adequately feed the burner(s). This can be overcome by charging the fuel tanks with inert gas such as
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Once the balloon has landed, the envelope is deflated and detached from the basket. The envelope is then packed into its carrying bag. The burner and the basket may be separated and all components are packed into the retrieve vehicle.
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Hot air balloons are able to fly to extremely high altitudes. On
November 26, 2005, Vijaypat Singhania set the world altitude record for highest hot air balloon flight, reaching 21,290 meters (69,850 feet). He took off from downtown
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itself, by catching a drop line and guiding the balloon into a tight space; with extracting the balloon system from a remote location, such as deep in a farmer's field; and with packing up all the equipment.
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The burner is designed to create enough heat to warm up the balloon quickly. It is most efficient only when wide open. There is no good way to maintain the exact temperature required to maintain equilibrium.
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An exception is made when flying close to the ground, as in an approach to a landing. Then the burner may be lit for very short bursts at a much higher frequency, thus sacrificing efficiency for accuracy.
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in the US, prior to launch to get information about what the wind is actually doing. Another way to determine actual wind directions is to watch other hot air balloons, which are the equivalent of a large
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The ability to change direction with altitude is called steerage. In the ideal case, in the northern hemisphere, wind direction turns to the right with an increase in altitude. This is due to the
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carrying
Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones touched down in Egypt, having circumnavigated the globe and set records for duration (19 days, 21 hours and 55 minutes) and distance (46,759 km).
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The dangers of the sport include excessive (vertical or horizontal) speed during landing, mid-air collisions that may collapse the balloon, and colliding with high voltage
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by itself can be more maneuverable but at the cost of squeezing all the equipment, crew, pilot, and passengers into a single vehicle. Many chase vehicles are fitted with a
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return to the launch site at the end of the flight. This is sometimes called a box effect, when winds at altitude flow in the opposite direction of surface winds.
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374:, India and landed 240 km (150 mi) south in Panchale. The previous record of 19,811 meters (64,997 feet) had been set by
267:(FAI) as the safest air sport in aviation, and fatalities in hot air balloon accidents are rare, according to statistics from the
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Preparing for flight: This large wicker balloon basket holds 16 passengers. The pilot is climbing out after his pre-flight tests
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take off and landing (less than 5 or 10 mph depending on skill and experience of pilot, passengers, and ground crew).
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1172:"Rare Electrocution Due to Powerline Contact in a Hot-Air Balloon: Comparison with Fatalities from Blunt Trauma"
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A balloonist prepares to drop a marker on a competition target, in this case the centre of a road intersection.
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The take-off point must be large enough to lay out and inflate the envelope and clear of obstructions such as
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to hundreds of balloons with hundreds of thousands of spectators. The largest such event in the world is the
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to aid in loading heavy equipment into the cargo space (the envelope itself can weigh 250 lbs or more).
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The
Balloonist: The Story of T. S. C. Lowe – Inventor, Scientist, Magician, and Father of the U.S. Air Force
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or descends into air currents of different direction or speed. Hot air ballooning has been recognized by
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had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but de Rozier, along with
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in
Annonay, France. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first
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Though tethered, a balloon is considered a registered flying aircraft when it leaves the ground.
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Landing: An unusual top view of the basket, after tipping onto its side during landing at dusk
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The first clearly recorded instance of a balloon carrying passengers used hot air to generate
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A typical chase vehicle with room for the equipment, chase crew, pilot, and all passengers.
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lift it develops, a much lower internal temperature is sufficient to fly in cold weather.
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recorded the highest ground speed for a manned balloon of 245 mph (394 km/h).
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balloon flight with humans on board took place on
October 19, 1783, with the scientist
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Retrieval: The envelope is packed back into its bag for storage until the next flight
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Hot air balloon being inflated by its propane burners prior to a dawn launch.
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The crew then pack up inflation equipment and follow the balloon with the
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by
Stockwell, and Kalakuka, and Grady, Balloon Publishing Company, 1997
976:"U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: Early Balloon Flight in Europe"
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1066:"Up, Up and Away - Inside the High-Flying World of Hot Air Balloons"
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many balloons will fly at once, with other entertainment available.
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The inside of a hot air balloon's envelope, seen from the gondola.
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Final
Inflation: Firing the propane burners to complete inflation
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around the world and are especially popular in tourist areas. At
1242:"Deciding which method is best for you: Nitrogen vs. Heat Tapes"
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Holding the crown line while the balloon deflates after landing.
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and was built by the brothers Joseph-Michel and
Jacques-Etienne
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by Stockwell and Kalakuka, Balloon Publishing Company, 1999
1041:"National Air and Space Museum: Pioneers of Flight gallery"
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The distance record was broken on March 21, 1999, when the
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Of the 11 accidents involving fatalities recorded by the
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1197:"Fatal Balloon Accidents between Jan 1997 and Jan 2007"
755:, followed by the Grand Est Mondial Air in France. The
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flight with human passengers was on November 21, 1783.
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by Jackson and Diehtl, Garland Publishing Inc, 1977
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Hot air balloon, set up and launch, Stockholm 1988.
294:A model of the Montgolfier brothers balloon at the
149:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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606:Sometimes, a chase vehicle may be equipped with a
569:A Balloon Works Firefly 7 balloon in level flight.
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1222:"Lindstrand Fuel System: Burners & Tanks"
393:(born in Sweden, but resident in the UK) and
1021:"Lighter than air: The Montgolfier Brothers"
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1323:Possible prehistoric Nazca hot air balloon
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385:On January 15, 1991, a balloon called the
1270:The Science and Art of Hot Air Ballooning
1001:"Start-Flying: history of balloon flying"
341:, successfully petitioned for the honor.
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
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749:Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
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1282:Balloon Ground School Home Study Manual
77:instructions, advice, or how-to content
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946:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
700:Hot air balloon in the mountains near
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265:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
757:Bristol International Balloon Fiesta
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269:National Transportation Safety Board
250:is the recreational and competitive
147:adding citations to reliable sources
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1301:FAI International Balloon Committee
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86:so that it is more encyclopedic or
16:Activity of flying hot air balloons
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34:This article has multiple issues.
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1152:"How Hot Air Balloons Race"
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1112:"Balloon Ride Directory"
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428:Early morning departures
258:. Attractive aspects of
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837:Ballooning in the world
753:Albuquerque, New Mexico
319:Jean-Baptiste RĂ©veillon
934:Banat-Crisana, Romania
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281:History of ballooning
243:Hot air balloon event
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1276:How to Fly a Balloon
951:List of balloon uses
378:on June 6, 1988, in
329:in Paris. The first
158:"Hot air ballooning"
143:improve this article
718:electric heat tapes
286:First manned flight
84:rewrite the content
1328:Balloon quotations
1316:2017-09-11 at the
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1132:"Crown Line Crew"
1072:. October 7, 2014
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898:Marrakesh-Morocco
886:Kapadokya, Turkey
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420:Flight techniques
412:Breitling Orbiter
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1076:October 28,
678:power lines
651:Competition
517:met-balloon
508:met-balloon
327:Folie Titon
307:Montgolfier
92:Wikiversity
1343:Ballooning
1252:2007-03-12
1227:2007-03-12
1207:2007-01-16
1182:2007-01-16
1157:2008-03-12
1137:2017-03-08
1117:2007-03-09
1097:2014-05-20
1051:2007-12-28
1026:2007-12-28
1006:2007-12-28
986:2008-06-04
957:References
800:Flight: A
400:jetstreams
260:ballooning
254:of flying
169:newspapers
108:March 2014
100:Wikivoyage
39:improve it
1070:SpareFoot
806:Cambridge
724:Tethering
389:carrying
325:, at the
96:Wikibooks
75:contains
45:talk page
1337:Category
1314:Archived
940:See also
714:nitrogen
549:Steerage
441:Sequence
435:thermals
311:tethered
303:buoyancy
271:(NTSB).
763:Gallery
702:Seattle
672:Hazards
630:Landing
608:trailer
523:Control
275:History
183:scholar
802:Virgin
736:Events
501:Flight
462:Set up
372:Mumbai
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90:it to
962:Notes
590:Chase
512:pibal
190:JSTOR
176:books
98:, or
1078:2014
685:NTSB
402:the
331:free
321:and
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88:move
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