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341:. A number of sandglasses could be fixed in a common frame, each with a different operating time, e.g. as in a four-way Italian sandglass likely from the 17th century, in the collections of the Science Museum, in South Kensington, London, which could measure intervals of quarter, half, three-quarters, and one hour (and which were used in churches, for priests and ministers to measure lengths of sermons).
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97:. Typically, the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric so that the hourglass will measure the same duration regardless of orientation. The specific duration of time a given hourglass measures is determined by factors including the quantity and coarseness of the particulate matter, the bulb size, and the neck width.
325:
Hourglasses were an early dependable and accurate measure of time. The rate of flow of the sand is independent of the depth in the upper reservoir, and the instrument will not freeze in cold weather. From the 15th century onwards, hourglasses were being used in a range of applications at sea, in the
308:
oxides, pulverized, burnt eggshell". Over time, different textures of granule matter were tested to see which gave the most constant flow within the bulbs. It was later discovered that for the perfect flow to be achieved the ratio of granule bead to the width of the bulb neck needed to be 1/12 or
283:
in shape, the bulbs were not always connected. The first hourglasses were two separate bulbs with a cord wrapped at their union that was then coated in wax to hold the piece together and let sand flow in between. It was not until 1760 that both bulbs were blown together to keep moisture out of the
245:
After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as
241:
The hourglass also found popularity on land as an inexpensive alternative to mechanical clocks. Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the
183:
Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of
European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a
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were popular aboard ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, hourglasses using granular materials were not affected by the motion of a ship and less affected by temperature changes (which could cause condensation inside a clepsydra). While
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261:
that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, he made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from
England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.
505:
while the program is in the middle of a task, and may not accept user input. During that period of time, other programs, such as those open in other windows, may work normally. When such an hourglass does not disappear, it suggests a program is in an
100:
Depictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the Latin phrase
1115:
A Descriptive and
Historical Account of Hydraulic and Other Machines for Raising Water, Ancient and Modern With Observations on Various Subjects Connected with the Mechanic Arts, Including the Progressive Development of the Steam Engine. Vol.
607:
1099:"Time is getting short; there will be little opportunity to do what you have to do unless you take the chance now. The phrase is often used with reference to one who has not much longer to live. The allusion is to the hourglass."
337:. It was the job of a ship's page to turn the hourglasses and thus provide the times for the ship's log. Noon was the reference time for navigation, which did not depend on the glass, as the sun would be at its
278:
Little written evidence exists to explain why its external form is the shape that it is. The glass bulbs used, however, have changed in style and design over time. While the main designs have always been
433:
flags, to evoke fear through imagery associated with death. In
England, hourglasses were sometimes placed in coffins, and they have graced gravestones for centuries. The hourglass was also used in
648:
562:
Because of its symmetry, graphic signs resembling an hourglass are seen in the art of cultures which never encountered such objects. Vertical pairs of triangles joined at the apex are common in
692:
2519:
2442:
203:
The same Thomas accounts to have paid at
Lescluse, in Flanders, for twelve glass horologes (" pro xii. orlogiis vitreis "), price of each 4½ gross', in sterling 9
629:
586:. Observers have even given the name "hourglass motif" to shapes which have more complex symmetry, such as a repeating circle and cross pattern from the
1153:
1362:
Guye, Samuel; Henri, Michel; Dolan, D.; Mitchell, S. W. (1970). "Time and space: Measuring instruments from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century".
670:
539:. The symbol features an hourglass to represent time "running out" for extinct and endangered species, and also to represent time "running out" for
1281:
1121:"Hour-glasses were formerly placed in coffins and buried with the corpse, probably as symbols of mortality—the sands of life having run out. See
230:(as an error of just four minutes would correspond to one degree of longitude), they were sufficiently accurate to be used in conjunction with a
480:
Recognition of the hourglass as a symbol of time has survived its obsolescence as a timekeeper. For example, the
American television soap opera
461:
936:
Balmer, R.T. "The
Operation of Sand Clocks and Their Medieval Development." Technology and Culture, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 615–632.
425:
The hourglass, sometimes with the addition of metaphorical wings, is often used as a symbol that human existence is fleeting, and that the "
2435:
1015:
1046:
129:
dated c. 350, representing the wedding of Peleus and Thetis (observe the magnification with the object held by
Morpheus in his hands)
370:
2973:
1249:
Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1963), pp. 41-91 (NB: includes reviews disputing the central thesis and methodology)- via JSTOR (subscription)
242:
model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.
1225:
2428:
2005:
1841:
622:
1261:
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clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the
41:
German half-hour sand glass, first quarter of the 16th century, bronze-gilt and silver-gilt, height: 8.3 cm, diameter: 8.4 cm,
578:
textiles they symbolise a married man, as opposed to a pair of triangles joined at the base, which symbolise a married woman.
1470:
877:
207:
Item, For four horologes of the same sort (" de eadem secta "), bought there, price of each five gross', making in sterling 3
2942:
296:
sand as the granular material to measure time, many did not use sand at all. The material used in most bulbs was "powdered
1137:
333:
around the globe, 18 hourglasses from
Barcelona were in the ship's inventory, after the trip had been authorized by King
563:
959:
Peterson, Ivars. "Trickling sand: how an hourglass ticks". Science News, Vol. 144, No. 11 (September 11, 1993). p. 167
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1331:
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While hourglasses are no longer widely used for keeping time, some institutions do maintain them. Both houses of the
914:
947:"How hourglass is made - material, manufacture, making, history, used, components, machine, History, Raw Materials"
414:
Unlike most other methods of measuring time, the hourglass concretely represents the present as being between the
1955:
1610:
2766:
1834:
1379:
Smith, Alan (1975). "Clocks and watches: American, European and
Japanese timepieces". New York: Crescent Books.
2947:
1917:
1442:
613:
17thC tombstone in the mausoleum of John Livingstone, 'an apothecary in Edinburgh', who fell victim to the
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17:
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or (in more elongated form) an enemy scalp, and in South America, where it is believed to represent a
89:
bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance (historically
2723:
2534:
2271:
2120:
2000:
1550:
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and needs to be terminated, or is waiting for some external event (such as the user inserting a CD).
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1970:
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899:
A History of the Royal Navy, from the earliest times to the wars of the French revolution, vol. II
2983:
2761:
2663:
2579:
2574:
2226:
1877:
567:
1297:
1092:
1580:
676:
1341:
Cowan, Harrison J. (1958). "Time and its measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age".
1290:
Archaeological Studies of the Middle and Late Holocene, Papua New Guinea (Technical Report 20)
1199:
1157:
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172:; the first documented example dates from the 14th century, a depiction in the 1338 fresco
8:
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used an hourglass on its coat of arms, symbolising Greenwich's role as the origin of
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Time and Space. Measuring Instruments from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century
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use symbols of the hourglass representing either time travel or time running out.
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art; both in North America, where it can represent, for example, the body of the
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Peterson, Ivars (September 11, 1993). "Trickling sand: how an hourglass ticks".
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Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe
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Of Time and Measurement: Studies in the History of Horology and Fine Technology
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486:(1965–present) displays an hourglass in its opening credits, with narration by
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bulbs and regulate the pressure within the bulb that varied the flow.
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There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the
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490:: "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives."
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Keeping time: From the beginning and into the twenty-first century
590:. Both the members of Project Tic Toc, from television series the
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of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:
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1292:(ed. Specht, Jim & Attenbrow, Val) Australian Museum (2007)
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280:
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142:
94:
49:
2036:
1016:"Four-way sand glass, Italian, 17th century, image no. 10325648"
422:, and this has made it an enduring symbol of time as a concept.
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hourglasses were insufficiently accurate to be compared against
191:, in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship
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1503:
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919:. LONDON, B. T. BATSFORD, 94 HIGH HOLBORN. pp. 16 and 249.
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1206:(ed. Schevill, M.B. et al.), University of Texas Press (1996)
53:
A winged hourglass as a literal depiction of the Latin phrase
3080:
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2791:
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2354:
2103:
1794:
1742:
1204:
Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology
86:
747:
317:
133:
The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the
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2514:
2451:
1493:
1479:
438:
415:
380:
Sand timers are sometimes included with boardgames such as
305:
90:
82:
2520:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
3065:
1412:
Morris, Scot (September 1992). "The floating hourglass".
764:
Balmer, R. T. (1979). "The invention of the sand clock".
429:" will run out for every human life. It was used thus on
301:
1448:
555:
Diagram of "hourglass" motif from carved stone tablet,
321:
A contemporary sand timer made of inexpensive plastic
309:
more but not greater than 1/2 the neck of the bulb.
1135:
Splendid Heritage: treasures of native american art
1044:
865:
2450:
1319:
987:
3191:
1223:An African Valentine: The Bead Code of the Zulus
388:that place time constraints on rounds of play.
824:
292:While some early hourglasses actually did use
93:) from the upper bulb to the lower one due to
2436:
1464:
1119:. New York: Derby & Jackson. p. 547.
1008:
836:. Vol. 17, no. 3. pp. 97–109.
81:) is a device used to measure the passage of
972:The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522
861:
859:
145:and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE.
912:
891:
889:
102:
54:
2443:
2429:
1471:
1457:
1349:. New York: The World Publishing Company.
1179:The Great Mystery: Myths of Native America
160:bearing an hourglass; detail Lorenzetti's
968:
916:OLD CLOCKS AND WATCHES & THEIR MAKERS
856:
825:Mills, A.A.; Day, S.; Parkes, S. (1996).
2974:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1420:
1259:Image, "Croquis 1872" (click to enlarge)
1243:The Upper Palaeolithic and the New World
985:
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48:
36:
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1094:Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
1038:
962:
902:. London: Richard Bentley. p. 476.
895:
820:
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816:
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790:
467:
14:
3192:
1411:
1108:
1102:
1084:
975:. Hakluyt Society Press. pp. A12.
906:
763:
236:measurement of a ship's speed in knots
2424:
1452:
1378:
1340:
1045:Senate of Australia (26 March 1997).
923:
326:church, in industry, and in cookery.
27:Device to measure the passage of time
2405:
1326:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1160:University of Nebraska Press (2004)
1097:. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers.
1090:
809:
582:examples can be seen among Spanish
24:
1306:
546:
471:
226:for the determination of a ship's
25:
3211:
2694:Discrete time and continuous time
1430:
896:Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1847).
531:came into use as a symbol of the
446:Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich
312:
2619:
2613:
2404:
2395:
2394:
1436:
1366:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1158:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
691:
669:
647:
621:
606:
456:. The district's successor, the
391:
1279:A Stone Tablet from Buka Island
1271:
1252:
1235:
1216:
1192:
1171:
1147:
1128:
658:- Youth between Vice and Virtue
253:Not until the 18th century did
2767:History of timekeeping devices
953:
872:. Ashgate Publishing Company.
784:
757:
701:(with hourglass and skull) by
460:, uses two hourglasses on its
148:
141:, is known to have existed in
13:
1:
1318:Branley, Franklyn M. (1993).
1125:vol xvi, 646, and xvii, 264."
793:Pietro et Ambrogio Lorenzetti
742:
405:
185:
866:Anthony John Turner (1993).
827:"Mechanics of the sandglass"
778:10.1016/0160-9327(79)90100-5
184:marine sandglass dates from
117:
7:
2714:Gravitational time dilation
2550:Barycentric Coordinate Time
2209:Geological history of Earth
986:Bergreen, Laurence (2003).
834:European Journal of Physics
795:. Scala Books. p. 83.
727:List of largest hourglasses
710:
404:'s "Bloody Red" jack,
287:
174:Allegory of Good Government
162:Allegory of Good Government
10:
3216:
2570:Geocentric Coordinate Time
2555:Barycentric Dynamical Time
2493:Coordinated Universal Time
1561:Orders of magnitude (time)
850:10.1088/0143-0807/17/3/001
596:Challengers of the Unknown
458:Royal Borough of Greenwich
112:
43:Metropolitan Museum of Art
32:Hourglass (disambiguation)
29:
3124:
3015:
2982:
2956:
2837:
2737:
2724:Time-translation symmetry
2654:
2628:
2611:
2535:International Atomic Time
2485:
2462:
2390:
2332:
2285:
2272:Time translation symmetry
2217:
2157:
2147:
2069:
1996:
1916:
1857:
1741:
1659:
1569:
1531:
1517:
1486:
541:climate change mitigation
527:In the 21st century, the
495:graphical user interfaces
454:Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
369:use three hourglasses to
273:
1478:
791:Frugoni, Chiara (1988).
2984:Astronomical chronology
2957:Archaeology and geology
2664:Absolute space and time
2580:IERS Reference Meridian
2575:International Date Line
2486:International standards
2227:Absolute space and time
1878:Astronomical chronology
1181:, Clarion Books (2001)
1144:(search on "hourglass")
680:Still-Life with a Skull
371:time certain procedures
2277:Time reversal symmetry
1581:Italian six-hour clock
1392:Cite journal requires
1268:at colonias.iespana.es
1072:Cite journal requires
1052:: 2472. Archived from
752:
677:Philippe de Champaigne
559:
477:
411:
362:
322:
270:
269:19th century hourglass
216:
165:
130:
103:
62:
55:
46:
2943:Weekday determination
2829:Sundial markup schema
2042:Time and fate deities
1987:The Unreality of Time
1926:A series and B series
1200:Nature Versus Culture
1091:Room, Adrian (1999).
750:
554:
475:
399:
367:Australian Parliament
352:
345:Modern practical uses
329:During the voyage of
320:
268:
201:
156:
125:
52:
40:
2964:Chronological dating
2704:Theory of relativity
2565:Daylight saving time
2293:Chronological dating
2262:Theory of relativity
1606:Daylight saving time
1445:at Wikimedia Commons
1247:Current Anthropology
913:F.J.Britten (190x).
468:Modern symbolic uses
30:For other uses, see
3174:Time value of money
2969:Geologic time scale
2824:History of sundials
2689:Cosmological decade
2641:Greenwich Mean Time
2472:Orders of magnitude
1586:Thai six-hour clock
1372:1971tsmi.book.....G
1355:1958tmfs.book.....C
1232:, edunetconnect.com
842:1996EJPh...17...97M
751:Antique sandglasses
574:jungle dweller. In
533:Holocene extinction
178:Ambrogio Lorenzetti
85:. It comprises two
3149:Mental chronometry
2777:Marine chronometer
2629:Obsolete standards
2116:Rosy retrospection
2094:Mental chronometry
1918:Philosophy of time
1284:2008-10-03 at the
1264:2008-12-08 at the
1228:2008-05-18 at the
1140:2016-05-03 at the
1047:"Official Hansard"
1026:on 1 November 2014
1020:The Science Museum
994:. William Morrow.
969:Pigafetta (1874).
753:
717:Chemex Coffeemaker
630:Sebastiansfriedhof
602:Hourglasses in art
560:
478:
412:
363:
335:Charles I of Spain
331:Ferdinand Magellan
323:
271:
259:marine chronometer
219:Marine sandglasses
195:, in the reign of
166:
131:
63:
47:
3187:
3186:
2997:Nuclear timescale
2679:Continuous signal
2418:
2417:
2328:
2327:
2303:Circadian rhythms
2121:Tense–aspect–mood
1976:Temporal finitism
1853:
1852:
1829:Grandfather clock
1441:Media related to
1154:Wishart, David J.
1059:on 29 April 1998.
879:978-0-86078-378-7
529:Extinction symbol
519:
493:Various computer
483:Days of Our Lives
402:Christopher Moody
16:(Redirected from
3207:
2888:Dominical letter
2819:Equation of time
2782:Marine sandglass
2623:
2617:
2595:Terrestrial Time
2452:Time measurement
2445:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2315:Glottochronology
2155:
2154:
2071:Human experience
1931:B-theory of time
1529:
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1198:Wilson, Lee Ann
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1169:
1151:
1145:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1022:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
1005:
993:
983:
977:
976:
966:
960:
957:
951:
950:
943:
937:
934:
921:
920:
910:
904:
903:
893:
884:
883:
863:
854:
853:
831:
822:
807:
806:
788:
782:
781:
761:
732:Marine sandglass
722:Hourglass figure
695:
673:
651:
638:
625:
610:
523:
517:
476:Hourglass cursor
437:as a symbol for
410:
407:
190:
187:
170:Late Middle Ages
109:("time flies").
108:
60:
21:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3120:
3011:
2978:
2952:
2833:
2733:
2684:Coordinate time
2656:Time in physics
2650:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2481:
2458:
2449:
2419:
2414:
2386:
2377:Time immemorial
2324:
2281:
2242:Coordinate time
2213:
2167:Geological time
2143:
2126:Time management
2089:Generation time
2073:
2065:
2010:
1992:
1912:
1871:
1849:
1737:
1655:
1572:
1565:
1521:
1513:
1482:
1477:
1433:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1334:
1309:
1307:Further reading
1304:
1303:
1286:Wayback Machine
1276:
1272:
1266:Wayback Machine
1257:
1253:
1241:Greenman, E.F.
1240:
1236:
1230:Wayback Machine
1221:
1217:
1197:
1193:
1176:
1172:
1152:
1148:
1142:Wayback Machine
1133:
1129:
1107:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1002:
984:
980:
967:
963:
958:
954:
945:
944:
940:
935:
924:
911:
907:
894:
887:
880:
864:
857:
829:
823:
810:
803:
789:
785:
762:
758:
745:
713:
706:
696:
687:
674:
665:
660:(attributed to
652:
643:
632:
626:
617:
611:
588:Solomon Islands
564:Native American
557:Solomon Islands
549:
547:Hourglass motif
521:
497:may change the
488:Macdonald Carey
470:
408:
394:
347:
315:
290:
276:
257:come up with a
188:
151:
120:
115:
45:(New York City)
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Time metrology
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3125:Related topics
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Dialing scales
2811:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2646:Prime meridian
2643:
2638:
2636:Ephemeris time
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2605:180th meridian
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2320:Time geography
2317:
2312:
2310:Clock reaction
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2109:time signature
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1981:Temporal parts
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Eternal return
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Chronocentrism
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1721:Hindu Panchang
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1431:External links
1429:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1394:|journal=
1376:
1359:
1338:
1332:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1270:
1251:
1234:
1215:
1191:
1170:
1146:
1127:
1110:Ewbank, Thomas
1101:
1083:
1074:|journal=
1037:
1007:
1000:
978:
961:
952:
938:
922:
905:
885:
878:
855:
808:
801:
783:
772:(3): 118–122.
755:
754:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
712:
709:
708:
707:
703:Johann Zoffany
697:
690:
688:
686:painting, 1671
675:
668:
666:
662:Jacob Jordaens
653:
646:
644:
627:
620:
618:
612:
605:
603:
584:cave paintings
548:
545:
537:climate crisis
469:
466:
393:
390:
346:
343:
314:
313:Practical uses
311:
289:
286:
275:
272:
248:British Museum
234:to enable the
150:
147:
119:
116:
114:
111:
61:("time flies")
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3018:units of time
3014:
3008:
3007:Sidereal time
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Galactic year
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2948:Weekday names
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Tropical year
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Intercalation
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:(lunar Hijri)
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Time dilation
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:24-hour clock
2543:
2541:
2540:12-hour clock
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:Chronobiology
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Arrow of time
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Geochronology
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:Wheel of time
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Periodization
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Digital clock
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Relative hour
1599:
1597:
1596:24-hour clock
1594:
1592:
1591:12-hour clock
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1416:. p. 86.
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:9780395477779
1329:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:Craig, Barry
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:0-292-77714-0
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1187:0-395-98405-X
1184:
1180:
1177:Philip, Neil
1174:
1167:
1166:0-8032-4787-7
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1066:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1003:
1001:0-06-621173-5
997:
992:
991:
982:
974:
973:
965:
956:
948:
942:
933:
931:
929:
927:
918:
917:
909:
901:
900:
892:
890:
881:
875:
871:
870:
862:
860:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
804:
802:0-935748-80-6
798:
794:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
756:
749:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
704:
700:
699:Self-portrait
694:
689:
685:
681:
678:
672:
667:
663:
659:
657:
650:
645:
642:
636:
631:
624:
619:
616:
609:
604:
601:
600:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
553:
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511:
509:
508:infinite loop
504:
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428:
427:sands of time
423:
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398:
392:Symbolic uses
389:
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255:John Harrison
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68:
59:
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51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3154:Decimal time
2883:Astronomical
2771:
2762:Complication
2757:Atomic clock
2372:Time capsule
2366:Tempus fugit
2364:
2286:Other fields
1985:
1966:Perdurantism
1888:Calendar era
1840:
1833:
1819:Cuckoo clock
1779:
1756:astronomical
1730:
1556:Unit of time
1487:Key concepts
1423:Science News
1422:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1385:cite journal
1363:
1346:
1342:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1289:
1273:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1218:
1203:
1194:
1173:
1149:
1130:
1114:
1104:
1093:
1086:
1065:cite journal
1054:the original
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1019:
1010:
989:
981:
971:
964:
955:
941:
915:
908:
898:
868:
833:
792:
786:
769:
765:
759:
698:
679:
656:Know thyself
654:
628:Tomb in the
561:
526:
512:
492:
481:
479:
462:coat of arms
443:
424:
413:
379:
364:
328:
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252:
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217:
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134:
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105:tempus fugit
99:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
57:tempus fugit
3200:Hourglasses
3164:System time
3159:Metric time
2878:Solar Hijri
2804:Water clock
2787:Radio clock
2719:Time domain
2699:Proper time
2585:Leap second
2467:Chronometry
2382:Time travel
2360:System time
2267:Time domain
2252:Proper time
2076:use of time
2047:Father Time
2027:Immortality
2017:Ages of Man
1946:Endurantism
1903:Regnal year
1883:Big History
1812:water-based
1711:Solar Hijri
1621:Hexadecimal
1571:Measurement
1533:Chronometry
1519:Measurement
1443:Hourglasses
1406:Periodicals
737:Water clock
633: [
615:plague 1645
592:Time Tunnel
568:Thunderbird
444:The former
409: 1714
250:in London.
189: 1345
149:Middle Ages
139:water clock
127:Sarcophagus
18:Hourglasses
3179:Timekeeper
3132:Chronology
3116:Millennium
3002:Precession
2908:Julian day
2729:T-symmetry
2590:Solar time
2560:Civil time
2084:Chronemics
2059:Kalachakra
1971:Presentism
1956:Eternalism
1862:Chronology
1800:mechanical
1751:Main types
1669:Main types
1123:Gent. Mag.
1030:1 November
743:References
520:symbol at
382:Pictionary
373:, such as
224:solar noon
197:Edward III
158:Temperance
79:sand clock
75:sand timer
3076:Fortnight
2923:Lunisolar
2913:Leap year
2847:Gregorian
2797:stopwatch
2772:Hourglass
2752:Astrarium
2669:Spacetime
2600:Time zone
2477:Metrology
2456:standards
2340:Leap year
2257:Spacetime
2131:Yesterday
2032:Dreamtime
2006:Mythology
1893:Deep time
1805:stopwatch
1780:hourglass
1761:astrarium
1691:Gregorian
1684:Lunisolar
1661:Calendars
1651:Time zone
1524:standards
1343:Cleveland
1298:1835-4211
766:Endeavour
705:, c. 1776
580:Neolithic
518:HOURGLASS
503:hourglass
375:divisions
361:, Hungary
355:Timewheel
228:longitude
193:La George
135:clepsydra
118:Antiquity
71:sandglass
67:hourglass
3194:Category
3137:Duration
3111:Saeculum
3091:Olympiad
2933:Solstice
2862:Holocene
2839:Calendar
2739:Horology
2530:ISO 8601
2525:ISO 31-1
2400:Category
2148:Time in
2139:Tomorrow
2001:Religion
1941:Duration
1908:Timeline
1842:Timeline
1641:Sidereal
1509:Eternity
1282:Archived
1262:Archived
1226:Archived
1189:, p64-65
1138:Archived
1112:(1857).
711:See also
641:Salzburg
594:and the
418:and the
359:Budapest
288:Material
232:chip log
3106:Century
3096:Lustrum
3026:Instant
2898:Equinox
2867:Islamic
2809:Sundial
2674:Chronon
2410:Commons
2333:Related
2247:Instant
2237:Chronon
2219:Physics
2159:Geology
2150:science
2022:Destiny
1867:History
1835:History
1790:sundial
1773:quantum
1716:Chinese
1706:Islamic
1616:Decimal
1611:Chinese
1573:systems
1499:Present
1368:Bibcode
1351:Bibcode
838:Bibcode
684:vanitas
572:Chuncho
516:has an
514:Unicode
499:pointer
435:alchemy
400:Pirate
281:ampoule
143:Babylon
113:History
95:gravity
3101:Decade
3056:Moment
3051:Minute
3046:Second
3016:Other
2873:Julian
2852:Hebrew
2498:offset
2350:Moment
2345:Memory
2197:period
1785:marine
1768:atomic
1743:Clocks
1701:Hebrew
1696:Julian
1631:Metric
1504:Future
1330:
1296:
1210:
1185:
1168:, p125
1164:
1156:(ed.)
998:
876:
799:
522:U+231B
501:to an
450:London
431:pirate
420:future
386:Boggle
339:zenith
298:marble
294:silica
274:Design
164:, 1338
3142:music
3081:Month
3041:Jiffy
3036:Shake
3031:Flick
2928:Solar
2918:Lunar
2893:Epact
2857:Hindu
2792:Watch
2747:Clock
2355:Space
2187:epoch
2177:chron
2135:Today
2104:tempo
2099:Music
1961:Event
1795:watch
1679:Lunar
1674:Solar
1646:Solar
1636:Roman
1626:Hindu
1312:Books
1057:(PDF)
1050:(PDF)
830:(PDF)
637:]
524:(⌛).
137:, or
87:glass
77:, or
3086:Year
3071:Week
3061:Hour
2515:DUT1
2454:and
2074:and
2037:Kāla
1732:List
1726:Maya
1522:and
1494:Past
1480:Time
1414:Omni
1398:help
1328:ISBN
1294:ISSN
1208:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1078:help
1032:2014
996:ISBN
874:ISBN
797:ISBN
576:Zulu
535:and
439:hour
416:past
384:and
353:The
306:lead
91:sand
83:time
69:(or
3066:Day
2192:era
2182:eon
2172:age
1551:TAI
1541:UTC
1288:in
1245:in
1202:in
846:doi
774:doi
448:in
357:in
302:tin
176:by
65:An
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2510:ΔT
2505:UT
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2133:–
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