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formed and articulated. (It is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers.) Humans have vocal folds that can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of chest and neck, the position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body, and an individual's size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual.
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action are among the fastest in the body. Children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age, as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as "apa" (having an abductory-adductory gesture for the p) as "aba" (having no abductory-adductory gesture). They can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them.
376:. However, voiceless speech sounds are sometimes better identified as containing an abductory gesture, even if the gesture was not strong enough to stop the vocal folds from vibrating. This anomalous feature of voiceless speech sounds is better understood if it is realized that it is the change in the spectral qualities of the voice as abduction proceeds that is the primary acoustic attribute that the listener attends to when identifying a voiceless speech sound, and not simply the presence or absence of voice (periodic energy).
550:
and prolongation; although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by a singer or speaker is that the result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound. There are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators. In sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest, these areas are the chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses.
33:
642:
may be called by other names, such as polypoid degeneration or Reinke's edema. Polyps are caused by a single occurrence and may require surgical removal. Irritation after the removal may then lead to nodules if additional irritation persists. Speech-language therapy teaches the patient how to eliminate the irritations permanently through habit changes and vocal hygiene.
549:
is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification,
392:
The sound of each individual's voice is thought to be entirely unique not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body, especially the vocal tract, and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually
641:
are caused over time by repeated abuse of the vocal cords which results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal cord. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. The longer the abuse occurs the larger and stiffer the nodules will become. Most polyps are larger than nodules and
363:
Human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all people in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in a consistent manner. The most important communicative, or phonetic, parameters are the voice pitch (determined by the vibratory frequency
437:
and produces certain characteristic sounds. The occurrence of registers has also been attributed to effects of the acoustic interaction between the vocal fold oscillation and the vocal tract. The term register can be somewhat confusing as it encompasses several aspects of the human voice. The term
244:
Adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold; reflecting the male-female differences in larynx size. Adult male voices are usually lower-pitched and have larger folds. The male vocal folds (which would be measured vertically in the opposite diagram), are between 17 mm and
367:
The ability to vary the ab/adduction of the vocal folds quickly has a strong genetic component, since vocal fold adduction has a life-preserving function in keeping food from passing into the lungs, in addition to the covering action of the epiglottis. Consequently, the muscles that control this
1165:"Rothenberg, M. The glottal volume velocity waveform during loose and tight voiced glottal adjustments, Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 22–28 August 1971 ed. by A. Rigault and R. Charbonneau, published in 1972 by Mouton, The Hague – Paris"
233:
134:
and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds. The vocal folds (vocal cords) then vibrate to use airflow from the lungs to create audible pulses that form the laryngeal sound source. The muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds to 'fine-tune'
516:, the term vocal register has three constituent elements: a certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound. Speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function: the
383:
Other aspects of the voice, such as variations in the regularity of vibration, are also used for communication, and are important for the trained voice user to master, but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language.
400:. Another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx, which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of
379:
An adductory gesture is also identified by the change in voice spectral energy it produces. Thus, a speech sound having an adductory gesture may be referred to as a "glottal stop" even if the vocal fold vibrations do not entirely stop.
408:, which has been shown to be a resonance added to the normal resonances of the vocal tract above the frequency range of most instruments and so enables the singer's voice to carry better over musical accompaniment.
371:
If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough, the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called
264:(the illustration is out of date and does not show this well) while their inner edges or "margins" are free to vibrate (the hole). They have a three layer construction of an
419:
refers to the system of vocal registers within the human voice. A register in the human voice is a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the
1114:
Thurman, Leon & Welch, ed., Graham (2000), Body mind & voice: Foundations of voice education (revised ed.), Collegeville, Minnesota: The Voice Care
Network et al.,
429:
functioning. They occur because the vocal folds are capable of producing several different vibratory patterns. Each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular
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Thurman, Leon & Welch, ed., Graham (2000), Bodymind & voice: Foundations of voice education (revised ed.), Collegeville, Minnesota: The VoiceCare
Network et al.,
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or breathiness that lasts for more than two weeks is a common symptom of an underlying voice disorder such as nodes or polyps and should be investigated medically.
1251:
E. J. Hunter, J. G. Svec, and I. R. Titze. Comparison of the
Produced and Perceived Voice Range Profiles in Untrained and Trained Classical Singers. J. Voice 2005.
572:, upon which a large portion of all music (western popular music in particular) is based, may have its roots in the sound of the human voice during the course of
626:
specialist may be able to help, but the best treatment is the prevention of injuries through good vocal production. Voice therapy is generally delivered by a
1616:
103:(vocal cords) are the primary sound source. (Other sound production mechanisms produced from the same general area of the body involve the production of
364:
of the vocal folds) and the degree of separation of the vocal folds, referred to as vocal fold adduction (coming together) or abduction (separating).
272:), which can shorten and bulge the folds. They are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the vocal cord is the
167:
the sound emanating from the larynx and to some degree can interact with the laryngeal airflow to strengthen or weaken it as a sound source.
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122:
Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts; the lungs, the vocal folds within the
969:
580:. Analysis of recorded speech samples found peaks in acoustic energy that mirrored the distances between notes in the twelve-tone scale.
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Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as
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896:
Titze, I. R. (2006). The
Myoelatic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation, Iowa City:National Center for Voice and Speech, 2006.
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The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices. Additionally,
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347:. This is not the only source of difference between male and female voice. Men, generally speaking, have a larger
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1304:
Large, John (February–March 1972). "Towards an
Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers".
671:
207:
174:, are capable of producing highly intricate arrays of sound. The tone of voice may be modulated to suggest
986:
Smith, BL; Brown, BL; Strong, WJ; Rencher, AC (1975). "Effects of speech rate on personality perception".
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1324:
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Lucero, Jorge C. (1996). "Chest- and falsetto-like oscillations in a two-mass model of the vocal folds".
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Lucero, Jorge C.; Lourenço, Kélem G.; Hermant, Nicolas; Hirtum, Annemie Van; Pelorson, Xavier (2012).
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Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice
Production, Prentice Hall (currently published by NCVS.org),
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25 mm in length. The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm in length.
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99:. The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound production in which the
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1325:"Effect of source–tract acoustical coupling on the oscillation onset of the vocal folds"
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Williams, CE; Stevens, KN (1972). "Emotions and speech: some acoustical correlates".
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Sundberg, Johan, The
Acoustics of the Singing Voice, Scientific American Mar 77, p82
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Emotion, Affect and
Personality in Speech: The Bias of Language and Paralanguage
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143:. The articulators (the parts of the vocal tract above the larynx consisting of
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404:. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the
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Titze, IR; Mapes, S; Story, B (1994). "Acoustics of the tenor high voice".
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339:(ranging from F3 to C6 and higher). There are additional categories for
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voices being categorized into types. For example, among men, there are
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cartilage. They have no outer edge as they blend into the side of the
252:. They are attached at the back (side nearest the spinal cord) to the
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Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci. Am. 298 (1):94–101.
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David Harper, vocal coach: A passion for the voice that never wanes
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A region of the voice that is defined or delimited by vocal breaks.
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also causes variances amongst the same sex, with men's and women's
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41:
19:"Vocal" and "Voice" redirect here. For the Pet Shop Boys song, see
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1493:"The Voice - Casting, Contestants, Auditions, Voting and Winners"
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used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
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Voice science acoustics and recording, San Diego: Plural Press.
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351:, which essentially gives the resultant voice a lower-sounding
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1524:"Evaluating Hoarseness: Keeping Your Patient's Voice Healthy"
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355:. This is mostly independent of the vocal folds themselves.
1591:
Free Voice analyzer and
Biometrics displaying software from
1322:
328:
232:
187:
1522:
Clark A. Rosen-Deborah
Anderson-Thomas Murry (June 1998).
423:, and possessing the same quality. Registers originate in
156:
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532:. This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists.
438:
register can be used to refer to any of the following:
1418:
358:
202:, and can also reveal the age and sex of the speaker.
1201:"Is Every Human Voice and Fingerprint Really Unique?"
614:. Talking improperly for long periods of time causes
862:
Stevens, K.N.(2000), Acoustic Phonetics, MIT Press,
1131:
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16:Sound made by a human being using the vocal tract
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1332:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1263:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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1074:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1031:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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256:, and at the front (side under the chin) to the
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446:such as the upper, middle, or lower registers.
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1677:
1154:
939:"Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotions"
1628:– Opera article (archived 11 September 2009)
1396:The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults
218:Voice types and the folds (cords) themselves
1419:Greene, Margaret; Lesley Mathieson (2001).
1389:
1387:
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946:Current Directions in Psychological Science
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602:that affect the human voice; these include
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790:: a property of speech sounds (especially
1691:
1560:Howard, D.M., and Murphy, D.T.M. (2009).
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170:The vocal folds, in combination with the
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576:, according to a study published by the
231:
31:
1652:from the University of New South Wales.
1609:The Voice Foundation's official website
1562:Voice Science, Acoustics, and Recording
1217:
1211:
912:. SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology.
126:(voice box), and the articulators. The
1894:
1446:"Musical roots may lie in human voice"
1423:. John Wiley & Sons; 6th Edition.
1412:
1260:
1220:singing: The Mechanism and the Technic
622:. When vocal injury is done, often an
1665:
1632:Irish Voice festival official website
1303:
1297:
905:
411:
975:from the original on 9 October 2022.
236:A labeled anatomical diagram of the
40:of the human voice reveals its rich
1181:from the original on 9 October 2022
618:, which is stress inflicted on the
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359:Voice modulation in spoken language
130:, the "pump" must produce adequate
13:
1602:, 1917, by D. A. Clippinger, from
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1600:The Head Voice and Other Problems
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906:Johar, Swati (22 December 2015).
1650:Voice acoustics: an introduction
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268:, vocal ligament, then muscle (
1861:part relation with additional
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1:
1745:Dynamic intonation adjustment
937:Bachorowski, Jo-Anne (1999).
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779:, a representation of a chord
634:Vocal cord nodules and polyps
554:Influences of the human voice
1859:Physical just-intoned string
1596:(archived 24 September 2006)
672:Histology of the Vocal Folds
497:is a language that combines
208:human voice as an instrument
7:
1421:The Voice and its Disorders
649:
628:speech-language pathologist
388:Physiology and vocal timbre
10:
1933:
1771:Just intonation in one key
1711:Fretless string instrument
1639:The Voice Works Like a Car
1534:(11): 2775. Archived from
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1757:Fretted string instrument
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1594:University College London
1218:Vennard, William (1967).
570:twelve-tone musical scale
442:A particular part of the
248:The folds are within the
1497:The Voice 2020 Season 18
1471:"Fine Tuning Your Voice"
1394:McKinney, James (1994).
1137:"Breath-Stream Dynamics"
843:Lionsvoiceclinic.umn.edu
1807:Retunable to a just key
1398:. Genovex Music Group.
958:10.1111/1467-8721.00013
284:between its two folds.
200:used to express emotion
1793:Long-string instrument
1637:How the voice works –
1614:The Anatomy of Singing
692:Manner of articulation
241:
45:
25:Voice (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
254:arytenoids cartilages
235:
198:. The human voice is
35:
1814:Keyboard instruments
1619:16 July 2011 at the
1569:The Human Instrument
757:Voice change in boys
727:Speaker verification
701:nonverbal voice cues
682:List of voice actors
323:), and among women,
321:E2 to C♯7 and higher
280:, which has a small
1503:on 27 November 2021
1344:2012ASAJ..132..403L
1275:1996ASAJ..100.3355L
1086:1994ASAJ...95.1133T
1043:1972ASAJ...52.1238W
988:Language and Speech
916:. pp. 10, 12.
870:, 978-0-262-69250-2
798:Voice risk analysis
722:Speaker recognition
105:unvoiced consonants
1716:Pedal steel guitar
662:Acoustic phonetics
606:, and growths and
604:speech impediments
518:vocal fry register
417:Vocal registration
412:Vocal registration
242:
46:
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1888:
1656:Speak and Choke 1
1604:Project Gutenberg
1475:stayhealthymn.com
1430:978-1-86156-196-1
1405:978-1-56593-940-0
1352:10.1121/1.4728170
1306:The NATS Bulletin
1229:978-0-8258-0055-9
1207:. 11 August 2016.
1051:10.1121/1.1913238
923:978-3-319-28047-9
885:978-0-13-717893-3
839:"About the voice"
788:Voice (phonetics)
526:falsetto register
495:register language
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703:in communication
657:Accent (dialect)
560:Voice projection
547:Vocal resonation
542:Vocal resonation
536:Vocal resonation
530:whistle register
514:speech pathology
471:A certain vocal
406:Singer's Formant
398:vocal resonation
278:false vocal cord
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1621:Wayback Machine
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1555:Further reading
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1783:Natural horn
1730:
1638:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1531:
1527:
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1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1496:
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1479:the original
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1144:. Retrieved
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846:. Retrieved
842:
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697:Paralanguage
667:Belt (music)
637:
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507:phonological
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172:articulators
169:
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67:, including
52:consists of
49:
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21:Vocal (song)
1917:Vocal music
1902:Human voice
1881:Moodswinger
1819:Split sharp
1736:Synthesizer
1731:Human voice
1692:Instrument
772:Voice organ
717:Puberphonia
612:vocal folds
491:linguistics
455:chest voice
444:vocal range
431:Vocal range
421:vocal folds
349:vocal tract
238:vocal folds
228:Voice types
224:Vocal folds
101:vocal folds
65:vocal tract
61:human being
50:human voice
38:spectrogram
1896:Categories
1863:3rd bridge
1704:in any key
1694:intonation
1642:(video on
848:8 February
825:References
813:Voice vote
792:consonants
737:Vocal rest
644:Hoarseness
528:, and the
501:and vowel
459:head voice
345:voice type
266:epithelium
161:articulate
117:whispering
63:using the
1907:Phonetics
1876:Pencilina
1871:Monochord
1798:Harmonica
1360:0001-4966
1291:0001-4966
712:Phonetics
707:Phonation
600:disorders
574:evolution
564:Evolution
503:phonation
466:phonatory
451:resonance
426:laryngeal
374:voiceless
325:contralto
309:baritenor
240:or cords.
192:happiness
113:whistling
85:screaming
1835:natural
1778:Bagpipes
1721:Trombone
1617:Archived
1528:aafp.org
1507:25 April
1455:18 April
1376:29954321
1368:22779487
1312:: 30–35.
1185:18 April
1176:Archived
1146:18 April
1016:23498388
970:Archived
966:18785659
914:Springer
747:Vocology
650:See also
509:system.
483:language
468:process.
305:baritone
289:genetics
206:use the
184:surprise
178:such as
176:emotions
159:, etc.)
89:shouting
77:laughing
44:content.
42:harmonic
1850:Đàn bầu
1726:Timpani
1644:YouTube
1542:30 July
1340:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1102:8132903
1082:Bibcode
1059:4638039
1039:Bibcode
1008:1195957
610:on the
608:lesions
512:Within
435:pitches
337:soprano
293:singing
258:thyroid
204:Singers
196:sadness
132:airflow
97:yelling
93:humming
73:singing
69:talking
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524:, the
520:, the
473:timbre
353:timbre
343:, see
250:larynx
165:filter
149:palate
145:tongue
124:larynx
109:clicks
81:crying
1845:Guqin
1752:Crook
1372:S2CID
1328:(PDF)
1179:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1012:S2CID
973:(PDF)
962:S2CID
942:(PDF)
313:tenor
212:music
180:anger
153:cheek
137:pitch
128:lungs
59:by a
54:sound
1575:ISBN
1544:2010
1509:2020
1457:2021
1425:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1364:PMID
1356:ISSN
1287:ISSN
1224:ISBN
1187:2021
1148:2021
1116:ISBN
1098:PMID
1055:PMID
1004:PMID
918:ISBN
881:ISBN
864:ISBN
850:2018
592:and
568:The
562:and
499:tone
493:, a
335:and
329:alto
315:and
297:bass
226:and
188:fear
163:and
157:lips
141:tone
139:and
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57:made
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