Housing cooperative

1116:(UHAB), established in 1974, began to assist residents of these buildings to manage, rehabilitate and acquire their buildings, and form limited-equity housing co-operatives. Working with the city's housing agency, its existing loan programs and the power to dispose of abandoned property to non-profit organizations, as well as the state laws governing the establishment of co-operatives, UHAB was able to provide low-income people with the tools – seed money, legal advice, architectural plans, bookkeeping training – to build and run limited-equity housing co-operatives. Through a long-standing contract with the city to provide training and technical assistance to residents of buildings in the Tenant Interim Lease (TIL) Program, UHAB has worked with more than 1,600 coops, preserving over 30,000 units of affordable housing. 329:, since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in a formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset the cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.) 377:

felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more privacy, were healthier and had things repaired faster. Australian researchers found that cooperative housing built stronger social networks and support, as well as better relationships with neighbours compared to other forms of housing. They cost 14% less for residents and had lower rates of debt and vacancy. Other US research has found that housing cooperatives tended to have higher rates of building quality, building safety, feelings of security among residents, lower crime rates, stable access to housing and significantly lower costs compared to conventional housing.

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individual ownership of units, the initial buyers of units (buying from the owner of the entire building) did not have to be approved by a board. These units are known as sponsor units. Also, the rental tenants living in the building at the time of the conversion were usually given an option to buy at a discount. If the tenants were rent-controlled, the law usually protects them by allowing them to stay as renters and the unit may not be occupied by a purchaser until said tenant dies or moves out. Many of these buildings, especially in

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housing than would be possible for for-profit organizations. Members of a housing cooperative typically have the right to occupy a specific unit within the cooperative's housing complex, and they also have a say in the management and decision-making of the cooperative. This can include voting on issues related to the maintenance and operation of the housing complex, as well as electing a board of directors to oversee the cooperative's operations.

260: 853:. There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of the eight middle-class housing projects built by the US government between 1940 and 1942 under the auspices of the 1005:

conversion sponsor may find unit buyers more easily under the cooperative arrangement as buyers will have less financing to arrange on their own; the apparent purchase price of a unit in a cooperative building holding an underlying mortgage is lower than a condo purchase. Cooperative unit buyers may not accurately weigh their share of the building's mortgage.

197:. In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease", which is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer. 893:

professionals, organizations, and individuals interested in promoting the interests of cooperative housing communities. NAHC is the only national cooperative housing organization, and aims to support and educate existing and new cooperative housing communities as the best and most economical form of homeownership.

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There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate, the share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar

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Another dynamic also contributed to the large number of cooperatives established in the 1980s and 1990s in New York City – in this case by low- and moderate-income tenant groups. In the 1970s, many New York City private landlords were struggling to maintain their aging properties in the face of high

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A housing cooperative's board of directors is elected by the membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members' peaceful possession

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Most of the housing cooperatives in the greater New York area were converted to that status during the 1980s; generally, they were large buildings built between the 1920s and 1950s that a single landlord or corporation owned and rented out that became unprofitable as rental properties. To encourage

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In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children), the remainder living in other forms such as student

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In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its

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The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self-contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensure that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out the routine intervention of a mediator who

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The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to the

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In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating

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aims to serve the low-income class, as it provides them with housing units consisting of two rooms, a hall or three rooms and a fully finished hall, with an area ranging from 75 to 90 square meters. In addition, these units are offered at a cost price only, with direct support ranging from 5 to 25

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In Germany, housing cooperatives are typically organized as non-profit organizations, which means that any profits made from the sale or rental of the housing are reinvested in the cooperative rather than being distributed to shareholders. This allows housing cooperatives to offer lower prices for

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Generally, the association's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular, the development of a popular entity called the University of Knowledge of the Elderly (UNISAVIE: Université du savoir des vieux), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized

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Research in Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organization in the city. Other research among older residents from the rural United States found that those living in housing cooperatives

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As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as a manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific upkeep tasks at which volunteers may hesitate or

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The National Association of Housing Cooperatives (NAHC) represents all cooperatives within the United States who are members of the organization. This organization is a nonprofit, national federation of housing cooperatives, mutual housing associations, other resident-owned or controlled housing,

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Also, later in a building's life after conversion, major new investments required to repair or replace building systems can be raised by a new central mortgage in a cooperative, while in a condominium funds could only be raised by onerous assessments being required of each individual unit owner.

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is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on the wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make

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in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership.

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Housing co-operatives are not a new concept. They have existed in Canada for decades and represent something of a middle ground between renting and owning — security of tenure without the often prohibitive cost of a down payment. Because they operate on a break-even basis, co-ops are often much

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Certain buildings are organized as "Cooperative Housing Societies" where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than the flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing

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Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in a rental setting.

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The cooperative form can be advantageous as a building mortgage can be carried by the cooperative corporation, leaving less financing to be obtained by each co-op owner. Under condominium ownership only the separate condo owners provide financing. Particularly when interest rates are high, a

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where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by the person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the

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often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy a property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed period of years (typically 20 to 30), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are

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Apartment buildings and multiple-family housing make up a more significant share of the housing stock in the New York City area than in most other U.S. cities as over 75% of apartment buildings in NYC are co-ops. Reasons suggested to explain why cooperatives are relatively more common than

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Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories: non-ownership (referred to as non-equity or continuing) and ownership (referred to as equity or strata). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which is similar to a

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Housing cooperatives, or "Wohnungsgenossenschaften" in German, are a type of housing association that provides affordable housing to its members. They are formed and run by a group of people who come together to pool their resources in order to purchase or build housing for their own use.

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of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents the

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where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into the other units. Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders.

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often have significant drawbacks for cooperative owners. However, there have been cases where shareholders of a building have bought the surrounding land, such as 167 East 61st Street (formerly known as Trump Plaza), where residents gathered $ 183 million to buy the surrounding land.

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financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of a comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however.

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community /city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy; (4) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas.

368:. A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no-equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price (comparable to a rental security deposit) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that is re-couped is that very low purchase price. 769:

Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the

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in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in the

109:. Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as 451:

The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives; these values include autonomy and self-management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility.

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cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative's rules.

1001:, cooperatives appeared at least as far back as the 1920s while a legal basis for condominium form of ownership was not available in New York State until 1964. Passage of the Condominium Act then opened a wave of construction of condominium buildings. 1101:, which allowed the city to begin foreclosure proceedings after just one year of non-payment of taxes, not three, resulting in the takeover of thousands of buildings, many of them occupied, by the city of New York through a legal action known as an 432:, an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from the municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of 1016:

The 1974 creation and then subsequent influence on policy by the Urban Homesteading Assistance Board, a housing advocacy group, which enabled the conversion of over 1,600 foreclosed, city-held rentals into limited-equity, resident-controlled

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A co-op building's board can exercise its own business discretion to impose restrictions on shareholders, and reject prospective purchasers without explanation, as long as the board does not violate federal and state housing or civil rights

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dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in the second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations. The first such association in the world,

1725: 900:, is an organization founded in 1968 that has helped organized cooperative living for students. With a presence in over 100 towns and cities across North America, NASCO has provided tens of thousands of students with sustainable housing. 758:) in a system peculiar to Finnish law. The Finnish arrangement is similar to a housing cooperative in that the property is owned by a non-profit corporation and the right to use each unit is tied to ownership of a certain set of shares. 808:

Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through

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application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The

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is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee-paying members obtain the right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with

630:) is a construct in which residents jointly own an apartment building using a democratically controlled cooperative, and pay rent to their own organisation. They were prohibited after World War II and legalised in 2015. 173:

In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives, a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate. Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from

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interest rates, redlining, white flight and rising fuel costs. The period also saw some landlord-induced arson to obtain insurance proceeds and widespread non-payment of real estate taxes – over 20% of

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Housing co-operatives in Australia are primarily non-equity rental co-operatives, but there are some equity co-operatives as well. The rental co-operatives are generally a part of the Australian

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thousand pounds. The beneficiary of this unit can pay its price over a period of 20 years, as 538,000 units have been implemented in all governorates and new cities until 2022, implemented by

1030:, are actually quite luxurious and exclusive; many celebrities live in them and some famous people are even rejected by co-op boards. In the 1990s and 2000s some rental buildings in the 468:

Housing cooperatives are a popular form of housing in Germany, particularly in urban areas, and they are often seen as a way to provide affordable, community-oriented housing options.

748:, by contrast to the Scandinavian countries, housing cooperatives in the strict sense are extremely rare; instead, Finnish tenant-owned housing properties are generally organized as 1216: 1106: 477: 436:

after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another.

509: 405:. CEHL is a registered housing association with its shares held by its 103-member co-operatives. As of 2023 CEHL co-operatives house 4,291 people in 2,101 homes. 614:

in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole.

2220: 2482: 1109:(HPD), created a series of new housing programs designed to give building residents and community groups control and eventual ownership of in rem buildings. 737:, and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership. 1811: 1649: 1617: 1975: 1323: 2296: 1138:

Student cooperatives provide housing and dining services to those who attend specific educational institutions. Some notable groups include

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The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop.

1240: 861:. There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in 590:. Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30% of the total of 2257: 1577: 1143: 854: 3526: 2418: 3017: 2523: 2449: 1279: 1147: 1050: 818: 2353: 1824:

Company share apartments are an ownership arrangement for apartments where a company owns the land and the building on the land.

3551: 3425: 1217:"Mallin, Barry, "Limited Equity Cooperatives: A Legal Handbook", New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal, ndg" 937:

describes several cooperative apartment buildings already in existence, with plans to build more – and can be found throughout

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With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain

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was built by the Federal government in the 1940s as housing for civilian workers; it became a housing cooperative in 1986

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In the Netherlands there are three very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative:

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One of the largest co-operative housing organisations in Australia is Common Equity Housing Ltd (CEHL) in the state of

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Cooper, Matthew; Rodman, Margaret C. (1 January 1994). "Accessibility and Quality of Life in Housing Cooperatives".

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The cooperative is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each

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Co-ops in Canada offer an affordable alternative to renting, but waiting lists for the units can be years-long.

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Garbarine, Rachelle (26 September 1997). "Residential Real Estate; New Financial Option for Condo Boards".

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could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution.

391: 158: 1241:"A New York Co-op Apartment Lawyer: Co-op Boards, Shareholders, Managing Agents, and Commercial Tenants" 333:

surpluses; fees on the sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages.

3070: 1548: 1297: 928: 850: 729: 412:, is also a registered housing provider and manages 500 properties in 31 member housing co-operatives 349: 175: 114: 3609: 3320: 3090: 2872: 2122: 1866: 1837: 1259:"Condo vs. Co-op Apartment: The New York City Real Estate Question for Buyers, Sellers and Investors" 1066: 842: 217: 133: 132:

Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives is that the members, through their elected

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Some cooperatives in New York City do not own the land upon which their building is situated. These

3668: 3621: 3531: 3217: 1094: 826: 270: 1549:"Co-ops allow people of all incomes to live affordably in cities. So why aren't we building more?" 1244: 3683: 3450: 2358: 1010: 274: 3445: 3235: 3100: 3085: 3003: 2509: 639: 578: 520:"Housing society" redirects here. For the organizations in the United Kingdom and Ireland, see 239: 26:"Housing society" redirects here. For the organizations in the United Kingdom and Ireland, see 2075: 1838:"The changing role of cooperatives in the Swedish housing regime – a path dependence analysis" 136:, screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. 3327: 3273: 3263: 3240: 3205: 3200: 978: 970: 958: 528:

governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state.

194: 35: 1907:"Development of the housing co-operative sector – CCH Confederation of Co-operative Housing" 480:(Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations). 3332: 3268: 3180: 3061: 2832: 2782: 2266: 2099: 1867:"Property relations between state and market: a history of housing cooperatives in Denmark" 1565:

cheaper than market rentals. They also tend to be more stable, because most cannot be sold.

1390:"Rural Cooperative Housing for Older Adults: An Emerging Challenge for Extension Educators" 1098: 974: 954: 933: 858: 20: 1469: 8: 3420: 3367: 3278: 3250: 3152: 3139: 3030: 2974: 2561: 1082: 1054: 966: 521: 209: 52: 27: 2995: 2426: 3615: 3500: 3460: 3342: 3225: 3075: 2862: 2827: 2812: 2670: 2660: 2313: 2309: 2294:

Arsen, David (July 1992). "Property Tax Assessment Rates and Residential Abandonment".

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areas went through a similar conversion process, though not to the degree of New York.

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Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock.

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Type of housing development that emphasizes self-governance and quasi-communal living

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that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a

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sector and have been funded by various iterations of government funding programs.

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is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.

3475: 2969: 2918: 2822: 2817: 2787: 2735: 2635: 2605: 2585: 2337: 2201:

Nussbaum, Jay (April 2007). "Planning for the Unknown: Condominium Borrowing".

2171: 2154: 1283: 791: 106: 908: 3662: 3556: 3516: 2913: 2847: 2675: 2630: 2625: 2461: 1405: 1366: 1358: 1078: 998: 986: 938: 920: 838: 345: 48: 3521: 3455: 3147: 2964: 2923: 2893: 2645: 1420:"Study Suggests Cooperatives Could Hold Key to Fixing Housing Crisis | PBA" 1258: 488: 188: 70: 64: 1910: 3536: 3026: 2943: 2857: 2842: 2807: 2792: 2772: 2740: 2655: 2600: 2568: 2551: 2116:"A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States" 1120: 1046: 713: 651: 337: 213: 125: 102: 98: 94: 2265:. NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Archived from 779:

website provides information on housing and has information specific to

2903: 2837: 2802: 2695: 2690: 2317: 946: 709: 696: 610:, VvE) is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned 341: 326: 193:

Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative

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properties were in arrears in the mid-1970s. In 1977, the city passed

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Many of the cooperatives originally built as co-ops were sponsored by

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in some college and university communities across the United States.

105:, consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type of 44: 1950: 259: 205:, so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved. 2948: 2938: 2680: 2573: 2532: 1932: 1521: 1444: 982: 878: 870: 862: 825:

in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of

784: 591: 322: 79: 1595: 989:, were the first nonprofit housing cooperatives in New York City. 3480: 3373: 2933: 2777: 2757: 2705: 2615: 1031: 1009:

However, New York's condominium law was amended in 1997 to allow

874: 780: 745: 721: 118: 75: 2501: 2068: 2061: 1808:"Company Share apartments – what are they and how do they work?" 1107:

New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development

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Typical cheap late 19th century corporation housing in Amsterdam

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from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the

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GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen

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999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned residential building in

2221:"UHAB Comes of Age: 30 Years of Self-Help Housing in New York" 2035: 1755:(in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 187–212. 201:

However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is

3647: 3380: 2877: 2665: 945:, which borders the city to the north, and towns in northern 586:("association for the working class") was founded in 1852 in 504: 497: 141: 1671:(in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 33–56. 1081:. One of the first subsidized, fixed-value cooperatives was 841:, housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or 2227: 1495: 1445:"Housing | Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives" 866: 3025: 409: 216:

has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as

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offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative.

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In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a

2450:"Land Deal Pushes Out Some at Manhattan's Trump Plaza" 1730:

Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities

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Nolan, Jill Eversole; Blaine, Thomas W. (April 2001).

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Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities

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Preservation and Development, New York City Housing.

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Housing New York: policy challenges and opportunities

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Romano, Jay (1 June 1997). "Condo Boards and Loans".

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Rehabilitation:Tenant Interim Lease Purchase Program

1105:. In September 1978, the city's housing agency, the 170:

may not be skilled, such as electrical maintenance.

1540: 371: 242:. In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. 1578:"Les Babayagas, la silver solidarité au quotidien" 536: 1127: 804:Student housing cooperative § United Kingdom 344:, a housing co-operative, and most apartments in 336:There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: 3660: 1134:Student housing cooperative § United States 2297:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 1280:"Your Home; Proprietary Co-op Lease: New Model" 797: 3011: 2517: 2483:"Buying in a Land Lease Cooperative Building" 1320:"The Characteristics of Housing Cooperatives" 903: 753: 1344: 993:condominiums in the New York City area are: 845:and are found in abundance in the area from 1751:Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017). 1750: 1667:Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017). 1666: 1387: 288:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3018: 3004: 2524: 2510: 2214: 2212: 638:"Company-share" apartments operate in the 3426:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity 2168: 1878: 1849: 1835: 855:Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division 308:Learn how and when to remove this message 2447: 2330: 2289: 2287: 2200: 1810:. Rainey Collins Lawyers. Archived from 907: 865:and serves the Midwest region, covering 661: 552: 487: 69: 34: 2384: 2218: 2209: 2147: 2062:"North American Student of Cooperation" 2030: 2028: 1650:"Home – The Sunday Edition – CBC Radio" 1148:Oberlin Student Cooperative Association 1051:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America 819:Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative 3661: 2412: 2410: 2351: 2255: 2185: 2113: 1865:Larsen, Henrik Gutzon (21 July 2024). 1864: 1546: 898:North American Students of Cooperation 823:Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative 815:Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative 811:North American Students of Cooperation 564: 540: 3402: 3041: 2999: 2505: 2354:"The Hidden Costs of Housing Madness" 2293: 2284: 2143: 2141: 2139: 1976:"How to set up a housing cooperative" 1805: 1040:Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach 617: 356:Market-rate and limited-equity co-ops 3604:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 2025: 1476:. International Cooperative Alliance 927:Cooperatives have a long history in 597: 537:§ Cooperative movement in India 286:adding citations to reliable sources 253: 3643:History of the cooperative movement 3114:International Co-operative Alliance 2448:Barbanel, Josh (13 November 2014). 2407: 2333:"City-owned housing units increase" 2092:"The Problem of Living in New York" 1114:Urban Homesteading Assistance Board 673: 503:The Housing cooperative project in 13: 2425:. City of New York. Archived from 2391:State University of New York Press 2331:Smothers, Ronald (10 April 1983). 2310:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1992.tb03487.x 2136: 1053:. One of the largest projects was 320:A housing cooperative is normally 14: 3705: 3042: 2531: 2497: 2259:Breaking the Cycle of Abandonment 2148:Kennedy, Shawn G. (21 May 1986). 2076:Urban Mass: A Look at Co-op City. 1806:Tyler, Claire (9 November 2013). 1474:Cooperative Housing International 1300:. National Cooperative Law Centre 1144:Santa Barbara Housing Cooperative 761: 208:In some cases, the co-op follows 1896:, Statistics Sweden, 7 May 2015. 1652:. 11 August 2013. Archived from 1298:"What is a housing cooperative?" 832: 667:Warminster Heights, Pennsylvania 372:Research on housing cooperatives 258: 2485:. 27 March 2011. Archived from 2475: 2441: 2378: 2352:Tucker, William (Autumn 1990). 2345: 2324: 2256:Allred, Christopher J. (2000). 2249: 2194: 2179: 2162: 2114:Sazama, Gerald (January 1996). 2107: 2084: 2054: 2004: 1968: 1943: 1925: 1899: 1894:Halva befolkningen bor i småhus 1887: 1858: 1836:Bengtsson, Bo (22 March 2024). 1829: 1799: 1777: 1744: 1718: 1705:New Urban Communities Authority 1693: 1660: 1642: 1610: 1584: 1570: 1514: 1488: 1462: 1437: 1412: 1195:"What is a housing cooperative" 659:transformed into condominiums. 408:Common Equity, in the state of 164: 93:, is a legal entity, usually a 3496:Socially responsible investing 1785:"Wooncoöperaties en wetgeving" 1381: 1338: 1290: 1272: 1251: 1243:. 22 July 2012. Archived from 1233: 1209: 1187: 741:dormitories or elderly homes. 645: 633: 548: 1: 3119:Cooperative wholesale society 1880:10.1080/02673037.2024.2376679 1851:10.1080/02673037.2024.2326156 1753:Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit 1669:Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit 1547:Carman, Tara (7 March 2022). 1180: 1069:was set up in 1951 and built 380: 229: 3542:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen 3295:Health insurance cooperative 3158:Savings and loan association 2385:Wolkoff, Michael J. (1999). 1140:Berkeley Student Cooperative 1128:Student housing cooperatives 798:Student housing cooperatives 545:for additional information. 385: 182: 7: 2731:Single-family detached home 1761:10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_7 1677:10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_2 1502:. Common Equity Housing Ltd 1153: 604:(house) owners' association 10: 3710: 3403: 1522:"Welcome to Common Equity" 1131: 904:New York metropolitan area 851:New York metropolitan area 801: 680:tenant-owner's association 656:tenant-owner's association 640:New Zealand housing system 534: 519: 455: 249: 186: 25: 18: 3638: 3610:United Farmers of Alberta 3596: 3565: 3509: 3434: 3413: 3409: 3398: 3355: 3308: 3287: 3249: 3216: 3171: 3138: 3131: 3099: 3059: 3052: 3048: 3037: 2957: 2886: 2873:Townhouse (Great Britain) 2539: 2219:Carlson, Neil F. (2004). 2123:University of Connecticut 1067:United Housing Foundation 594:(apartments and houses). 423: 415: 340:, for instance, lived in 3622:Nepal Co-operative Party 1359:10.1177/0013916594261004 1347:Environment and Behavior 1095:multi-family residential 1077:, designed by architect 1011:condominium associations 827:Students for Cooperation 608:Vereniging van Eigenaren 541:§ Housing Societies 515: 483: 428:In 2013, the opening of 39:Housing cooperatives on 19:Not to be confused with 3674:Intentional communities 492:Housing cooperative in 444:into similar networks. 430:La Maison des Babayagas 218:limited stock companies 3451:Cooperative federalism 3446:Co-operative economics 1955:Catalystcollective.org 1618:"Félicitations !" 1592:"Félicitations !" 1121:'land-lease' buildings 924: 754: 714:Scandinavian countries 670: 579:nonprofit organization 558: 500: 240:annual general meeting 82: 67: 51:, from left to right: 3264:Community wind energy 3060:Primary cooperative ( 2132:on 10 September 2006. 2103:: 918. November 1882. 1951:"Catalyst Collective" 1701:"About the Authority" 929:metropolitan New York 911: 665: 556: 491: 73: 38: 3689:Private aid programs 3679:Housing cooperatives 3031:mutual organizations 2833:Recreational vehicle 2783:Manufactured housing 1983:Radicalroutes.org.uk 1394:Journal of Extension 975:Alku and Alku Toinen 931:– in November 1882, 859:Federal Works Agency 688:bostadsrättsförening 282:improve this section 226:business decisions. 159:student cooperatives 21:Building cooperative 3694:Living arrangements 3421:Rochdale Principles 3368:Agent-owned company 3153:Mutual savings bank 2975:Runaway (dependent) 2909:Housing cooperative 2562:Penthouse apartment 2454:Wall Street Journal 2064:. 12 November 2017. 1726:"الإسكان الإجتماعي" 1656:on 1 November 2013. 1528:. Common Equity Ltd 1087:Morningside Heights 1083:Morningside Gardens 1055:Cooperative Village 821:opened in 2014 and 706:andelsboligforening 592:household dwellings 571:housing corporation 565:Housing corporation 522:Housing association 210:Rochdale Principles 87:housing cooperative 28:Housing association 3616:Co-operative Party 3501:Solidarity economy 3461:Economic democracy 3226:Collective farming 2863:Subsidized housing 2828:Railroad apartment 2813:Prefabricated home 2671:Back-to-back house 2661:Habitual residence 2366:on 11 October 2008 2272:on 2 February 2012 1580:. 2 February 2014. 1449:reic.uwcc.wisc.edu 1424:Pro Bono Australia 1287:(12 December 2000) 1175:Worker cooperative 1170:Subsidized housing 1103:in rem foreclosure 949:that are close to 943:Westchester County 925: 847:Madison, Wisconsin 671: 624:living cooperation 618:Living cooperation 559: 501: 366:affordable housing 236:board of directors 223:board of directors 221:co-operative. The 111:single family home 83: 68: 3656: 3655: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3597:Political parties 3552:Rochdale Pioneers 3547:David Schweickart 3486:Social enterprise 3438:economic theories 3394: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3351: 3350: 3127: 3126: 2993: 2992: 2726:Ranch-style house 2641:Experimental home 2621:Duplex (building) 2579:Ultimate bungalow 2547:Airplane Bungalow 2400:978-0-7914-0353-2 2237:on 6 October 2008 2100:Harper's Magazine 1933:"New co-op homes" 1630:on 6 October 2014 1229:on 9 August 2020. 1197:. Robinhood Learn 934:Harper's Magazine 755:asunto-osakeyhtiö 750:limited companies 598:Owner association 473:Industrialisation 396:community housing 318: 317: 310: 41:Central Park West 3701: 3411: 3410: 3400: 3399: 3363:Friendly society 3300:Mutual insurance 3163:Building society 3136: 3135: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3039: 3038: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2853:Split-level home 2768:Luxury apartment 2721:Low-energy house 2686:Gablefront house 2526: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2491: 2490: 2489:on 17 June 2011. 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2362:. Archived from 2349: 2343: 2342: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2230:. Archived from 2225: 2216: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2145: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2125:. Archived from 2120: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2082: 2081:. December 2006. 2074:Whitsett, Ross. 2072: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2012:"MAHC Main page" 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1985:. Archived from 1980: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1909:. Archived from 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1814:on 1 August 2020 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1623:. Archived from 1622: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1594:. Archived from 1588: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1322:. 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Archived from 1221: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1191: 1036:Washington, D.C. 1013:to borrow money. 981:neighborhood of 757: 728:) for a type of 674:Nordic countries 575:woningcorporatie 494:New Borg El Arab 313: 306: 302: 299: 293: 262: 254: 246:of their homes. 3709: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3669:Social programs 3659: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3626: 3592: 3561: 3527:David Griffiths 3505: 3466:Guild socialism 3439: 3437: 3430: 3405: 3386: 3347: 3343:Social services 3304: 3283: 3245: 3212: 3196:Housing society 3191:Student housing 3167: 3123: 3095: 3044: 3033: 3024: 2994: 2989: 2985:Street children 2953: 2929:Parasite single 2899:Extended family 2882: 2748:Holiday cottage 2651:Gated community 2611:Courtyard house 2535: 2530: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2350: 2346: 2329: 2325: 2292: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2199: 2195: 2184: 2180: 2167: 2163: 2146: 2137: 2129: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2042:. 18 March 2014 2040:Coophousing.org 2034: 2033: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1992:on 17 July 2022 1989: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1913:on 14 July 2014 1905: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1871:Housing Studies 1863: 1859: 1842:Housing Studies 1834: 1830: 1817: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1787:. 15 March 2016 1783: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1665: 1661: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1598:on 14 July 2014 1590: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1557: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1386: 1382: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1326:on 14 June 2022 1318: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1156: 1136: 1130: 1085:in Manhattan's 1059:Lower East Side 906: 835: 806: 800: 772:council housing 764: 730:joint ownership 676: 648: 636: 620: 600: 567: 551: 543: 525: 518: 486: 458: 426: 418: 388: 383: 374: 358: 314: 303: 297: 294: 279: 263: 252: 232: 191: 185: 167: 134:representatives 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3707: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684:Human habitats 3681: 3676: 3671: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3583:United Kingdom 3580: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3476:Neo-capitalism 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3407: 3406: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3391: 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2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2736:Terraced house 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2636:Executive home 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2606:Converted barn 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2586:Calendar house 2583: 2582: 2581: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2499: 2498:External links 2496: 2493: 2492: 2474: 2440: 2406: 2399: 2377: 2344: 2338:New York Times 2323: 2304:(3): 361–377. 2283: 2248: 2208: 2203:The Cooperator 2193: 2188:New York Times 2178: 2172:New York Times 2161: 2155:New York Times 2135: 2106: 2083: 2079:The Cooperator 2067: 2053: 2024: 2003: 1967: 1942: 1924: 1898: 1886: 1857: 1828: 1798: 1776: 1769: 1743: 1717: 1692: 1685: 1659: 1641: 1609: 1583: 1569: 1539: 1513: 1487: 1461: 1436: 1411: 1380: 1337: 1311: 1289: 1284:New York Times 1271: 1250: 1232: 1208: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1132:Main article: 1129: 1126: 1049:, such as the 1023: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1006: 1002: 905: 902: 834: 831: 802:Main article: 799: 796: 792:Radical Routes 763: 762:United Kingdom 760: 675: 672: 647: 644: 635: 632: 628:wooncoöperatie 619: 616: 599: 596: 566: 563: 550: 547: 517: 514: 485: 482: 457: 454: 425: 422: 417: 414: 392:social housing 387: 384: 382: 379: 373: 370: 357: 354: 316: 315: 266: 264: 257: 251: 248: 231: 228: 184: 181: 166: 163: 107:housing tenure 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3706: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3588:United States 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3557:Beatrice Webb 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3517:G. D. H. Cole 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510:Key theorists 3508: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3436:Political and 3433: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3397: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3231:Reforestation 3229: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3055: 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