Huygens (spacecraft)

3214: 1200:

reflection measurements of the surface for studies of the composition, topography, and physical processes which form the surface as well as for direct measurements of the wind profile during the descent; (3) measurements of the brightness and degree of linear polarization of scattered sunlight including the solar aureole together with measurements of the extinction optical depth of the aerosols as a function of wavelength and altitude to study the size, shape, vertical distribution, optical properties, sources and sinks of aerosols in Titan’s atmosphere; and (4) measurements of the spectrum of downward solar flux to study the composition of the atmosphere, especially the mixing ratio profile of methane throughout the descent."

1682: 853:(left and right images have different image processing). Globules (probably made of water ice) 10–15 cm in size lie above darker, finer-grained substrate in a variable spatial distribution. Brightening of the upper left side of several rocks suggests solar illumination from that direction, implying a southerly view, which agrees with preliminary evidence from other data sets. A region with a relatively low number of rocks lies between clusters of rocks in the foreground and the background and matches the general orientation of channel-like features in the low-altitude images taken from under 7 km (4.3 mi) altitude. 1209: 1344: 91: 1630:

received a lot of attention in the scientific community, in popular scientific journals and in the public media. While the media liked to present the story of amateurs outperforming the professionals, most of the participants understood themselves as citizen scientists, and the driving force behind their work was a desire to find out and show as much as possible of the hitherto unknown surface of Titan. Some enthusiasts projects were the first at all to publish surface mosaics and panoramas of Titan already the day after

7084: 927: 3208: 4686: 31: 355: 7693: 7681: 829: 1706: 4710: 562: 4722: 1281:, activated during the last 100 m (300 ft) of the descent, continuously determined the distance to the surface, measuring the rate of descent and the surface roughness (e.g., due to waves). The instrument was designed so that if the surface were liquid, the sounder would measure the speed of sound in the "ocean" and possibly also the subsurface structure (depth). During descent, measurements of the 4698: 872:

ice, are somewhat rounded, which may indicate the action of fluids on them. The rocks appear to be rounded, size-selected and size-layered as though located in the bed of a stream within a dark lakebed, which consists of finer-grained material. No pebbles larger than 15 cm (5.9 in) across were spotted, while rocks smaller than 5 cm (2.0 in) are rare on the

581:' heat shield was 2.7 m (8.9 ft) in diameter. After ejecting the shield, the probe was 1.3 m (4.3 ft) in diameter. The PSE included the electronics necessary to track the probe, to recover the data gathered during its descent, and to process and deliver the data to the orbiter, from where it was transmitted or "downlinked" to the Earth. 1100:. The wind-induced horizontal motion from Huygens would have been derived from the measured Doppler shift measurements, corrected for all known orbit and propagation effects. The swinging motion of the probe beneath its parachute due to atmospheric properties may also have been detected. Failure of ground controllers to turn on the receiver in the 1133: 838: 1569:

never listened to channel A because of an error in the sequence of commands sent to the spacecraft. The receiver on the orbiter was never commanded to turn on, according to officials with the European Space Agency. ESA announced that the error was a mistake on their part, the missing command was part

871:

pushing a large pebble into the ground as it landed, and that the surface is better described as a "sand" made of ice grains or snow that has been frozen on top. The images taken after the probe's landing show a flat plain covered in pebbles. The pebbles, which may be made of hydrocarbon-coated water

557:

was designed to survive the impact, splash down on a liquid surface on Titan, and send back data for several minutes under these conditions. If that occurred it was expected to be the first time a human-made probe would land in an extraterrestrial ocean. The spacecraft had no more than three hours of

1315:

landed on the surface. This was done by measuring the force exerted on the instrument by the body's surface as it broke through and was pushed down into the body by the landing. The trace shows this force as a function of time over a period of about 400 ms. The trace has an initial spike which

898:

found the brightness of the surface of Titan (at time of landing) to be about one thousand times dimmer than full solar illumination on Earth (or 500 times brighter than illumination by full moonlight)—that is, the illumination level experienced about ten minutes after sunset on Earth, approximately

891:

so quickly that the ground must have been damp, and one image shows light reflected by a dewdrop as it falls across the camera's field of view. On Titan, the feeble sunlight allows only about one centimeter of evaporation per year (versus one metre of water on Earth), but the atmosphere can hold the

588:

Prior to the probe's separation from the orbiter on 25 December 2004, a final health check was performed. The "coast" timer was loaded with the precise time necessary to turn on the probe systems (15 minutes before its encounter with Titan's atmosphere), then the probe detached from the orbiter

754:

landed at around 12:43 UTC on January 14, 2005 with an impact speed similar to dropping a ball on Earth from a height of about 1 m (3 ft). It made a dent 12 cm (4.7 in) deep, before bouncing onto a flat surface, and sliding 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across the surface.

1638:

DISR data for several months until virtually all images with recognizable structures could be assigned to their correct position, resulting in comprehensive mosaics and panoramas. A surface panorama from this citizen science project was finally published in the context of a Nature review by Joseph

1055:

measured forces in all three axes as the probe descended through the atmosphere. With the aerodynamic properties of the probe already known, it was possible to determine the density of Titan's atmosphere and to detect wind gusts. The probe was designed so that in the event of a landing on a liquid

596:

mission duration of 153 minutes, corresponding to a maximum descent time of 2.5 hours plus at least 3 additional minutes (and possibly a half-hour or more) on Titan's surface. The probe's radio link was activated early in the descent phase, and the orbiter "listened" to the probe for the next

1629:

projects to attempt the task of assembling the surface mosaics. This was possible, because the European Space Agency approved the publication of the DISR raw images and gave the permission for citizen scientists to present their results on the internet. Some of these citizen science projects have

1232:

also analyzed pyrolysis products (i.e., samples altered by heating) passed to it from the Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser. Finally, the GC/MS measured the composition of Titan's surface. This investigation was made possible by heating the GC/MS instrument just prior to impact in order to vaporize the

1178:

to just above the horizon. Aided by the slowly spinning probe they would build up a full mosaic of the landing site, which, surprisingly, became clearly visible only below 25 km (16 mi) altitude. All measurements were timed by aid of a shadow bar, which would tell DISR when the Sun had

2088:

Tomasko, M. G.; Archinal, B.; Becker, T.; Bézard, B.; Bushroe, M.; Combes, M.; Cook, D.; Coustenis, A.; De Bergh, C.; Dafoe, L. E.; Doose, L.; Douté, S.; Eibl, A.; Engel, S.; Gliem, F.; Grieger, B.; Holso, K.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Karkoschka, E.; Keller, H. U.; Kirk, R.; Kramm, R.; Küppers, M.;

907:

landed) would be visible as a small, bright spot, one tenth the size of the solar disk seen from Earth, and comparable in size and brightness to a car headlight seen from about 150 m (500 ft). It casts sharp shadows, but of low contrast as 90% of the illumination comes from the sky.

1199:

under the direction of Martin Tomasko, with several European institutes contributing to the hardware. "The scientific objectives of the experiment fall into four areas including (1) measurement of the solar heating profile for studies of the thermal balance of Titan; (2) imaging and spectral

786:

was consistent with the presence of large bodies of liquid on the surface. The initial photos of Titan before landing showed what appeared to be large drainage channels crossing the lighter colored mainland into a dark sea. Some of the photos suggested islands and a mist shrouded coastline.

584:

The probe remained dormant throughout the 6.7-year interplanetary cruise, except for semiannual health checks. These checkouts followed preprogrammed descent scenario sequences as closely as possible, and the results were relayed to Earth for examination by system and payload experts.

791:

had landed within the dark 'sea' region in the photos. The photos from the surface of a dry lakebed like landscape suggest that while there is evidence of liquid acting on the surface recently, hydrocarbon lakes and/or seas might not currently exist at the

2183:

Fulchignoni, M.; Ferri, F.; Angrilli, F.; Bar-Nun, A.; Barucci, M.A.; Bianchini, G.; Borucki, W.; Coradini, M.; et al. (2002). "The Characterisation of Titan's Atmospheric Physical Properties by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (Hasi)".

1138: 1137: 1134: 699:'s signal as it descended through the atmosphere of Titan, wind speed and direction could be determined with some degree of accuracy. A position of Huygens's landing site on Titan was found with precision (within one km – one km on Titan measures 1.3 1139: 694:

to Earth, the now-known data modulation was stripped off the recorded signal, leaving a pure carrier that could be integrated over several seconds to determine the probe frequency. It was expected that through analysis of the Doppler shifting of

892:

equivalent of about 10 m (30 ft) of liquid before rain forms vs. only a few centimeters on Earth. So Titan's weather is expected to feature torrential downpours causing flash floods, interspersed by decades or centuries of drought.

773:

The first image released, taken from an altitude of 16 km (9.9 mi), showing what are speculated to be drainage channels flowing to a possible shoreline. The darker areas are flat plains, while the lighter areas represent high

1463:, felt uneasy about the fact that, in their opinion, this feature had not been tested before launch under sufficiently realistic conditions. Smeds managed, with some difficulty, to persuade superiors to perform additional tests while 2518:

In an article of Der Spiegel Online, a spokesperson of ESA confirms that this publication of raw images, to allow open source editing and compositing, is part of a study by ESA to see if the publication of the raws is indeed a good

770: 1183:

rotated in a direction opposite to that expected. Just before landing a lamp was switched on to illuminate the surface, which enabled measurements of the surface reflectance at wavelengths which are completely blocked out by

1056:

surface, its motion due to waves would also have been measurable. Temperature and pressure sensors measured the thermal properties of the atmosphere. The Permittivity and Electromagnetic Wave Analyzer component measured the

1012:

entered the upper layer of Titan's atmosphere 2.7 hours after the end of the transit of the Earth, or only one or two minutes after the end of the transit of the Moon. However, the transit did not interfere with the

1136: 576:

probe system consists of the 318 kg (701 lb) probe itself, which descended to Titan, and the 30 kg (66 lb) kg probe support equipment (PSE), which remained attached to the orbiting spacecraft.

2226:

M G Tomasko; D Buchhauser; M Bushroe; L E Dafoe; L R Doose; A Eibl; C Fellows; E M Farlane; G M Prout; M J Pringle. The Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) Experiment on the Huygens Entry Probe of Titan.

903:. The color of the sky and the scene on Titan is mainly orange due to the much greater attenuation of blue light by Titan's haze relative to red light. The Sun (which was comparatively high in the sky when 1528:

detached a month later than originally planned (December 2004 instead of November) and approached Titan in such a way that its transmissions travelled perpendicular to its direction of motion relative to

1290:

motion during the descent and was also designed to indicate the probe's attitude after landing and show any motion due to waves. If the surface had been liquid, other sensors would also have measured its

1285:

gave information on atmospheric composition and temperature, and an accelerometer recorded the deceleration profile at impact, indicating the hardness and structure of the surface. A tilt sensor measured

1625:

rotated in the opposite direction than planned delayed the creation of surface mosaics from the raw data by the project team for many months. On the other hand, this provided an opportunity for some

1220:

This instrument is a gas chemical analyzer that was designed to identify and measure chemicals in Titan's atmosphere. It was equipped with samplers that were filled at high altitude for analysis. The

1536:

The trajectory change overcame the design flaw for the most part, and data transmission succeeded, although the information from one of the two radio channels was lost due to an unrelated error.

1224:, a high-voltage quadrupole, collected data to build a model of the molecular masses of each gas, and a more powerful separation of molecular and isotopic species was accomplished by the 2089:

Lanagan, P.; Lellouch, E.; Lemmon, M.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; McFarlane, E.; Moores, J.; et al. (2005). "Rain, winds and haze during the Huygens probe's descent to Titan's surface".

1112:

was blown eastwards at more than 400 km/h (250 mph), agreeing with earlier measurements of the winds at 200 km (120 mi) altitude, made over the past few years using

762:

sensors continued to detect small vibrations for another two seconds, until motion subsided about ten seconds after touchdown. The probe kicked up a cloud of dust (most likely organic

460:

mission and became the first spacecraft to land on Titan and the farthest landing from Earth a spacecraft has ever made. The probe was named after the 17th-century Dutch astronomer

1277:

The SSP contained a number of sensors designed to determine the physical properties of Titan's surface at the point of impact, whether the surface was solid or liquid. An acoustic

1559:

radio systems, referred to as Channel A and B, or Chain A and B. Channel A was the sole path for an experiment to measure wind speeds by studying tiny frequency changes caused by

1135: 5905: 2942: 863:-like "material which might have a thin crust followed by a region of relative uniform consistency." One ESA scientist compared the texture and colour of Titan's surface to a 3528: 2369:

Israel, G.; Cabane, M.; Brun, J-F.; Niemann, H.; Way, S.; Riedler, W.; Steller, M.; Raulin, F.; et al. (2002). "Huygens Probe Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser Experiment".

4279: 2617:

Goldman, Stuart J. (May 2005). "Landscapes on Titan: amateurs scoop the pros: spacecraft-imagery openness may lead to amateurs beating planetary scientists to the punch".

703:

of latitude and longitude at the equator) using the Doppler data at a distance from Earth of about 1.2 billion kilometers. The probe landed on the surface of the moon at

6298: 1080:) of the surface material was measured. The HASI subsystem also contains a microphone, which was used to record any acoustic events during probe's descent and landing; 3629: 4126: 1967: 4304: 1021:

probe, for two reasons. First, although they could not receive any signal from Earth because it was in front of the Sun, Earth could still listen to them. Second,

6836: 867:(that is, a hard surface covering a sticky mud-like subsurface). Subsequent analysis of the data suggests that surface consistency readings were likely caused by 6394: 2066: 6663: 3671: 1166:

measured the up- and downward radiant flux from an altitude of 145 km (90 mi) down to the surface. Solar aureole cameras measured how scattering by

887:

of 50% near the surface. Therefore, ground fogs caused by methane in the neighborhood of the landing site are unlikely. Thermometers indicated that heat left

6389: 6122: 706: 308: 4411: 1158:

was primarily an atmospheric mission, the DISR instrument was optimized to study the radiation balance inside Titan's atmosphere. Its visible and infrared

690:. Instead, wide-band recordings of the probe signal were made throughout the three-hour descent. After the probe telemetry was finished being relayed from 6352: 3752: 1563:'s motion. In one other deliberate departure from full redundancy, pictures from the descent imager were split, with each channel carrying 350 pictures. 778:

At the landing site there were indications of pebbles of water ice scattered over an orange surface, the majority of which is covered by a thin haze of

597:

three hours, including the descent phase, and the first thirty minutes after touchdown. Not long after the end of this three-hour communication window,

6187: 5670: 1456: 1004:

The probe landed on the surface of Titan at about 10.6°S, 192.3°W around 12:43 UTC in SCET (2 hours 30 minutes after atmospheric entry).(1.)

6367: 4417: 3619: 2464: 4405: 1040:

had six instruments aboard that took in a wide range of scientific data as the probe descended through Titan's atmosphere. The six instruments are:

5775: 5770: 5765: 558:

battery life, most of which was planned to be used during the descent. Engineers expected to get at most only 30 minutes of data from the surface.

7696: 1064:(i.e., positively charged particle) conductivities of the atmosphere and searched for electromagnetic wave activity. On the surface of Titan, the 6680: 6117: 6112: 4052: 3425: 530:

a fully instrumented robotic laboratory to the surface. When the mission was planned, it was not yet certain whether the landing site would be a

921: 7323: 6509: 6504: 6499: 3538: 3351: 365: 7527: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6434: 6429: 6378: 6248: 6172: 6046: 5931: 5899: 5882: 5837: 5795: 5760: 5755: 5750: 4758: 3508: 2301:

Niemann, H. B.; Atreya, S. K.; Bauer, S. J.; Carignan, G. R.; Demick, J. E.; Frost, R. L.; Gautier, D.; Haberman, J. A.; et al. (2005).

7413: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6419: 6414: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6087: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 2450: 1120:

was buffeted by rapidly fluctuating winds, which are thought to be vertical wind shear. At ground level, the Earth-based doppler shift and

7724: 6424: 6177: 5941: 5877: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5800: 3098: 883:(−179.3 °C; −290.8 °F) and pressure of 1,467.6 mbar (1.4484 atm), implying a methane abundance of 5 ± 1% and methane 7754: 7489: 6293: 6288: 3687: 3311: 2915: 2897: 2879: 876:

landing site. This implies large pebbles cannot be transported to the lakebed, while small rocks are quickly removed from the surface.

1451:, which would in turn relay it to Earth using its large 4 m (13 ft) diameter main antenna. Some engineers, most notably ESA 6322: 6317: 6268: 5812: 2795:

NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens: 1997 onwards (Cassini orbiter, Huygens probe and future exploration concepts) (Owners' Workshop Manual)

1650: 553:

1,200 km (750 mi) above Titan, the landing site appeared to be a shoreline. Assuming the landing site could be non-solid,

6567: 6273: 2949: 1265:

instrument for analysis. Two filters were provided to collect samples at different altitudes. The ACP was developed by a (French)

743:. A similar technique was used to determine the landing site of the Mars exploration rovers by listening to their telemetry alone. 7684: 2861: 2241:

Niemann, H.B.; Atreya, S.K.; Bauer, S.J.; Biemann, K.; Block, B.; Carignan, G.R.; Donahue, T.M.; Frost, R.L.; et al. (2002).

592:

The main mission phase was a parachute descent through Titan's atmosphere. The batteries and all other resources were sized for a

6237: 3654: 4658: 4369: 1919: 7739: 6869: 6658: 5663: 4701: 4567: 3639: 2821: 2665: 2497: 2022: 1871: 800:

Mission, however, definitely confirmed the existence of permanent liquid hydrocarbon lakes in the polar regions of Titan (see

5020: 3649: 1740: 7734: 7430: 7092: 3692: 755:

It slowed due to friction with the surface and, upon coming to its final resting place, wobbled back and forth five times.

4714: 2242: 1941: 6384: 5598: 3418: 1212:

A worker in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility (PHSF) stands behind the bottom side of the experiment platform for

628:

stopped listening to the incoming data stream. In addition to the GBT, eight of the ten telescopes of the continent-wide

617: 6608: 2412: 1051:

This instrument contains a suite of sensors that measured the physical and electrical properties of Titan's atmosphere.

4776: 4060: 3937: 3785: 2802: 2782:- The results analyzed in nine articles, letters to the editor and related media are available with free access online. 766:

which drizzle out of the atmosphere) which remained suspended in the atmosphere for about four seconds by the impact.

6618: 5656: 5632: 5044: 4751: 4473: 4096: 4090: 3728: 2063: 1606: 1436: 1351:

shimmers under bright lighting during final assembly. The gold colour of the MLI is due to light reflecting from the

1121: 613: 426: 3213: 7406: 5524: 4725: 4443: 4132: 3513: 3503: 3321: 1096:

that allowed the Cassini orbiter to accurately determine Huygens's radial velocity with respect to Cassini via the

201: 1008:

There was a transit of the Earth and Moon across the Sun as seen from Saturn/Titan just hours before the landing.

812:, with a depth of at least 1 m (3 ft)). The likely supplier in dry desert areas is probably underground 7497: 7313: 4455: 3523: 3372: 3167: 3091: 3001: 1327:

and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Space Science Department (now RAL Space) under the direction of Professor

1400:

systems and the structural components, mechanisms and pyrotechnics that control the probe's descent onto Titan.

1108:

were able to reconstruct some of it. Measurements started 150 km (93 mi) above Titan's surface, where

7318: 4690: 4532: 3624: 3411: 3377: 3301: 3266: 1192: 649: 1897: 1253:

particles from the atmosphere through filters, then heated the trapped samples in ovens (using the process of

7301: 6603: 6097: 3229: 1371: 769: 515:, and possibly a short time at the surface. It continued to send data for about 90 minutes after touchdown. 7744: 7719: 6650: 6560: 4859: 4808: 4744: 3961: 2302: 1719: 686:, and was therefore too weak to detect in real time because of the signal modulation by the (then) unknown 7749: 7517: 7399: 7338: 6831: 6808: 6675: 5622: 5126: 4992: 4936: 4295: 3278: 1750: 1073: 804:). Long-standing tropical hydrocarbon lakes were also discovered in 2012 (including one not far from the 84: 1681: 1316:

suggests that the instrument hit one of the icy pebbles on the surface photographed by the DISR camera.

511:

was also taken into account in its design. The probe was designed to gather data for a few hours in the

7590: 6862: 5028: 4602: 4422: 4015: 3997: 3967: 3877: 3592: 3559: 3533: 3084: 1409: 1378:. The heat shield system was built under the responsibility of Aérospatiale near Bordeaux, now part of 988: 6640: 7641: 7595: 7575: 7507: 6687: 5006: 4869: 4587: 4225: 3891: 3733: 3518: 3029: 1798:"Titan's new pole: Implications for the Huygens entry and descent trajectory and landing coordinates" 2303:"The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe" 7666: 7463: 5637: 5326: 4896: 4547: 3007: 1379: 629: 589:

and coasted in free space to Titan in 22 days with no systems active except for its wake-up timer.

78: 6530:

Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in

2830: 7631: 7611: 7349: 6815: 6704: 6623: 6553: 5564: 5490: 4941: 4864: 4592: 4114: 3791: 3644: 3580: 3345: 2935: 2852: 2838: 2720:

Burns, Joseph A. (2010). "The four hundred years of planetary science since Galileo and Kepler".

2458: 1424:

had a potentially fatal design flaw, which would have caused the loss of all data transmitted by

1258: 1065: 4346: 1613:

probe from Earth allowed reasonably accurate wind speed and direction calculations to be made.

1581:

Because Channel A was not used, only 350 pictures were received instead of the 700 planned. All

1498:

s receiver was designed to be able to receive over a range of shifted frequencies. However, the

7502: 6767: 6762: 6613: 5590: 5463: 5287: 4562: 3955: 2559:"Improve Your Image: Were planetary scientists scooped by a chat group of amateur enthusiasts?" 1524:

Reprogramming the firmware was impossible, and as a solution the trajectory had to be changed.

1348: 1238: 637: 190: 1124:

measurements show gentle winds of a few metres per second, roughly in line with expectations.

7729: 7661: 7562: 7370: 6855: 5585: 5304: 5000: 4904: 4310: 3609: 3434: 3306: 3107: 2843: 2650:

de Goursac, Olivier (July 23, 2005). "Titan enfin dévoilé" [Titan finally unveiled].

2420: 1420:

Long after launch, a few persistent engineers discovered that the communication equipment on

1266: 1208: 1196: 1171: 992: 451: 295: 63: 2870: 7343: 6699: 6645: 5627: 5531: 5384: 5243: 5226: 5214: 5190: 5171: 4964: 4648: 4352: 4196: 4078: 3846: 3779: 3602: 3597: 3296: 2907: 2729: 2378: 2317: 2257: 2193: 2149: 2098: 1809: 1296: 1261:

and decompose the complex organic materials. The products were flushed along a pipe to the

653: 633: 373: 67: 7692: 5911: 1782: 864: 8: 7541: 7512: 7328: 7274: 6889: 6798: 6774: 6747: 6253: 5695: 5684: 5680: 5466: 5425: 5390: 5178: 5087: 4632: 4577: 4572: 4542: 4381: 4340: 4328: 4322: 4209: 4021: 3991: 3850: 3822: 3723: 3454: 3356: 3272: 3260: 3161: 2975: 2959: 2565:. Vol. 93, no. 3. Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. pp. 215–216. 2064:

New Images from the Huygens Probe: Shorelines and Channels, But an Apparently Dry Surface

1996: 1745: 1507: 1375: 1185: 645: 456: 2773: 2733: 2673: 2505: 2382: 2321: 2261: 2197: 2153: 2102: 2030: 1813: 1343: 1179:

passed through the field of view. Unfortunately, this scheme was upset by the fact that

7422: 7180: 7150: 7130: 6752: 6694: 5648: 5550: 4793: 4622: 4527: 4334: 4271: 4144: 4028: 3316: 3172: 3034: 3013: 2753: 2566: 2394: 2351: 2283: 2209: 2122: 1727: 1711: 1597:

from Earth were made, although they were not as accurate as the lost measurements that

1514: 1408:' parachutes. Irvin worked on the probe's descent control sub-system under contract to 1324: 1225: 461: 137: 90: 4709: 2161: 7471: 7200: 7155: 7069: 6635: 6630: 6092: 5442: 5069: 5014: 4944: 4925: 4912: 4102: 4003: 3901: 3884: 3862: 2798: 2745: 2343: 2213: 2165: 2114: 1797: 1221: 1093: 1025:

did not send any readable data directly to Earth. Rather, it transmitted data to the

1001:

entered Titan's atmosphere at 10:13 UTC on 14 January 2005 in SCET, according to ESA.

884: 641: 435: 7621: 4084: 2902: 2818: 2398: 1467:

was in flight. In early 2000, he sent simulated telemetry data at varying power and

7570: 7375: 7105: 7038: 7012: 6894: 5408: 4663: 4522: 4247: 3587: 2757: 2737: 2536: 2484: 2386: 2355: 2333: 2325: 2287: 2273: 2265: 2201: 2157: 2126: 2106: 1817: 1502:

failed to take into account that the Doppler shift would have changed not only the

1105: 683: 400: 2892: 2695: 2051: 1875: 1843: 1303:

and conductivity) and refractive index (using a critical angle refractometer). A

1174:, periodically imaged a swath of around 30 degrees wide, ranging from almost 926: 7616: 7585: 7333: 7252: 7238: 7170: 7145: 7135: 5572: 5419: 5349: 4479: 4316: 3575: 3059: 3052: 2825: 2696:"Panoramic Views and Landscape Mosaics of Titan stitched from Huygens Raw Images" 2070: 1626: 1518: 1332: 809: 605: 224: 214: 6997: 5063: 3076: 1367: 1269:

team at the Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA).

129: 7636: 7626: 7215: 7185: 7165: 7110: 7017: 6944: 6803: 6591: 5290: 5146: 4512: 3713: 3469: 1945: 1690: 1503: 1491: 1282: 1097: 1077: 900: 801: 102: 2476: 2390: 2269: 2205: 1821: 1170:

varies the intensity directly around the Sun. Three imagers, sharing the same

507:

touched down on land, although the possibility that it would touch down in an

7713: 7175: 7125: 7100: 7007: 6982: 6957: 6899: 6596: 6439: 6229: 5988: 5921: 5817: 5560: 5486: 5458: 5343: 5249: 4826: 4798: 3856: 3797: 3664: 3487: 2454: 1755: 1665: 1652: 1582: 1468: 1328: 1052: 808:

landing site in the Shangri-La region which is about half the size of Utah's

722: 708: 676: 487: 324: 310: 5436: 4736: 2140:

Lorenz, Ralph; Sotin, Christophe (2010). "The Moon That Would Be a Planet".

7651: 7646: 7557: 7535: 7195: 7160: 7140: 7064: 7022: 6992: 6987: 6972: 6967: 6878: 6514: 6469: 6243: 5976: 5790: 5514: 5396: 5237: 5152: 5076: 5052: 4918: 4879: 4849: 4836: 4831: 3840: 3659: 3331: 3064: 2749: 2599:

Mac Robert, Alan (January 2005). "Wild, Weird Titan Reveals More Secrets".

2347: 2169: 2118: 1390: 1307:

instrument, that protruded 55 mm (2.2 in) past the bottom of the

1304: 1300: 1159: 1069: 958: 837: 657: 498: 447: 283: 52: 7656: 7580: 7120: 7059: 7043: 7002: 6952: 6929: 6924: 6709: 6057: 6034: 6023: 5887: 5822: 5780: 5732: 5481: 5448: 4986: 4768: 4597: 4517: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4154: 3871: 3708: 3207: 2887: 2540: 2480: 2338: 2278: 1460: 1250: 601:'s high-gain antenna (HGA) was turned away from Titan and towards Earth. 439: 3403: 2741: 2570: 2329: 2110: 828: 7244: 6977: 6962: 6934: 6362: 6283: 6233: 6167: 6127: 6102: 6082: 5842: 5164: 5082: 4612: 4263: 4255: 4231: 4202: 4182: 4164: 4150: 3973: 3129: 2558: 2531:

Peplow, Mark (2005). "Amateurs beat space agencies to Titan pictures".

1735: 1163: 1113: 1089: 787:

Subsequent analysis of the probe's trajectory indicated that, in fact,

700: 512: 378: 30: 7391: 7265: 7258: 7210: 7115: 6793: 6742: 6732: 6545: 6404: 6304: 6263: 6028: 5916: 5872: 5827: 5726: 5715: 5475: 5360: 5111: 5104: 5058: 4959: 4953: 4653: 4627: 4552: 4375: 4217: 4138: 3949: 3804: 3446: 3288: 3143: 3136: 1548: 1440: 1397: 1352: 1254: 687: 661: 527: 486:

on 25 December 2004, and landed on Titan on 14 January 2005 near the

6538:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). 1968:"Radio astronomers confirm Huygens entry in the atmosphere of Titan" 6409: 6399: 6357: 5926: 5847: 5281: 4821: 4044: 3979: 3909: 3718: 3482: 3477: 1499: 1401: 1287: 1057: 813: 763: 542:, or something else, and it was thought that analysis of data from 531: 354: 186: 2927: 1043: 561: 7205: 6278: 6062: 6018: 5936: 5852: 5832: 5785: 5555: 5538: 5404: 5367: 4909: 4884: 4617: 4492: 4485: 4467: 4461: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4108: 3834: 3634: 3614: 3554: 3459: 1292: 1167: 779: 483: 1435:

was too small to transmit directly to Earth, it was designed to

816:; in other words, the arid equatorial regions of Titan contain " 7380: 7308: 7190: 6519: 6373: 6310: 6224: 6193: 6041: 5982: 5893: 5806: 5739: 5708: 5373: 5259: 5254: 4874: 4854: 4840: 4816: 4607: 4239: 4009: 3943: 3773: 3339: 3250: 3047: 2819:

Amateur compositions of images, preceding NASA and ESA releases

2243:"The Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer for the Huygens Probe" 2182: 1556: 1486:

was to descend to Titan, it would have accelerated relative to

1404:

was responsible for the definition of the structure of each of

1356: 972: 880: 443: 204: 1616: 1203: 415: 409: 6182: 6132: 6107: 6052: 5745: 5721: 5337: 5315: 4931: 4449: 4120: 4036: 3985: 3931: 2073:, Emily Lakdawalla, January 15, 2005, verified March 28, 2005 1444: 1443:

data obtained while descending through Titan's atmosphere by

1278: 1262: 1229: 1175: 817: 616:

and aperture synthesis mode. At 11:25 CET on 14 January, the

539: 535: 508: 472: 2893:

Surface Mosaics and extensive Image Processing by an Amateur

1127: 624:. The GBT continued to detect the carrier signal well after 5603: 4582: 4557: 4537: 2612: 2610: 2087: 1452: 1311:

descent module, was used to create a penetrometer trace as

1234: 860: 682:(the Jupiter atmospheric descent probe) as received by the 497:

s landing is so far the only one accomplished in the outer

71: 2898:"The Huygens Probe: Science, Payload and Mission Overview" 2592: 2552: 2550: 2300: 1415: 1323:

SSP was developed by the Space Sciences Department of the

1233:

surface material upon contact. The GC/MS was developed by

526:

was designed to enter and brake in Titan's atmosphere and

18:

European reconnaissance lander sent to Saturn's moon Titan

2240: 1510: 1331:. The SSP research and responsibility transferred to the 1061: 1029:

orbiter, which later relayed to Earth the data received.

412: 7439:

Theoremata de Quadratura Hyperboles, Ellipsis et Circuli

6847: 5678: 2607: 1244: 620:(GBT) in West Virginia detected the carrier signal from 2584:

Mac Robert, Alan (May 2005). "Amateurs-just amateurs".

2547: 2368: 2916:

Engineering the parachute and computer systems on the

1482:

This was because under the original flight plan, when

2577: 1494:

of its signal to vary. Consequently, the hardware of

937:

trajectory from December 25, 2004 to January 14, 2005

911: 427: 418: 2490: 1701: 1997:"Bounce, Skid, Wobble: How Huygens Landed on Titan" 406: 403: 1104:orbiter caused the loss of this data. Earth-based 879:The temperature at the landing site was 93.8 3106: 2588:. UK: Pole Star Publications Ltd. pp. 67–69. 1593:were lost as well. Doppler radio measurements of 1116:. Between 60 and 80 km (37 and 50 mi), 7711: 3529:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre 2630: 2628: 1355:coating on the back of sheets of amber coloured 1272: 1083: 2666:"Enthusiast compositions of the Huygens images" 2643: 2621:. United States: American Astronomical Society. 2603:. United States: American Astronomical Society. 2498:"Enthusiast compositions of the Huygens images" 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2023:"Tropical Methane Lakes on Saturn's Moon Titan" 1570:of a command sequence developed by ESA for the 1555:orbiter for relay to Earth using two redundant 612:'s 10-watt transmission using the technique of 255:13:37, January 14, 2005 (UTC) 6837:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records 3539:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility 7407: 6863: 6561: 6534:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in 5664: 4766: 4752: 3419: 3092: 2943: 2903:Exploratorium webcasts about Saturn and Titan 2625: 2524: 2883:— "Cassini-Huygens: Mission to Saturn" 2792: 2435: 1647:The probe landed on the surface of Titan at 1366:was built under the Prime Contractorship of 454:(ESA), launched by NASA, it was part of the 2713: 2139: 1795: 1617:Contributions from citizen science projects 1204:Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) 859:The surface was initially reported to be a 671:The signal strength received on Earth from 7414: 7400: 6870: 6856: 6568: 6554: 5671: 5657: 4759: 4745: 3688:European Launcher Development Organisation 3426: 3412: 3312:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability 3099: 3085: 2950: 2936: 2649: 2598: 2583: 1601:made. The use of accelerometer sensors on 89: 3751: 3433: 2337: 2277: 2083: 2081: 2079: 1634:landed, another project worked with the 1128:Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) 2654:(in French). France: Socpresse/Dassault. 2635:"Amateurs who beat Nasa over the moon". 1685:The red cross marks the landing site of 1680: 1479:was unable to relay the data correctly. 1342: 1335:when John Zarnecki transferred in 2000. 1299:, heat capacity, electrical properties ( 1207: 1131: 925: 768: 560: 3394:There are no ongoing missions to Saturn 2658: 2616: 2015: 1866: 1864: 1416:Critical design flaw partially resolved 1047:Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) 359:ESA quadrilateral mission insignia for 7712: 7680: 7421: 6575: 2556: 2530: 2076: 1841: 1539: 1533:, greatly reducing the Doppler shift. 1506:frequency, but also the timing of the 546:would help to answer these questions. 7395: 6851: 6549: 5652: 4740: 3750: 3650:Space Situational Awareness Programme 3407: 3080: 2931: 2719: 2448: 1991: 1989: 1741:List of missions to the outer planets 1574:mission, and that it was executed by 1245:Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP) 1088:This experiment used an ultra-stable 782:. Early aerial imaging of Titan from 4697: 3693:European Space Research Organisation 3509:Space Research and Technology Centre 1861: 1689:. The bright region to the right is 1338: 922:Detailed timeline of Huygens mission 796:landing site. Further data from the 6809:greatest of a spacecraft population 4721: 2957: 2888:Planetary Society's Saturn coverage 2639:. UK. January 21, 2005. p. 32. 618:Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope 450:in 2005. Built and operated by the 39:probe, 1.3 metres (4.3 feet) across 13: 7725:European Space Agency space probes 2786: 1986: 1844:"Huygens sends first Titan images" 1393:Space Systems was responsible for 1032: 14: 7766: 7755:Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry 6738:furthest landing on another world 5633:List of extraterrestrial orbiters 2812: 2162:10.1038/scientificamerican0310-36 1842:Rincon, Paul (January 15, 2005). 614:very long baseline interferometry 501:or on a moon other than Earth's. 7691: 7679: 7082: 6748:furthest travel on another world 5526:Double Asteroid Redirection Test 4720: 4708: 4696: 4685: 4684: 3514:ESA Centre for Earth Observation 3322:Life Investigation For Enceladus 3212: 3206: 2449:Oberg, James (October 4, 2004). 2231:, 104, no. 1/2, (2002): 467-549. 2052:Titan probe's pebble 'bash-down' 1704: 1609:tracking of the position of the 1092:which provided a precise S-band 836: 827: 675:was comparable to that from the 608:on Earth were also listening to 464:, who discovered Titan in 1655. 399: 353: 29: 7314:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan 3373:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan 2853:Interactive Flash-Animation of 2767: 2688: 2470: 2463:(offline as of 2006-10-14, see 2405: 2362: 2294: 2234: 2220: 2176: 2133: 2057: 2045: 1920:"Cassini-Huygens Mission Facts" 1796:Kazeminejad, Bobby (May 2011). 1642: 1241:'s Space Physics Research Lab. 1143:DISR data visualisation during 7445:De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa 7319:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 4533:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer 3378:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 3302:Breakthrough Enceladus mission 3267:Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe 2413:"SSP: Surface Science Package" 1960: 1934: 1912: 1890: 1835: 1789: 1775: 1193:Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 849:image of Titan's surface from 1: 7740:Derelict landers (spacecraft) 3108:Spacecraft missions to Saturn 1764: 1372:Cannes Mandelieu Space Center 1273:Surface Science Package (SSP) 1084:Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) 632:in North America, located at 471:spacecraft was launched from 270:12:43, January 14, 2005 (UTC) 175:08:42, October 15, 1997 (UTC) 171:08:42, October 15, 1997 (UTC) 7498:Huygens' law of the pendulum 7451:De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae 4860:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 2477:How Huygens avoided disaster 2417:ESA Science & Technology 1769: 1385: 442:that landed successfully on 7: 7735:Spacecraft launched in 1997 7339:Titan Saturn System Mission 5623:List of Solar System probes 3279:Titan Saturn System Mission 2054:, BBC News, April 10, 2005. 1872:"Solstice Mission Overview" 1751:Titan Saturn System Mission 1697: 1585:radio measurements between 1551:and scientific data to the 1547:was programmed to transmit 1249:The ACP experiment drew in 1235:Goddard Space Flight Center 1074:electric displacement field 746: 549:Based on pictures taken by 518: 35:A full-size replica of the 10: 7771: 7591:Horologium (constellation) 7490:Discoveries and inventions 4603:Mars sample return mission 4423:European Data Relay System 4103:Meteosat Second Generation 4016:James Webb Space Telescope 3878:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 3560:European Data Relay System 3534:Concurrent Design Facility 1802:Advances in Space Research 1410:Martin-Baker Space Systems 1191:DISR was developed at the 919: 128:Thales Alenia Space (then 7675: 7642:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 7604: 7576:Huygens-Fokker Foundation 7526: 7508:Huygens-Fresnel principle 7488: 7429: 7363: 7293: 7231: 7224: 7091: 7080: 7052: 7031: 6943: 6917: 6908: 6885: 6877: 6824: 6799:greatest on another world 6794:greatest of a spaceflight 6783: 6722: 6581: 6528: 5703: 5618: 5504: 5270: 5136: 5125: 5096: 5043: 4978: 4895: 4807: 4786: 4775: 4676: 4641: 4503: 4432: 4362: 4294: 4226:Meteosat Third Generation 4085:Meteosat First Generation 4071: 3920: 3815: 3766: 3759: 3746: 3734:Planetary Science Archive 3701: 3680: 3568: 3547: 3519:European Astronaut Centre 3496: 3468: 3445: 3441: 3390: 3365: 3330: 3287: 3249: 3240: 3221: 3204: 3183: 3153: 3121: 3114: 3043: 3030:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 3022: 2994: 2967: 2824:January 17, 2005, at the 1942:"Cassini–Huygens Mission" 1822:10.1016/j.asr.2011.01.019 352: 348: 302: 294:12:43, January 14, 2005 ( 290: 282: 278: 274: 266: 251: 246: 242: 238: 230: 220: 210: 197: 182: 167: 162: 158: 154: 146: 142:320 kg (710 lb) 136: 124: 119: 115: 111: 98: 77: 59: 48: 44: 28: 7464:Horologium Oscillatorium 5638:List of space telescopes 3008:The Day the Earth Smiled 2465:Internet Archive version 2069:August 29, 2007, at the 1380:Airbus Defence and Space 664:, also listened for the 658:Owens Valley, California 7632:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 7518:Huygens–Steiner theorem 3645:Living Planet Programme 3504:Space Operations Centre 2391:10.1023/A:1023640723915 2270:10.1023/A:1023680305259 2206:10.1023/A:1023688607077 1922:. European Space Agency 1900:. European Space Agency 1066:electrical conductivity 991:on 25 December 2004 in 7596:Prix Descartes-Huygens 3956:Hubble Space Telescope 3524:Space Astronomy Centre 2848:scientific information 2831:European Space Agency 2797:. Haynes Manuals, UK. 2557:Harris, Roger (2005). 2029:. 2012. Archived from 1944:. NASA. Archived from 1874:. NASA. Archived from 1694: 1374:, France, now part of 1360: 1349:multi-layer insulation 1239:University of Michigan 1228:. During descent, the 1217: 1151: 976: 775: 638:Los Alamos, New Mexico 569: 7662:Augustin-Jean Fresnel 7371:Colonization of Titan 6775:Deepest ocean vehicle 5586:Peregrine Mission One 5130:(by termination date) 4905:Emirates Mars Mission 4780:(deep space missions) 3753:Projects and missions 3435:European Space Agency 3307:Enceladus Life Finder 2839:videos of the descent 2793:Ralph Lorenz (2018). 2421:European Space Agency 2371:Space Science Reviews 2250:Space Science Reviews 2229:Space Science Reviews 2186:Space Science Reviews 1972:European Space Agency 1684: 1475:. It turned out that 1471:levels from Earth to 1346: 1211: 1197:University of Arizona 1142: 993:Spacecraft Event Time 929: 772: 564: 452:European Space Agency 259:2005-01-14T13:37Z 120:Spacecraft properties 7472:Traité de la Lumiére 7344:Titan Winged Aerobot 7294:Planned and proposed 6804:greatest of a person 5687:Orbital launches in 5628:List of lunar probes 5215:Mars Global Surveyor 5127:Completed after 2000 4353:European Robotic Arm 4197:Sentinel-5 Precursor 3297:Enceladus Orbilander 2541:10.1038/news050117-7 1948:on February 19, 2013 1878:on December 17, 2008 1297:thermal conductivity 1072:(i.e., the ratio of 654:Brewster, Washington 475:on 15 October 1997. 7745:Attached spacecraft 7503:Huygens' lemniscate 7329:Titan Mare Explorer 6832:Spaceflight records 6733:furthest spacecraft 6695:Water-borne vehicle 6636:propulsively-driven 4777:Active space probes 4678:Future missions in 3724:European Space Camp 3455:Guiana Space Centre 3357:Titan Mare Explorer 2862:Latest News on the 2857:orbits through 2008 2742:10.1038/nature09215 2734:2010Natur.466..575B 2619:Sky & Telescope 2601:Sky & Telescope 2487:, January 17, 2005. 2383:2002SSRv..104..433I 2330:10.1038/nature04122 2322:2005Natur.438..779N 2262:2002SSRv..104..553N 2198:2002SSRv..104..395F 2154:2010SciAm.302c..36L 2142:Scientific American 2111:10.1038/nature04126 2103:2005Natur.438..765T 2033:on November 3, 2012 1814:2011AdSpR..47.1622K 1746:Titan Mare Explorer 1662: / 1540:Channel A data loss 1376:Thales Alenia Space 1186:atmospheric methane 718: / 646:North Liberty, Iowa 479:separated from the 320: / 25: 7750:Christiaan Huygens 7565:Christiaan Huygens 7423:Christiaan Huygens 6753:closest to the Sun 6576:Extremes of motion 5551:Hakuto-R Mission 1 5097:Interstellar space 4794:Parker Solar Probe 4528:Ceres Polar Lander 4363:Telecommunications 3317:Enceladus Explorer 3035:Christiaan Huygens 2676:on January 6, 2022 2652:Le Figaro Magazine 2563:American Scientist 2508:on January 6, 2022 2423:. December 7, 2005 1974:. January 14, 2005 1712:Spaceflight portal 1695: 1666:10.573°S 192.335°W 1515:phase-shift keying 1361: 1325:University of Kent 1218: 1152: 977: 776: 723:10.573°S 192.335°W 650:Kitt Peak, Arizona 570: 462:Christiaan Huygens 325:10.573°S 192.335°W 21: 7707: 7706: 7457:Systema Saturnium 7389: 7388: 7359: 7358: 7201:Taniquetil Montes 7156:Mindolluin Montes 7078: 7077: 7070:Woytchugga Lacuna 6845: 6844: 6655:production model 6543: 6542: 5646: 5645: 5614: 5613: 5121: 5120: 4926:2001 Mars Odyssey 4734: 4733: 4672: 4671: 4290: 4289: 4072:Earth observation 3902:Comet Interceptor 3893:Rosalind Franklin 3865:Trace Gas Orbiter 3816:Planetary science 3742: 3741: 3655:Science Programme 3401: 3400: 3386: 3385: 3202: 3201: 3074: 3073: 2728:(7306): 575–584. 2461:on July 13, 2009. 2097:(7069): 765–778. 1898:"Cassini-Huygens" 1671:-10.573; -192.335 1339:Spacecraft design 1226:gas chromatograph 1222:mass spectrometer 1140: 1094:carrier frequency 987:orbiter at 02:00 916:activity timeline 885:relative humidity 728:-10.573; -192.335 662:Mauna Kea, Hawaii 642:Fort Davis, Texas 565:Cutaway image of 436:atmospheric entry 390: 389: 330:-10.573; -192.335 234:December 25, 2004 7762: 7698:Wikisource texts 7695: 7683: 7682: 7571:Huygens (crater) 7513:Huygens' tritone 7416: 7409: 7402: 7393: 7392: 7229: 7228: 7106:Arrakis Planitia 7086: 7085: 7039:Elivagar Flumina 7013:Sionascaig Lacus 6915: 6914: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6849: 6848: 6768:highest altitude 6624:transcontinental 6619:propeller-driven 6570: 6563: 6556: 6547: 6546: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5134: 5133: 4784: 4783: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4712: 4700: 4699: 4688: 4687: 4664:Schiaparelli EDM 4523:Calathus Mission 4347:Georges Lemaître 4305:ISS contribution 3764: 3763: 3748: 3747: 3443: 3442: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3247: 3246: 3233:(to Titan, 2028) 3216: 3210: 3119: 3118: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3078: 3077: 2979:(Saturn orbiter) 2952: 2945: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2908:ESA Bulletin on 2808: 2762: 2761: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2672:. Archived from 2662: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2637:The London Times 2632: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2504:. Archived from 2494: 2488: 2485:The Space Review 2474: 2468: 2462: 2457:. Archived from 2446: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2341: 2316:(7069): 779–84. 2307: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2192:(1–4): 395–431. 2180: 2174: 2173: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2085: 2074: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2001:www.jpl.nasa.gov 1993: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1808:(9): 1622–1632. 1793: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1457:Claudio Sollazzo 1149: 1141: 1106:radio telescopes 975: 970: 961: 956: 947: 942: 936: 840: 831: 761: 742: 741: 739: 738: 737: 735: 730: 729: 724: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 606:radio telescopes 496: 430: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 357: 344: 343: 341: 340: 339: 337: 332: 331: 326: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 262: 260: 178: 176: 163:Start of mission 94: 93: 87: 33: 26: 20: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7720:Cassini–Huygens 7710: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7671: 7617:Galileo Galilei 7600: 7586:Huygens Ringlet 7542:Cassini–Huygens 7522: 7484: 7431:Published works 7425: 7420: 7390: 7385: 7355: 7334:Titan Submarine 7289: 7275:Cassini–Huygens 7253:Voyager program 7239:Pioneer program 7220: 7171:Perkunas Virgae 7136:Irensaga Montes 7087: 7083: 7074: 7048: 7027: 6939: 6910: 6904: 6881: 6876: 6846: 6841: 6820: 6779: 6763:furthest flight 6743:furthest humans 6718: 6681:by acceleration 6672:production car 6664:by acceleration 6577: 6574: 6544: 6539: 6524: 5699: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5647: 5642: 5610: 5500: 5420:LISA Pathfinder 5266: 5129: 5117: 5092: 5039: 4974: 4891: 4803: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4735: 4730: 4668: 4637: 4505: 4499: 4480:LISA Pathfinder 4437: 4435: 4428: 4358: 4341:Albert Einstein 4329:Johannes Kepler 4286: 4067: 3925: 3923: 3916: 3811: 3755: 3738: 3697: 3676: 3564: 3543: 3492: 3470:Launch vehicles 3464: 3437: 3432: 3402: 3397: 3382: 3361: 3326: 3283: 3242: 3236: 3217: 3211: 3198: 3179: 3162:Cassini–Huygens 3149: 3110: 3105: 3075: 3070: 3060:Moons of Saturn 3053:Rings of Saturn 3039: 3018: 2990: 2976:Cassini–Huygens 2963: 2960:Cassini–Huygens 2956: 2925: 2873:Cassini–Huygens 2833:Cassini–Huygens 2826:Wayback Machine 2815: 2805: 2789: 2787:Further reading 2770: 2765: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2670:Anthony Liekens 2664: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2615: 2608: 2597: 2593: 2582: 2578: 2555: 2548: 2529: 2525: 2511: 2509: 2502:Anthony Liekens 2496: 2495: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2451:"Titan Calling" 2447: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2377:(1–4): 433–68. 2367: 2363: 2305: 2299: 2295: 2245: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2181: 2177: 2138: 2134: 2086: 2077: 2071:Wayback Machine 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2027:saturntoday.com 2021: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1721:Cassini–Huygens 1710: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1627:citizen science 1619: 1542: 1519:bits per second 1418: 1388: 1347:Application of 1341: 1333:Open University 1295:, temperature, 1275: 1247: 1206: 1147: 1132: 1130: 1086: 1049: 1035: 1033:Instrumentation 983:separated from 968: 967: 954: 953: 940: 939: 938: 934: 924: 918: 857: 856: 855: 854: 843: 842: 841: 833: 832: 810:Great Salt Lake 759: 749: 733: 731: 727: 725: 721: 720: 717: 712: 709: 707: 705: 704: 521: 494: 469:Cassini–Huygens 457:Cassini–Huygens 428: 402: 398: 386: 385: 376: 369: 358: 335: 333: 329: 327: 323: 322: 319: 314: 311: 309: 307: 306: 258: 256: 231:Deployment date 215:Lockheed Martin 174: 172: 88: 83: 40: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7768: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7689: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Baruch Spinoza 7634: 7629: 7627:Salomon Coster 7624: 7622:René Descartes 7619: 7614: 7612:Huygens family 7608: 7606: 7605:Related people 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7476: 7468: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7396: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7262: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7235: 7233: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7186:Shikoku Facula 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7166:Mithrim Montes 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7018:Sotonera Lacus 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6541: 6540: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6188:Molniya-1T #98 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5694: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5570: 5558: 5553: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5394: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5147:NEAR Shoemaker 5140: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5011: 5010: 5009: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4957: 4950: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4877: 4875:Tiandu 1 and 2 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Darwin Mission 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4488:(2019–present) 4483: 4477: 4471: 4470:(2013–present) 4465: 4464:(2009–present) 4459: 4453: 4452:(2001–present) 4447: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4425:(2016–present) 4420: 4415: 4414:(2014–present) 4409: 4408:(2011–present) 4403: 4402:(2010–present) 4397: 4396:(2008–present) 4391: 4390:(2005–present) 4385: 4384:(2001–present) 4379: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4335:Edoardo Amaldi 4332: 4326: 4325:(2010–present) 4320: 4314: 4313:(2008–present) 4308: 4307:(1998–present) 4301: 4299: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4244: 4236: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4205:(2018–present) 4200: 4199:(2017–present) 4194: 4193:(2016–present) 4180: 4179:(2015–present) 4162: 4161:(2014–present) 4148: 4147:(2013–present) 4142: 4141:(2010–present) 4136: 4135:(2009–present) 4130: 4124: 4123:(2006–present) 4118: 4112: 4106: 4105:(2002–present) 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4081:(1988–present) 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4024:(2023–present) 4019: 4018:(2021–present) 4013: 4012:(2019–present) 4007: 4006:(2013–present) 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3982:(2002–present) 3977: 3976:(1999–present) 3971: 3965: 3959: 3958:(1990–present) 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3874:(2018–present) 3869: 3868:(2016–present) 3860: 3854: 3844: 3843:(2003–present) 3838: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3800:(2020–present) 3795: 3789: 3788:(1995–present) 3783: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3714:ESA Television 3711: 3705: 3703: 3702:Related topics 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3548:Communications 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3014:End of mission 3011: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2987:(Titan lander) 2980: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2828: 2814: 2813:External links 2811: 2810: 2809: 2804:978-1785211119 2803: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2712: 2687: 2657: 2642: 2624: 2606: 2591: 2576: 2546: 2523: 2489: 2469: 2434: 2404: 2361: 2293: 2233: 2219: 2175: 2132: 2075: 2056: 2044: 2014: 1985: 1959: 1933: 1911: 1889: 1860: 1834: 1788: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1716: 1715: 1699: 1696: 1644: 1641: 1621:The fact that 1618: 1615: 1578:as delivered. 1541: 1538: 1490:, causing the 1417: 1414: 1387: 1384: 1340: 1337: 1283:speed of sound 1274: 1271: 1257:) to vaporize 1246: 1243: 1205: 1202: 1129: 1126: 1098:Doppler Effect 1085: 1082: 1078:electric field 1053:Accelerometers 1048: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1006: 1005: 1002: 996: 917: 910: 901:civil twilight 845: 844: 835: 834: 826: 825: 824: 823: 822: 802:Lakes of Titan 748: 745: 534:range, a flat 520: 517: 388: 387: 377: 371: 370: 363: 350: 349: 346: 345: 304: 300: 299: 292: 288: 287: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 253: 249: 248: 247:End of mission 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202:Cape Canaveral 199: 195: 194: 187:Titan IV(401)B 184: 180: 179: 169: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 140: 134: 133: 126: 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 109: 108: 100: 96: 95: 81: 75: 74: 61: 57: 56: 50: 46: 45: 42: 41: 34: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7767: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7126:Ganesa Macula 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008:Ontario Lacus 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6983:Koitere Lacus 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Bolsena Lacus 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6710:transatlantic 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Progress M-37 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6368:Resurs-F1M #1 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6230:Progress M-36 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6118:Iridium MFS-2 6116: 6114: 6113:Iridium MFS-1 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5989:Progress M-35 5987: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922:Inmarsat-3 F4 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:Progress M-34 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5682: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5562: 5561:Chandrayaan-3 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5487:Chandrayaan-2 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5344:Venus Express 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250:Chandrayaan-1 5248: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5045:Minor planets 5042: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979:Other planets 4977: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4827:Chandrayaan-2 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4799:Solar Orbiter 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4767:21st-century 4762: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4727: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4675: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4436:demonstrators 4431: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3922:Astronomy and 3919: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3857:Venus Express 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798:Solar Orbiter 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767:Solar physics 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3665:Cosmic Vision 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366:Several moons 3364: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2881:New Scientist 2878: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2586:Astronomy Now 2580: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2455:IEEE Spectrum 2452: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2339:2027.42/62703 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2279:2027.42/43756 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256:(1): 553–91. 2255: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1921: 1915: 1899: 1893: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1702: 1692: 1691:Xanadu Region 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Doppler shift 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469:Doppler shift 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329:John Zarnecki 1326: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:spectrometers 1157: 1146: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 986: 982: 979: 978: 974: 965: 960: 951: 946: 933: 930:Animation of 928: 923: 915: 909: 906: 902: 897: 893: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 870: 866: 862: 852: 848: 839: 830: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 785: 781: 771: 767: 765: 758: 753: 744: 740: 734:Huygens probe 702: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 679: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 595: 590: 586: 582: 580: 575: 568: 563: 559: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 500: 493: 489: 485: 482: 478: 474: 470: 467:The combined 465: 463: 459: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432: 423: 396: 395: 384: → 383: 382: 375: 372:← 368: 367: 362: 356: 351: 347: 342: 336:Huygens probe 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 254: 250: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 226: 223: 221:Deployed from 219: 216: 213: 209: 206: 203: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185: 181: 170: 166: 161: 157: 153: 150:1800 Wh total 149: 145: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 114: 110: 107: 105: 101: 97: 92: 86: 82: 80: 76: 73: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 51: 47: 43: 38: 32: 27: 24: 16: 7730:Titan (moon) 7697: 7685: 7667:Thomas Young 7652:Robert Hooke 7647:Isaac Newton 7564: 7558:Mons Huygens 7548: 7547: 7540: 7536:2801 Huygens 7528:Recognitions 7479:Cosmotheoros 7478: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7381:In mythology 7348: 7300: 7281: 7280: 7273: 7264: 7257: 7243: 7196:Sotra Patera 7161:Misty Montes 7141:Mayda Insula 7065:Ngami Lacuna 7023:Albano Lacus 6998:Müggel Lacus 6993:Mackay Lacus 6988:Ladoga Lacus 6973:Jingpo Lacus 6968:Hammar Lacus 6737: 6676:by top speed 6659:by top speed 6641:wheel-driven 6631:Land vehicle 6535: 6531: 6515:Early Bird 1 6510:Orbcomm FM12 6505:Orbcomm FM11 6500:Orbcomm FM10 6470:Intelsat 804 6372: 6309: 6303: 6257: 6244:EchoStar III 6192: 6183:Intelsat 803 6040: 6033: 5981: 5977:Intelsat 802 5904: 5892: 5805: 5791:Intelsat 801 5776:Gonets-D1 #6 5771:Gonets-D1 #5 5766:Gonets-D1 #4 5738: 5731: 5714: 5707: 5591: 5573: 5565: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5491: 5474: 5467: 5441: 5424: 5409:Schiaparelli 5407: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5366: 5359: 5350:Chang'e 5-T1 5342: 5325: 5303: 5291: 5280: 5242: 5225: 5213: 5202: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5153:Deep Space 1 5151: 5110: 5103: 5077:New Horizons 5075: 5068: 5057: 5027: 5013: 4999: 4985: 4966:Perseverance 4965: 4952: 4945: 4924: 4919:Mars Express 4917: 4841: 4769:space probes 4713: 4702: 4689: 4679: 4588:Lunar Lander 4506:and proposed 4491: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4059: 4051: 4043: 4035: 4027: 3908: 3900: 3892: 3883: 3864: 3841:Mars Express 3828: 3803: 3681:Predecessors 3660:Horizon 2000 3344: 3271: 3259: 3228: 3191: 3190: 3160: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3006: 2983: 2982: 2974: 2958: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2880: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2837:, including 2832: 2794: 2777: 2774: 2768:Bibliography 2725: 2721: 2715: 2705:February 14, 2703:. Retrieved 2699: 2690: 2680:February 14, 2678:. Retrieved 2674:the original 2669: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2636: 2618: 2600: 2594: 2585: 2579: 2562: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2512:February 14, 2510:. Retrieved 2506:the original 2501: 2492: 2472: 2459:the original 2425:. Retrieved 2416: 2407: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2313: 2309: 2296: 2253: 2249: 2236: 2228: 2222: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2148:(3): 36–43. 2145: 2141: 2135: 2094: 2090: 2059: 2047: 2035:. Retrieved 2031:the original 2026: 2017: 2005:. Retrieved 2000: 1976:. Retrieved 1971: 1962: 1950:. Retrieved 1946:the original 1936: 1924:. Retrieved 1914: 1902:. Retrieved 1892: 1880:. Retrieved 1876:the original 1851:. Retrieved 1847: 1837: 1825:. Retrieved 1805: 1801: 1791: 1777: 1756: 1728: 1720: 1686: 1646: 1643:Landing site 1635: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1448: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1405: 1394: 1391:Martin-Baker 1389: 1368:Aérospatiale 1363: 1362: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1308: 1305:penetrometer 1301:permittivity 1276: 1248: 1219: 1213: 1190: 1188:absorption. 1180: 1155: 1153: 1144: 1117: 1109: 1101: 1087: 1070:permittivity 1050: 1044: 1037: 1036: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 998: 984: 980: 963: 949: 944: 931: 913: 904: 895: 894: 888: 878: 873: 868: 865:crème brûlée 858: 850: 846: 805: 797: 793: 788: 783: 777: 756: 751: 750: 696: 691: 677: 672: 670: 665: 625: 621: 609: 603: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 578: 573: 571: 566: 554: 550: 548: 543: 523: 522: 504: 503: 499:Solar System 491: 488:Adiri region 480: 476: 468: 466: 455: 393: 392: 391: 380: 366:Horizon 2000 364: 360: 303:Landing site 291:Landing date 267:Landing date 252:Last contact 130:Aérospatiale 125:Manufacturer 103: 70: / 66: / 49:Mission type 36: 22: 15: 7657:Denis Papin 7581:Huygens Gap 7225:Exploration 7121:Erebor Mons 7060:Eyre Lacuna 7044:Vid Flumina 7003:Neagh Lacus 6953:Abaya Lacus 6930:Ligeia Mare 6925:Kraken Mare 6495:Orbcomm FM9 6490:Orbcomm FM8 6485:Orbcomm FM7 6480:Orbcomm FM6 6475:Orbcomm FM5 6435:Kosmos 2348 6430:Kosmos 2347 6379:SPARTAN-201 6173:Kosmos 2346 6058:Kosmos 2345 6047:CRISTA-SPAS 6035:Soyuz TM-26 6024:Superbird-C 5932:Kosmos 2344 5900:Kosmos 2343 5888:Kosmos 2342 5883:Chinasat 6A 5838:Kosmos 2341 5823:Kosmos 2340 5796:Mozhayets 2 5761:Kosmos 2339 5756:Kosmos 2338 5751:Kosmos 2337 5733:Soyuz TM-25 5482:Longjiang-2 5468:Opportunity 5449:Longjiang-1 5327:Deep Impact 4987:BepiColombo 4726:WikiProject 4598:MarcoPolo-R 4548:Don Quijote 4518:Ariane 5 ME 4482:(2015–2017) 4412:Galileo FOC 4406:Galileo IOV 4378:(1989–1993) 4317:Jules Verne 4298:spaceflight 4129:(2009–2013) 4117:(2003–2007) 4115:Double Star 4111:(2002–2012) 4099:(1995–2011) 4093:(1991–2000) 4087:(1977–1997) 4000:(2009–2013) 3994:(2009–2013) 3970:(1995–1998) 3952:(1989–1993) 3946:(1983–1986) 3940:(1978–1996) 3934:(1975–1982) 3872:BepiColombo 3859:(2005–2014) 3853:(2004–2016) 3837:(2003–2006) 3831:(1997–2005) 3825:(1985–1992) 3794:(2000–2024) 3782:(1990–2009) 3776:(1977–1987) 3709:Arianespace 2780:, Dec. 2005 2700:René Pascal 2481:James Oberg 2007:January 19, 1952:January 30, 1882:January 21, 1669: / 1657:192°20′06″W 1513:, coded by 1461:Boris Smeds 1164:photometers 1162:and violet 1017:orbiter or 726: / 713:192°20′06″W 604:Very large 440:space probe 328: / 315:192°20′06″W 198:Launch site 168:Launch date 7714:Categories 7376:In fiction 7245:Pioneer 11 7181:Shangri-La 7151:Mezzoramia 6978:Kivu Lacus 6963:Feia Lacus 6935:Punga Mare 6890:Atmosphere 6651:motorcycle 6609:Spacecraft 6465:Iridium 49 6460:Iridium 48 6455:Iridium 47 6450:Iridium 46 6445:Iridium 45 6420:Iridium 44 6415:Iridium 42 6363:IndoStar-1 6348:Iridium 43 6343:Iridium 41 6338:Iridium 40 6333:Iridium 39 6328:Iridium 38 6284:FalconGOLD 6234:Sputnik 40 6220:Iridium 37 6215:Iridium 36 6210:Iridium 35 6205:Iridium 34 6200:Iridium 19 6168:Iridium 33 6163:Iridium 32 6158:Iridium 31 6153:Iridium 30 6148:Iridium 29 6143:Iridium 28 6138:Iridium 27 6128:Meteosat 7 6123:Hot Bird 3 6088:Iridium 26 6083:Iridium 25 6078:Iridium 24 6073:Iridium 23 6068:Iridium 22 6014:Iridium 21 6009:Iridium 20 6004:Iridium 18 5999:Iridium 17 5994:Iridium 15 5972:Iridium 16 5967:Iridium 14 5962:Iridium 13 5957:Iridium 12 5952:Iridium 11 5947:Iridium 10 5937:Fengyun 2A 5843:Minisat 01 5594:helicopter 5533:Mangalyaan 5165:Pioneer 10 5083:OSIRIS-REx 5064:MINERVA-II 4613:Phootprint 4593:Marco Polo 4434:Technology 4264:MetOp-SG-B 4256:MetOp-SG-A 4232:Sentinel-4 4203:ADM-Aeolus 4183:Sentinel-3 4165:Sentinel-2 4151:Sentinel-1 4079:Copernicus 3974:XMM-Newton 3792:Cluster II 3598:Copernicus 3569:Programmes 3497:Facilities 3447:Spaceports 3195:(on Titan) 3173:retirement 3130:Pioneer 11 2968:Spacecraft 2427:August 20, 1853:August 30, 1827:January 4, 1765:References 1736:Europlanet 1731:retirement 1654:10°34′23″S 1455:employees 1114:telescopes 1090:oscillator 920:See also: 732: ( 710:10°34′23″S 701:arcminutes 513:atmosphere 334: ( 312:10°34′23″S 211:Contractor 7686:Wikiquote 7302:Dragonfly 7266:Voyager 2 7259:Voyager 1 7211:Tui Regio 7131:Guabonito 7116:Doom Mons 7053:Dry lakes 6784:Endurance 6759:Aircraft 6705:submerged 6532:underline 6520:AsiaSat 3 6425:Galaxy 8i 6405:Equator-S 6395:Hikoboshi 6305:VLS-1 V01 6264:Apstar 2R 6249:Foton #11 6178:FAISAT-2V 6029:OrbView-2 5942:Iridium 9 5917:Telstar 5 5906:Tselina-2 5878:Iridium 8 5873:Iridium 7 5868:Iridium 6 5863:Iridium 5 5858:Iridium 4 5828:Thaicom 3 5727:Nahuel 1A 5716:GPS IIR-1 5592:Ingenuity 5515:Chang'e 5 5476:Beresheet 5361:MESSENGER 5238:Chang'e 1 5112:Voyager 2 5105:Voyager 1 5059:Hayabusa2 5053:Chang'e 2 4960:Mars 2020 4954:Tianwen-1 4946:Curiosity 4880:Chang'e 6 4870:Queqiao 2 4850:Chang'e 5 4837:Chang'e 4 4832:Chang'e 3 4654:CryoSat-1 4628:STE-QUEST 4563:Eddington 4553:e.Deorbit 4504:Cancelled 4376:Olympus-1 4218:EarthCARE 4139:CryoSat-2 3988:(2006–13) 3964:(1992–93) 3950:Hipparcos 3924:cosmology 3289:Enceladus 3230:Dragonfly 3144:Voyager 2 3137:Voyager 1 3023:Namesakes 2519:strategy. 2214:189778612 1978:March 22, 1926:March 22, 1904:March 22, 1783:"HUYGENS" 1770:Citations 1549:telemetry 1441:telemetry 1398:parachute 1386:Parachute 1353:aluminium 1259:volatiles 1255:pyrolysis 1150:s descent 912:Detailed 688:telemetry 528:parachute 438:robotic 434:) was an 191:Centaur-T 106:home page 85:1997-061C 79:COSPAR ID 7093:Features 6911:and seas 6825:See also 6816:Aircraft 6723:Distance 6646:on rails 6614:Aircraft 6410:Astra 1G 6400:JCSAT-1B 6358:Sirius 2 6294:Maqsat-H 6289:Maqsat-B 5927:INSAT-2D 5848:Founders 5305:Stardust 5282:Hayabusa 5001:Akatsuki 4822:CAPSTONE 4715:Wikinews 4691:Category 4311:Columbus 4235:) (2024) 4045:ARRAKIHS 3998:Herschel 3980:INTEGRAL 3910:EnVision 3863:ExoMars 3719:EUMETSAT 3610:Columbus 3603:Sentinel 3483:Ariane 6 3478:Ariane 5 3243:(target) 3241:Proposed 3168:timeline 3154:Orbiters 3002:Timeline 2822:Archived 2750:20671701 2571:27858574 2399:54502443 2348:16319830 2170:20184181 2119:16319829 2067:Archived 2037:June 16, 1848:BBC News 1723:timeline 1698:See also 1517:at 8192 1500:firmware 1496:Cassini' 1437:transmit 1402:IRVIN-GQ 1395:Huygens' 1288:pendulum 1237:and the 1168:aerosols 1058:electron 943: 814:aquifers 764:aerosols 747:Findings 668:signal. 634:Pie Town 532:mountain 519:Overview 446:'s moon 138:BOL mass 60:Operator 7549:Huygens 7364:Related 7350:Oceanus 7282:Huygens 7206:Tsegihi 6895:Climate 6700:sailing 6688:British 6604:Vehicle 6536:italics 6390:Orihime 6323:USA-136 6318:USA-134 6279:USA-135 6269:USA-133 6258:Huygens 6254:Cassini 6063:Agila 2 6019:USA-132 5853:GOES 10 5833:BSAT-1a 5813:USA-131 5801:Tempo-2 5786:USA-130 5781:JCSAT-R 5574:Zhurong 5566:Pragyan 5556:Luna 25 5540:InSight 5492:Pragyan 5426:Cassini 5405:ExoMars 5385:Rosetta 5368:PROCYON 5244:Ulysses 5227:Phoenix 5203:Huygens 5191:Genesis 5172:Galileo 5034:Jupiter 5021:Jupiter 4993:Mercury 4910:ExoMars 4885:ICUBE-Q 4865:Queqiao 4817:ARTEMIS 4703:Commons 4680:italics 4649:Cluster 4633:THESEUS 4618:SOLARIS 4493:PROBA-3 4486:OPS-SAT 4468:PROBA-V 4462:PROBA-2 4450:PROBA-1 4400:HYLAS-1 4394:GIOVE-B 4388:GIOVE-A 4382:Artemis 4210:Biomass 4109:Envisat 4048:(2030s) 3847:Rosetta 3835:SMART-1 3829:Huygens 3780:Ulysses 3760:Science 3635:ExoMars 3625:GALILEO 3615:CryoSat 3576:Artemis 3555:ESTRACK 3460:Esrange 3346:Oceanus 3253:, rings 3222:Planned 3192:Huygens 3184:Landers 2995:Mission 2984:Huygens 2918:Huygens 2910:Huygens 2871:NASA's 2864:Huygens 2855:Cassini 2846:Huygens 2835:website 2758:4412744 2730:Bibcode 2379:Bibcode 2356:4344046 2318:Bibcode 2288:1794678 2258:Bibcode 2194:Bibcode 2150:Bibcode 2127:4414457 2099:Bibcode 1810:Bibcode 1757:Galileo 1729:Cassini 1687:Huygens 1639:Burns. 1636:Huygens 1632:Huygens 1623:Huygens 1611:Huygens 1603:Huygens 1599:Cassini 1595:Huygens 1591:Huygens 1587:Cassini 1583:Doppler 1576:Cassini 1572:Huygens 1567:Cassini 1561:Huygens 1553:Cassini 1545:Huygens 1531:Cassini 1526:Huygens 1508:payload 1504:carrier 1488:Cassini 1484:Huygens 1477:Cassini 1473:Cassini 1465:Cassini 1449:Cassini 1433:Huygens 1426:Huygens 1422:Cassini 1406:Huygens 1370:in its 1364:Huygens 1321:Huygens 1313:Huygens 1309:Huygens 1293:density 1279:sounder 1251:aerosol 1214:Huygens 1195:at the 1181:Huygens 1156:Huygens 1145:Huygens 1118:Huygens 1110:Huygens 1102:Cassini 1076:to its 1045:Huygens 1038:Huygens 1027:Cassini 1023:Huygens 1019:Huygens 1015:Cassini 1010:Huygens 999:Huygens 985:Cassini 981:Huygens 945:Huygens 932:Huygens 914:Huygens 905:Huygens 896:Huygens 889:Huygens 874:Huygens 869:Huygens 851:Huygens 847:In situ 806:Huygens 798:Cassini 794:Huygens 789:Huygens 784:Huygens 780:methane 774:ground. 757:Huygens 752:Huygens 697:Huygens 692:Cassini 678:Galileo 673:Huygens 666:Huygens 626:Cassini 622:Huygens 610:Huygens 599:Cassini 594:Huygens 579:Huygens 574:Huygens 567:Huygens 555:Huygens 551:Cassini 544:Cassini 524:Huygens 505:Huygens 492:Huygens 484:orbiter 481:Cassini 477:Huygens 394:Huygens 374:Cluster 361:Huygens 257: ( 225:Cassini 173: ( 104:Huygens 99:Website 37:Huygens 23:Huygens 7481:(1698) 7475:(1692) 7467:(1673) 7459:(1659) 7453:(1657) 7447:(1654) 7441:(1651) 7324:TALISE 7309:AVIATR 7305:(2028) 7216:Xanadu 7191:Sinlap 7146:Menrva 7111:Dilmun 7032:Rivers 6790:Space 6729:Space 6374:STS-87 6311:SCD-2A 6274:STEP-4 6225:IRS-1D 6194:STS-86 6042:STS-85 5983:STS-94 5912:Thor 2 5894:STS-84 5807:STS-83 5746:Haruka 5740:STS-82 5709:STS-81 5696:1998 → 5681:← 1996 5437:MASCOT 5391:Philae 5374:IKAROS 5292:Spirit 5260:LCROSS 5255:SELENE 5179:Nozomi 5088:Psyche 4855:Danuri 4842:Yutu-2 4659:GEOS 1 4642:Failed 4608:ODINUS 4578:Hopper 4573:Hermes 4568:EXPERT 4496:(2024) 4476:(2015) 4458:(2007) 4446:(1998) 4372:(1978) 4370:GEOS 2 4355:(2021) 4349:(2014) 4343:(2013) 4337:(2012) 4331:(2011) 4323:Cupola 4319:(2008) 4283:(2027) 4275:(2025) 4267:(2025) 4259:(2025) 4251:(2025) 4243:(2025) 4240:ALTIUS 4221:(2024) 4213:(2024) 4064:(2035) 4056:(2035) 4053:Athena 4040:(2029) 4032:(2026) 4022:Euclid 4010:CHEOPS 3992:Planck 3962:Eureca 3944:EXOSAT 3913:(2031) 3905:(2029) 3897:(2028) 3888:(2024) 3880:(2023) 3851:Philae 3823:Giotto 3808:(2031) 3774:ISEE-2 3588:Aurora 3352:TALISE 3340:AVIATR 3273:SPRITE 3261:Kronos 3251:Saturn 3122:Flybys 3067:(moon) 3048:Saturn 2801: 2775:Nature 2756: 2748: 2722:Nature 2569: 2533:Nature 2397: 2354: 2346: 2310:Nature 2286: 2212: 2168: 2125: 2117: 2091:Nature 2003:. 2012 1557:S-band 1431:Since 1357:Kapton 973:Saturn 971: 969: 964:· 962: 957: 955: 950:· 948: 941: 935:'s 660:; and 444:Saturn 381:Newton 286:lander 205:SLC-40 183:Rocket 55:lander 7551:probe 7101:Adiri 6945:Lakes 6909:Lakes 6879:Titan 6597:sound 6592:light 6588:Wave 6582:Speed 6353:Kupon 6238:X-Mir 6108:FORTE 6103:PAS-5 6093:Lewis 6053:PAS-6 5582:2024 5576:rover 5568:rover 5547:2023 5521:2022 5511:2020 5505:2020s 5494:rover 5470:rover 5459:MarCO 5455:2019 5433:2018 5416:2017 5400:rover 5380:2016 5356:2015 5338:LADEE 5334:2014 5322:2013 5316:GRAIL 5312:2012 5300:2011 5294:rover 5277:2010 5271:2010s 5234:2009 5222:2008 5210:2006 5198:2005 5186:2004 5160:2003 5143:2001 5137:2000s 5029:Juice 5007:Venus 4968:rover 4948:rover 4932:MAVEN 4844:rover 4623:SPICA 4418:EGNOS 4280:FORUM 4272:SMILE 4145:Swarm 4121:MetOp 4097:ERS-2 4091:ERS-1 4037:ARIEL 4029:PLATO 3986:CoRoT 3932:Cos-B 3895:rover 3805:Vigil 3729:GEWEX 3672:Pride 3630:ELIPS 3620:EGNOS 3332:Titan 3065:Titan 2920:probe 2866:Probe 2754:S2CID 2567:JSTOR 2395:S2CID 2352:S2CID 2306:(PDF) 2284:S2CID 2246:(PDF) 2210:S2CID 2123:S2CID 1759:probe 1445:radio 1263:GC/MS 1230:GC/MS 1176:nadir 1148:' 966: 959:Titan 952: 899:late 818:oases 760:' 680:probe 540:ocean 538:, an 536:plain 509:ocean 495:' 473:Earth 448:Titan 431:-gənz 284:Titan 147:Power 53:Titan 7232:Past 7176:Selk 6918:Seas 6900:Life 6385:TRMM 6133:GE-3 5722:GE 2 5689:1997 5604:IM-1 5599:SLIM 5443:Dawn 5398:Yutu 5070:Lucy 5015:Juno 4897:Mars 4809:Moon 4583:LOFT 4558:EChO 4538:CSTS 4513:AIDA 4456:YES2 4248:FLEX 4133:SMOS 4127:GOCE 4061:LISA 4004:Gaia 3885:Hera 3786:SOHO 3640:FLPP 3488:Vega 3115:Past 2875:page 2844:ESA 2799:ISBN 2746:PMID 2707:2022 2682:2022 2514:2022 2429:2012 2344:PMID 2166:PMID 2115:PMID 2039:2012 2009:2015 1980:2019 1954:2013 1928:2019 1906:2019 1884:2013 1855:2016 1829:2018 1607:VLBI 1605:and 1589:and 1511:bits 1459:and 1453:ESOC 1439:the 1319:The 1122:VLBI 1068:and 1060:and 861:clay 636:and 630:VLBA 572:The 379:XMM- 298:UTC) 296:SCET 193:B-33 72:NASA 7563:MS 6299:YES 6236:, 6098:ACE 5464:MER 5288:MER 4942:MSL 4937:MRO 4913:TGO 4787:Sun 4474:IXV 4444:ARD 4296:ISS 3968:ISO 3938:IUE 3593:ATV 3581:ESM 2778:438 2738:doi 2726:466 2537:doi 2387:doi 2375:104 2334:hdl 2326:doi 2314:438 2274:hdl 2266:doi 2254:104 2202:doi 2190:104 2158:doi 2146:302 2107:doi 2095:438 1818:doi 1447:to 1267:ESA 1172:CCD 1154:As 1062:ion 989:UTC 820:". 684:VLA 429:HOY 68:ASI 64:ESA 7716:: 5563:/ 5489:/ 5388:/ 5062:/ 4191:3B 4189:/ 4187:3A 4185:/ 4177:2C 4175:/ 4173:2B 4171:/ 4169:2A 4167:/ 4159:1B 4157:/ 4155:1A 4153:/ 2752:. 2744:. 2736:. 2724:. 2698:. 2668:. 2627:^ 2609:^ 2561:. 2549:^ 2535:. 2516:. 2500:. 2483:, 2479:, 2453:. 2437:^ 2419:. 2415:. 2393:. 2385:. 2373:. 2350:. 2342:. 2332:. 2324:. 2312:. 2308:. 2282:. 2272:. 2264:. 2252:. 2248:. 2208:. 2200:. 2188:. 2164:. 2156:. 2144:. 2121:. 2113:. 2105:. 2093:. 2078:^ 2025:. 1999:. 1988:^ 1970:. 1863:^ 1846:. 1816:. 1806:47 1804:. 1800:. 1678:. 1521:. 1428:. 1412:. 1382:. 656:; 652:; 648:; 644:; 640:; 490:. 416:ən 410:ɔɪ 189:/ 7415:e 7408:t 7401:v 6871:e 6864:t 6857:v 6569:e 6562:t 6555:v 6381:) 6377:( 6314:) 6308:( 6260:) 6256:( 6240:) 6232:( 6049:) 6045:( 5672:e 5665:t 5658:v 4846:) 4839:( 4760:e 4753:t 4746:v 4229:( 3849:/ 3427:e 3420:t 3413:v 3100:e 3093:t 3086:v 2951:e 2944:t 2937:v 2807:. 2760:. 2740:: 2732:: 2709:. 2684:. 2573:. 2543:. 2539:: 2467:) 2431:. 2401:. 2389:: 2381:: 2358:. 2336:: 2328:: 2320:: 2290:. 2276:: 2268:: 2260:: 2216:. 2204:: 2196:: 2172:. 2160:: 2152:: 2129:. 2109:: 2101:: 2041:. 2011:. 1982:. 1956:. 1930:. 1908:. 1886:. 1857:. 1831:. 1820:: 1812:: 1785:. 1693:. 1359:. 1216:. 995:. 881:K 736:) 422:/ 419:z 413:ɡ 407:h 404:ˈ 401:/ 397:( 338:) 261:) 177:) 132:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Huygens (spacecraft)

Index