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customers, housing three to more than four million people, were in the dark. Private companies and other utilities from other parts of Canada and the United States were sent in to help Hydro-Québec undertake this massive restoration task, but these efforts were complicated by the widespread damage of the power grid. Blackouts in some areas lasted for 33 days, and 90% of those affected by the blackout had no power for more than seven days. Although power was fully restored to all locations in Quebec by
February 8, 1998, it wasn't until mid-March that the power facilities were back in service. By then, much social and economic damage had occurred, such as ruined food and deaths resulting from lack of electric heating.
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331:(CFLCo), though generators were installed after major construction was completed. The single generation facility cost C$ 946 million to construct and produced 5,225 MW of power initially after all eleven generating units were installed. A station upgrade in 1985 raised the generating capacity to over 5,400 MW. Hydro-Québec Generation owns a 34.2% interest in CFLCo, which is the same company that constructed the generating plant. However, Hydro-Québec has rights to most of the 5,400 MW of power the station produces under a 65-year
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667:
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population centres and that there was a lack of local power stations around
Montreal, which is served by only six 735 kV feeder lines; five of these lines form a loop called the "ring of power" around the city. When the ring failed on January 7, 1998, roughly 60% of Greater Montreal's power supply was offline. Hydro-Québec's large above-ground transmission and distribution system was considered to be exposed to natural disasters, although the cost of undergrounding the grid was prohibitive.
32:
799:
447:(AEP) contain at least one 765 kV line in their power system. However, only AEP has a significant mileage of 765 kV power lines, with over 3,400 kilometres (2,100 mi) of 765 kV line traversing its broad transmission system; this system contains the most mileage in the United States under one electrical company. NYPA has only 219 kilometres (136 mi) of 765 kV line, all of it contained in a single direct interconnector with Hydro-Québec.
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1111:
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1122:, leading to over 80 hours of freezing rain and drizzle. For days, a continuous shower of mostly freezing rain amounted to 70–110 millimetres (2.8–4.3 inches) of water equivalent of precipitation. Places like Montreal and the South Shore were especially hard hit, with 100 mm (3.9 in) of largely freezing rain falling. These heavy precipitation totals wreaked havoc on the regional power transmission system.
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electrical wires can withstand this extra weight, when combined with the effects of wind and precipitation, these conductors may break and fall. The pylons, designed to withstand only 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) of ice accretion, buckled and collapsed into twisted heaps of mangled steel. Cascading failures occurred on several transmission lines, where the collapse of one or more towers left a row of fallen pylons.
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20:
191:, it became the first utility in the world to transmit electricity at 735 kV, rather than 300–400 kV which was the world standard at that time. In 1962, Hydro-Québec proceeded with the construction of the first 735 kV power line in the world. The line, stretching from the Manic-Outardes dam to the Levis substation, was brought into service on 29 November 1965.
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are spread apart on two different foundations. In addition, the crossbar is replaced by a series of suspension cables with three vertical insulator strings to support the three bundles, which allows this design to consume only 6.3 tonnes of steel per kilometre of line. The design is also known as the
Chainette (little necklace).
999:, a partnership between Northeast Utilities (75%) and NSTAR (25%). Estimated to cost US$ 1.1 billion to build, it is projected that the line will either run in existing right-of-way adjacent to the HVDC line that runs through New Hampshire, or it will connect to a right-of-way in northern New Hampshire that will run through the
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597:. From there on, the three lines parallel the North Shore as the Gulf narrows to the southwest toward the Saint Lawrence River discharge mouth. The northernmost power line then diverges from the other two to connect with Manic-Outardes power stations located on and around the Rivière aux Outardes and the Manicouagan River.
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735 kV to transmit and distribute electrical power produced from Hydro-Québec's dams, although 315 kV is used as well. The total value of TransÉnergie's entire electricity transmission system is C$ 15.9 billion. For these reasons, Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie is considered to be a world leader in power transmission.
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per kilometre of line. This type of pylon was used for the first 735 kV power line from the Manic-Outardes power stations to the load centre of
Montreal. There are two significant variations of the delta pylon; one has longer side crossbars such that all three bundles of conductors are suspended
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Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie uses several different types of electricity pylons to support their 735 kV power lines. All of them are single-circuit, meaning that each pylon carries one power line with three bundles of four electrical subconductors separated by spacers, with each bundle transmitting
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As the lines near Quebec City, the northern power line rejoins the other two 735 kV power lines. The three lines, paralleled by another 735 kV power line some distance to the north, span over the Saint
Lawrence River to the South Shore region, where the lines form loops encompassing part of
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stretches of land; this shows up clearly in aerial photos. The terrain that the power lines cross is for the most part not mountainous, but smooth and replete with lakes. Generally, four of the lines runs together in two pairs and the other two run solo, although the two single lines sometimes do run
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Five to six days of freezing rain and precipitation crippled the Hydro-Québec power grid in the
Montreal and South Shore regions. In an area 100 by 250 kilometres (62 by 155 miles), some 116 transmission lines were out of commission, including several major 735 kV power lines and the Quebec–New
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substation, the HVDC line heads south and roughly parallels the six 735 kV power lines some distance to the west. It traverses the same type of terrain as the other six lines; the land is replete with lakes, wetlands, and forested rolling hills. Gradually, the power line turns to the southeast,
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in
December 1986 and Montreal in February 1961, which left 30 to 40 millimetres (1.2 to 1.6 inches) of ice. This has led to the belief that Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's electrical pylons are "indestructible". Despite being more than three times higher than the Canadian standard of only 13 millimetres
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During the construction of the James Bay transmission system, the cross-rope suspension tower was invented. This type of tower features two guyed-tower legs similar to the V-guyed tower, but the two legs don't converge at the tower base. In the case of the cross-rope suspension tower, the tower legs
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tower, which reduced materials consumption to 11.8 tonnes of steel per kilometre of power line. This type of tower also includes a variation with longer side crossbars, where all conductors are hung with a V-shaped insulator and one with shorter side crossbar, where only the middle bundle hangs from
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142 kilometres (88 mi) the northwest. The terrain crossed by the power lines becomes hilly and mountainous south of the border. The lines reach over 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation before descending. The three lines continue heading south until they reach a substation on the North Shore
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and single-circuit delta pylons to suspend electrical conductors of other voltages, such as 315 kV. The ±450 kV high-voltage direct current line in Hydro-Québec's power grid uses a T-shaped tower, lattice or pole, to support two bundles of three conductors on each side. The direct current
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Through successive waves of freezing precipitation, more than 75 millimetres (3.0 inches) of radial ice accumulated on the electrical conductors and the pylons themselves. This ice coating adds an additional weight of 15 to 20 kilograms per metre of conductor (10 to 20 lb/ft). Even though the
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As the lines continue south, they diverge into two sets of three 735 kV transmission lines. The eastern set heads to Quebec City, where it connects with power lines from
Churchill Falls and the 735 kV power line loops in the Saint Lawrence River region. The western set heads to Montreal,
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wider than the 80.0–91.5 metres (262.5–300.2 ft) width required for a single 735 kV line. Each 735 kV line is capable of transmitting 2,000 MW of electric power at a distance of over 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) and the entire 735 kV grid can carry 25,000 MW of power.
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and 6,025 MW of interconnector import capacity and 7,974 MW of interconnector export capacity. The system has transmission lines reaching to power generation facilities located more than 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) away from population centers. For this reason, TransÉnergie uses a voltage of AC
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After the power outage was over, Hydro-Québec made numerous upgrades to its system in order to improve the power grid. Examples include the strengthening of electrical pylons and power poles, and increasing the power supply. This was done to enable the utility to restore power more rapidly in the
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With over 100 transmission lines paralyzed by the ice, Quebec fell into a massive power outage in the cold
Canadian winter. Even though power restoration initiated after the first blackouts, large numbers of Quebecers were in the dark. At the height of the blackout, some 1.4–1.5 million homes and
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The performance of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's power grid during the 1998 ice storm raised questions about the fundamental concept, vulnerability, and reliability of the grid. Critics noted that the power generation facilities were located approximately 1,000 km (600 mi) away from
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Hydro-Québec usually uses tall, large pylons to cross large bodies of water, like lakes and rivers. These towers are said to be prominent and the tallest pylon in Hydro-Québec's power grid is of this function. The tallest of these is located near the Tracy power station on the shore of the Saint
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The technology utilized on Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie grid also came under fire from critics. It is claimed that this technology, used to improve performance, safety, and reliability, made people in Quebec over-dependent on the power grid for their energy needs, since electricity, especially
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Much of the electricity generated by Hydro-Québec
Generation comes from hydroelectric dams located far from load centres such as Montreal. Of the 33,000 MW of electrical power generated, over 93% of that comes from hydroelectric dams and 85% of that generation capacity comes from three
269:, in northwestern Quebec. The La Grande project was built in two phases; the first phase lasted twelve years from 1973 to 1985 and the second phase lasted from 1985 to present time. In all, the nine hydroelectric dams there produce over 16,500 MW of electric power, with the
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to alter the way electricity behaves in power transmission lines, which improves the electricity transmission efficiency. This reduces the need to construct new power lines and increases the amount of electric power sent to population centres. Series compensation is based on
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powerstation to Montréal, 135 km (84 mi) away. In the first half of the 20th century, the market was dominated by regional monopolies, whose service was publicly criticised. In response, in 1944 the provincial government created Hydro-Quebec from the expropriated
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for hours on a very cold night. Even though the blackout lasted around nine hours for most places, some locations were in the dark for days. This geomagnetic storm caused about C$ 10 million in damage to Hydro-Québec and tens of millions to the customers of the utility.
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hydroelectric power, makes up over 40% of Quebec's energy supply. This dependence, evidenced by the fact Ontario farmers had more backup generators than farmers in Quebec, can increase the severity of the consequences when the grid fails, as it did in January 1998.
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for angle towers or structures on 735 kV power lines to change the direction of the line or switch the position of the conductor bundles. Delta pylons and three-leg guyed towers are also used as angle towers; they are referred to as "penguins" by Hydro-Québec
301:. The facilities located in the region were constructed over a period of five decades, from 1956 to 2005. The total generation capacity from these power stations is 10,500 MW. A 21-MW hydroelectric power station, the Lac-Robertson generating station on the
814:(NERC) as a full interconnection because it is asynchronous with neighboring systems. Quebec will consequently be able to develop its own reliability standards, as needed, and these will apply in addition to the relevant North American standards. Besides the
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where it too forms a ring of 735 kV power lines around the city, linking to other power loops in the region. This section of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's power grid contains 7,400 km (4,600 mi) of 735 kV AC and 450 kV DC power line.
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After the six 735 kV wires split up into two groups of three power lines each, the HVDC line follows the eastern group, and the western set diverges away. The line remains overhead until it reaches the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River near
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along the 1,480 kilometres (920 mi) long power line. It is also the first multiterminal HVDC line in the world. The ±450 kV power line can transmit about 2,000 MW of hydroelectric power to Montreal and the Northeastern United States.
1083:, which require a certain voltage amplitude and frequency to function properly. Although most GICs are relatively feeble, the nature of those currents destabilized the voltage of the power grid and unbalanced current spikes erupted everywhere.
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3.1 billion alone. In less than four decades, Hydro-Québec's generating capacity went from 3,000 MW in 1963 to nearly 33,000 MW in 2002, with 25,000 MW of that power sent to population centres on 735 kV power lines.
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Electrical power generated from the Churchill Falls power station is sent to Montreal and the population centres of the Northeastern United States, more than 1,200 kilometres (700 mi) away. Starting from the generation station in
450:
The 735 kV power line is said to lessen the environmental impact of power lines, as one single power line operating at this voltage carries the same amount of electric power as four 315 kV power lines, which would require a
633:
Quebec's transmission system contains a variety of electrical pylons depending on era and voltage level. Older pylon designs tend to consume more material than the newer pylons and the higher the voltage level, the larger the tower.
1162:, dubbed the "triangle of darkness", half of the overhead power grid was out of service. Quebec ordered myriad conductors, crossarms, and wire connections to repair the ones disabled by the storm in the electrical transmission and
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system. In all of Quebec, 24,000 poles, 4,000 transformers, and 1,000 electrical pylons were damaged or destroyed, more than 3,000 km (2,000 mi) of downed electrical wires; this cost a total of C$ 800 million to repair.
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tripped all over Quebec and shut off the power. Within less than 90 seconds, this wave of breaking circuits left the entire transmission grid out of service. The collapsed power grid left six million people and the rest of Quebec
170:
The first hydroelectric stations in Quebec were built by private entrepreneurs in the late 19th century. In 1903 the first long distance high-voltage transmission line in North America was built, a 50 kV line connecting a
194:
Over the next twenty years from 1965 to 1985, Quebec underwent a massive expansion of its 735 kV power grid and its hydroelectric generating capacity. Hydro-Québec Équipement, another division of Hydro-Québec, and
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Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's 735 kV system consists of a set of six lines running from James Bay to Montreal and a set of four lines from Churchill Falls and the Manic-Outardes power stations to Quebec City. The
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technology. To maintain its transmission system performance, TransÉnergie sets aside funds for research and application of new technologies. In addition to power transmission technology, Hydro-Québec plans to offer
142:
Major expansion of the network began with the commissioning of the 735 kV AC power line in November 1965, as there was a need for electricity transmission over vast distances from the north to southern Quebec.
2927:
1037:, the system has experienced damage and service interruptions from severe storms in the past. Examples include the 1982 and 1988 Quebec blackouts prior to the large 1989 and 1998 power interruptions.
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and run generally south-southwest for 203 kilometres (126 mi) as three side-by-side power lines in a cleared right-of-way with a width of 216 metres (709 feet). As they head southwest through
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The spillway of the Robert-Bourassa Dam (formerly La Grande-2 Dam), one of many hydroelectric dams supplying power to the load centres of Montreal, Quebec City, and the Northeastern United States
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In addition to the six 735 kV power lines that stem from the James Bay Project, a seventh power line was constructed as an 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) northward extension of an existing
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AC 735 / 765 kV power lines, totaling 11,422 kilometres (7,097 mi) strung between 38 substations with equipment of that voltage. The first transmission system from 1965 is an
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From 1965 onwards, the 735 kV power line became an integral part of Quebec's power transmission backbone. More than one-third of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's system consists of
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hydroelectric complex. To transmit the complex's annual production of about 30 billion kWh over a distance of nearly 700 km (430 mi), Hydro-Québec had to innovate. Led by
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The James Bay hydroelectric dam complex contains several relatively short 735 kV power lines that send electricity to three principal substations, ordered from west to east:
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Of all the pylons damaged, some 150 were pylons supporting 735 kV lines, and 200 towers carrying 315 kV, 230 kV, or 120 kV power lines collapsed as well. In a region bounded by
695:. The other has shorter side crossbars, such that the two outside bundles are hung on a vertical insulator string and only the middle bundle is hung with a V-shaped insulator.
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the Saint Lawrence River and the south shore. The loops are also connected to the ring of 735 kV power lines around Montreal and power lines running south from James Bay.
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The pylons and conductors are designed to handle 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) of ice accumulation without failure, since Hydro-Québec raised the standards in response to
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After the lines cross the Quebec-Labrador border, also known as the Hydro-Québec point of delivery, the direction of the lines becomes due south, and they head to the
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case of a massive ice striking Quebec again. Hydro-Québec has stated that it is better-prepared to handle an ice storm with the same magnitude as the one of 1998.
482:
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In 1963 Hydro-Québec purchased the shares of nearly all remaining privately owned electrical utilities then operating in Quebec and undertook construction of the
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Accordingly, protective measures were taken in response. To save the transformers and other electrical equipment, the power grid was taken out of commission, as
3404:
Tucker, Kyle; Asim Haldar (2007-10-04). "Numerical Model Validation and Sensitivity Study of a Transmission-Line Insulator Failure Using Full-Scale Test Data".
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in a pair. Two intermediate 735 kV power lines, one in the north and one in the south, connect all six power lines along their path to southern Quebec.
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Cross rope "Chainette" ("little necklace") suspension pylons used on some parts of 735 kV lines between the James Bay hydroelectric complex and Montreal.
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1941:
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1075:(GICs) to flow as direct current through Quebec's power lines, which are normally only conducting alternating current. The insulating nature of the
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810:, or interconnections. Suppliers are legally required to follow reliability standards. In 2006, Quebec's transmission system was recognized by the
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1003:. This 180-to-190-mile (290 to 310 km) line, projected to carry 1,200 megawatts, will bring electricity to approximately one million homes.
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24:
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paralleled by a dual-circuit 315 kV line. The center 735 kV line uses a larger version delta pylon while the one to the right uses smaller one.
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2410:
609:
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1998:
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203:, and generating stations. Constructing the transmission system for the La Grande Phase One, part of the James Bay Project, took 12,500
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952:, reaching an elevation of about 650 metres (2,130 ft). The line then continues heading south-southeast and enters the state of
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Power transmission losses over the 735 kV grid range from 4.5 to 8%, varying due to temperature and operating situations. The
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Report on the State of the Power System, submitted to the ministre d'etat des ressources naturelles du Quebec, 21 January 1998.
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1226:, stated that the attack had been carried out to "denounce the 'pillaging' of Quebec's resources by the United States."
929:. South of the terminal, the line heads south and after a relatively short distance, it enters the Des Cantons close to
1195:'s visit to Canada, a tower along the Quebec – New England Transmission HVDC circuit in the Eastern Townships near the
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The Outaouais substation, the newest of 19 interconnections between Hydro-Québec's network and neighboring power grids.
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Rapport d'enquête et d'audience publique – Projet de centrale hydro-électrique sur la Basse-Côte-Nord (lac Robertson)
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over its transmission lines within a few years; the utility started testing internet over its lines in January 2004.
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The physical size of the Hydro-Québec's 735 kV transmission lines is unmatched in North America. Only two other
2774:
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Two figures are given for the length of the 735 kV system: 11,422 and 11,527 km (7,097 and 7,163 mi).
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From January 4/5 to January 10, 1998, warm moist air from the south overriding cold air from the north produced an
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Lings, Raymond; Vernon Chartier; P. Sarma Maruvada (2005-07-15). "Overview of transmission lines above 700 kV".
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in Newfoundland and Labrador. It was constructed over a period of five to six years from 1966 to 1971–72 by the
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Much of Quebec's population is served by a few 735 kV power lines. This contributed to the severity of the
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power line sometimes uses two poles or a wider, pyramidal, self-supporting lattice structure for angle towers.
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1752:. Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from
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1945:
761:. The pylon, the largest of its kind in Canada, is 174.6 metres (572.8 ft) tall, the same height as the
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The maximum simultaneous delivery (export) for the interconnector common to New York and Ontario is 325 MW.
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igneous rock directed the GICs to the power lines. The conductors then forwarded this current to sensitive
1046:
524:, Chissibi, and Lemoyne. From these substations, six 735 kV power lines traverse the vast expanses of
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region consists of several hydroelectric facilities located on three principal rivers, from west to east:
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named the 735 kV power line system as the technological innovation of the 20th century for Quebec.
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Statistics Canada, The St. Lawrence River Valley 1998 Ice Storm: Maps and Facts (Ottawa, 1998); and
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995:. Hydro-Québec will own the segment within Quebec, while the segment within the US will be owned by
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2304:"Hydro-Québec célèbre le 40e anniversaire de la mise en service de la première ligne à 735 kV"
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generating over 5,600 MW alone. In total, the project cost over C$ 20 billion to construct.
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Bergman, Brian; Branswell, Brenda; Nolen, Stephanie; Eisler, Dale; Geddes, John (13 June 2014).
1727:. Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corpororation and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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In spite of the transmission system's reputation and the fact Quebec escaped unscathed from the
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Earth Liberation: "Bomb Attack On a Hydro-Quebec Tower", December 6, 2004 (from Google cache).
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2002:
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1697:(in French). Quebec City: Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. pp. 33–34.
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Estimates on the total number of poles and pylons damaged / destroyed by the ice storm vary.
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2123:
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HOROWITZ, STANLEY H.; HAROLD T. SEELEY (September 1969). "Relaying the AEP 765-kV System".
1972:
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8:
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A Mae West pylon from a Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie 735 kV power line, recognizable by the
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3125:"Discover Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie and its system: Features of Our Transmission System"
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139:(MW) of interconnector import capacity and 7,974 MW of interconnector export capacity.
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substation. After the river crossing, the line enters into the Nicolet terminal near
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The system contains more than 34,187 kilometres (21,243 mi) of lines and 530
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The system contains more than 34,187 kilometres (21,243 mi) of lines and 530
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355:, the electrical substation, and the three 735 kV lines that span the river
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The James Bay Project encompasses the La Grande project, which is located on the
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between Montreal and Quebec City contain 735 kV power line loops or rings.
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2211:. Inaugural IEEE PES 2005 Conference and Exposition in Africa. pp. 33–43.
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Map showing precipitation amounts for Quebec and the Northeastern United States
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Across North America, electricity transmission systems are interconnected into
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Over the years, Hydro-Québec researchers engineered a new type of pylon, the V-
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east of Quebec City, as lines crosses the St. Lawrence River south towards the
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116:
78:
3489:"Chilling memories of 1998 ice storm that battered Quebec, Ontario, Maritimes"
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Proceedings of the Inaugural IEEE PES 2005 Conference and Exposition in Africa
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3800:
3522:
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2682:"Central Labrador:Virtual Tour Quebec Hwy 389 – Baie Comeau to Labrador City"
2250:"Analysis of second harmonic instability for the Chateauguay HVDC/SVC scheme"
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1911:
Burton (1999-01-01). "Glazed over: Canada copes with the ice storm of 1998".
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the insulator and the side bundles are strung on vertical insulator strings.
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574:
529:
466:
392:
128:
75:
31:
2116:"Transmission Questions & Answers: How does the electrical system work?"
1846:"The Development of 735-kV Transmission and Standardization at Hydro-Québec"
1559:
Lemay, Jacques (June 1992). "Hydro-Québec's High-Voltage Interconnections".
1509:"Hydro-Québec (1962): historical context, economic impact and related links"
2342:
1999:"Discover Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie and its system: Our System at a Glance"
1092:
566:, the power lines span a distance of 1,800 metres (6,000 ft) over the
147:
55:
3688:
3647:
Pictures of the Quebec–New England line in Massachusetts and New Hampshire
2956:
739:
174.6 metre (572'10") pylon adjacent to Hydro-Québec's now-decommissioned
554:
319:
Churchill Falls is a single underground generation station located on the
282:
880:
798:
679:
297:. A single plant named Sainte-Marguerite-3 is located to the east on the
71:
3067:
2702:"Photography featuring beautiful bridges, scenic highways and railroads"
857:
Newfoundland and Labrador: one connection. 5,500 MW import, 0 MW export.
845:
New York: two connections. Capacity is 1,100 MW import, 1,999 MW export.
3447:"Failure of Public Utilities: Risk Management and Insurance: Pages 5–7"
945:
930:
588:. A lone 735 kV line stems off from the substation, heading to an
172:
1415:"IEEE Milestone : 40th Anniversary of 735 kV Transmission System"
3453:
2206:
1444:"IEEE Milestone: 40th Anniversary of 735 kV Transmission System"
1119:
1110:
1017:
778:
533:
59:
2955:. Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company. Archived from
1294:
883:. This power line expansion was completed in 1990. As a result, the
136:
3216:
3153:
1147:
452:
94:
67:
2799:
207:, 13 electrical substations, 10,000 kilometres (6,000 mi) of
35:
735 kV substation near the Robert-Bourassa generating station
27:
interconnections, and the nine NERC Regional Reliability Councils.
3354:. North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Archived from
1308:
949:
854:
New Brunswick: three connections. 785 MW import, 1,029 MW export.
851:
New England: three connections. 2,170 MW import, 2,275 MW export.
388:
235:
hydroelectric generation centers: James Bay, Manic-Outardes, and
120:
16:
International power transmission system centred in Quebec, Canada
1973:"Eastmain 1-A Powerhouse and Rupert Diversion: Area Development"
372:. It is managed by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, a division of the
104:. It is managed by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, a division of the
965:
782:
727:
Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie uses a combination of double-circuit
642:
570:
549:
356:
51:
818:, there are four other interconnections in North America: the
678:
The earliest type of tower used was a massive self-supporting
3519:"Recollections of 1998's Great Ice Storm still bring shivers"
848:
Ontario: eight connections. 1,970 MW import, 2,705 MW export.
699:
687:
683:
525:
1199:
was damaged by explosive charges detonated at its base. The
972:. The terminal is the southernmost extent of the HVDC line.
936:
Leaving the Des Cantons station, the power line crosses the
864:
557:. The substation is one of TransÉnergie's transmission hubs.
2953:"Contracts, All Requirements: Hydro-Québec Interconnection"
2772:
2751:
Bonikowsky, Laura Neilson; Block, Niko (11 February 2016).
1913:
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
1220:
577:, the lines generally traverse flat, smooth rolling hills.
363:
3014:
19:
1848:. Standards Council of Canada. 2007-10-16. Archived from
1064:
2048:
987:, created a joint venture to build a new HVDC line from
3352:"DAWG Database 1998: January 1, 1998–December 31, 1998"
1970:
3317:. 6th Canadian Urban Forest Conference. Archived from
3247:"A closer look at a rare situation: Weather Situation"
2024:"Milestones:First 735 kV AC Transmission System, 1965"
1330:
America's Electric Utilities: Past, Present and Future
964:, the line reaches the Sandy Pond terminal outside of
905:
as it crosses under several 735 kV power lines.
646:
Two types of single-circuit 735 kV delta pylons near
66:(AC) power lines that link the population centres of
3477:, The State of the Power Transmission Network, 1998.
1692:
1290:
790:
deposited up to 70 millimetres (2.8 inches) of ice.
3614:"Map of electric transmission facilities in Quebec"
2537:"Transmission Towers for Hydroelectric Power Lines"
97:(which is not part of the Quebec interconnection).
3213:"Scientists probe northern lights from all angles"
2635:"Unique Suspension System Conquers Rugged Terrain"
917:. The power line surfaces on the south shore near
841:with systems in neighboring provinces and states:
469:was installed and began testing in 2007 and 2008.
3403:
1725:"The History of Churchill Falls: A Brief History"
1451:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
753:Lawrence River, carrying a 735kV circuit between
3798:
3563:Group claims responsibility for hydro tower bomb
3281:. Environment Canada. 2002-12-18. Archived from
3150:"Hydro-Québec to test internet over power lines"
3019:. Northern Pass Transmission LLC. Archived from
2986:Power Electronics Design: A Practitioner's Guide
2051:IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
913:, where the 450 kV HVDC line descends into
887:power line is unique because there are multiple
769:in the United States (555 feet (169.2 m)).
3817:Electric grid interconnections in North America
3690:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
2750:
956:, where it reaches the Comerford terminal near
900:Beginning in the converter station next to the
812:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
545:Manic-Outardes power stations / Churchill Falls
54:, Canada. The system pioneered the use of very
3374:
3372:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1383:
1381:
1359:
1357:
1203:reported that a message, purportedly from the
420:spacers separating the three 4-conductor sets.
407:
40:Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system
3807:Electric power transmission systems in Canada
3674:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1138:Damage to trees and a power distribution line
3549:Canada, Inside an Ice Storm (Toronto, 1998).
2928:"The HVDC Transmission Quebec – New England"
2813:
2202:
2200:
2198:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1777:Shaping The Future : Annual Report 2009
1773:
1595:"Geographic Location: The La Grande Complex"
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
837:Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie has the following
305:, is not connected to the main Quebec grid.
223:
211:, and 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi) of
3516:
3369:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3127:. Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie. Archived from
3119:
3117:
2930:. The ABB Group. 2007-02-08. Archived from
2373:
2001:. Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie. Archived from
1378:
1354:
1183:
3681:
3667:
3279:"The worse ice storm in Canadian history?"
2790:
2788:
2768:
2766:
2606:
2504:
2436:"Churchill Falls – Power from the Project"
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1825:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1743:
1741:
1547:
3273:
3271:
3068:"New Transmission Line Reaches Milestone"
2534:
2195:
1833:
1671:. Hydro-Québec Production. Archived from
1463:
1040:
915:an underwater tunnel traversing the river
865:High voltage direct current (HVDC) 450 kV
323:near the town of Churchill Falls and the
3525:and CanWest News Service. Archived from
3486:
3309:
3296:
3114:
2822:"Montreal in the Ice Storm January 1998"
2472:
2470:
2468:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1971:Hydro-Québec Production (October 2006).
1942:"Power Transmission over Long Distances"
1332:(5 ed.). Public Utilities Reports.
1133:
1109:
1067:, struck Earth. Fluctuations within the
797:
734:
665:
641:
599:
548:
494:
411:
364:Electricity transmission system features
252:
230:List of hydroelectric stations in Quebec
161:
30:
18:
3827:Electric power infrastructure in Canada
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3040:
2785:
2763:
2458:
2456:
2317:
2103:
1993:
1991:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1872:
1738:
1669:"Discover our Hydroelectric Facilities"
1642:
1640:
3799:
3268:
3184:
3090:
3065:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2922:
2920:
2819:
2654:
2500:
2498:
2247:
2180:. Vanderweil Engineers. Archived from
1936:
1934:
1910:
1868:
1866:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1387:
889:static converter and inverter stations
465:In the wake of the 1998 ice storm the
329:Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation
271:Robert-Bourassa or La Grande-2 station
3662:
3642:CBC TV archives of the 1998 Ice Storm
3480:
2719:
2637:. Transmission&Distribution World
2632:
2465:
2438:. A Scoff an' Scuff's. Archived from
2306:(in French). Hydro-Québec. 2005-11-29
2137:
2079:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1558:
1435:
1327:
1236:James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict
832:Electric Reliability Council of Texas
628:
281:The Manic-Outardes river area in the
166:Hydro-Québec's first logo (1944–1960)
3432:
3335:
3171:
2585:. Purple Lizard Maps. Archived from
2453:
2388:. Purple Lizard Maps. Archived from
2358:. Purple Lizard Maps. Archived from
2296:
1988:
1959:
1650:. Société d'énergie de la Baie James
1637:
1620:"Robert-Bourassa Generating Station"
1441:
1412:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1028:
682:, or waist pylon, which consumed 21
381:Northeast Power Coordinating Council
265:and on its tributaries, such as the
113:Northeast Power Coordinating Council
3406:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
3093:"Utilities plan for N.E. expansion"
3015:Northern Pass Transmission (2010).
2970:
2917:
2495:
2170:
1931:
1863:
1750:"Detailed Technical Specifications"
1711:
1534:"Hydro-Québec Generation Main Page"
1484:"The James Bay Transmission System"
793:
786:(0.51 inches) of ice tolerance, an
553:The Micoua substation, on Quebec's
299:Sainte-Marguerite River (Sept-Îles)
13:
3832:Buildings and structures in Quebec
3558:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
3517:Fitzpatrick, Meagan (2008-01-04).
3487:Banerjee, Sidhartha (2008-01-03).
3091:Porter, Louis (19 December 2008).
2775:"Surviving 1998's Great Ice Storm"
1885:
879:(HVDC) line connecting Quebec and
584:, a substation accessible only by
315:Churchill Falls Generating Station
197:Société d’énergie de la Baie James
91:Churchill Falls Generating Station
14:
3848:
3592:
3312:"Ice storm 1998: Lessons learned"
3185:Lerner, Eric J. (July 31, 1995).
3160:from the original on June 1, 2007
3043:"NStar to build hydro power line"
2583:"Day 3: Radisson & Chisasibi"
1747:
1722:
1693:Government of Quebec (May 1995).
1131:England HVDC ±450 kV line.
1099:
1006:
871:Quebec – New England Transmission
670:A series of V-guyed towers, near
2178:"Massena Marcy 765 kV Line"
2154:"Map of the Transmission System"
1873:Collins, M.M.C. (17 July 2014).
1307:
1293:
1277:
1271:
1258:
1106:North American ice storm of 1998
1073:geomagnetically induced currents
1055:EST on March 13, 1989, a severe
979:, along with American utilities
604:Triple 735kV Mae West towers at
474:
340:
199:built these transmission lines,
178:Montreal Light, Heat & Power
152:North American ice storm of 1998
3579:
3568:
3552:
3540:
3510:
3467:
3397:
3239:
3230:
3205:
3142:
3084:
3059:
3034:
3008:
2945:
2893:
2864:
2839:
2744:
2704:. Massroads.com. Archived from
2694:
2674:
2648:
2626:
2600:
2575:
2554:
2535:Ressmeyer, Roger (1990-10-29).
2528:
2507:"Transmission Towers in Winter"
2428:
2403:
2348:
2271:
2241:
2080:Kelly, Thomas J. (2006-08-23).
2073:
2042:
2016:
1767:
1686:
1661:
1612:
765:, and slightly larger than the
723:Pylons for other voltage levels
237:Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
89:in northwestern Quebec and the
3380:"Ice Storm Damage: Powerlines"
2729:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
2633:White, H. Brian (1997-08-01).
2480:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
2413:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
2411:"Vegetation Control: Overview"
2281:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
2254:Transactions on Power Delivery
2248:Hammad, A. E. (January 1992).
1944:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
1622:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
1597:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
1587:
1526:
1501:
1486:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from
1413:Sood, Vijay K. (Spring 2006).
1406:
1388:Bolduc, André (4 March 2015).
997:Northern Pass Transmission LLC
459:Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec
23:The two major and three minor
1:
2901:"TransÉnergie | Hydro-Québec"
2872:"TransÉnergie | Hydro-Québec"
1875:"Electric-Power Transmission"
1561:IEEE Power Engineering Review
1442:Sood, Vijay K. (2005-12-13).
1286:
940:and passes through the hilly
277:Manic-Outardes power stations
3599:Transmission System Overview
3310:McCready, Jim (2004-10-23).
3041:Alspach, Kyle (2010-10-05).
2849:. energyrisk. Archived from
2798:. 1998-03-29. Archived from
2659:. Corbis.com. Archived from
2611:. Corbis.com. Archived from
2539:. Corbis.com. Archived from
1511:. 2009-02-16. Archived from
1229:
1205:Résistance internationaliste
1047:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
960:. Continuing southward into
7:
3837:Wide area synchronous grids
3652:Pictures of Quebec's pylons
3066:Dillon, John (2010-10-08).
2217:10.1109/PESAFR.2005.1611782
2028:IEEE Global History Network
1783:. Montreal. p. 52,92.
1774:Hydro-Québec (April 2010).
1365:"Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie"
1164:electric power distribution
877:high-voltage direct current
808:wide area synchronous grids
788:ice storm in the late-1990s
508:region of Montreal and the
408:AC 735 / 765 kV power lines
48:electric power transmission
10:
3853:
2988:. Elsevier. pp. 8–9.
2820:Harvey, Stuart L. (1998).
2607:Mastrovito, Perry (2001).
2505:Mastrovito, Perry (2001).
1328:Hyman, Leonard S. (1988).
1233:
1103:
1044:
1035:Northeast Blackout of 2003
868:
401:Northeastern United States
312:
246:
227:
157:
133:Northeastern United States
3756:
3740:
3697:
3547:Swiss Reinsurance Company
3418:10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899781
2980:Sueker, Keith H. (2005).
2779:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2757:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2053:. PAS-88 (9): 1382–1389.
1925:10.1080/00139159909604608
1879:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1536:. Hydro-Québec Generation
1395:The Canadian Encyclopedia
586:an airport adjacent to it
564:Newfoundland and Labrador
490:
397:Newfoundland and Labrador
224:Source of the electricity
125:Newfoundland and Labrador
2847:"The cost of redundancy"
2609:"Houses Covered in Snow"
2462:Google Earth elevations.
2086:New York Power Authority
2067:10.1109/TPAS.1969.292530
1573:10.1109/MPER.1992.138943
1248:
1188:In 2004, shortly before
1184:2004 hydro tower bombing
1156:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
993:Deerfield, New Hampshire
895:
763:Montreal Olympic Stadium
648:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
441:New York Power Authority
439:in the same region, the
333:power purchase agreement
283:Côte-Nord or North Shore
189:Jean-Jacques Archambault
3786:Western Interconnection
3771:Eastern Interconnection
3047:Boston Business Journal
2120:American Electric Power
1648:"The La Grande Complex"
1301:Renewable energy portal
1081:electrical transformers
824:Western Interconnection
820:Eastern Interconnection
445:American Electric Power
3776:Quebec Interconnection
3766:Alaska Interconnection
1216:Le Journal de Montréal
1139:
1115:
1041:1989 Geomagnetic storm
828:Alaska Interconnection
816:Quebec Interconnection
803:
744:
675:
651:
621:
595:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
558:
500:
421:
370:electrical substations
258:
201:electrical substations
167:
102:electrical substations
46:) is an international
44:Quebec interconnection
36:
28:
3781:Texas Interconnection
3609:Grid map 2014, 1.3 MB
2279:"Radisson Substation"
1626:on September 27, 2007
1137:
1113:
1061:coronal mass ejection
942:Appalachian Mountains
801:
738:
669:
645:
603:
582:Montagnais Substation
552:
498:
485:The Lévis substation.
415:
256:
165:
135:, and features 6,025
34:
22:
3072:Vermont Public Radio
3023:on December 20, 2010
2959:on November 16, 2007
2657:"Transmission Tower"
2562:"Transmission Lines"
2285:on December 21, 2007
2082:"Executive Speeches"
1675:on December 31, 2007
1601:on December 20, 2007
1515:on February 16, 2009
1490:on December 21, 2007
1422:IEEE Canadian Review
1071:of the storm caused
510:Saint Lawrence River
387:with the systems in
335:, expiring in 2041.
291:Rivière aux Outardes
239:'s Churchill Falls.
213:electrical conductor
185:Manicouagan-Outardes
119:with the systems in
3017:"Route Information"
2905:www.hydroquebec.com
2876:www.hydroquebec.com
2781:. Historica Canada.
2759:. Historica Canada.
2753:"Ice Storm of 1998"
2733:on January 13, 2008
2655:Mastrovito, Perry.
2484:on January 13, 2008
2184:on October 20, 2007
2059:1969ITPAS..88.1382H
1881:. Historica Canada.
1219:newspapers and the
1093:without electricity
1023:high-speed internet
1013:series compensation
981:Northeast Utilities
767:Washington Monument
379:and is part of the
325:Smallwood Reservoir
111:and is part of the
64:alternating current
42:(also known as the
3493:The Canadian Press
3251:Environment Canada
1207:and issued to the
1140:
1116:
1011:TransÉnergie uses
975:In December 2008,
804:
745:
729:three-level pylons
710:TransÉnergie uses
676:
652:
638:735 kV pylons
629:Electricity pylons
622:
559:
501:
422:
259:
168:
83:Daniel-Johnson Dam
50:system centred in
37:
29:
3794:
3793:
3699:Regional Entities
3565:, 6 December 2004
2995:978-0-7506-7927-5
2934:on March 11, 2007
2478:"Types of Towers"
2226:978-0-7803-9326-4
1948:on March 14, 2006
1790:978-2-550-58101-7
1704:978-2-550-12014-8
1339:978-0-910325-25-7
1057:geomagnetic storm
1029:Major disruptions
741:Tracy power plant
437:utility companies
374:crown corporation
303:Lower North Shore
295:Manicouagan River
287:Betsiamites River
249:James Bay Project
106:crown corporation
87:James Bay Project
3844:
3822:Energy in Quebec
3758:Interconnections
3683:
3676:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3619:. Archived from
3618:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3495:. Archived from
3484:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3382:. Archived from
3376:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3348:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:on July 19, 2006
3275:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:on June 26, 2006
3253:. Archived from
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3182:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3099:. Archived from
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2878:. Archived from
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2824:. Archived from
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2513:. Archived from
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2122:. Archived from
2112:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2088:. Archived from
2077:
2071:
2070:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1908:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1801:. Archived from
1782:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1480:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:Historica Canada
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1343:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1197:Canada–US border
1088:circuit breakers
938:Canada–US border
794:Interconnections
712:two-level pylons
478:
344:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3752:
3736:
3693:
3687:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3604:Types of pylons
3595:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3569:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3187:"Space weather"
3183:
3172:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3103:on 15 June 2009
3089:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3049:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2771:
2764:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2409:
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2404:
2395:
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2384:
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2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2242:
2227:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1909:
1886:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1791:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1705:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1386:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1340:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1251:
1238:
1232:
1186:
1152:Saint-Hyacinthe
1126:Physical damage
1108:
1102:
1077:Canadian Shield
1049:
1043:
1031:
1009:
1001:White Mountains
989:Windsor, Quebec
925:, northeast of
898:
873:
867:
839:interconnectors
796:
672:Chapais, Quebec
631:
568:Churchill River
493:
488:
487:
486:
484:
479:
410:
385:interconnectors
366:
361:
360:
359:
353:Churchill Falls
350:
345:
321:Churchill River
317:
309:Churchill Falls
263:La Grande River
251:
232:
226:
160:
117:interconnectors
17:
12:
11:
5:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
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3744:
3742:
3738:
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3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:(16.0 MB)
3606:
3601:
3594:
3593:External links
3591:
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3396:
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3204:
3170:
3156:. 2003-11-24.
3141:
3113:
3097:Rutland Herald
3083:
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2564:. Our Labrador
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2270:
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2159:. Hydro-Québec
2136:
2102:
2072:
2041:
2015:
1987:
1958:
1930:
1884:
1862:
1832:
1789:
1766:
1748:Green, Peter.
1737:
1723:Green, Peter.
1710:
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1685:
1660:
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1500:
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1390:"Hydro-Québec"
1377:
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1319:
1318:
1304:
1288:
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1231:
1228:
1193:George W. Bush
1190:U.S. President
1185:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1128:
1127:
1104:Main article:
1101:
1100:1998 ice storm
1098:
1069:magnetic field
1045:Main article:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1008:
1007:Other features
1005:
923:Sainte-Eulalie
897:
894:
885:direct current
869:Main article:
866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
795:
792:
775:
774:
773:Pylon strength
750:
749:
725:
724:
640:
639:
630:
627:
610:L'Ange-Gardien
547:
546:
518:
517:
492:
489:
481:
480:
473:
472:
471:
430:IEEE Milestone
409:
406:
365:
362:
347:
346:
339:
338:
337:
313:Main article:
311:
310:
279:
278:
267:Eastmain River
247:Main article:
245:
244:
228:Main article:
225:
222:
159:
156:
150:following the
79:power stations
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3849:
3838:
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3825:
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3653:
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3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3626:on 2012-03-08
3622:
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3610:
3607:
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3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3582:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3529:on 2008-01-06
3528:
3524:
3523:National Post
3520:
3513:
3499:on 2011-05-18
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3475:Ontario Hydro
3470:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3386:on 2007-11-16
3385:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3358:on 2008-01-08
3357:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:on 2006-08-18
3320:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3256:
3252:
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3208:
3194:
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3188:
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3177:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3131:on 2007-11-02
3130:
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3120:
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3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
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3062:
3048:
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3018:
3011:
2997:
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2983:
2976:
2974:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2882:on 2011-06-05
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2853:on 2006-11-10
2852:
2848:
2842:
2828:on 2007-11-12
2827:
2823:
2816:
2802:on 2008-05-30
2801:
2797:
2796:"Verglas '98"
2791:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2708:on 2011-06-10
2707:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2677:
2663:on 2014-04-09
2662:
2658:
2651:
2636:
2629:
2615:on 2014-04-09
2614:
2610:
2603:
2589:on 2008-01-07
2588:
2584:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2543:on 2014-04-09
2542:
2538:
2531:
2517:on 2014-04-09
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2442:on 2007-10-30
2441:
2437:
2431:
2417:on 2007-12-28
2416:
2412:
2406:
2392:on 2008-01-07
2391:
2387:
2386:"James Bay 4"
2381:
2379:
2377:
2362:on 2008-01-07
2361:
2357:
2351:
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2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
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2325:
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2255:
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2222:
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2214:
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2203:
2201:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2126:on 2008-02-11
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:on 2006-09-29
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2005:on 2007-11-02
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1852:on 2006-09-24
1851:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1808:on 2011-06-05
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1756:on 2008-02-14
1755:
1751:
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1726:
1719:
1717:
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1706:
1700:
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1316:
1315:Energy portal
1310:
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1224:radio station
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962:Massachusetts
959:
955:
954:New Hampshire
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
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928:
927:Drummondville
924:
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903:
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673:
668:
664:
662:
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649:
644:
637:
636:
635:
626:
619:
618:Île d'Orléans
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
596:
591:
590:open pit mine
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:boreal forest
572:
569:
565:
556:
551:
544:
543:
542:
538:
535:
531:
530:boreal forest
527:
523:
515:
514:
513:
511:
507:
497:
483:
477:
470:
468:
467:Levis De-Icer
463:
461:
460:
454:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
419:
414:
405:
402:
398:
394:
393:New Brunswick
390:
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371:
358:
354:
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343:
336:
334:
330:
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322:
316:
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296:
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288:
284:
276:
275:
274:
272:
268:
264:
255:
250:
242:
241:
240:
238:
231:
221:
218:
215:at a cost of
214:
210:
206:
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198:
192:
190:
186:
181:
179:
174:
164:
155:
153:
149:
144:
140:
138:
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129:New Brunswick
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:hydroelectric
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
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