140:
443:
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417:, several types of condensers are commonly used. The Liebig condenser is simply a straight tube within a cooling water jacket and is the simplest (and relatively least expensive) form of condenser. The Graham condenser is a spiral tube within a water jacket, and the Allihn condenser has a series of large and small constrictions on the inside tube, each increasing the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Being more complex shapes to manufacture, these latter types are also more expensive to purchase. These three types of condensers are
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inside the condenser unit near the top, which is covered by some grating to keep any objects from accidentally falling inside on the fan. The fan is used to pull outside cooling air in through the heat exchanger section at the sides and blow it out the top through the grating. These condenser units
175:
is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial systems. Condensers can be made according to numerous designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale
481:
to raise the pressure of the refrigerant and move it along, and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to cool the refrigerant inside. A typical configuration of such a condenser unit is as follows: The heat exchanger section wraps around the sides of the unit with the
516:
For an ideal single-pass condenser whose coolant has constant density, constant heat capacity, linear enthalpy over the temperature range, perfect cross-sectional heat transfer, and zero longitudinal heat transfer, and whose tubing has constant perimeter, constant thickness, and constant heat
287:. As this process occurs along the condenser, the quantity of vapor decreases and the quantity of liquid increases; at the outlet of the condenser, only liquid remains. Some condenser designs contain an additional length to subcool this condensed liquid below the saturation temperature.
421:
items since they are typically made of glass. Commercially available condensers usually are fitted with ground glass joints and come in standard lengths of 100, 200, and 400 mm. Air-cooled condensers are unjacketed, while water-cooled condensers contain a jacket for the water.
482:
compressor inside. In this heat exchanger section, the refrigerant goes through multiple tube passes, which are surrounded by heat transfer fins through which cooling air can circulate from outside to inside the unit. This also increases the surface area. There is a motorized
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274:
A condenser is designed to transfer heat from a working fluid (e.g. water in a steam power plant) to a secondary fluid or the surrounding air. The condenser relies on the efficient heat transfer that occurs during phase changes, in this case during the
507:
and condenses to a liquid, while the liquid absorbs this heat and undergoes a temperature rise. The entering vapor and liquid typically contain a single condensable substance, such as a water spray being used to cool air and adjust its humidity.
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flows through the tube side and the steam enters the shell side where the condensation occurs on the outside of the heat transfer tubes. The condensate drips down and collects at the bottom, often in a built-in pan called a
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are located on the outside of the building they are trying to cool, with tubing between the unit and building, one for vapor refrigerant entering and another for liquid refrigerant leaving the unit. Of course, an
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or partial vacuum, produced by the difference in specific volume between the steam and condensate. Conversely, the vapor can be fed through the tubes with the coolant water or air flowing around the outside.
290:
Countless variations exist in condenser design, with design variables including the working fluid, the secondary fluid, the geometry, and the material. Common secondary fluids include water, air,
503:, hot vapor and cool liquid are introduced into a vessel and allowed to mix directly, rather than being separated by a barrier such as the wall of a heat exchanger tube. The vapor gives up its
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into liquid distillate. Commonly, the coolant flows through the tube side and distilled vapor through the shell side with distillate collecting at or flowing out the bottom.
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The temperature of the working fluid stays relatively constant during condensation, which maximizes the temperature difference between the working and secondary fluid.
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of a vapor into a liquid. The vapor typically enters the condenser at a temperature above that of the secondary fluid. As the vapor cools, it reaches the
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conductivity, and whose condensible fluid is perfectly mixed and at a constant temperature, the coolant temperature varies along its tube according to:
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714:{\displaystyle \Theta (x)={\frac {T_{H}-T(x)}{T_{H}-T(0)}}=e^{-NTU}=e^{-{\frac {hPx}{{\dot {m}}c}}}=e^{-{\frac {Gx}{{\dot {m}}cL}}}}
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is one in which condensing medium and vapors are physically separated and used when direct contact is not desired. It is a
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Larger condensers are also used in industrial-scale distillation processes to cool distilled
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Condensers have two significant design advantages over other cooling technologies:
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systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming
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250:" (counter-flow condenser), was invented in 1771 by the Swedish-German chemist
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is the coolant's heat capacity at constant pressure per unit mass (or other)
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Hindelang, Man jjhat; Palazzolo, Joseph; Robertson, Matthew, "Condensers",
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Heat transfer by latent heat is much more efficient than heat transfer by
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would provide his own improvements on the preceding designs of Weigel and
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which links two fragments into a single molecule by an addition
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Condenser unit for central air conditioning for a typical house
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supply is needed for the compressor and fan inside the unit.
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extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air.
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is the heat conductance of the coolant tube (often denoted
181:
283:, condenses into liquid, and releases large quantities of
164:
1114:
Kays, W.M.; London, A.L. (January 1984), "Condensers",
1027:
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is the heat transfer coefficient of the coolant tube
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1094:Handwörterbuch der reinen und angewandten Chemie
30:For condensers not involving heat transfer, see
27:System for condensing gas into liquid by cooling
176:units used in plant processes). For example, a
1031:Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering Equipment
374:, a condenser is the apparatus that cools hot
2543:
1148:
454:Rooftop condenser unit fitted on top of an
3500:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2550:
2536:
1915:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1164:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1155:
1141:
1113:
860:is the coolant's mass (or other) flow rate
425:
254:. By the mid-19th century, German chemist
1021:
316:
269:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2349:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1107:
781:(0) the coolant temperature at its inlet
449:
441:
262:, with the device becoming known as the
171:state through cooling. In doing so, the
138:
3425:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1104:. Article: "Destillation," pp. 526–554.
14:
3492:
1052:
746:is the distance from the coolant inlet
351:. The shell side often operates at a
246:The earliest laboratory condenser, a "
2531:
2222:Programmable communicating thermostat
1136:
1056:Christian Ehrenfried Weigel, Volume 1
1053:Weigel, Christian Ehrenfried (1771).
2344:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1063:): Aere Dieterichiano. pp. 8–11
926:is the perimeter of the coolant tube
394:. This is not to be confused with a
321:
210:
143:The condenser coil of a refrigerator
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
437:
24:
3277:National Museum of Scotland engine
2205:Minimum efficiency reporting value
526:
378:, causing them to condense into a
25:
3536:
2557:
2247:Standard temperature and pressure
1960:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1496:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1225:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
993:is the length of the coolant tube
494:
334:installed at the outlet of every
3459:List of steam technology patents
1316:Absorption-compression heat pump
777:is the coolant temperature, and
456:Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series
260:Johann Friedrich August Göttling
214:
41:
2211:Normal temperature and pressure
1591:Vapor-compression refrigeration
838:is the number of transfer units
180:uses a condenser to get rid of
52:needs additional citations for
3444:Murdoch's model steam carriage
3430:History of steam road vehicles
1075:
1046:
810:is the hot fluid's temperature
764:
758:
593:
587:
566:
560:
535:
529:
76:"Condenser" heat transfer
13:
1:
3371:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
2359:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2303:Building information modeling
2298:Building services engineering
1875:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1403:Demand controlled ventilation
1351:Building insulation materials
1014:
402:and an elimination reaction.
332:shell and tube heat exchanger
3094:Return connecting rod engine
1920:High-pressure cut-off switch
1471:Ice storage air conditioning
1392:Dedicated outdoor air system
359:
7:
3018:Condensing steam locomotive
2263:Thermostatic radiator valve
2065:Thermostatic radiator valve
1576:Underfloor air distribution
1511:Radiant heating and cooling
1429:Energy recovery ventilation
1341:Automobile air conditioning
1205:Domestic energy consumption
997:
511:
10:
3541:
3325:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
2412:Institute of Refrigeration
2293:Architectural technologist
1765:Electrostatic precipitator
363:
206:
32:Condenser (disambiguation)
29:
3417:
3388:
3361:
3342:
3331:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
3296:
3249:
3202:
3193:
3160:
3141:
3132:
3051:
3008:
3000:Single- and double-acting
2980:
2950:
2902:
2874:
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2819:
2735:
2663:
2610:
2601:
2565:
2474:
2465:Volatile organic compound
2440:
2367:
2324:Environmental engineering
2288:Architectural engineering
2271:
2119:
2090:Ultra-low particulate air
1675:Automatic balancing valve
1622:
1603:Variable refrigerant flow
1455:Heat recovery ventilation
1398:Deep water source cooling
1308:
1170:
1102:Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn
3525:Steam turbine technology
3170:Newcomen Memorial Engine
2512:Template:Home automation
2334:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2030:Solar-assisted heat pump
1630:Air conditioner inverter
1409:Displacement ventilation
1300:Vapour pressure of water
1285:Thermal destratification
1059:(in Latin). Goettingae (
501:direct-contact condenser
471:central air conditioning
382:. Examples include the
3474:Timeline of steam power
3469:Stationary steam engine
3352:Woolf's compound engine
3259:Soho Manufactory engine
3114:Steeple compound engine
2781:straight line mechanism
2507:World Refrigeration Day
2354:Refrigerant reclamation
2283:Architectural acoustics
2227:Programmable thermostat
2159:Clean air delivery rate
2055:Thermal expansion valve
1970:Pressurisation ductwork
1880:Ground source heat pump
1321:Absorption refrigerator
1116:Compact Heat Exchangers
426:Industrial distillation
187:Condensers are used in
3479:Water-returning engine
3453:Lean's Engine Reporter
3226:Chacewater Mine engine
3099:Six-column beam engine
2497:Glossary of HVAC terms
2459:Sick building syndrome
2339:Mechanical engineering
2050:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1481:Mixed-mode ventilation
1096:, vol. 2 (in German).
1036:University of Michigan
1004:Condenser (laboratory)
987:
965:
942:
920:
898:
876:
854:
832:
804:
771:
740:
715:
462:
447:
366:Condenser (laboratory)
340:thermal power stations
317:Examples of condensers
296:phase-change materials
281:saturation temperature
270:Principle of operation
144:
3319:London Steam Carriage
2517:Template:Solar energy
2195:Intelligent buildings
2154:Carbon dioxide sensor
1541:Room air distribution
1361:Central solar heating
988:
966:
943:
921:
899:
877:
855:
833:
805:
803:{\displaystyle T_{H}}
772:
741:
716:
477:vapor into liquid, a
461:carriage (April 2008)
453:
445:
396:condensation reaction
147:In systems involving
142:
3520:Laboratory glassware
3265:Bradley Works engine
3089:Reciprocating engine
2912:Babcock & Wilcox
2755:Centrifugal governor
2319:Duct leakage testing
2309:Deep energy retrofit
2253:Thermographic camera
2190:Infrared thermometer
1665:Air source heat pump
1614:Water heat recycling
1180:Air changes per hour
1009:Air well (condenser)
977:
952:
932:
910:
888:
866:
844:
816:
787:
770:{\displaystyle T(x)}
752:
730:
523:
419:laboratory glassware
61:improve this article
2806:Sun and planet gear
2185:HVAC control system
2175:Home energy monitor
2149:Building automation
1935:Inverter compressor
1597:Variable air volume
1506:Passive ventilation
1476:Kitchen ventilation
1376:Constant air volume
1346:Autonomous building
1042:on 24 December 2012
831:{\displaystyle NTU}
3306:Richard Trevithick
2904:Water-tube boilers
2718:Gresley conjugated
2448:Indoor air quality
2392:ASTM International
2329:Hydronic balancing
2106:Wood-burning stove
1985:Radiator reflector
1770:Evaporative cooler
1581:Underfloor heating
1566:Thermal insulation
1082:Liebig, Justus von
983:
964:{\displaystyle UA}
961:
938:
916:
894:
872:
850:
828:
800:
767:
736:
711:
463:
448:
415:rotary evaporators
226:. You can help by
193:chemical processes
145:
3487:
3486:
3413:
3412:
3292:
3291:
2976:
2975:
2876:Fire-tube boilers
2731:
2730:
2525:
2524:
2441:Health and safety
2020:Scroll compressor
1975:Process duct work
1730:Convection heater
1725:Condensing boiler
1655:Air-mixing plenum
1551:Solar combisystem
1387:Cross ventilation
1190:Building envelope
1086:Poggendorff, J.C.
986:{\displaystyle L}
941:{\displaystyle G}
919:{\displaystyle P}
897:{\displaystyle h}
875:{\displaystyle c}
853:{\displaystyle m}
739:{\displaystyle x}
707:
697:
662:
655:
597:
342:. Commonly, the
328:surface condenser
322:Surface condenser
256:Justus von Liebig
244:
243:
167:substance into a
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3532:
3505:Gas technologies
3437:fardier à vapeur
3271:Whitbread Engine
3232:Smethwick Engine
3200:
3199:
3139:
3138:
2958:Feedwater heater
2826:
2825:
2608:
2607:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2487:Building science
2242:Smart thermostat
2237:Room temperature
1820:Fireplace insert
1526:Radon mitigation
1424:Electric heating
1419:District heating
1414:District cooling
1331:Air conditioning
1157:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1127:
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1111:
1105:
1079:
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1038:, archived from
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438:Air conditioning
392:Allihn condenser
388:Graham condenser
384:Liebig condenser
264:Liebig condenser
252:Christian Weigel
248:Gegenstromkühler
239:
236:
218:
211:
189:air conditioning
132:
125:
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112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
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3535:
3534:
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3530:
3529:
3510:Heat exchangers
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3409:
3384:
3357:
3338:
3288:
3245:
3189:
3177:Fairbottom Bobs
3162:Newcomen engine
3156:
3128:
3074:Expansion valve
3047:
3033:Watt's separate
3004:
2972:
2946:
2898:
2870:
2815:
2791:Parallel motion
2727:
2678:Stephenson link
2659:
2597:
2566:Operating cycle
2561:
2556:
2526:
2521:
2482:ASHRAE Handbook
2470:
2454:Passive smoking
2436:
2369:
2363:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2121:
2115:
2096:Whole-house fan
2010:Run-around coil
2005:Reversing valve
1950:Mechanical room
1940:Kerosene heater
1930:Infrared heater
1860:Gasoline heater
1800:Fan filter unit
1715:Condensate pump
1700:Centrifugal fan
1618:
1521:Radiant heating
1516:Radiant cooling
1491:Passive cooling
1486:Microgeneration
1356:Central heating
1304:
1280:Thermal comfort
1172:
1166:
1161:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1108:
1092:(eds.) (1842),
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1000:
978:
975:
974:
953:
950:
949:
933:
930:
929:
911:
908:
907:
889:
886:
885:
867:
864:
863:
845:
842:
841:
817:
814:
813:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
753:
750:
749:
731:
728:
727:
689:
688:
687:
679:
677:
673:
669:
647:
646:
645:
634:
632:
628:
624:
606:
602:
575:
571:
570:
548:
544:
543:
541:
524:
521:
520:
514:
497:
440:
428:
368:
362:
324:
319:
272:
240:
234:
231:
224:needs expansion
209:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3212:Kinneil Engine
3208:
3206:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3184:Elsecar Engine
3181:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Steeple engine
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:Feedwater pump
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2829:Simple boilers
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2811:Watt's linkage
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Connecting rod
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Psychrometrics
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:Air flow meter
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Heating system
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Heat exchanger
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Gas compressor
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Expansion tank
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Ceramic heater
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Solar air heat
1543:
1538:
1536:Renewable heat
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1445:Forced-air gas
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1295:Thermodynamics
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:Psychrometrics
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Gas compressor
1217:
1215:Fluid dynamics
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1106:
1074:
1045:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
999:
996:
995:
994:
982:
972:
960:
957:
937:
927:
915:
905:
893:
883:
871:
861:
849:
839:
827:
824:
821:
811:
797:
793:
782:
766:
763:
760:
757:
747:
735:
705:
702:
696:
693:
685:
682:
676:
672:
668:
660:
654:
651:
643:
640:
637:
631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
612:
609:
605:
601:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
578:
574:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
551:
547:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
513:
510:
496:
495:Direct-contact
493:
489:electric power
467:condenser unit
439:
436:
427:
424:
405:In laboratory
364:Main article:
361:
358:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
271:
268:
242:
241:
235:September 2019
221:
219:
208:
205:
157:heat exchanger
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3537:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Heat transfer
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:Puffing Devil
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3298:High-pressure
3295:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3251:Rotative beam
3248:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3151:Savery Engine
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3124:Working fluid
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Rotative beam
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:hypocycloidal
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:Steam engines
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:organizations
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Duct cleaning
2312:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Control valve
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Turning vanes
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Thermal wheel
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Solar chimney
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Fan coil unit
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Cooling tower
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Vapor barrier
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Solar heating
1559:
1557:
1556:Solar cooling
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Refrigeration
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Passive house
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Chilled water
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Sensible heat
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Noise control
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:Heat transfer
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
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1177:
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1125:
1121:
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1110:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
980:
973:
958:
955:
935:
928:
913:
906:
891:
884:
869:
862:
847:
840:
825:
822:
819:
812:
795:
791:
783:
780:
761:
755:
748:
733:
726:
725:
724:
721:
703:
700:
694:
691:
683:
680:
674:
670:
666:
658:
652:
649:
641:
638:
635:
629:
625:
621:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
599:
590:
584:
581:
576:
572:
563:
557:
554:
549:
545:
538:
532:
518:
509:
506:
502:
492:
490:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
457:
452:
444:
435:
433:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
367:
357:
354:
350:
345:
344:cooling water
341:
337:
336:steam turbine
333:
329:
311:
308:
307:sensible heat
304:
303:
302:
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
238:
229:
225:
222:This section
220:
217:
213:
212:
204:
202:
198:
194:
191:, industrial
190:
185:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:heat transfer
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3464:Modern steam
3451:
3436:
3398:Porter-Allen
3377:
3311:
3238:
3218:
3175:
3109:Safety valve
3038:"Pickle-pot"
3009:
2932:Thimble tube
2492:Fireproofing
2276:and services
2272:Professions,
2170:Gas detector
2070:Trickle vent
2045:Smoke damper
2040:Smoke canopy
2035:Space heater
1965:Plenum space
1900:Heating film
1780:Exhaust hood
1750:Dehumidifier
1719:
1690:Blast damper
1685:Barrier pipe
1660:Air purifier
1571:Thermosiphon
1450:Free cooling
1366:Chilled beam
1290:Thermal mass
1275:Stack effect
1260:Particulates
1240:Infiltration
1171:Fundamental
1115:
1109:
1098:Braunschweig
1093:
1077:
1067:16 September
1065:. Retrieved
1055:
1048:
1040:the original
1030:
1023:
778:
722:
519:
515:
500:
498:
466:
464:
429:
407:distillation
404:
369:
348:
325:
300:
292:refrigerants
289:
277:condensation
273:
245:
232:
228:adding to it
223:
201:power plants
197:distillation
186:
178:refrigerator
152:
146:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3195:Watt engine
2995:Oscillating
2951:Boiler feed
2796:Plate chain
2775:Tusi couple
2688:Walschaerts
2573:Atmospheric
2502:Warm Spaces
2144:Blower door
2122:and control
2120:Measurement
2101:Windcatcher
2075:Trombe wall
2015:Sail switch
1995:Refrigerant
1990:Recuperator
1865:Grease duct
1825:Freeze stat
1810:Fire damper
1680:Back boiler
1650:Air ionizer
1645:Air handler
1609:Ventilation
1461:Hybrid heat
1326:Air barrier
1245:Latent heat
1100:, Germany:
1090:Wöhler, Fr.
505:latent heat
475:refrigerant
285:latent heat
173:latent heat
3494:Categories
3404:Ljungström
3390:High-speed
3283:Lap Engine
3239:Resolution
3143:Precursors
3028:Kirchweger
2990:Locomotive
2937:Three-drum
2917:Field-tube
2884:Locomotive
2866:Lancashire
2786:Link chain
2770:Crankshaft
2737:Mechanisms
2665:Valve gear
2258:Thermostat
2180:Humidistat
2111:Zone valve
2080:TurboSwing
1955:Oil heater
1925:Humidifier
1855:Gas heater
1805:Fan heater
1775:Evaporator
1760:Economizer
1735:Compressor
1640:Air filter
1623:Components
1440:Forced-air
1336:Antifreeze
1309:Technology
1255:Outgassing
1195:Convection
1015:References
479:compressor
117:March 2015
87:newspapers
3435:Cugnot's
3378:Salamanca
3079:Hydrolock
3064:Crosshead
3010:Condenser
2846:Egg-ended
2368:Industry
2217:OpenTherm
1895:Heat pump
1890:Heat pipe
1840:Fume hood
1815:Fireplace
1720:Condenser
1670:Attic fan
1466:Hydronics
1061:Göttingen
695:˙
675:−
653:˙
630:−
608:−
582:−
555:−
527:Θ
372:chemistry
360:Chemistry
153:condenser
3418:See also
3344:Compound
3219:Old Bess
3059:Blowback
2982:Cylinder
2968:Injector
2927:Stirling
2922:Sentinel
2836:Haystack
2750:Cataract
2723:Southern
2713:Caprotti
2588:Compound
2475:See also
2200:LonWorks
2134:Aquastat
2000:Register
1980:Radiator
1635:Air door
1435:Firestop
1235:Humidity
1210:Enthalpy
1200:Dilution
1185:Bake-out
1173:concepts
1118:, OSTI,
998:See also
512:Equation
469:used in
400:reaction
199:, steam
195:such as
161:condense
159:used to
3134:History
3043:Surface
2861:Cornish
2821:Boilers
2703:Corliss
2640:Corliss
2623:D slide
2593:Uniflow
2583:Cornish
2274:trades,
1845:Furnace
1710:Chiller
1382:Coolant
1124:6132549
723:where:
349:hotwell
207:History
165:gaseous
101:scholar
18:Hotwell
3446:(1784)
3440:(1769)
3406:(1908)
3400:(1862)
3381:(1812)
3373:(1805)
3363:Murray
3354:(1803)
3333:(1804)
3327:(1803)
3321:(1803)
3315:(1801)
3285:(1788)
3279:(1786)
3273:(1785)
3267:(1783)
3261:(1782)
3242:(1781)
3234:(1779)
3228:(1778)
3222:(1777)
3214:(1768)
3186:(1795)
3180:(1760)
3172:(1725)
3153:(1698)
3119:Stroke
3084:Piston
3069:Cutoff
2942:Yarrow
2894:Launch
2889:Scotch
2650:Sleeve
2645:Poppet
2630:Piston
2611:Valves
2603:Valves
2427:SMACNA
2387:ASHRAE
2207:(MERV)
2161:(CADR)
2139:BACnet
2092:(ULPA)
1945:Louver
1870:Grille
1745:Damper
1695:Boiler
1593:(VCRS)
1394:(DOAS)
1122:
459:subway
413:, and
411:reflux
390:, and
380:liquid
376:vapors
353:vacuum
169:liquid
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3052:Other
2856:Flued
2841:Wagon
2765:Crank
2708:Lentz
2698:Baker
2693:Allan
2618:Slide
2467:(VOC)
2461:(SBS)
2450:(IAQ)
2407:CIBSE
2402:BSRIA
2305:(BIM)
2249:(STP)
2213:(NTP)
1835:Freon
1605:(VRF)
1599:(VAV)
1457:(HRV)
1431:(ERV)
1405:(DCV)
1378:(CAV)
499:In a
432:vapor
294:, or
155:is a
108:JSTOR
94:books
3204:Beam
2745:Beam
2655:Bash
2635:Drop
2578:Watt
2422:LEED
2382:AMCA
2377:AHRI
1910:HEPA
1830:Flue
1755:Duct
1120:OSTI
1069:2019
309:only
182:heat
151:, a
80:news
3023:Jet
2851:Box
2683:Joy
2673:Gab
2432:UMC
2417:IIR
2397:BRE
1790:Fan
484:fan
370:In
338:in
230:.
63:by
3496::
1088:;
1084:;
1034:,
465:A
409:,
386:,
326:A
298:.
266:.
163:a
2551:e
2544:t
2537:v
1156:e
1149:t
1142:v
1071:.
981:L
971:)
959:A
956:U
936:G
914:P
892:h
870:c
848:m
826:U
823:T
820:N
796:H
792:T
779:T
765:)
762:x
759:(
756:T
734:x
704:L
701:c
692:m
684:x
681:G
671:e
667:=
659:c
650:m
642:x
639:P
636:h
626:e
622:=
617:U
614:T
611:N
604:e
600:=
594:)
591:0
588:(
585:T
577:H
573:T
567:)
564:x
561:(
558:T
550:H
546:T
539:=
536:)
533:x
530:(
237:)
233:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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