631:. Due to the wide variable output of the turbine and the high level of torque, a standard gearbox was not necessary, leaving the Howmet TX with only a single gearing speed. However, the gearing ratios were able to be quickly changed in the differential, allowing the car to be adapted to various circuits. Due to the use of a single-speed transmission, there was no gearing for reverse. Although Heppenstall initially wished to do without reverse, the FIA mandated its use and a small electric motor powered by the turbine was installed, allowing the car to move in reverse.
303:
292:
283:
272:
263:
246:
79:
70:
612:
938:
512:
30:
705:
638:. The wastegate was designed to eliminate the lag between the driver pressing the accelerator and the turbine increasing its revolutions. Once the turbine was at its maximum revolutions, the wastegate helped regulate the flow of hot gas from the core to the power-turbine, thus increasing or decreasing the power output to the gearbox far quicker than the core could adjust mass-flow by itself.
666:, and Ed Lowther qualified with a lap time seventh fastest overall. Several competitors made early refueling stops allowing the Howmet to improve to third place but on lap 34 the turbine wastegate failed to reopen, giving the driver too much power for the corner he was in. The car spun and hit a barrier, forcing the team to retire.
604:. The TS325-1 gas turbines were prototypes from an aborted bid for a military helicopter contract which Continental was not putting to use at the time. The loaned turbines weighed 170 pounds (77 kg) and were able to provide 350 bhp (260 kW) and 650 lbf⋅ft (880 N⋅m) of torque. A maximum of 57,000
681:. The turbine ran reliably at first but, as the race continued, debris damaged the turbine and caused it to shake loose from its mounts. The TX was eventually retired after six hours. Following Sebring, the International Championship returned to Europe, and the Howmet team followed. They entered the
769:
failure two hours later, requiring a lengthy three-hour repair. By the sixth hour of the event the car was disqualified by race officials, having covered an insufficient distance of only 60 laps. The remaining fuel-starved TX did not last much longer as
Thompson crashed in the Indianapolis corner.
983:
During Haines' ownership of chassis #GTP2, Bob McKee completed a spare frame, known as #GTP3, to original specification for Haines. Again, due to the lack of a
Continental turbine, an Allison unit was used instead. The different powerplant required some redesign, as the exhaust was now vented out
716:
The TX returned to the United States to contest the SCCA National
Championship rather than stay in Europe for the remainder of the International Championship. Closer to home, the problems with the experimental TX were able to be overcome as the car finished its first race, the Vandergraft Trophy in
732:
With the first victory earned by the Howmet TX, Heppenstall was once again joined by Dick
Thompson for the Marlboro 300. Once again the car won the short qualifying race to earn pole position and went on to lead every lap of the main event, winning by an eleven-lap margin. Feeling that the TX was
645:
measured in the same way as a piston engine, the FIA used an equivalence formula to determine the
Continental TS325-1's displacement of 2,960 cubic centimetres (181 cu in), although Heppenstall has since admitted that the engine was actually above the three litre limit. This allowed the
662:. Before even entering competition the TX earned attention, and was featured prominently on the cover of the race program. Although both cars were in attendance, only the newer (#GTP2) of the two was entered in the race; the other car (#GTP1) was kept as a spare. The driving team of Heppenstall,
556:
series in 1966, but adapted to house the turbine engine. The second car #GTP2 was built from scratch, allowing it to be purposely designed around the use of a turbine engine, including a chassis 2.25 inches (57 mm) longer. The chassis were known as the Mk.9 to McKee, but only ever raced as
963:
The second car, chassis #GTP2, was converted from its open-cockpit bodywork back into its original closed-cockpit design in a restoration carried out by McKee
Engineering at the behest of new owner Chuck Haines. The restoration of Chassis #GTP2 was completed in July 1996. Original Continental
952:
Chassis #GTP1 was bought by Jim
Brucker and stored in his personal collection in California. On display, it featured a mock-up of the Continental turbine in the engine bay. The car was bought in 2006 by Bruce Linsmeyer of Avon Aero and has been restored with an original Continental turbine.
745:
the TX cars were running third and fourth overall. The Dibley and
Tullius car suffered a transmission problem in the closing hour requiring the car to crawl around the circuit until the end of the race. The other entry remained on pace until the end, finishing on the podium overall and was the
764:
For the race itself, mechanical problems appeared early as
Thompson's car suffered after only three laps. The fuel system was not providing enough Jet A to the turbine to allow it to produce its full power output, meaning the car had to limp down the circuit's long straights. While that car
535:, which provided castings for turbines in the aerospace industry. Heppenstall and Fleming were able to convince Howmet that their backing of a competitive and unique sports car could promote public awareness of the company. Howmet agreed to fund the project, lending their name to the car.
782:
Howmet decided in 1969 that although the racing program was too expensive to continue, the two cars it owned could still be put to promotional use. Heppenstall decided that he would attempt to repair the second TX chassis (#GTP2) to adapt new open-cockpit bodywork, earning it the name
773:
With the 1968 season over, Heppenstall planned for the following year, including the development of a new multi-gear transmission to replace the single speed unit. However, Howmet felt that the program was not providing adequate promotion for the company and decided to discontinue it.
787:. The new vehicle attempted to break world land speed records for turbine-powered cars. With the TX Mk.II weighing approximately 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb), the car was able to make attempts at two classes of records thanks to the addition or subtraction of ballast.
547:
Monaco sports car, but later decided it was not the best choice for a turbine and the car was sold off. Bob McKee, owner of McKee
Engineering, was then contracted by Heppenstall to build two cars brand new. The first
988:
events, including the 2007 Goodwood Festival of Speed. Bob McKee built #GTP4 for Xavier Micheron , #GTP4 has participated in many events after completion around 2017-2018 including Classic LeMans 2018
949:. However, because the two Continental turbines had been leased to Howmet, they had to be returned once the cars were no longer under Howmet's control. Heppenstall eventually sold the two chassis.
725:. A short sprint race was held on the day prior to the main race in order to determine the starting order of the field. The Howmet TX was able to earn victory in the sprint, allowing it to start on
523:
had failed several years before. Heppenstall felt that a more simplified design for the chassis could make a turbine-powered car more competitive. Heppenstall originally proposed the car to
519:
At the same time as Granatelli's turbine debut at Indy, racer Ray Heppenstall began to conceive a design for his own sports car to make use of a gas turbine, improving in some areas where the
568:
regulations for sports prototypes, allowing for a completely custom mid-engine layout that was only limited in terms of engine sizes available to competitors. Closed cockpit bodywork with
721:. Heppenstall drove the car to a second-place finish, setting a new lap record for the circuit. Following a retirement in Michigan, the TX next arrived at the Heart of Dixie event in
729:
for the main event. From there the TX dominated the event and earned another win. These two victories marked the first-ever wins by a turbine-powered car in a racing event.
741:
were entered in the first car, while Heppenstall and Thompson shared the second. The cars qualified eighth and ninth fastest. Following early accidents by the factory
432:
Although not the first attempt at using a turbine powerplant in auto racing, the Howmet TX was the first and is still the only turbine to win a race, earning two
689:. Wastegate problems once again caused the car to crash, this time after only seven laps. Staying in England, the Howmet team entered a national sprint race at
1429:
437:
1210:
1404:
1343:
488:. Both cars showed reliability but were unable to win over the public or to win at Le Mans respectively. By 1967, team owner and car developer
972:. In 2006, it was later sold to Xavier Micheron who adapted the wastegate system to the Allison turbine. #GTP2 has since participated in the
984:
of the top of the engine cover instead of out the rear of the car. #GTP3 does not have the wastegate system. Haines has entered the car in
1246:
1513:
1318:
1064:
659:
799:
757:
sponsored the team's bid at the 24 hours. The same drivers were assigned to the cars, but their qualifying performance at the
1544:
1178:
1450:
1278:
1125:
1475:
436:(SCCA) race victories and two qualifying sprint victories during its only year of competition. The TX later set six
228:
199:
1503:
The Howmet TX earned two main race wins. The two qualifying sprint wins are not counted toward its overall total.
945:
In 1971, Howmet ended their promotional use of the two TX cars. The two chassis were sold to Ray Heppenstall for
634:
The turbine itself used two large exhaust pipes. However, a third pipe was situated off-center for use with a
1096:
718:
1375:
1175:"The rise and fall of alternative power in motor racing - Swoosh and screech! - Part 1: Aircraft on asphalt"
746:
highest finisher in its class. The podium earned Howmet four points towards the International Championship.
1425:
673:
a few weeks later, the TX was able to improve its pace, this time qualifying third, only a second behind a
588:
on each wheel. A 32-US-gallon (120 L) fuel tank was placed between the cockpit and turbine, housing
504:, but suffered a mechanical failure after leading over two-thirds of the event. A similar attempt with a
1200:
601:
422:
185:
531:. He eventually turned to fellow racer Tom Fleming for aid. Fleming was at the time vice-president of
1539:
977:
969:
709:
577:
433:
180:
123:
109:
1400:
1339:
1065:"The history of the Howmet TX turbine car of 1968, still the world's only turbine powered race winner"
976:
event in 2008, 2010 and 2012, the Classic Endurance Racing series from 2009 to 2012, as well as the
515:
The Howmet TX was built on the McKee Mk.9 chassis. This is the first example of two built in period.
761:
was hampered by the long straights. Twentieth fastest was the best performance from the two cars.
750:
485:
481:
791:
734:
1250:
965:
957:
663:
605:
528:
524:
276:
627:
A two-stage setup used an internal power turbine to drive the rear wheels through the use of
946:
766:
758:
682:
465:
457:
8:
1314:
1068:
985:
722:
670:
655:
642:
619:
for the original Continental turbine. The smaller pipe at the back is for the turbine's
493:
477:
318:
646:
Howmet to compete in the Prototype Under 3000 cc category of the Group 6 formula.
544:
701:, however, once again denied the TX the possibility of finishing the hour-long event.
441:
414:
62:
565:
497:
403:
47:
44:
1174:
973:
749:
After the Watkins Glen success, the two cars were prepared for an attempt at the
532:
489:
426:
250:
794:
in August 1970, Heppenstall drove the TX Mk.II to six records recognized by the
1522:
1454:
1282:
1205:
501:
302:
205:
1533:
1121:
954:
737:, another round of the International Championship. Hugh Dibley and newcomer
726:
616:
569:
343:
291:
282:
271:
262:
245:
78:
69:
968:
250C18 turbine was installed. Chuck Haines participated three times at the
1479:
686:
552:
chassis was actually built from an older McKee car initially built for the
1249:. International Motor Racing Research Center. 10 July 2000. Archived from
738:
694:
690:
674:
654:
Following completion of the two Howmet TXs, the cars were brought to the
581:
549:
469:
453:
410:
406:
348:
307:
296:
189:
127:
113:
99:
39:
733:
now capable of taking on European entries, both TXs were entered in the
628:
585:
573:
460:
had been gaining support in the automobile industry during the 1960s.
158:
753:, which had been postponed until September. French aluminium company
611:
678:
635:
620:
520:
192:
170:
937:
511:
29:
1100:
754:
698:
505:
461:
1379:
1281:. World Sports Racing Prototypes. 31 January 2006. Archived from
742:
418:
93:
1378:. World Sports Racing Prototypes. 2 October 2005. Archived from
1099:. World Sports Racing Prototypes. 2 October 2005. Archived from
953:
Following restoration, #GTP1 won the Sebring Trophy at the 2007
508:
in 1968 also led to retirement after showing winning potential.
704:
553:
417:. Planned by racing driver Ray Heppenstall, the TX combined a
589:
216:
175:
93.5 in (2,370 mm) or 91.25 in (2,318 mm)
223:
600:
The turbines to power the two Howmet TXs were leased from
795:
561:
473:
421:
built by McKee Engineering, turbine engines leased from
1067:. Pete Stowe's MotorSport History. 2006. Archived from
464:
had begun testing in the 1950s and began leasing their
188:
TS325-1 2,960 cc (181 cu in) two-stage
941:
An Allison 250C18 turbine installed in chassis #GTP3.
980:
in 2009. It is now a part of the ROFGO collection.
468:to the public in 1963, while British manufacturer
409:designed in 1968 to test the competitive use of a
765:continued at a slowed pace, the other suffered a
1531:
1172:
1018:. Model & Allied Publications. p. 439.
425:, and financial backing and materials from the
1198:
543:Heppenstall began the project by purchasing a
444:for turbines after being retired from racing.
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28:
1468:
1376:"International Championship for Makes 1968"
1192:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1014:Clark, Eric (September 1968). "Howmet TX".
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
697:. The failure of a starter motor during a
1403:. Racing Sports Cars. 28 September 2006.
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1224:
1022:
660:1968 International Championship for Makes
500:. The car nearly won the race driven by
438:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1082:
936:
883:
836:
703:
610:
572:was designed by Bob McKee to shroud the
510:
1428:. Racing Sports Cars. 7 December 2005.
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1005:
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1001:
839:(over 500 kg, under 1000 kg)
708:Howmet TX chassis #GTP2 running at the
476:combined to build a racing car for the
1532:
1523:- Recent history of the Howmet TX GTP2
1453:. Avon Aero, Inc. 2007. Archived from
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1264:
964:turbines could not be obtained, so an
800:International Motor Sports Association
798:, with the timing recorded by the new
602:Continental Aviation & Engineering
423:Continental Aviation & Engineering
1342:. Racing Sports Cars. 25 April 2006.
1013:
777:
1139:
1114:
998:
641:Although turbines cannot have their
557:turbines under the Howmet TX guise.
1357:
163:Front: 58.5 in (1,490 mm)
13:
1124:. The Rover Car Club of Auckland.
165:Rear: 56.5 in (1,440 mm)
14:
1556:
1507:
1478:. Can-Am Cars Ltd. Archived from
1317:. Ultimatecarpages. 3 July 2006.
649:
560:The Mk.9 was designed around the
1173:Mattijs Diepraam (19 May 2003).
301:
290:
281:
270:
261:
244:
77:
68:
1443:
1432:from the original on 2021-02-10
1407:from the original on 2021-02-10
1346:from the original on 2021-02-10
1321:from the original on 2011-06-12
1213:from the original on 2014-08-10
1181:from the original on 2021-02-10
1128:from the original on 2010-12-11
1247:"Transcripts: Ray Heppenstall"
1199:Frank M. Blunk (31 May 1967).
447:
1:
991:
719:New Cumberland, West Virginia
1545:Cars powered by gas turbines
932:
153:46.5 in (1,180 mm)
145:71.5 in (1,820 mm)
137:154 in (3,900 mm)
7:
1426:"Brands Hatch 6 Hours 1968"
658:, the opening round of the
402:perimental) is an American
373:Constructors' Championships
16:Sports-prototype racing car
10:
1561:
978:Goodwood Festival of Speed
970:Goodwood Festival of Speed
917:Standing start, 1 km
903:Standing start, ½ km
889:Standing start, ¼ mi
870:Standing start, 1 km
856:Standing start, ½ km
842:Standing start, ¼ mi
710:Goodwood Festival of Speed
595:
578:double wishbone suspension
538:
434:Sports Car Club of America
823:
818:
815:
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456:as an alternative to the
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27:
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1122:"The Rover Turbine Cars"
1097:"US National Races 1968"
608:was able to be reached.
88:Technical specifications
1401:"Sebring 12 Hours 1968"
1340:"Daytona 24 Hours 1968"
1279:"McKee chassis numbers"
792:Talladega Superspeedway
735:6 Hours of Watkins Glen
452:Interest in the use of
942:
713:
624:
525:Allison Engine Company
516:
381:Drivers' Championships
33:
940:
707:
614:
514:
32:
1516:- Howmet TX article
1514:endurance-series.com
1201:"Fate Rides Shotgun"
1103:on 24 September 2008
886:(over 1000 kg)
759:Circuit de la Sarthe
1476:"About Can-Am Cars"
986:historic motorsport
958:Concours d'Elegance
751:24 Hours of Le Mans
723:Huntsville, Alabama
693:for English driver
671:12 Hours of Sebring
656:24 Hours of Daytona
494:STP-Paxton Turbocar
478:24 Hours of Le Mans
319:24 Hours of Daytona
235:Competition history
24:
1285:on 20 October 2007
943:
808:FIA Speed Records
790:On a road next to
778:Land speed records
714:
625:
533:Howmet Corporation
517:
442:land speed records
427:Howmet Corporation
251:Howmet Corporation
106:Suspension (front)
34:
22:
1540:Sports prototypes
930:
929:
629:reduction gearing
574:mid-engine layout
529:Williams Research
415:sports car racing
388:
387:
368:
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120:Suspension (rear)
57:McKee Engineering
1552:
1519:
1491:
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1451:"Howmet Turbine"
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1382:on 26 April 2008
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1315:"1968 Howmet TX"
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1071:on March 2, 2008
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498:Indianapolis 500
492:had created the
472:and racing team
404:sports prototype
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240:Notable entrants
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19:Racing car model
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974:Le Mans Classic
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785:Howmet TX Mk.II
780:
652:
598:
584:were used with
541:
490:Andy Granatelli
450:
300:
299:
289:
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279:
269:
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267:Ray Heppenstall
260:
257:Notable drivers
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124:Double wishbone
110:Double wishbone
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74:Ray Heppenstall
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20:
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1508:External links
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1206:New York Times
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724:
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664:Dick Thompson
661:
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617:exhaust pipes
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527:and later to
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458:piston engine
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277:Dick Thompson
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26:
1527:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1348:. Retrieved
1334:
1323:. Retrieved
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1215:. Retrieved
1204:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1130:. Retrieved
1116:
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1101:the original
1073:. Retrieved
1069:the original
1015:
982:
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951:
944:
789:
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781:
772:
763:
748:
731:
715:
687:Brands Hatch
668:
653:
643:displacement
640:
633:
626:
599:
582:coil springs
576:. Standard
559:
542:
518:
454:gas turbines
451:
431:
399:
395:
391:
389:
208:for reverse)
200:Transmission
1518:(in French)
739:Bob Tullius
695:Hugh Dibley
691:Oulton Park
675:Porsche 907
586:disc brakes
550:space frame
466:Turbine Car
448:Development
411:gas turbine
325:Last season
308:Hugh Dibley
297:Bob Tullius
193:mid-mounted
190:gas turbine
186:Continental
128:coil spring
114:coil spring
100:space frame
63:Designer(s)
54:Constructor
1534:Categories
1486:2008-06-13
1461:2008-03-08
1436:2008-04-08
1411:2008-04-08
1386:2008-03-10
1350:2008-04-08
1325:2008-04-08
1289:2008-03-07
1257:2008-03-23
1217:2008-06-16
1185:2008-03-07
1132:2008-06-16
1107:2008-03-10
1075:2008-03-07
1016:Model Cars
992:References
947:one dollar
413:engine in
407:racing car
287:Ed Lowther
159:Axle track
933:Later use
679:Ford GT40
636:wastegate
621:wastegate
521:Rover-BRM
392:Howmet TX
204:1-speed (
171:Wheelbase
83:Bob McKee
23:Howmet TX
1430:Archived
1405:Archived
1344:Archived
1319:Archived
1211:Archived
1179:Archived
1126:Archived
821:seconds
802:(IMSA).
755:Pechiney
743:Porsches
699:pit stop
683:BOAC 500
506:Lotus 56
496:for the
462:Chrysler
398:urbine e
229:Goodyear
98:Tubular
40:Category
966:Allison
923:150.50
909:114.35
895:104.41
884:Class 3
879:104.37
876:167.97
862:133.53
848:122.41
837:Class 2
712:in 2009
669:By the
596:Turbine
566:Group 6
539:Chassis
419:chassis
94:Chassis
45:Group 6
1177:. 8W.
926:93.52
920:23.92
912:71.05
906:15.74
898:64.88
892:13.87
873:21.18
865:82.97
859:13.48
851:76.06
845:11.83
824:Speed
813:Class
677:and a
592:fuel.
554:Can Am
545:Cooper
440:(FIA)
349:F/Laps
181:Engine
150:Height
134:Length
1498:Notes
829:km/h
816:Type
590:Jet A
580:with
470:Rover
344:Poles
337:Races
317:1968
314:Debut
224:Tyres
217:Jet A
142:Width
126:with
112:with
832:mph
819:Time
615:The
486:1965
484:and
482:1963
390:The
340:Wins
328:1968
213:Fuel
796:FIA
685:at
606:rpm
564:'s
562:FIA
480:in
474:BRM
364:N/A
1536::
1359:^
1298:^
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355:11
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400:X
396:T
394:(
384:0
376:0
361:2
358:2
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