1254:), went to the woodland of Bois-CaĂŻman in the Northern part of Haiti. Here, a Vodou ceremony took place. Legend obscures the details of the ceremony. As a diasporic religion, orality plays a large part in the history of Haitian Vodou, therefore there are many disagreements between historians as to the exact events which took place. The only written records were by the French occupation, therefore have questionable credibility. The largely accepted story is that Fatiman is believed to have contacted the West African deities involving animal sacrifice and an oath. Boukman is thought to have delivered a passionate speech calling the enslaved Africans to venerate their own original Supreme Being and to oppose the "false" Christian God. Boukman's speech concluded with "
596:
137:
60:
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1908:
904:
923:, one must first undergo initiation. First, a period of isolation and seclusion (typical of an African initiation) known as Kouche Kanzo must take place. Then Lave TĂšt (âthe washing of the headâ) takes place, which is a ceremony where one's hair is washed seven times with a mixture made of plants to spiritually cleanse in order to better receive the
1278:
or amulet. In a 1993 interview in
Brookline, Massachusetts, Bazile described the process of being chosen by lwa to undertake his artwork, âSince the Iwa chose me, I was obliged to do what they wanted. Itâs an overwhelming experience to be pursued by the Iwa. There are two possibilities: either you do
970:
Due to the large
Catholic population in Haiti, many Haitians are both practicing Catholics and of the Vodou religion. Therefore, Vodou ceremonies are not permitted to take place during major Christian holidays such as Christmas. Some features of Catholicism make up part of Haitian Vodou such as Bible
1269:
undertake this ritual, so Bazile was not officially considered an artist at this time. In 1973, lwa, in Bazile's dreams, instructed him to make flags for his temple in Port-au-Prince. In 1980 Bazile opened a workshop where family members and friends can contribute to his work. His designs are
1226:, in central Haiti, takes place every annum by followers of Haitian Vodou. On July 16, thousands gather at the waterfalls just outside the village to pay respects to the Virgin Mary and Ezili Freda Dahomey. Pilgrims bathe in the waters to ready themselves for spirit possession and healing.
1031:) with the cosmos in which they stand centred. Then, the vire (a ritualised set of turns and dips to orient the body) is performed, whilst holding a candle and cup of water in the hands. After this is complete, each of the four directions is saluted. After this, the
740:
whilst they dream, where they are instructed by the gods of the Vodun to be their servants in the mortal world. It is the oungan's role to preserve rituals and songs, maintaining and developing the relationship between the spirits and the community as a whole.
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writes these out in his personal notebook, with each lwa having unique formulae with specific diagrams and instructions. These instructions include specific drum rhythms, dance movements, and songs. The specific combination of multi-sensory media invokes the
745:
are entrusted with leading the service of all of the spirits of their lineage, performing rituals for the community - death and marriage ceremonies; healing rituals; initiations for new priests (tesses); creating potions and casting spells; and
1113:("to remove from underneath the water"): the dead, having been deprived of material form and having gone to rest in the waters of the abyss, are ritually called up from âunder the water.â This is the final binding of the family
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what they want or you die.â The flags made by Bazile have symbols that represent each group of Iwa, therefore having the power of the Iwa in them. The flags are baptised for ritual use to activate this power. Bazile also makes
1245:(modern-day Senegal and The Gambia) and was brought to Jamaica during the slave trade. From there, he eventually ended up in Haiti, where he would be a missionary in starting the Haitian Revolution of 1791. Boukman was an
874:, also originates from Dahomey, meaning "chief of spirits", or in other words, "chief priest". The suffix âGan or ga âdenotes big or importance. âSi or Shiâ denotes a female , eg hounsi means a female priest or adherent.
1249:
and therefore held significant influence over the slave population, making it possible to spark a slave revolt. Boukman was also known as "Zambo" to his followers. On August 14, 1791, Boukman alongside CĂ©cile
Fatiman (a
1177:
The home of lwa is said to be an island below the sea in the mythological city of Ville-aux-Camps. Few living persons have entered the city, however, contact with the city is more common and can be achieved through the
1299:
Don Pedro (or Don Petwo) lived in the late 18th century and was an active participant in the struggle for Haiti's independence in 1804. Pedro was gifted with clairvoyance and created a fast-paced dance to respect the
825:
Besides Vodun and
Christianity, Haitian Vodou also incorporated elements from Islam and Celtic sailors' mythology which came to influence Haitian Vodou on the slave boats and in ports. This blend of traditions gives
1258:" ("Listen to the voice of liberty which speaks in the hearts of all of us!"). The speech had not only religious purposes but also sparked a desire for liberty and freedom amongst the slaves.
1214:
and be able to perform unusual feats such as touching a hot iron without it leaving scald marks. Possession may also occur outside of a Vodou ceremony, but only in times of emotional stress.
818:) was based on slave labour working on sugar plantations. These West African natives brought the Vodun culture and religion from their homeland to Haiti. Vodun alongside the European-imposed
1015:
is a way of dedicating to the sacred and is performed in
Haitian Vodou by signing a cross with equal arm length over an item, person, or in the space which should be consecrated. A
1230:
make tiny temples in jungle clearings nearby the waterfall, where they dance with pilgrims holding blue and red ribbons, tying them around trees to rid themselves of ill health.
1109:
A year and a day after the death, it is necessary to remove the gwobonaj again to ensure the safety and health of the relatives of the deceased. This ceremony is called
1035:
places the water cup on the ground and touches the earth with the back of his hand, saying, "we come from the earth and to it we will return." Finally, a different
927:. Then, various rituals and sacrifices are made. This is often a lengthy and expensive process, as numerous items have to be purchased such as the presentation of
732:
manifest themselves in people during Vodou ceremonies through spirit possession. Each lwa has a distinct dance rhythm, song, sacrificial victuals, and clothing.
627:
1733:
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Spirit possession is said to usually occur at ceremonies, wherein a few participants may become momentarily possessed by lwa, who are invoked by the
1450:
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distinctive geometric forms and drawn from dream memories before being transferred on cloth. The process is similar to procedures undertaken by
822:
fused to create what we know as
Haitian Vodou. Therefore, there are many elements of Haitian Vodou that can be traced back to Dahomey origins.
550:
1265:
is artist
Clotaire Bazile. He started his creative career making vĂšvĂš (sacred images drawn on the floor by scattering powders), but, all
620:
1322:
136:
1922:
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informs that they are chosen as their servants, having visions, or through degradation and transference rituals after an important
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Desounen is a death ritual and the first of a yearlong remembrance to be performed after the death of a Vodou initiate. The
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of the crossroads), who allows further communication with the divine world, acting as an interpreter and protector for
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typically performs this and may use a piece of ginger leaf or another sprig dipped in water to make the blessing. The
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having an original take on the style of ritual performed. They serve as the middlemen between followers of Vodou and
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are asked to permanently leave the body and find peace in a sacred necklace worn by the deceased and now kept in a
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1986:
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are responsible for keeping the vitality of
Haitian Vodou alive and adapting it to contemporary needs. Author
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128:
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842:
and the
Haitian Vodou religion are flexible and able to adapt to their changing environments to survive.
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806:, thousands of people from Dahomey were enslaved and transported across the Atlantic to islands in the
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915:. Made of a calabash gourd, it is covered with beads or snake vertebrae. A small bell is attached.
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1086:), are called upon and asked to possess the body one final time. Then sacrifices are made to the
900:
has authority in their own temple, however, there is no official hierarchy within
Haitian Vodou.
17:
1645:
Wittkower, E.D.; Douyon, L.; Bijou, L. (1964). "Spirit Possession in Haitian Vodun Ceremonies".
2184:
396:
1949:
1837:
1825:
1511:
Desmangles, Leslie Gerald (1977). "African Interpretations of the Christian Cross in Vodun".
1444:
1326:
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33:
2031:
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also receive a spiritual name from Papa Loko which is used as identification amongst other
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767:
489:
8:
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Haitian Vodou originates from the Kingdom of Dahomey which makes up a part of modern-day
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stated that a "voodoo priest is usually an astute businessman," proving that both the
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667:(Fon, Ewe, Adja, Phla, Gen, Maxi and Gun). The word hounnongan means chief priest.
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1961:
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1397:
hosts - or the (Nearly) Invisible: Spectral Phenomena in Literature and the Media
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who is a professor emeritus of Africology at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
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can be chosen in three ways â through a dream-like experience in which a
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places pieces of the corpse, such as nails or hair, in the deceased's
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In Gbe languages (spoken in Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana), the term
2124:
2068:
1867:
1693:
1301:
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beckons the audience to sit. When everyone is seated, songs for each
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to inspire and organise the slaves for the revolution. Other notable
391:
305:
1756:
1623:
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favourite food and drinks, and special handmade ceremonial clothes.
1810:
1194:. Legba is called upon through rhythmic dance and song alongside a
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466:
421:
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1471:
Stephen, Finley; Guillory, Margarita Simon; Page, Hugh R. (2014).
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with whom the deceased had a special connection (often family
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310:
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Anderson, Michelle (1982). "Authentic Voodoo Is Synthetic".
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2011:
1991:
1583:
Dunham, Katherine (1979). "Open Letter to Black Theaters".
1210:. The possessed may gain the characteristics of the chosen
1027:(a mixture of cornmeal and herbs dedicated to a particular
451:
1373:
Wexler, Anna (1997). "An Interview with Clotaire Bazile".
2100:
903:
712:
1354:
978:
has full control and a central role in ceremonies each
720:) alongside the Grand MaĂźtre (grandmaster or creator).
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a reputation of being "cosmopolitan" in their manner.
1680:
Wilentz, Amy (Winter 1987). "Voodoo in Haiti Today".
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through songs, dances, and prayers to prominent lwa.
1644:
1473:
Esotericism in African American Religious Experience
1355:
Claudine, Michel; Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick (2006).
810:. During the French Colonial Period, the economy of
1470:
1394:
1494:Rituals and traditional events in the modern world
1241:Anti-slavery advocate, Dutty Boukman, was born in
706:are leaders within the community who run temples (
316:Index of African mythology and creation narratives
1283:(dressed bottles) which signal to the Petro Iwa.
1102:(sacred life force) from the corpse, letting the
1067:to find out who was responsible for the decease.
2161:
1415:Simpson, George, Eaton (1940). "Haitian Magic".
971:readings, prayer recitations, and candle usage.
568:Traditional African religion and other religions
1169:can be summoned as necessary for the occasion.
724:are like spirits, encompassing a collection of
1741:
1727:
1490:
934:Upon a visit to Papa Loko (the patron of the
858:, which lends itself to the root of the name
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1554:
1506:
1504:
1449:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1395:Fleischhack, Maria; Schenkel, Elmar (2016).
750:interpretations. Sometimes they may also be
349:List of African deities and mythical figures
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1720:
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1063:After a death, family members may visit a
1055:are sung repeatedly throughout the night.
778:include artist Clotaire Bazile, professor
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614:
58:
1647:Acta Psychotherapeutica et Psychosomatica
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1555:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009).
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1090:and blood is dripped onto the corpse.
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1165:during the ceremony. One or multiple
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862:amongst other terminologies such as
84:Dahomey (present day Benin Republic)
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24:
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1172:
25:
2196:
1357:Vodou In Haitian Life and Culture
1323:"Introduction to Voodoo in Haiti"
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950:as the mark of their priesthood.
326:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius)
306:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius)
32:For the fictional character, see
1906:
1557:Encyclopedia of African religion
1058:
946:(sacred rattle) is given to the
728:gods and Roman Catholic saints.
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1559:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.
1256:Route lalibete nan tout ké nou!
1222:A pilgrimage to the village of
1098:. This officially releases the
1023:will first align their bowl of
1007:
907:An asson, the sacred rattle of
770:of 1791, working together with
657:(a female priest is known as a
1597:10.1080/00064246.1979.11412713
1491:Seraphin, H; Nolan, E (2014).
1314:
854:is synonymous with the prefix
13:
1:
1307:
1304:, which are named after him.
663:). The term is derived from
540:Relation with other religions
129:Traditional African religions
2074:European witchcraft folklore
845:
100:English, French, Fon, Creole
29:Male priest in Haitian Vodou
7:
2170:Haitian Vodou practitioners
994:are red, black, and white.
686:, which blends traditional
10:
2201:
2180:Religious leaders in Haiti
1743:African diaspora religions
990:. Customary colours for a
789:
684:African diasporic religion
546:African diaspora religions
31:
2147:Native American religions
2030:
1915:
1904:
1749:
1111:retirer d'en bas de l'eau
1106:free to find a new life.
698:. In similarity to their
649:) is the term for a male
104:
96:
88:
80:
72:
57:
52:
41:
1287:Patrick Bellegarde-Smith
1274:and marabouts to create
1218:Pilgrimage to Saut-d'Eau
780:Patrick Bellegarde-Smith
344:Index of African deities
766:known for sparking the
710:) to respect and serve
311:Dogon astronomy (Nommo)
53:Leader in Haitian Vodou
1916:Practices and concepts
966:Rituals and ceremonies
916:
1513:Sociological Analysis
1475:(19 ed.). Brill.
1359:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1186:first invokes Legba (
1039:is performed and the
906:
561:Persecution of Serers
556:Persecution of Dogons
367:Bandiagara Escarpment
34:Houngan (Clayfighter)
1144:must be traced. The
768:Haitian Slave Revolt
690:from the Kingdom of
682:Haitian Vodou is an
42:Haitian Vodou Priest
1289:is another notable
1888:Trinidadian Vodunu
1161:) and possess the
1121:, achieved by the
917:
675:are also known as
299:African divination
2157:
2156:
2069:Western occultism
1878:Spiritual Baptist
1659:10.1159/000285719
1585:The Black Scholar
1329:on 6 October 2011
1202:Spirit possession
820:Roman Catholicism
716:(also written as
696:Roman Catholicism
643:(also written as
638:
637:
427:Point of Sangomar
114:
113:
81:Religious origins
16:(Redirected from
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1923:Animal sacrifice
1910:
1848:Louisiana Voodoo
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1694:10.2307/25006962
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1261:Another notable
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2165:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:Protestantism
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2032:Diverse roots
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:Fetish priest
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
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1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:Haitian Vodou
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:(2): 89â110.
1617:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1566:9781412936361
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:(1): 95â100.
1422:
1418:
1417:Social Forces
1411:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1381:(2): 383â398.
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1292:
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1284:
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1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:to leave the
1152:
1147:
1143:
1140:, a specific
1139:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1059:Death rituals
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
914:
910:
905:
901:
899:
892:
888:
884:
875:
873:
870:. The ending
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:. During the
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:Dutty Boukman
757:
756:(sorcerers).
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Gbe languages
662:
661:
656:
655:Haitian Vodou
652:
648:
647:
642:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
609:
608:
602:
597:
592:
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589:
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579:
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576:
569:
566:
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544:
543:
537:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
504:
503:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
480:
473:
472:Youga Dogorou
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
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420:
418:
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413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Mount Hombori
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:Sacred places
358:
357:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
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297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
285:
284:
277:
274:
271:
268:
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263:
261:
258:
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248:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
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227:
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220:
217:
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212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
138:
134:
133:
130:
127:
126:
122:
118:
117:
110:
109:Haitian Vodou
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
47:
40:
35:
27:
19:
2052:Christianity
1967:Jazz funeral
1853:MarĂa Lionza
1772:Black church
1685:
1682:Grand Street
1681:
1675:
1653:(1): 72â80.
1650:
1646:
1640:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1588:
1584:
1556:
1519:(1): 13â24.
1516:
1512:
1497:. Routledge.
1493:
1472:
1445:cite journal
1420:
1416:
1396:
1378:
1374:
1356:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1316:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:Paquet Congo
1266:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:Consecration
1011:
1008:Consecration
1001:
997:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
973:
969:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
933:
928:
924:
920:
919:To become a
918:
912:
908:
897:
890:
886:
882:
881:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
849:
839:
831:
827:
824:
814:(modern-day
798:and western
793:
783:
775:
763:
758:
751:
742:
737:
733:
729:
721:
717:
711:
707:
703:
700:West African
681:
676:
672:
668:
658:
645:
644:
640:
639:
587:
89:Parent tribe
64:
45:
26:
2106:Fon and Ewe
2057:Catholicism
2017:Voodoo doll
1997:Nine nights
1777:Catholicism
1104:gwo bonnanj
1100:gwo bonnanj
1025:fleur ginen
836:Ian Thomson
804:slave trade
551:Persecution
397:KanemâBornu
270:Waaqeffanna
2164:Categories
2007:Spirituals
1591:(1): 3â6.
1333:14 October
1308:References
1276:divination
1243:Senegambia
1224:Saut-d'Eau
1132:veneration
1002:badji-cans
702:heritage,
669:Hounnongan
507:Priesthood
457:Tattaguine
447:Sine River
372:Benin City
321:Philosophy
294:Divination
2125:Rastafari
1868:Quimbanda
1784:Candomblé
1750:Religions
1302:Petro lwa
1198:drawing.
1043:with his
846:Etymology
808:Caribbean
677:makandals
484:Education
392:Igbo-Ukwu
288:Doctrines
146:Religions
1987:Mojo bag
1873:SanterĂa
1811:Convince
1702:25006962
1667:14140555
1375:Callaloo
1234:Notable
868:hounfort
588:Category
528:Saltigue
467:Yaboyabo
407:Nri-Igbo
179:Bushongo
121:a series
119:Part of
105:Religion
97:Language
73:Location
1982:Michari
1977:Macumba
1938:Houngan
1893:Umbanda
1838:Judaism
1826:in Cuba
1767:Atheism
1632:1145433
1533:3709833
1437:2570849
1267:oungans
1236:oungans
1228:Oungans
1155:vilokan
1117:to the
998:Oungans
956:oungans
952:Oungans
940:oungans
909:oungans
883:Oungans
832:Oungans
828:oungans
800:Nigeria
790:History
776:oungans
743:oungans
738:oungans
736:choose
704:oungans
692:Dahomey
673:oungans
646:houngan
518:Houngan
377:Dahomey
338:Deities
272:(Oromo)
260:Tumbuka
244:Odinala
224:Lugbara
18:Houngan
2118:Yoruba
2113:Orisha
2022:Zombie
1950:Hoodoo
1858:Maroon
1843:Kumina
1757:AbakuĂĄ
1700:
1665:
1630:
1563:
1531:
1435:
1297:Oungan
1291:oungan
1263:oungan
1247:oungan
1208:oungan
1184:oungan
1182:. The
1180:oungan
1163:oungan
1146:oungan
1123:oungan
1072:oungan
1065:oungan
1041:oungan
1033:oungan
1021:oungan
1017:oungan
992:oungan
980:oungan
976:oungan
960:manbos
948:oungan
942:), an
936:manbos
921:oungan
913:manbos
898:oungan
891:oungan
864:hounsi
860:oungan
840:oungan
764:oungan
762:was a
726:Yoruba
651:priest
641:Oungan
601:Portal
432:Sangha
417:Ouidah
412:Nsukka
382:Fatick
276:Yoruba
246:(Igbo)
234:Maasai
214:Lotuko
157:Baluba
65:Oungan
46:Oungan
2130:Winti
2094:Bantu
2089:Nkisi
2084:Kongo
2040:Alusi
2002:Obeah
1955:Kongo
1943:Mambo
1933:Bokor
1898:Winti
1833:Islam
1806:Comfa
1789:Bantu
1762:ArarĂĄ
1698:JSTOR
1628:JSTOR
1529:JSTOR
1433:JSTOR
1272:imams
1252:manbo
984:manbo
929:Iwa's
894:'
852:Vodun
816:Haiti
796:Benin
753:bokor
748:dream
708:ounfĂČ
694:with
688:Vodun
660:mambo
523:Mambo
513:Hogon
495:Okuyi
462:Tukar
265:Vodun
255:Serer
239:Mbuti
229:Luhya
209:Nubia
204:Hausa
189:Dogon
184:Dinka
167:Kongo
162:Bantu
76:Haiti
2142:Zemi
2135:Akan
2045:Igbo
2012:Veve
1992:Myal
1863:Palo
1799:Ketu
1794:Jejé
1663:PMID
1561:ISBN
1451:link
1335:2011
1196:vĂšvĂš
1167:lwas
1142:vĂšvĂš
1119:govi
1096:govi
1076:govi
1053:vĂšvĂš
1051:and
1045:ason
1037:vire
1029:vĂšvĂš
974:The
958:and
944:ason
938:and
911:and
872:-gan
866:and
856:hun-
671:or
490:Ndut
452:Somb
442:Sine
219:Lozi
194:Efik
172:Zulu
152:Akan
2101:Loa
2079:IfĂĄ
1690:doi
1655:doi
1620:doi
1593:doi
1521:doi
1425:doi
1212:lwa
1192:lwa
1188:lwa
1159:lwa
1151:lwa
1138:lwa
1130:Lwa
1115:lwa
1092:Lwa
1088:lwa
1084:lwa
1080:lwa
1049:lwa
988:lwa
982:or
925:lwa
887:lwa
784:lwa
734:Lwa
730:Lwa
722:Lwa
718:loa
713:lwa
653:in
422:Oyo
387:Ifáșč
250:San
199:Gbe
92:Fon
2166::
1696:.
1684:.
1661:.
1651:12
1649:.
1626:.
1616:26
1614:.
1589:10
1587:.
1575:^
1541:^
1527:.
1517:38
1515:.
1503:^
1481:^
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1447:}}
1443:{{
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1421:19
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123:on
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1721:v
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1657::
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1535:.
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1439:.
1427::
1379:2
1337:.
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