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418:. Wilkins said the expedition was meant to conduct a "comprehensive meteorology study" and collect "data of academic and economic interest". He also anticipated Arctic weather stations and the potential to forecast Arctic weather "several years in advance". Wilkins believed a submarine could take a fully equipped laboratory into the Arctic.
507:
was up and running and on her way to Norway to pick up the scientific contingent of their crew. By 23 August they had left Norway and were only 600 miles from the North Pole. It was at this time that
Wilkins uncovered another setback. His submarine was missing its diving planes. Without diving planes
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contributed a further $ 35,000. Wilkins himself added $ 25,000 of his own money. Since
Wilkins was not a U.S. citizen, he was unable to purchase the 1918 submarine scheduled to be decommissioned, but he was permitted to lease the vessel for a period of five years at a cost of one dollar annually from
311:
of the bird life of
Northern Australia. This ornithology project occupied his life until 1925. His work was greatly acclaimed by the museum but derided by Australian authorities because of the sympathetic treatment afforded to Indigenous Australians and criticisms of the ongoing environmental damage
269:
an international hero) if
Australia had a similar hero, Monash spoke of Wilkins: "Yes, there was one. He was a highly accomplished and absolutely fearless combat photographer. What happened to him is a story of epic proportions. Wounded many times ... he always came through. At times he brought in
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explored the drift ice north of Alaska, touching down upon it in
Eielson's airplane in the first land-plane descent onto drift ice. Soundings taken at the landing site indicated a water depth of 16,000 feet, and Wilkins hypothesized from the experience that future Arctic expeditions would take
519:
Wilkins had to acknowledge that his adventure into the Arctic was becoming too foolhardy when he received a wireless plea from Hearst which said, "I most urgently beg of you to return promptly to safety and to defer any further adventure to a more favorable time, and with a better boat."
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Wilkins was determined to do what he could without the diving planes. For the most part
Wilkins was thwarted from discovery under the ice floes. The crew was able to take core samples of the ice, as well as testing the salinity of the water and gravity near the pole.
457:. The submarine was outfitted with a custom-designed drill that would allow her to bore through ice pack overhead for ventilation. The crew of eighteen men was chosen with great care. Among their ranks were U.S. Naval Academy graduates as well as navy veterans of WWI.
172:, the last of 13 children in a family of pioneer settlers and sheep farmers. He was born at Mount Bryan East, South Australia, 177 kilometres (110 mi) north of Adelaide by road. The original homestead has been restored by generous donation. He was educated at
491:
Soon after the commencement of the expedition the starboard engine broke down, and soon after that the port engine followed suit. On 14 June 1931 without a means of propulsion
Wilkins was forced to send out an SOS and was rescued later that day by the USS
488:, where additional modifications and test dives were performed. Satisfied with the performance of both the machinery and the crew, Wilkins and his men left the relative safety of coastal waterways for the uncertainty of the North Atlantic on 4 June 1931.
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advantage of the wide expanses of open ice to use aircraft in exploration. In
December 1928, Wilkins and Eielson took off from Deception Island, one of Antarctic's most remote islands, and made the first successful airplane flight over the continent.
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and supporter of the
Urantia movement after joining the '70' group in Chicago in 1942. After the book's publication in 1955, he 'carried the massive work on his long travels, even to the Antarctic' and told associates that it was his religion.
483:
Wilkins was undaunted and drove on with preparations for a series of test cruises and dives before they were to undertake their trans-Arctic voyage. Wilkins and his crew made their way up the Hudson River to
Yonkers, eventually reaching
576:
on 17 March 1959. The Navy confirmed on 27 March that, "In a solemn memorial ceremony conducted by Skate shortly after surfacing, the ashes of Sir Hubert Wilkins were scattered at the North Pole in accordance with his last wishes."
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he assumed command of a group of American soldiers who had lost their officers in an earlier attack, directing them until support arrived. Wilkins was subsequently awarded a bar to his Military Cross in the
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suffered serious damage that made further use of the vessel unfeasible. Wilkins received permission from the United States Navy to sink the vessel off shore in a Norwegian fjord on 20 November 1931.
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Despite the failure to meet his intended objective, he was able to prove that submarines were capable of operating beneath the polar ice cap, thereby paving the way for future successful missions.
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the wounded, at other times he supplied vital intelligence of enemy activity he observed. At one point he even rallied troops as a combat officer ... His record was unique."
149:
in a submarine, but was able to prove that submarines were capable of operating beneath the polar ice cap, thereby paving the way for future successful missions. The
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145:, and became the only official Australian photographer from any war to receive a combat medal. He narrowly failed in an attempt to be the first to cross under the
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Ellsworth contributed $ 70,000, plus a $ 20,000 loan. Newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst purchased exclusive rights to the story for $ 61,000. The
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The expedition suffered losses before they even left New York Harbor. Quartermaster Willard Grimmer was knocked overboard and drowned in the harbor.
232:. He remains the only Australian official photographer from any war to have received a combat medal. The following month Wilkins was promoted to
177:
224:. Wilkins later transferred to the general list and in 1918 was appointed as an official war photographer. In June 1918 Wilkins was awarded the
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358:. For this feat and his prior work, Wilkins was knighted, and during the ensuing celebration in New York, he met an Australian actress,
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Wilkins ended the first expedition to the poles in a submarine and headed for England, but was forced to take refuge in the
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Studios. His photographic skill earned him a place on various Arctic expeditions, including the controversial 1913
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and became officer commanding No.3 (Photographic) Sub-section of the Australian war records unit.
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after he assumed command of a group of American soldiers who had lost their officers during the
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In 1930 Wilkins and his wife, Suzanne, were vacationing with a wealthy friend and colleague
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after his sponsor, and Hearst thanked Wilkins by giving him and his bride a flight aboard
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1072:"Under the North Pole: the Voyage of the Nautilus, The Ohio State University Libraries"
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354:, arriving about 20 hours later on 16 April, touching along the way at Grant Land on
346:'s flight across the Atlantic, Wilkins and Eielson made a trans-Arctic crossing from
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Wilkins' work frequently led him into the thick of the fighting and during the
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129:(31 October 1888 – 30 November 1958), commonly referred to as
900:
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was towed to Ireland on 22 June 1931, and was taken to England for repairs.
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1431:. Sydney, Australia: Hachette/Hodder & New York: Arcade Publishing.
1096:
527:, Norway, because of a fierce storm that they encountered en route. The
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32:
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1496:
The Incredible Life of Hubert Wilkins: Australia's Greatest Explorer
192:
where he became a pioneering aerial photographer whilst working for
3942:
1156:"The Arctic Dive, Under the North Pole: the Voyage of the Nautilus"
713:
Thoughts Through Space: A Remarkable Adventure in the Realm of Mind
552:
On 16 March 1958, Wilkins appeared as a guest on the TV panel show
181:
137:, pilot, soldier, geographer and photographer. He was awarded the
4569:
3949:
2214:
2190:
2178:
1211:"Rediscovering the World's First Arctic Submarine: Nautilus 1931"
620:
189:
150:
2736:
2815:
2140:
835:
Antarctica: an encyclopedia from Abbot Ice Shelf to Zooplankton
216:
In 1917, Wilkins returned to his native Australia, joining the
1378:"Hiding in plain sight: a new marsupial species for Australia"
1118:"Polar Sub Can Drill Through Ice", April 1931, Popular Science
604:. The majority of Wilkins' papers and effects are archived at
2201:
615:
1542:
1358:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
1183:"Frozen North – Sir Hubert's Forgotten Submarine Expedition"
153:
later took his ashes to the North Pole aboard the submarine
437:
Lake & Danenhower, Inc. The submarine was the disarmed
1428:
The Last Explorer: Hubert Wilkins Australia's Unknown Hero
462:
Wilkins described the planned expedition in his 1931 book
596:
in Antarctica are named after him, as are the airport at
1354:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
986:. American Geographical Society. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
369:, Wilkins continued his polar explorations, flying over
3406:
624:, is named after him, as is a species of rock wallaby,
228:
for his efforts to rescue wounded soldiers during the
837:. Auckland, New Zealand: Firefly Books. p. 200.
1301:
953:. Potomac Books Inc., Dulles, Virginia. 2007. p. 35.
951:
Drift Station: Arctic outposts of superpower science
1205:
1203:
1066:
1064:
762:Encyclopedia of Exploration (Part 2: 1800 to 1850)
1158:. Library.osu.edu. 23 August 1931. Archived from
273:
4715:
1526:Register of The Sir George Hubert Wilkins Papers
188:, to Sydney as a cinematographer, and thence to
1452:, Documentary 2006, AS Videomaker/Real Pictures
1200:
1061:
655:"Report on topographical and geographical work"
307:Wilkins in 1923 began a two-year study for the
286:After the war, Wilkins served in 1921–22 as an
1549:The 1931 Nautilus Expedition to the North Pole
1375:
1074:. Library.osu.edu. 4 June 1931. Archived from
828:
826:
255:was asked by the visiting American journalist
4789:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1608:
1376:Eldridge, M.; Potter, S. (22 December 2014).
858:
856:
854:
765:. Potts Point, NSW, Australia: Hordern House.
4744:Australian military personnel of World War I
1369:
1180:
1002:. Royal Geographical Society. Archived from
4779:Australian recipients of the Military Cross
1174:
823:
1615:
1601:
1493:
1409:Sir Hubert Wilkins: His World of Adventure
970:
873:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
851:
31:
1234:"Under the North Pole: The Voyage of the
472:praised as " exciting as it is epochal".
4673:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1574:Newspaper clippings about Hubert Wilkins
1341:"Atomic Sub Drills Holes in Polar Ice",
1181:Fricke, Hans; Fricke, Sebastian (2011).
923:(Supplement). 3 June 1919. p. 6823.
913:
865:"Wilkins, Sir George Hubert (1888–1958)"
661:. Ottawa: J. de Labroquerie Taché. 1917.
537:
277:
207:
4248:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1533:biography from Flinders Ranges Research
1477:Wings of Ice: The Air Race to the Poles
1474:
1455:
755:
323:Wilkins was the first recipient of the
4716:
1566:radio documentary, first broadcast by
1405:
1238:, the Ohio State University Libraries"
933:
777:"Distance Mount Bryan East – Adelaide"
749:
397:
3392:
1634:
1622:
1596:
1424:
1307:
715:. Hampton Roads Publishing Co. 2004.
710:, Creative Age Press. Republished as
184:where he found work with a traveling
16:Australian polar explorer (1888–1958)
4769:People from Hallett, South Australia
862:
832:
702:. Brewer, Warren & Putnam. 1931.
133:, was an Australian polar explorer,
4034:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2231:Norse colonization of North America
1587:The Papers of George Hubert Wilkins
1522:Entry for Sir George Hubert Wilkins
1460:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
1271:. 14 September 1931. Archived from
1213:. Ussnautilus.org. 30 November 1931
1027:
560:
13:
4784:20th-century Australian zoologists
3563:United States Exploring Expedition
1399:
870:Australian Dictionary of Biography
508:he would be unable to control the
434:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
327:, which was awarded to him by the
14:
4800:
4637:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4005:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1513:
1356:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
1289:. Amphilsoc.org. 20 November 1931
997:"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"
633:He is briefly portrayed by actor
600:, and Sir Hubert Wilkins Road at
331:in 1928. He was also awarded the
315:In March 1927, Wilkins and pilot
200:-led Canadian Arctic Expedition.
170:Mount Bryan East, South Australia
57:Mount Bryan East, South Australia
4531:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3924:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
423:
325:Samuel Finley Breese Morse Medal
1539:Short bio on Sir Hubert Wilkins
1348:
1335:
1321:"What's My Line?: EPISODE #406"
1313:
1279:
1257:
1225:
1148:
1133:
1109:
1090:
1036:
1021:
989:
977:"The Cullum Geographical Medal"
405:
342:On 15 April 1928, a year after
282:Detroit Arctic Expedition, 1926
168:Hubert Wilkins was a native of
1561:The Last Explorer: Simon Nasht
964:"Antarctic Aerial Exploration"
956:
943:
907:
875:Australian National University
795:
769:
392:American Philosophical Society
274:Early career and personal life
203:
1:
4764:Ohio State University faculty
3910:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3845:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3393:
742:
706:1942 with Harold M. Sherman:
672:. Grosset & Dunlap. 1928.
475:
329:American Geographical Society
241:Battle of the Hindenburg Line
180:. As a teenager, he moved to
163:
143:Battle of the Hindenburg Line
4267:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4083:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3889:French Antarctic Expeditions
3819:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3705:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1823:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1589:at Dartmouth College Library
1106:(retrieved 27 February 2018)
542:Wilkins became a student of
455:20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
298:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
251:When Australian WWI general
7:
4759:Australian Knights Bachelor
3352:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3031:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1896:Andrée's balloon expedition
1578:20th Century Press Archives
1366:. ("Wilkins", pp. 285-286).
737:Thomas George Lanphier, Sr.
730:
630:, first described in 2014.
390:Wilkins was elected to the
10:
4805:
2553:Franklin's lost expedition
2253:Christian IV's expeditions
1635:
1545:Documentary Filmmaker site
1494:FitzSimons, Peter (2021).
1479:. Random House Australia.
1456:Jenness, Stuart E (2006).
1265:"Science: Wilkins Through"
659:Canadian Arctic Expedition
609:Byrd Polar Research Center
598:Jamestown, South Australia
333:Royal Geographical Society
4749:Australian ornithologists
4370:
4101:
3688:
3428:
3405:
3401:
3388:
2907:Great Northern Expedition
2801:
2583:Rae–Richardson expedition
2332:
2177:
1783:British Arctic Expedition
1675:
1647:
1643:
1630:
1458:The Making of an Explorer
1287:"The Nautilus Expedition"
1028:Wilkins, Hubert Wilkins.
811:. 9 June 1928. p. 54
606:The Ohio State University
567:Framingham, Massachusetts
377:. He named the island of
362:, whom he later married.
120:Sir George Hubert Wilkins
99:
89:
81:
75:Framingham, Massachusetts
63:
42:
37:Sir Hubert Wilkins (1931)
30:
23:
4754:Australian photographers
4191:British Antarctic Survey
4185:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3430:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1543:Searching for Sir Hubert
1102:3 September 2012 at the
646:
614:A species of Australian
178:Adelaide School of Mines
4774:Explorers of the Arctic
4667:Pole of inaccessibility
4330:Antarctic Treaty System
2671:2nd Grinnell expedition
1537:In Search of Sir Hubert
1520:Australian War Memorial
1406:Thomas, Lowell (1961).
486:New London, Connecticut
449:.) Wilkins renamed her
367:William Randolph Hearst
262:With Lawrence in Arabia
218:Australian Flying Corps
1498:. Hachette Australia.
1475:Maynard, Jeff (2010).
1450:Voyage of the Nautilus
1231:Insertlibrary.osu.edu
708:Thoughts Through Space
679:Undiscovered Australia
453:, after Jules Verne's
304:and adjacent islands.
283:
213:
4337:Transglobe Expedition
4236:Operation Deep Freeze
3645:Challenger expedition
2511:Coppermine expedition
2032:Drifting ice stations
1425:Nasht, Simon (2005).
1382:The Australian Museum
833:Mary, Trewby (2002).
538:Later life and career
281:
246:1919 Birthday Honours
230:Third Battle of Ypres
212:Captain Wilkins, 1918
211:
198:Vilhjalmur Stefansson
4739:Australian explorers
1554:17 June 2016 at the
1445:on 23 February 2009.
1275:on 15 December 2008.
1048:search.amphilsoc.org
1044:"APS Member History"
1009:on 27 September 2011
949:Althoff, William F.
699:Under The North Pole
464:Under The North Pole
348:Point Barrow, Alaska
4734:Australian aviators
4507:South magnetic pole
3173:Brusilov expedition
2282:Danish colonization
1720:North magnetic pole
1345:, 17 March 1959, p1
1162:on 21 February 2010
982:4 July 2009 at the
4198:Operation Windmill
4179:Operation Highjump
3154:Rusanov expedition
3059:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2803:North East Passage
2607:McClure expedition
1568:ABC Radio National
1531:Sir Hubert Wilkins
1254:footnote text here
1187:Fricke Productions
1145:, July 1931, p.287
1078:on 7 November 2011
920:The London Gazette
863:Swan, R A (1990).
819:– via Trove.
627:Petrogale wilkinsi
592:aerodrome and the
284:
214:
160:on 17 March 1959.
25:Sir Hubert Wilkins
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4165:Operation Tabarin
4027:Far Eastern Party
3873:Nimrod Expedition
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
2943:M. Pronchishcheva
2865:Siberian Cossacks
2334:Northwest Passage
1667:Research stations
1624:Polar exploration
1486:978-1-74166-934-3
1364:978-1-4214-0135-5
1030:Flying the Arctic
884:978-0-522-84459-7
669:Flying the Arctic
594:Wilkins Ice Shelf
512:while submerged.
412:Lincoln Ellsworth
344:Charles Lindbergh
259:(who had written
222:second lieutenant
117:
116:
4796:
4212:Ronne Expedition
3697:
3691:
3555:Dumont d'Urville
3403:
3402:
3390:
3389:
2938:V. Pronchishchev
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1570:, 29 August 2009
1509:
1490:
1471:
1446:
1441:. Archived from
1421:
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1373:
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1333:
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1330:
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1298:
1296:
1294:
1283:
1277:
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1261:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
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1207:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1171:
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1152:
1146:
1139:"Book Reviews",
1137:
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974:
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904:
860:
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848:
830:
821:
820:
818:
816:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
773:
767:
766:
757:Howgego, Raymond
753:
726:
703:
692:
681:. Putnam. 1998.
673:
662:
621:Lerista wilkinsi
602:Adelaide Airport
565:Wilkins died in
561:Death and legacy
545:The Urantia Book
427:
365:Now financed by
356:Ellesmere Island
317:Carl Ben Eielson
312:in the country.
174:Mount Bryan East
70:
67:30 November 1958
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4699:
4374:
4366:
4242:McMurdo Station
4111:Modern research
4109:
4097:
3832:O. Nordenskjöld
3695:
3689:
3684:
3600:Ross expedition
3424:
3397:
3376:
2805:
2797:
2338:Northern Canada
2336:
2328:
2181:
2173:
1679:
1671:
1639:
1626:
1621:
1556:Wayback Machine
1516:
1506:
1487:
1468:
1439:
1412:. McGraw-Hill.
1402:
1400:Further reading
1397:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1374:
1370:
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1349:
1343:Oakland Tribune
1340:
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1245:
1244:on 25 June 2010
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1104:Wayback Machine
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984:Wayback Machine
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861:
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845:
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814:
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803:"Capt. Wilkins"
801:
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796:
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754:
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745:
733:
723:
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689:
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666:
653:
649:
563:
555:What's My Line?
540:
503:On 28 June the
478:
428:
408:
403:
360:Suzanne Bennett
339:the same year.
276:
253:Sir John Monash
220:in the rank of
206:
166:
131:Captain Wilkins
106:
104:Knight Bachelor
94:Suzanne Bennett
77:
72:
68:
59:
54:
53:31 October 1888
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38:
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4659:Vostok Station
4649:
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4610:Cherry-Garrard
4607:
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4459:
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4450:Southern Cross
4446:
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4430:
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4416:
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4409:
4396:
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4372:Farthest South
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4069:Ross Sea party
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3763:Southern Cross
3756:Southern Cross
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3502:Bellingshausen
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2861:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2807:Russian Arctic
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2753:
2748:
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2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
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2261:
2249:
2244:
2242:Snæbjörn galti
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2172:
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2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2099:
2098:
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2078:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1878:
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1866:
1861:
1843:
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1836:
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1733:
1728:
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1711:
1706:
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1677:Farthest North
1673:
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1669:
1664:
1659:
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1641:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1620:
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1584:
1571:
1564:Life&Times
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1523:
1515:
1514:External links
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1312:
1310:, p. 278.
1300:
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1199:
1173:
1147:
1142:Wonder Stories
1132:
1108:
1089:
1060:
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1032:. p. 313.
1020:
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781:Tripstance.com
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590:Wilkins Runway
562:
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539:
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525:port of Bergen
477:
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469:Wonder Stories
430:
429:
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407:
404:
402:
396:
337:Patron's Medal
309:British Museum
302:Southern Ocean
275:
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267:T. E. Lawrence
226:Military Cross
205:
202:
165:
162:
139:Military Cross
115:
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108:Military Cross
101:
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91:
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85:Polar explorer
83:
82:Known for
79:
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71:(aged 70)
65:
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60:
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36:
28:
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3327:
3324:
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3320:A. Sibiryakov
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
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3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:Glavsevmorput
3289:
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3261:
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3099:
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3069:
3065:
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3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
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3023:
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3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
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2991:
2988:
2986:
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2704:
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2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2594:J. Richardson
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2563:
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2379:
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2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:M. Corte-Real
2354:
2352:
2351:G. Corte-Real
2349:
2347:
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2335:
2331:
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2302:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
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2279:
2275:
2274:C. Richardson
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
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2256:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
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2240:
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2199:
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2184:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2163:
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2151:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:Georgiy Sedov
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Riiser-Larsen
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
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1884:
1883:
1879:
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1872:
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1855:
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1700:
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1544:
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1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
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1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1505:9780733641374
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1467:0-7735-2798-2
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:0-7336-1831-6
1434:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1005:
998:
992:
985:
981:
978:
973:
965:
959:
952:
946:
939:
935:
934:Thomas (1961)
930:
922:
921:
916:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
876:
872:
871:
866:
859:
857:
855:
846:
844:1-55297-590-8
840:
836:
829:
827:
810:
809:
804:
798:
782:
778:
772:
764:
763:
758:
752:
748:
738:
735:
734:
724:
722:1-57174-314-6
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
700:
694:
690:
688:9780859052450
684:
680:
675:
671:
670:
664:
660:
656:
651:
650:
644:
642:
641:
636:
631:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
612:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Wilkins Coast
583:
582:Wilkins Sound
578:
575:
574:
568:
558:
557:
556:
550:
547:
546:
535:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
511:
506:
501:
499:
495:
489:
487:
481:
473:
471:
470:
465:
460:
459:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
441:
435:
426:
421:
420:
419:
417:
413:
400:
395:
393:
388:
386:
385:
384:Graf Zeppelin
380:
376:
375:San Francisco
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
318:
313:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:ornithologist
280:
271:
268:
264:
263:
258:
257:Lowell Thomas
254:
249:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
161:
159:
158:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:ornithologist
132:
128:
124:
121:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
66:
62:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4665:
4653:Pole of Cold
4651:
4577:
4568:
4536:
4529:
4505:
4476:
4462:
4456:Borchgrevink
4448:
4435:
4420:
4400:
4385:
4354:
4335:
4328:
4312:
4298:
4289:
4272:
4265:
4246:
4234:
4210:
4196:
4189:
4177:
4163:
4149:
4135:
4128:
4089:
4081:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4040:
4032:
4025:
4012:
4003:
3965:
3957:
3948:
3941:
3929:
3922:
3908:
3896:Pourquoi-Pas
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3866:Orcadas Base
3864:
3856:
3843:
3837:C. A. Larsen
3825:
3817:
3803:
3796:
3783:
3775:
3769:Borchgrevink
3762:
3754:
3711:
3703:
3678:C. A. Larsen
3671:
3652:
3643:
3625:
3607:
3598:
3585:
3570:
3561:
3548:
3509:
3495:
3488:
3469:
3454:
3364:
3357:
3340:
3333:
3319:
3304:
3290:
3277:
3252:
3238:
3236:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3178:
3171:
3152:
3118:
3116:
3102:
3100:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3050:
3048:
3029:
2905:
2863:
2846:
2814:
2778:
2776:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2734:
2720:
2707:
2692:
2678:
2669:
2656:
2627:
2615:Investigator
2614:
2605:
2581:
2568:
2560:
2551:
2538:
2509:
2486:
2471:
2456:
2426:
2411:
2381:
2300:
2280:
2251:
2247:Erik the Red
2229:
2207:
2200:
2157:submersibles
2154:
2148:Arktika 2007
2146:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2113:
2104:
2101:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2037:
2030:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1947:
1945:
1916:
1913:
1902:S. A. Andrée
1894:
1881:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1821:
1803:
1790:
1781:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1718:
1563:
1495:
1476:
1457:
1449:
1443:the original
1427:
1408:
1385:. Retrieved
1371:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1315:
1308:Nasht (2005)
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1281:
1273:the original
1268:
1259:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1235:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1150:
1140:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1121:. April 1931
1117:
1111:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1051:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1004:the original
991:
972:
958:
950:
945:
929:
918:
909:
868:
834:
815:19 September
813:. Retrieved
808:The Observer
806:
797:
785:. Retrieved
780:
771:
761:
751:
712:
707:
698:
678:
668:
658:
638:
637:in the film
632:
625:
619:
613:
579:
572:
564:
553:
551:
543:
541:
533:
528:
522:
518:
514:
509:
504:
502:
497:
493:
490:
482:
479:
467:
463:
461:
458:
454:
450:
445:
439:
431:
409:
406:Preparations
398:
389:
382:
374:
364:
341:
322:
314:
306:
291:
285:
260:
250:
238:
215:
167:
156:
130:
119:
118:
69:(1958-11-30)
18:
4729:1958 deaths
4724:1888 births
4356:Lake Vostok
4306:Tryoshnikov
4228:Schlossbach
4119:Christensen
4061:James Caird
3982:E. R. Evans
3748:Dobrowolski
3718:de Gerlache
3420:Expeditions
3306:Aviaarktika
3260:Samoylovich
3131:Kolomeitsev
3025:Middendorff
2985:Gedenshtrom
2405:I. Fyodorov
2167:Chilingarov
2055:E. Fyodorov
1662:Expeditions
1327:18 December
936:, pp.
915:"No. 31370"
783:. 2013–2016
379:Hearst Land
352:Spitsbergen
290:aboard the
204:World War I
4718:Categories
4579:Terra Nova
4484:Shackleton
4427:J. C. Ross
4386:Resolution
4376:South Pole
4151:New Swabia
4075:Mackintosh
4047:Shackleton
3966:Terra Nova
3959:Terra Nova
3693:Heroic Age
3653:Challenger
3613:J. C. Ross
3523:Bransfield
3455:Resolution
3370:icebreaker
3334:Chelyuskin
3075:expedition
3053:Expedition
2995:Matyushkin
2953:Kh. Laptev
2948:Chelyuskin
2842:Heemskerck
2832:Chancellor
2827:Willoughby
2822:Koch boats
2765:Stefansson
2699:McClintock
2663:Inglefield
2505:J. C. Ross
2412:Resolution
2264:Cunningham
2162:Sagalevich
1851:expedition
1810:Stephenson
1770:C. F. Hall
1757:expedition
1731:J. C. Ross
1694:Heemskerck
1681:North Pole
787:16 January
743:References
635:John Dease
476:Expedition
401:expedition
371:Antarctica
164:Early life
147:North Pole
49:1888-10-31
4678:Tolstikov
4464:Discovery
4434:HMS
4419:HMS
4401:Adventure
4399:HMS
4384:HMS
4320:Tolstikov
4041:Endurance
3826:Antarctic
3811:Drygalski
3784:Discovery
3777:Discovery
3738:Arctowski
3651:HMS
3624:HMS
3618:Abernethy
3606:HMS
3584:USS
3571:Vincennes
3569:USS
3549:Astrolabe
3489:San Telmo
3470:Adventure
3468:HMS
3453:HMS
3448:Kerguelen
3410:Continent
3395:Antarctic
3272:Urvantsev
3230:Vilkitsky
3083:Jeannette
3081:USS
3073:Jeannette
3037:Weyprecht
3015:Pakhtusov
2965:Chichagov
2958:D. Laptev
2901:Permyakov
2876:Stadukhin
2871:Perfilyev
2848:Mangazeya
2786:H. Larsen
2751:Rasmussen
2706:HMS
2677:USS
2626:HMS
2613:HMS
2577:Collinson
2567:HMS
2559:HMS
2537:HMS
2485:HMS
2470:HMS
2455:HMS
2440:Mackenzie
2427:Discovery
2425:HMS
2410:HMS
2382:Discovery
2361:Frobisher
2324:Rasmussen
2237:Gunnbjörn
2183:Greenland
2112:USS
2103:USS
1975:Ellsworth
1917:Roosevelt
1847:Nansen's
1804:Discovery
1802:HMS
1789:HMS
1736:Abernethy
1704:Marmaduke
1418:577082956
1387:8 January
1013:24 August
893:1833-7538
416:submarine
394:in 1930.
265:and made
4690:A. Fuchs
4647:V. Fuchs
4627:McKinley
4590:E. Evans
4549:Bjaaland
4544:Amundsen
4494:Marshall
4407:Furneaux
4259:V. Fuchs
4223:E. Ronne
4218:F. Ronne
4157:Ritscher
4011:SY
3999:Filchner
3943:Framheim
3937:Amundsen
3743:Racoviță
3728:Amundsen
3723:Lecointe
3592:Ringgold
3586:Porpoise
3476:Furneaux
3312:Shevelev
3267:Begichev
3246:Amundsen
3208:Nagórski
3186:Brusilov
3180:Sv. Anna
3094:Melville
3064:Palander
3020:Tsivolko
2980:Sannikov
2975:Billings
2918:Chirikov
2837:Barentsz
2779:St. Roch
2770:Bartlett
2744:Amundsen
2728:Sverdrup
2628:Resolute
2517:Franklin
2445:Kotzebue
2312:Sverdrup
2295:Scoresby
2269:Lindenov
2120:Plaisted
2105:Nautilus
2050:Shirshov
2024:Belyakov
2019:Baydukov
1993:Nautilus
1955:Amundsen
1915:SS
1874:Sverdrup
1869:Johansen
1839:Brainard
1834:Lockwood
1689:Barentsz
1552:Archived
1323:. TV.com
1236:Nautilus
1100:Archived
1097:Pigboats
980:Archived
901:70677943
759:(2004).
731:See also
643:(1946).
529:Nautilus
510:Nautilus
505:Nautilus
498:Nautilus
466:, which
451:Nautilus
399:Nautilus
182:Adelaide
176:and the
4695:Messner
4642:Hillary
4622:Balchen
4570:Polheim
4564:Wisting
4442:Crozier
4414:Weddell
4392:J. Cook
4362:Kapitsa
4343:Fiennes
4285:Klenova
4254:Hillary
4204:Ketchum
4130:BANZARE
4105:·
3950:Polheim
3916:Shirase
3902:Charcot
3712:Belgica
3631:Crozier
3543:Morrell
3538:Weddell
3516:Lazarev
3461:J. Cook
3415:History
3365:Arktika
3341:Krassin
3326:Voronin
3298:Schmidt
3284:Ushakov
3223:Vaygach
3191:Albanov
3160:Rusanov
3141:Kolchak
3136:Matisen
3110:Makarov
3089:De Long
2990:Wrangel
2970:Lyakhov
2923:Malygin
2881:Dezhnev
2708:Pandora
2679:Advance
2646:Kennedy
2641:Belcher
2634:Kellett
2621:McClure
2545:Beechey
2539:Blossom
2532:Simpson
2500:Crozier
2493:Hoppner
2450:J. Ross
2418:J. Cook
2366:Gilbert
2259:J. Hall
2225:Ingólfr
2215:Naddodd
2209:Vikings
2196:Brendan
2191:Pytheas
2179:Iceland
2133:Arktika
2125:Herbert
2090:Badygin
2060:Krenkel
2045:Papanin
2014:Chkalov
2000:Wilkins
1965:Wisting
1909:F. Cook
1815:Markham
1775:Bessels
1764:Polaris
1755:Polaris
1726:J. Ross
1709:Carolus
1657:History
1580:of the
1576:in the
1248:3 March
1192:26 June
1053:11 July
494:Wyoming
373:in the
300:to the
296:on the
234:captain
194:Gaumont
190:England
151:US Navy
4605:Bowers
4600:Wilson
4559:Hassel
4554:Helmer
4523:Mackay
4513:Mawson
4478:Nimrod
4436:Terror
4421:Erebus
4348:Burton
4143:Rymill
4019:Mawson
4013:Aurora
3992:Lashly
3977:Wilson
3880:Nimrod
3857:Scotia
3664:Murray
3639:Cooper
3626:Terror
3608:Erebus
3577:Wilkes
3528:Palmer
3496:Vostok
3443:Bouvet
3367:-class
3347:Gakkel
3215:Taymyr
3196:Konrad
3165:Kuchin
3103:Yermak
3010:Lavrov
2928:Ovtsyn
2913:Bering
2891:Ivanov
2854:Hudson
2816:Pomors
2793:Cowper
2758:Karluk
2657:Isabel
2651:Bellot
2601:Austin
2569:Terror
2561:Erebus
2457:Griper
2433:Clerke
2393:Baffin
2376:Hudson
2307:Nansen
2220:Garðar
2141:Barneo
2008:ANT-25
1984:Italia
1960:Nobile
1929:Henson
1888:Amedeo
1864:Nansen
1829:Greely
1699:Hudson
1637:Arctic
1502:
1483:
1464:
1435:
1416:
1362:
1293:8 July
1217:8 July
1166:8 July
1125:8 July
1082:8 July
899:
891:
881:
841:
719:
685:
640:Smithy
588:, the
496:. The
186:cinema
125:&
110:&
100:Awards
90:Spouse
4685:Crary
4632:Dufek
4595:Oates
4585:Scott
4518:David
4499:Adams
4470:Barne
4291:Mirny
4280:Somov
4090:Quest
3987:Crean
3972:Scott
3851:Bruce
3805:Gauss
3798:Gauss
3672:Jason
3659:Nares
3533:Davis
3510:Mirny
3483:Smith
3438:Roché
3358:Lenin
3278:Sadko
3203:Wiese
3148:Sedov
3119:Zarya
3042:Payer
3005:Litke
3000:Anjou
2933:Minin
2896:Vagin
2886:Popov
2859:Poole
2714:Young
2527:Dease
2472:Hecla
2463:Parry
2388:Bylot
2371:Davis
2346:Cabot
2319:Peary
2301:Jason
2288:Egede
2202:Papar
2114:Skate
2095:Wiese
2075:NP-37
2068:NP-36
1948:Norge
1936:Sedov
1924:Peary
1882:Jason
1797:Nares
1791:Alert
1746:Hayes
1714:Parry
1652:Ocean
1007:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
695:1931
676:1928
665:1928
652:1917
647:Works
616:skink
573:Skate
350:, to
293:Quest
157:Skate
4617:Byrd
4538:Fram
4489:Wild
4171:Marr
4137:BGLE
4124:Byrd
4052:Wild
3931:Fram
3733:Cook
3254:AARI
3239:Maud
3126:Toll
3051:Vega
2737:Gjøa
2722:Fram
2685:Kane
2522:Back
2487:Fury
2478:Lyon
2400:Munk
2039:NP-1
1941:Byrd
1858:Fram
1849:Fram
1741:Kane
1500:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1414:OCLC
1389:2015
1360:ISBN
1329:2008
1295:2014
1269:Time
1250:2010
1219:2014
1194:2019
1168:2014
1127:2014
1084:2014
1055:2023
1015:2015
897:OCLC
889:ISSN
879:ISBN
839:ISBN
817:2016
789:2016
717:ISBN
683:ISBN
580:The
571:USS
440:O-12
155:USS
64:Died
43:Born
4314:3rd
4300:2nd
4274:1st
4107:IGY
4103:IPY
2693:Fox
2589:Rae
2155:Mir
2131:NS
1582:ZBW
938:1-2
446:C-4
335:'s
127:Bar
112:Bar
4720::
3219:/
1380:.
1267:.
1202:^
1185:.
1063:^
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917:.
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887:.
877:.
867:.
853:^
825:^
805:.
779:.
657:.
618:,
611:.
584:,
387:.
248:.
123:MC
3696:"
3690:"
3633:)
3629:(
3620:)
3611:(
1616:e
1609:t
1602:v
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47:(
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