Hydroponics - Knowledge

1862:, also known as coir peat, is a natural byproduct derived from coconut processing. The outer husk of a coconut consists of fibers which are commonly used to make a myriad of items ranging from floor mats to brushes. After the long fibers are used for those applications, the dust and short fibers are merged to create coir. Coconuts absorb high levels of nutrients throughout their life cycle, so the coir must undergo a maturation process before it becomes a viable growth medium. This process removes salt, tannins and phenolic compounds through substantial water washing. Contaminated water is a byproduct of this process, as three hundred to six hundred liters of water per one cubic meter of coir are needed. Additionally, this maturation can take up to six months and one study concluded the working conditions during the maturation process are dangerous and would be illegal in North America and Europe. Despite requiring attention, posing health risks and environmental impacts, coconut coir has impressive material properties. When exposed to water, the brown, dry, chunky and fibrous material expands nearly three or four times its original size. This characteristic combined with coconut coir's water retention capacity and resistance to pests and diseases make it an effective growth medium. Used as an alternative to rock wool, coconut coir offers optimized growing conditions. 1399:

the roots of the plants. A properly designed NFT system is based on using the right channel slope, the right flow rate, and the right channel length. The main advantage of the NFT system over other forms of hydroponics is that the plant roots are exposed to adequate supplies of water, oxygen, and nutrients. In all other forms of production, there is a conflict between the supply of these requirements, since excessive or deficient amounts of one results in an imbalance of one or both of the others. NFT, because of its design, provides a system where all three requirements for healthy plant growth can be met at the same time, provided that the simple concept of NFT is always remembered and practised. The result of these advantages is that higher yields of high-quality produce are obtained over an extended period of cropping. A downside of NFT is that it has very little buffering against interruptions in the flow (e.g., power outages). But, overall, it is probably one of the more productive techniques.

1741:) is the most widely used medium in hydroponics. Rock wool is an inert substrate suitable for both run-to-waste and recirculating systems. Rock wool is made from molten rock, basalt or 'slag' that is spun into bundles of single filament fibres, and bonded into a medium capable of capillary action, and is, in effect, protected from most common microbiological degradation. Rock wool is typically used only for the seedling stage, or with newly cut clones, but can remain with the plant base for its lifetime. Rock wool has many advantages and some disadvantages. The latter being the possible skin irritancy (mechanical) whilst handling (1:1000). Flushing with cold water usually brings relief. Advantages include its proven efficiency and effectiveness as a commercial hydroponic substrate. Most of the rock wool sold to date is a non-hazardous, non-carcinogenic material, falling under Note Q of the European Union Classification Packaging and Labeling Regulation (CLP). 1695: 1637: 1345:, buckets, tubs, or tanks. The solution is usually gently aerated but may be un-aerated. If un-aerated, the solution level is kept low enough that enough roots are above the solution so they get adequate oxygen. A hole is cut (or drilled) in the top of the reservoir for each plant; if it is a jar or tub, it may be its lid, but otherwise, cardboard, foil, paper, wood or metal may be put on top. A single reservoir can be dedicated to a single plant, or to various plants. Reservoir size can be increased as plant size increases. A home-made system can be constructed from food containers or glass canning jars with 1323: 38: 4683: 72: 1894: 1730: 1560: 1382: 4669: 705: 4585:

tools HydroBuddy and HydroCal have been created by professional chemists to help any hydroponics grower prepare their own nutrient solutions. The first program is available for Windows, Mac and Linux while the second one can be used through a simple JavaScript interface. Both programs allow for basic nutrient solution preparation although HydroBuddy provides added functionality to use and save custom substances, save formulations and predict electrical conductivity values.

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hydroponics. Unlike hydroponically grown plants, aeroponically grown plants will not suffer transplant shock when transplanted to soil, and offers growers the ability to reduce the spread of disease and pathogens. Aeroponics is also widely used in laboratory studies of plant physiology and plant pathology. Aeroponic techniques have been given special attention from NASA since a mist is easier to handle than a liquid in a zero-gravity environment.

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observed when channels exceed 12 meters in length. On rapidly growing crops, tests have indicated that, while oxygen levels remain adequate, nitrogen may be depleted over the length of the gully. As a consequence, channel length should not exceed 10–15 meters. In situations where this is not possible, the reductions in growth can be eliminated by placing another nutrient feed halfway along the gully and halving the flow rates through each outlet.

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bought as three part formulas which emphasize certain nutritional roles. For example, solutions for vegetative growth (i.e. high in nitrogen), flowering (i.e. high in potassium and phosphorus), and micronutrient solutions (i.e. with trace minerals) are popular. The timing and application of these multi-part fertilizers should coincide with a plant's growth stage. For example, at the end of an

1871: 1764: 1939: 2192:. Acceptable concentrations for the individual nutrient ions, which comprise that total ppm figure, are summarized in the following table. For essential nutrients, concentrations below these ranges often lead to nutrient deficiencies while exceeding these ranges can lead to nutrient toxicity. Optimum nutrition concentrations for plant varieties are found 1487:. Solution droplets produced by this method tend to be 5–10 μm in diameter, smaller than those produced by forcing a nutrient solution through pressurized nozzles, as in aeroponics. The smaller size of the droplets allows them to diffuse through the air more easily, and deliver nutrients to the roots without limiting their access to oxygen. 1686:

beginning and will grow to the reservoir below much more quickly than with a deep water culture system. Once the roots have reached the reservoir below, there is not a huge advantage with top-fed deep water culture over standard deep water culture. However, due to the quicker growth in the beginning, grow time can be reduced by a few weeks.

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This method can be set up in various configurations. In its simplest form, a nutrient-and-water solution is manually applied one or more times per day to a container of inert growing media, such as rockwool, perlite, vermiculite, coco fibre, or sand. In a slightly more complex system, it is automated

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Although pre-mixed concentrated nutrient solutions are generally purchased from commercial nutrient manufacturers by hydroponic hobbyists and small commercial growers, several tools exist to help anyone prepare their own solutions without extensive knowledge about chemistry. The free and open source

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inoculants allow hydroponic leaf lettuce to overcome high salt stress that would otherwise reduce growth. This can be especially beneficial in regions with high electrical conductivity or salt content in their water source. This could potentially avoid costly reverse osmosis filtration systems while

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Chelating agents and humic acid have been shown to increase nutrient uptake. Additionally, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are regularly utilized in field and greenhouse agriculture, have been shown to benefit hydroponic plant growth development and nutrient acquisition. Some PGPR

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of hydroponics for producing crops. He also wanted to make sure all aspects of hydroponic cultivation were researched and tested before making any of the specifics available to the public. Reports of Gericke's work and his claims that hydroponics would revolutionize plant agriculture prompted a huge

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The paper describes the authors statistical concept modeling in determining the potential advantages of developing a vertical farm at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. While the figures are conservative and project the farm's profitability in 10 to 20 years, it is based on metadata and

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Each day, as the plants rotate, they are periodically watered with a hydroponic growth solution to provide all nutrients necessary for robust growth. Due to the plants continuous fight against gravity, plants typically mature much more quickly than when grown in soil or other traditional hydroponic

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deep water culture is a technique involving delivering highly oxygenated nutrient solution direct to the root zone of plants. While deep water culture involves the plant roots hanging down into a reservoir of nutrient solution, in top-fed deep water culture the solution is pumped from the reservoir

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As a general guide, flow rates for each gully should be one liter per minute. At planting, rates may be half this and the upper limit of 2 L/min appears about the maximum. Flow rates beyond these extremes are often associated with nutritional problems. Depressed growth rates of many crops have been

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or NFT, whereby a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is recirculated in a thin layer past a bare root mat of plants in a watertight channel, with an upper surface exposed to air. As a consequence, an abundant supply of oxygen is provided to

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to re-evaluate Gericke's claims and show his formula held no benefit over soil grown plant yields, a view held by Hoagland. Because of these irreconcilable conflicts, Gericke left his academic position in 1937 in a climate that was politically unfavorable and continued his research independently in

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is a little-used yet promising renewable growing medium. In a study comparing wool with peat slabs, coconut fibre slabs, perlite and rockwool slabs to grow cucumber plants, sheep wool had a greater air capacity of 70%, which decreased with use to a comparable 43%, and water capacity that increased

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Another distinct advantage of aeroponics over hydroponics is that any species of plants can be grown in a true aeroponic system because the microenvironment of an aeroponic can be finely controlled. Another limitation of hydroponics is that certain species of plants can only survive for so long in

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Aeroponic techniques have proven to be commercially successful for propagation, seed germination, seed potato production, tomato production, leaf crops, and micro-greens. Since inventor Richard Stoner commercialized aeroponic technology in 1983, aeroponics has been implemented as an alternative to

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and that the plants have access to as much or as little water and nutrients as they need. This is important as one of the most common errors when cultivating plants is over- and underwatering; hydroponics prevents this from occurring as large amounts of water, which may drown root systems in soil,

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is a volcanic rock that has been superheated into very lightweight expanded glass pebbles. It is used loose or in plastic sleeves immersed in the water. It is also used in potting soil mixes to decrease soil density. It does contain a high amount of fluorine which could be harmful to some plants.

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at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This causes the clay to expand, like popcorn, and become porous. It is light in weight, and does not compact over time. The shape of an individual pellet can be irregular or uniform depending on brand and manufacturing process. The manufacturers consider expanded

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The biggest advantage of top-fed deep water culture over standard deep water culture is increased growth during the first few weeks. With deep water culture, there is a time when the roots have not reached the water yet. With top-fed deep water culture, the roots get easy access to water from the

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research has shown that aeroponically grown plants have an 80% increase in dry weight biomass (essential minerals) compared to hydroponically grown plants. Aeroponics also uses 65% less water than hydroponics. NASA concluded that aeroponically grown plants require ¼ the nutrient input compared to

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In continuous-flow solution culture, the nutrient solution constantly flows past the roots. It is much easier to automate than the static solution culture because sampling and adjustments to the temperature, pH, and nutrient concentrations can be made in a large storage tank that has potential to

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are capable of absorbing their nutritive matters out of watery solutions, without the aid of soil, and that it is possible in this way not only to maintain plants alive and growing for a long time, as had long been known, but also to bring about a vigorous increase of their organic substance, and

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Often mixing hydroponic solutions using individual salts is impractical for hobbyists or small-scale commercial growers because commercial products are available at reasonable prices. However, even when buying commercial products, multi-component fertilizers are popular. Often these products are

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is a mineral that has been superheated until it has expanded into light pebbles. Vermiculite holds more water than perlite and has a natural "wicking" property that can draw water and nutrients in a passive hydroponic system. If too much water and not enough air surrounds the plants roots, it is

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While system specifics vary, systems typically rotate once per hour, giving a plant 24 full turns within the circle each 24-hour period. Within the center of each rotary hydroponic garden can be a high intensity grow light, designed to simulate sunlight, often with the assistance of a mechanized

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from a separate reservoir as necessary, reducing labor and providing a constant supply of water to the roots. In the simplest method, the pot sits in a shallow solution of fertilizer and water or on a capillary mat saturated with nutrient solution. The various hydroponic media available, such as

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The same design characteristics apply to all conventional NFT systems. While slopes along channels of 1:100 have been recommended, in practice it is difficult to build a base for channels that is sufficiently true to enable nutrient films to flow without ponding in locally depressed areas. As a

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were no better than crop yields obtained with good-quality soils. Ultimately, crop yields would be limited by factors other than mineral nutrients, especially light and aeration of the culture medium. However, in the introduction to his landmark book on soilless cultivation, published two years

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The hydroponic method of plant production by means of suspending the plant roots in a solution of nutrient-rich, oxygenated water. Traditional methods favor the use of plastic buckets and large containers with the plant contained in a net pot suspended from the centre of the lid and the roots

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for his experiments due to the administration's skepticism, and when the university tried to compel him to release his preliminary nutrient recipes developed at home, he requested greenhouse space and time to improve them using appropriate research facilities. While he was eventually provided

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The same type that is used in aquariums, though any small gravel can be used, provided it is washed first. Indeed, plants growing in a typical traditional gravel filter bed, with water circulated using electric powerhead pumps, are in effect being grown using gravel hydroponics, also termed

1314:. For all techniques, most hydroponic reservoirs are now built of plastic, but other materials have been used, including concrete, glass, metal, vegetable solids, and wood. The containers should exclude light to prevent algae and fungal growth in the hydroponic medium. 7472:

Hewitt E. J. (1966). Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Farnham Royal, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, pp. 547. Technical Communication No. 22 (Revised 2nd Edition) of the Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation

1373:, or a float valve, can be used to automatically maintain the solution level. In raft solution culture, plants are placed in a sheet of buoyant plastic that is floated on the surface of the nutrient solution. That way, the solution level never drops below the roots. 1039:." Growth of terrestrial plants without soil in mineral nutrient solutions was later called "solution culture" in reference to "soil culture". It quickly became a standard research and teaching technique in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still widely used in 4563:

Using chemical equipment for hydroponic solutions can be beneficial to growers of any background because nutrient solutions are often reusable. Because nutrient solutions are virtually never completely depleted, and should never be due to the unacceptably low

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with a delivery pump, a timer and irrigation tubing to deliver nutrient solution with a delivery frequency that is governed by the key parameters of plant size, plant growing stage, climate, substrate, and substrate conductivity, pH, and water content.

2188:. Nevertheless, generally acceptable concentrations for nutrient solutions exist, with minimum and maximum concentration ranges for most plants being somewhat similar. Most nutrient solutions are mixed to have concentrations between 1,000 and 2,500 2152:

and require routine maintenance for plant cultivation. Under controlled laboratory conditions hydroponic solutions are periodically pH adjusted to near neutral (pH 6.0) and are aerated with oxygen. Also, water levels must be refilled to account for

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Mineral wool products can be engineered to hold large quantities of water and air that aid root growth and nutrient uptake in hydroponics; their fibrous nature also provides a good mechanical structure to hold the plant stable. The naturally high

1171:("...these experimenters have made the mistake of limiting the productive capacity of hydroponics to that of soil. Comparison can be only by growing as great a number of plants in each case as the fertility of the culture medium can support"). 4422:

spp. convert forms of phosphorus in the soil that are unavailable to the plant into soluble anions by decreasing soil pH, releasing phosphorus bound in chelated form that is available in a wider pH range, and mineralizing organic phosphorus.

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from 23% to 44% with use. Using sheep wool resulted in the greatest yield out of the tested substrates, while application of a biostimulator consisting of humic acid, lactic acid and Bacillus subtilis improved yields in all substrates.

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genera can help maintain mobilized forms of nitrogen in systems with higher microbial growth in the rhizosphere. Traditional fertilizer methods often lead to high accumulated concentrations of nitrate within plant tissue at harvest.

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may occur. The slope may be provided by the floor, benches or racks may hold the channels and provide the required slope. Both methods are used and depend on local requirements, often determined by the site and crop requirements.

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water intensive hydroponic systems worldwide. A major limitation of hydroponics is the fact that 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of water can only hold 8 milligrams (0.12 gr) of air, no matter whether aerators are utilized or not.

1022:. He found that plants in less-pure water sources grew better than plants in distilled water. By 1842, a list of nine elements believed to be essential for plant growth had been compiled, and the discoveries of German botanists 1585:

At regular intervals, a simple timer causes a pump to fill the containers with nutrient solution, after which the solution drains back down into the reservoir. This keeps the medium regularly flushed with nutrients and air.

1881:(PBH) are an agricultural byproduct that would otherwise have little use. They decay over time, and allow drainage, and even retain less water than growstones. A study showed that rice husks did not affect the effects of 4627:

With pest problems reduced and nutrients constantly fed to the roots, productivity in hydroponics is high; however, growers can further increase yield by manipulating a plant's environment by constructing sophisticated

1235:. Hydroponics was used there in the 1930s to grow vegetables for the passengers. Hydroponics was a necessity on Wake Island because there was no soil, and it was prohibitively expensive to airlift in fresh vegetables. 1967:"nutriculture". Gravel is inexpensive, easy to keep clean, drains well and will not become waterlogged. However, it is also heavy, and, if the system does not provide continuous water, the plant roots may dry out. 5997: 5017: 5341:

It is, of course, not inconceivable that industry may develop and manufacture equipment at markedly greater economy than prevails at present, thereby increasing the number of crops that can be grown economically.

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Hoagland, D.R.; Snyder, W.C. (1933). "Nutrition of strawberry plant under controlled conditions. (a) Effects of deficiencies of boron and certain other elements, (b) susceptibility to injury from sodium salts".

2368:) is sometimes recommended to balance pH during nitrogen absorption. Plants respond differently depending on the form of nitrogen, e.g., ammonium has a positive charge, and thus, the plant expels one proton (H 1174:

For example, the Hoagland and Arnon study did not adequately appreciate that hydroponics has other key benefits compared to soil culture including the fact that the roots of the plant have constant access to

1030:, in the years 1859–1875, resulted in a development of the technique of soilless cultivation. To quote von Sachs directly: "In the year 1860, I published the results of experiments which demonstrated that 1990:(i.e. wood slivers) have been used since the earliest days of the hydroponics research. However, more recent research suggests that wood fibre may have detrimental effects on "plant growth regulators". 1464:. In contrast, suspended aeroponic plants receive 100% of the available oxygen and carbon dioxide to their roots zone, stems, and leaves, thus accelerating biomass growth and reducing rooting times. 4410:

has been shown to increase nitrogen use efficiency, increase yield, and decrease nitrate concentration by 88% at harvest compared to traditional hydroponic fertilizer methods in leafy greens. Many

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up to the roots (top feeding). The water is released over the plant's roots and then runs back into the reservoir below in a constantly recirculating system. As with deep water culture, there is an

1437:) of nutrient solution. The method requires no substrate and entails growing plants with their roots suspended in a deep air or growth chamber with the roots periodically wetted with a fine mist of 5774:

Arnon, D. I.; Hoagland, D. R. (1940). "Crop production in artificial culture solutions and in soils with special reference to factors influencing yields and absorption of inorganic nutrients".

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Excess zinc is highly toxic to plants but is essential for plants at low concentrations. The zinc content of commercially available plant-based food ranges from 3 to 10 μg/g fresh weight.

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essential for plant growth. Because it is supposedly needed in small quantities for healthy growth of plants (< 50–100 μM in the nutrient media), chloride is classified as a micronutrient.

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Another view is that clay pebbles are best not re-used even when they are cleaned, due to root growth that may enter the medium. Breaking open a clay pebble after use can reveal this growth.

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are inexpensive, readily available, and have excellent drainage. However, they can be too lightweight for some uses. They are used mainly in closed-tube systems. Note that non-biodegradable

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conditions in the root area. In soil, a grower needs to be very experienced to know exactly how much water to feed the plant. Too much and the plant will be unable to access oxygen because

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A rotary hydroponic garden is a style of commercial hydroponics created within a circular frame which rotates continuously during the entire growth cycle of whatever plant is being grown.

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Kumudha, A.; Selvakumar, S.; Dilshad, P.; Vaidyanathan, G.; Thakur, M.S.; Sarada, R. (2015). "Methylcobalamin – a form of vitamin B12 identified and characterised in Chlorella vulgaris".

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in the reservoir that pumps air into the water via a hose from outside the reservoir. The airstone helps add oxygen to the water. Both the airstone and the water pump run 24 hours a day.

7327:. (Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. (Revision) 1713:

Rotary hydroponic systems should be avoided in most circumstances, mainly because of their experimental nature and their high costs for finding, buying, operating, and maintaining them.

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Nagel, K.A.; Kastenholz, B.; Gilmer, F.; Schurr, U.; Walter, A. (2010). "Novel detection system for plant protein production of pharmaceuticals and impact on conformational diseases".

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losses and nutrient solutions require re-fortification to correct the nutrient imbalances that occur as plants grow and deplete nutrient reserves. Sometimes the regular measurement of

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growing systems. Because rotary hydroponic systems have a small size, they allow for more plant material to be grown per area of floor space than other traditional hydroponic systems.

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Ritter, E.; Angulo, B.; Riga, P.; Herrán, C.; Relloso, J.; San Jose, M. (2001). "Comparison of hydroponic and aeroponic cultivation systems for the production of potato minitubers".

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later, Gericke pointed out that the results published by Hoagland and Arnon in comparing the yields of experimental plants in sand, soil and solution cultures, were based on several

1089:. Gericke created a sensation by growing tomato vines twenty-five feet (7.6 metres) high in his backyard in mineral nutrient solutions rather than soil. He then introduced the term 6625: 1216:. Eventually, Gericke's advanced ideas led to the implementation of hydroponics into commercial agriculture while Hoagland's views and helpful support by the University prompted 6863:

Böhme, M.; Schevchenko, J.; Pinker, I.; Herfort, S. (Jan 2008). "Cucumber grown in sheepwool slabs treated with biostimulator compared to other organic and mineral substrates".

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Lea-Cox, J. D.; Stutte, G. W.; Berry, W. L.; Wheeler, R. M. (1996). "Charge balance - a theoretical basis for modulating pH fluctuations in plant nutrient delivery systems".

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clay to be an ecologically sustainable and re-usable growing medium because of its ability to be cleaned and sterilized, typically by washing in solutions of white vinegar,

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Adania, Fabrizio; Genevinia, Pierluigi; Zaccheoa, Patrizia; Zocchia, Graziano (1998). "The effect of commercial humic acid on tomato plant growth and mineral nutrition".

1054:. In this context, water culture experiments were undertaken with the hope of delivering similar symptoms under controlled laboratory conditions. This approach forced by 1074: 7824:

Peiro, Enrique; Pannico, Antonio; Colleoni, Sebastian George; Bucchieri, Lorenzo; Rouphael, Youssef; De Pascale, Stefania; Paradiso, Roberta; Godia, Francesc (2020).

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Lee, Seungjun; Lee, Jiyoung (November 2015). "Beneficial bacteria and fungi in hydroponic systems: Types and characteristics of hydroponic food production methods".

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Plant sensitivity to copper is highly variable. 0.1 ppm can be toxic to some plants while a concentration up to 0.5 ppm for many plants is often considered ideal.

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consequence, it is recommended that slopes of 1:30 to 1:40 are used. This allows for minor irregularities in the surface, but, even with these slopes, ponding and

1986:, produced from steam friction of wood, is an efficient organic substrate for hydroponics. It has the advantage that it keeps its structure for a very long time. 6095: 6454: 3629:

used in conventional hydroponic solutions. However, using organic fertilizers introduces a number of challenges that are not easily resolved. Examples include:

5971:"Global Hydroponics Market Report 2017-2023: Market is expected to grow from $ 226.45 million in 2016 to reach $ 724.87 million by 2023 - Research and Markets" 5944: 7247:

Steiner, A. A. (1984). "The universal nutrient solution". In: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress Soilless Culture, ISOSC, Wageningen, pp. 633-649.

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Stutte, G. W.; Newsham, G.; Morrow, R. M.; Wheeler, R. M. (2012). "Concept for Sustained Plant Production on ISS Using VEGGIE Capillary Mat Rooting System".

1365:. The nutrient solution is changed either on a schedule, such as once per week, or when the concentration drops below a certain level as determined with an 6510: 1281: 3368:

Might be essential but trace Ti is so ubiquitous that its addition is rarely warranted. At 5 ppm favorable growth effects in some crops are notable (e.g.

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ions is used as a key parameter to estimate the remaining proportions and concentrations of other essential nutrient ions to restore a balanced solution.

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Brick shards have similar properties to gravel. They have the added disadvantages of possibly altering the pH and requiring extra cleaning before reuse.

1105:υδρωπονικά (derived from Greek ύδωρ=water and πονέω=cultivate), constructed in analogy to γεωπονικά (derived from Greek γαία=earth and πονέω=cultivate), 4884:

Ranganathapura Sathyanarayana, Sowmya; Vishal Gangadhar, Warke; Badrinath, Mahajan Girish.; Ravindra, Raut Manish.; Shriramrao, Annapure Uday. (2022).

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Baked clay pellets are suitable for hydroponic systems in which all nutrients are carefully controlled in water solution. The clay pellets are inert,

983:, it could be possible in the future for people in harsh environments with little accessible water to hydroponically grow their own plant-based food. 3733:

Examples of suitable materials, with their average nutritional contents tabulated in terms of percent dried mass, are listed in the following table.

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are known to increase nitrogen fixation. While nitrogen is generally abundant in hydroponic systems with properly maintained fertilizer regimens,

1284:, a plant physiologist at Kennedy Space Center's Space Life Science Lab, believes that hydroponics will create advances within space travel, as a 1361:. Clear containers can also be covered with aluminium foil, butcher paper, black plastic, or other material to eliminate the effects of negative 8974: 8629: 8592: 626: 586: 104: 2098:

in solution. This imbalance can rapidly affect solution pH and the ability of plants to absorb nutrients of similar ionic charge (see article

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of mineral wool makes them initially unsuitable to plant growth and requires "conditioning" to produce a wool with an appropriate, stable pH.

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Commercial hydroponics production of large plants like tomatoes, cucumber, and peppers uses one form or another of run-to-waste hydroponics.

1139:. Therein, for the first time, he published his basic formulas involving the macro- and micronutrient salts for hydroponically-grown plants. 5913: 3208: 8325: 6402: 1280:(CELSS). Hydroponics research mimicking a Martian environment uses LED lighting to grow in a different color spectrum with much less heat. 1180:

can be made available to the plant in hydroponics, and any water not used, is drained away, recirculated, or actively aerated, eliminating

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Namasivayam, C.; Sangeetha, D. (January 2008). "Application of coconut coir pith for the removal of sulfate and other anions from water".

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Hydroponics offers many advantages, notably a decrease in water usage in agriculture. To grow 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of tomatoes using

4602:, a plant should be restricted from high nitrogen fertilizers. In most plants, nitrogen restriction inhibits vegetative growth and helps 7780: 6633: 6334: 7205:

Rockel, P. (1997). "Growth and nitrate consumption of sunflowers in the rhizostat, a device for continuous nutrient supply to plants".

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As of 2017, Canada had hundreds of acres of large-scale commercial hydroponic greenhouses, producing tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers.

6548:"Hydroponics: are we moving towards that direction only because of the environment? A discussion on forecasting and a systems review" 1277: 6041: 1135:

his greenhouse. In 1940, Gericke, whose work is considered to be the basis for all forms of hydroponic growing, published the book,

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Managing nutrient concentrations, oxygen saturation, and pH values within acceptable ranges is essential for successful hydroponic

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Compounds can be added in both organic and conventional hydroponic systems to improve nutrition acquisition and uptake by the plant

688: 2403:) which increases rhizosphere pH. These changes in pH can influence the availability of other plant nutrients (e.g., Zn, Ca, Mg). 1831:, made from glass waste, have both more air and water retention space than perlite and peat. This aggregate holds more water than 1081:. He first termed this cultivation method "aquiculture" created in analogy to "agriculture" but later found that the cognate term 5562: 1958:

Sand is cheap and easily available. However, it is heavy, does not hold water very well, and it must be sterilized between uses.

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In a run-to-waste system, nutrient and water solution is periodically applied to the medium surface. The method was invented in

7892: 5482: 6152: 6128: 1539:, contain more air space than more traditional potting mixes, delivering increased oxygen to the roots, which is important in 7258: 7115: 7019: 6912: 6606: 6438: 6017: 5817:

Texier, W.: Hydroponics for Everybody - All about Home Horticulture. Mama Publishing, English Edition, Paris (2015), pp. 235.

5741: 5380: 5194: 5121: 5037: 733: 5637: 1551:, whose roots are exposed to the air in nature. Additional advantages of passive hydroponics are the reduction of root rot. 864: 6834: 5686: 8844: 7826:"Air distribution in a fully-closed higher plant growth chamber impacts crop performance of hydroponically-grown Lettuce" 6103: 1285: 1077:

of the University of California at Berkeley began publicly promoting that the principles of solution culture be used for

868: 8874: 8191: 1147: 1014:, printed a year after his death. As a result of his work, water culture became a popular research technique. In 1699, 883: 5610: 5584: 2149: 1066: 9029: 6462: 5888: 8318: 5881:

The ABC of NFT: nutrient film technique: the world's first method of crop production without a solid rooting medium

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Sachs, J. v.: Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1887), pp. 836.

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to measure the concentrations of the key parameter nitrate and other nutrients, such as phosphate, sulfate or iron.

1930:

possible to gradually lower the medium's water-retention capability by mixing in increasing quantities of perlite.

1298:, the global hydroponics market is forecast to grow from US$ 226.45 million in 2016 to US$ 724.87 million by 2023. 2483:

High concentrations interfere with the function of Fe, Mn, and Zn. Zinc deficiencies often are the most apparent.

1429:

is a system wherein roots are continuously or discontinuously kept in an environment saturated with fine drops (a

8922: 8907: 8902: 8679: 1662:. With this method, the plants grow much faster because of the high amount of oxygen that the roots receive. The 668: 653: 648: 154: 7483:

Murashige, T; Skoog, F (1962). "A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures".

6521: 6065: 1581:

In its simplest form, nutrient-enriched water is pumped into containers with plants in a growing medium such as

1269:

at Walt Disney World's EPCOT Center opened in 1982 and prominently features a variety of hydroponic techniques.

8969: 8964: 8912: 8659: 7387:

Franco-Navarro, J. D.; Brumos, J.; Rosales, M. A.; Cubero-Font, P.; Talon, M.; Colmenero-Flores, J. M. (2016).

4568:

that would result, re-fortification of old solutions with new nutrients can save growers money and can control

4364:

and is sometimes used to fulfill that mineral requirement in hydroponic solutions. To satisfy requirements for

2181: 1369:. Whenever the solution is depleted below a certain level, either water or fresh nutrient solution is added. A 658: 621: 616: 134: 5221:"Implementing Vertical Farming at University Scale to Promote Sustainable Communities: A Feasibility Analysis" 5140: 3058:

An essential nutrient, however, some plants are highly sensitive to boron (e.g. toxic effects are apparent in

8644: 8355: 4452: 1622: 119: 5763:. Circular. Berkeley, CA: University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. 1217: 8664: 8639: 8155: 6665: 2169: 139: 114: 7640:"Application of phototrophic bacterial inoculant to reduce nitrate content in hydroponic leafy vegetables" 2346:

interferes with Ca uptake and can be toxic to plants if used as a major nitrogen source. A 3:1 ratio of NO

1694: 8649: 8311: 2114:

in solution. This cation imbalance can lead to deficiency symptoms in other cation based nutrients (e.g.

2091:, and nutrient concentrations can change much more rapidly in hydroponic setups than is possible in soil. 124: 6364: 8689: 8624: 8451: 8186: 7885: 6745:"Achieving environmentally sustainable growing media for soilless plant cultivation systems – A review" 1461: 1404: 1094: 1015: 826: 795:

exposed to the nutritious liquid or the roots may be mechanically supported by an inert medium such as

445: 164: 99: 17: 7781:"HydroBuddy v1.62: The First Free Open Source Hydroponic Nutrient Calculator Program Available Online" 1636: 8426: 6790: 6377: 3725:

Nevertheless, if precautions are taken, organic fertilizers can be used successfully in hydroponics.

2607: 2126: 2064: 986:

Hydroponics is not only used on earth, but has also proven itself in plant production experiments in

726: 420: 7624: 3075: 2038:

peanuts must be used; biodegradable packing peanuts will decompose into a sludge. Plants may absorb

1112:

Despite initial successes, however, Gericke realized that the time was not yet ripe for the general

1002:

Inside an ebb-and-flow hydroponic system employing individual buckets connected by fill/drain hoses.

8937: 8523: 8436: 8421: 8376: 7986: 6227: 4365: 3179:

uptake in some plants but can be beneficial in some plants (e.g. in asparagus at 5 ppm). Absent in

2076: 1576: 683: 517: 430: 415: 353: 279: 7105: 5998:"Hydroponic Cultivation Approaches to Enhance the Contents of the Secondary Metabolites in Plants" 5758: 5018:"Hydroponic Cultivation Approaches to Enhance the Contents of the Secondary Metabolites in Plants" 1658:

suspended in the nutrient solution. The solution is oxygen saturated by an air pump combined with

8864: 8587: 8582: 8473: 8441: 8286: 8196: 8054: 8001: 7912: 7282:"Characterization of low molecular weight zinc species in normal commercial vegetable foodstuffs" 5921: 5733: 5672: 4736: 4540: 3649: 3094: 1767: 1758: 1582: 1395: 1262: 1162:, one of the most important works on solution culture ever, which made the claim that hydroponic 965: 581: 576: 467: 435: 6596: 6406: 1878: 8932: 8917: 8859: 8854: 8609: 8540: 8533: 8350: 8345: 7600: 4569: 3685: 1337:

In static solution culture, plants are grown in containers of nutrient solution, such as glass

1220:

to develop several new formulas (recipes) for mineral nutrient solutions, universally known as

1127: 1055: 678: 663: 534: 527: 289: 81: 5116:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D. C.: CRC Press. pp. 153–166. 4883: 1322: 1050:

of certain plants, and thereby, observed symptoms related to existing soil conditions such as

9055: 8748: 8528: 8255: 8016: 7878: 7655: 7611: 6342: 5828: 5530: 4599: 3759: 3641:. Even similar materials can differ significantly based on their source (e.g. the quality of 1484: 1295: 1232: 522: 348: 284: 257: 8291: 6902: 6367:". : M Rakib Uddin and M F Suliaman 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci 673012012. 5970: 4645: 1621:

In a commercial setting, watering frequency is multi-factorial and governed by computers or

1121:

number of requests for further information. Gericke had been denied use of the university's

9050: 8993: 8829: 8619: 8478: 8431: 8267: 8181: 8130: 7738: 7639: 7562: 7527: 7214: 7171: 6813: 6756: 6699: 6559: 5314: 4926: 4850: 4807: 4603: 4544: 4522: 3747: 3742: 3711: 3325:

Present in most plants, abundant in cereal crops, grasses, and tree bark. Evidence that SiO

2145: 1832: 1645: 1370: 912: 822: 780: 719: 472: 425: 94: 7677:"Alleviation of Salt Stress by Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Hydroponic Leaf Lettuce" 1483:

Fogponics is a derivation of aeroponics wherein the nutrient solution is aerosolized by a

37: 8: 9060: 9017: 8446: 8006: 7948: 5355:

41st International Conference on Environmental Systems, 17–21 July 2011, Portland, Oregon

4746: 3700: 3617: 3515:

Na can partially replace K in some plant functions but K is still an essential nutrient.

2445: 1496: 1168: 1151: 1006:

The earliest published work on growing terrestrial plants without soil was the 1627 book

961: 860: 830: 440: 8274: 7742: 7566: 7531: 7218: 7175: 6760: 6703: 6563: 5727: 5318: 4930: 4854: 4811: 1839:– for a standard 5.1 kg bag of Growstones that corresponds to 25.8 to 258 grams of 71: 9005: 8927: 8753: 8669: 8049: 7976: 7852: 7825: 7762: 7500: 7496: 7415: 7388: 7364: 7347: 6315: 6023: 5865: 5386: 5332: 5089: 5062: 5043: 4988: 4961: 4942: 4682: 4674: 4492: 4105: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3436: 3291: 3252: 2471: 2099: 1652: 1243: 1189: 845: 821:

can affect rhizosphere biology and physiological balance of the nutrient solution when

709: 673: 262: 144: 8150: 3633:

organic fertilizers are highly variable in their nutritional compositions in terms of

9000: 8597: 8570: 8518: 8488: 8216: 8125: 7857: 7754: 7729:

Kumar, Ramasamy Rajesh; Cho, Jae Young (2014). "Reuse of hydroponic waste solution".

7708: 7578: 7455: 7420: 7369: 7322: 7303: 7230: 7187: 7140: 7111: 7015: 6908: 6880: 6602: 6577: 6434: 6307: 6266: 6027: 6013: 5894: 5884: 5842: 5737: 5376: 5282: 5242: 5117: 5094: 5047: 5033: 4993: 4866: 4823: 4798:

Gericke, William F. (1937). "Hydroponics - crop production in liquid culture media".

4550: 4509: 4486: 3548: 3219: 3134: 3126: 2197: 2189: 2165: 2088: 1840: 1836: 1793: 1307: 1266: 1246:

and used his prior expertise with plant nutrition to feed troops stationed on barren

1221: 953: 935: 784: 591: 564: 512: 482: 331: 274: 237: 7766: 7504: 7437: 6876: 6478:"The vertical farm: a review of developments and implications for the vertical city" 5390: 5336: 4946: 4455:, a tool which estimates nutrient ppm by measuring how well a solution transmits an 8834: 8792: 8684: 8575: 8483: 8468: 8231: 7847: 7837: 7746: 7698: 7688: 7570: 7535: 7492: 7451: 7447: 7410: 7400: 7359: 7293: 7222: 7179: 6872: 6764: 6707: 6567: 6489: 6319: 6299: 6164: 6005: 5444: 5366: 5358: 5322: 5274: 5232: 5084: 5074: 5025: 4983: 4973: 4934: 4897: 4858: 4815: 4771: 4688: 4565: 4456: 3638: 2859: 2185: 1527: 1520: 1201: 1070: 1023: 938:

methods requires 214 liters (47 imp gal; 57 U.S. gal) of water;

766: 569: 477: 462: 200: 159: 8011: 7574: 6769: 6744: 3012: 1698:

A rotary hydroponic cultivation demonstration at the Belgian Pavilion Expo in 2015

8809: 8545: 8211: 8021: 7009: 6428: 6114: 5569: 5535: 4862: 4761: 4756: 4496: 4475:, an electrochemical sensor for determining the oxygen concentration in solution. 4472: 4097: 4014: 3684:

and conversion processes of organic materials can make their mineral ingredients

3672: 2883: 2234: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2060: 2031: 1438: 1349:

provided by an aquarium pump, aquarium airline tubing, aquarium valves or even a

1331: 1239: 1213: 1197: 1131: 1047: 1040: 777: 539: 311: 296: 232: 215: 31: 8279: 7183: 6711: 4819: 2894:, or EDTA) are often added to increase iron solubility over a greater pH range. 1893: 1729: 1515:

Passive sub-irrigation, also known as passive hydroponics, semi-hydroponics, or

874:

In contrast to field cultivation, plants are commonly grown hydroponically in a

8765: 8236: 6572: 6547: 5945:"Canadian greenhouse industry seeks methods to reduce pollution into Lake Erie" 5278: 4651: 4573: 4516: 3876: 3681: 2129:

from the solution and become unavailable to plants. Routine adjustments to pH,

2118:) even when an ideal quantity of those nutrients are dissolved in the solution. 1882: 1358: 1086: 976: 941:

using hydroponics, 70 liters (15 imp gal; 18 U.S. gal); and

917: 849: 841: 338: 7750: 7539: 7226: 7110:(2nd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 29–70 & 225–229. 5613:. The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California. Archived from 5079: 3710:) demand additional oxygen during aerobic degradation, which is essential for 1666:

is similar to deep water culture, but uses a non-circulating water reservoir.

1559: 1109:, that which concerns agriculture, replacing, γεω-, earth, with ὑδρο-, water. 9044: 8959: 8824: 8782: 8728: 8550: 8371: 8160: 8069: 7981: 7971: 7806: 7712: 7693: 7676: 7582: 7373: 7234: 6884: 6743:

Barrett, G.E.; Alexander, P.D.; Robinson, J.S.; Bragg, N.C. (November 2016).

6494: 6477: 6311: 5846: 5264: 5246: 4886:"Hydroponics: An Intensified Agriculture Practice to Improve Food Production" 4751: 4353:

Micronutrients can be sourced from organic fertilizers as well. For example,

3192: 2887: 2847: 2154: 2068: 1950:

is a lightweight, mined volcanic rock that finds application in hydroponics.

1663: 1598:

in 1946; for this reason it is sometimes referred to as "The Bengal System".

1251: 1247: 1181: 1051: 1011: 788: 611: 544: 326: 227: 220: 7842: 7601:"Plant-Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Soilless Cannabis Cropping Systems" 6009: 5371: 5029: 4917:

Nye, P. H. (1981). "Changes of pH across the rhizosphere induced by roots".

2067:. However, the underlying chemistry of hydroponic solutions can differ from 1613:

System" after the region in eastern India where it was invented (circa 1946)

1142:

As a result of research of Gericke's claims by order of the Director of the

8879: 8738: 8713: 8555: 8513: 8458: 8416: 8201: 8145: 8074: 7966: 7901: 7861: 7758: 7459: 7424: 7345: 7191: 7144: 6581: 5898: 5833: 5662: 5614: 5286: 5098: 4997: 4870: 4827: 4741: 4701: 4595: 4482: 4478: 4466: 4445: 3678: 3356: 3313: 2173: 2094:

Selective absorption of nutrients by plants often imbalances the amount of

1859: 1738: 1548: 1501: 1381: 1362: 1155: 1027: 818: 750: 549: 507: 452: 410: 367: 343: 49: 7307: 7133:

Life Support & Biosphere Science: International Journal of Earth Space

6186: 5663:"First hydroponics experiment video of William Frederick Gericke in 1930s" 4978: 2385:

taken up resulting in a reduction in rhizosphere pH. When supplied with NO

1851: 1444: 8869: 8804: 8787: 8733: 8718: 8694: 8565: 8406: 8334: 8221: 8176: 8135: 8099: 7996: 7938: 7405: 7389:"Chloride regulates leaf cell size and water relations in tobacco plants" 6073: 4902: 4885: 4776: 4465:, a tool that uses an electric current to determine the concentration of 4158: 4046: 3660: 3528: 3411: 3403: 2891: 2870: 2855: 2811:

Unlike most nutrients, plants can tolerate a high concentration of the SO

2193: 2164:

Well-known examples of standardized, balanced nutrient solutions are the

2063:, with nutrient deficiency symptoms mirroring those found in traditional 2056: 2035: 1926: 1906: 1544: 1505: 1354: 1255: 1228: 1101:

with an extensive education in the classics. Hydroponics is derived from

1082: 1078: 1059: 1036: 1031: 987: 811: 559: 375: 316: 301: 210: 195: 169: 63: 7703: 7675:

Moncada, Alessandra; Vetrano, Filippo; Miceli, Alessandro (2020-10-06).

5510:

Gericke, William F. (1929). "Aquiculture - a means of crop production".

5448: 5362: 5165: 2180:

As in conventional agriculture, nutrients should be adjusted to satisfy

1326:

The deep water raft tank at the Crop Diversification Centre (CDC) South

1254:

by growing crops in gravel and nutrient-rich water because there was no

8560: 8508: 8503: 8386: 8206: 8120: 8089: 8064: 7933: 7928: 7638:

ShuHua, KaiJiun, Wei, HuuSheng, ChiTe, Hsu, Lo, Fang, Lur, Liu (2015).

7348:"Comparison of nutrient solutions for growth of plants in sand culture" 7298: 7281: 6303: 5237: 5220: 4938: 4711: 4706: 4696: 4556: 4381: 3986: 3251:). Can be toxic to some plants below 10 ppm. Sometimes used to produce 3067: 2821: 2488: 2321: 2095: 1983: 1828: 1449: 1426: 1421: 1327: 1311: 1163: 1122: 1113: 980: 945: 899: 875: 554: 502: 497: 390: 380: 269: 247: 242: 7386: 6289: 4614: 8770: 8498: 8140: 8044: 7991: 7637: 6265:. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI): 64–67. Archived from 6228:"Aeroponic System: A Comprehensive Guide for Agriculture Enthusiasts" 5327: 5302: 4721: 4716: 4534: 4361: 3791: 3773: 3648:

organic fertilizers are often sourced from animal byproducts, making

3369: 3256: 3244: 3188: 2988: 2955: 2678: 2496: 2408: 2306: 2141: 2115: 2080: 1987: 1478: 1342: 1338: 1209: 1205: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1019: 971:

Since hydroponic growing takes much less water and nutrients to grow

944:

only 20 liters (4.4 imp gal; 5.3 U.S. gal) using

895: 492: 7159: 5432: 5195:"How much water is needed to produce food and how much do we waste?" 4485:

strips that determine hydrogen ion concentrations by color changing

2079:(CEC) from clay particles or organic matter. The absence of CEC and 1975: 8463: 8226: 8039: 5433:"The relation of sodium to potassium in soil and solution cultures" 5060: 4766: 4731: 4726: 4657:

into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.

4629: 4462: 4166: 3959: 3904: 3845: 3818: 3652:

a serious concern for plants grown for human consumption or animal

3602: 3520: 3339: 3272: 3200: 3142: 3130: 2632: 2537: 2288: 2251: 2229: 1786: 1679: 1659: 1540: 1366: 1346: 1294:

Due to technological advancements within the industry and numerous

1193: 1185: 1117: 925: 907: 903: 891: 887: 879: 457: 7014:. London: Pelham Books. pp. 169–187, 289–320, & 345–351. 6002:

Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance Plant Secondary Metabolites

5022:

Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance Plant Secondary Metabolites

4960:

Walker, T. S.; Bais, H. P.; Grotewold, E.; Vivanco, J. M. (2003).

2394:, the opposite can occur where the plant releases bicarbonate (HCO 1721:

Different media are appropriate for different growing techniques.

1231:, a rocky atoll in the Pacific Ocean used as a refueling stop for 8819: 8775: 8743: 8079: 6791:"Rice hulls a sustainable drainage option for greenhouse growers" 5667: 4530: 4526: 4377: 4369: 4357: 4354: 4133: 4073: 3768: 3718: 3692: 3560: 3481: 3302: 3264: 3180: 3113: 3042: 2723: 2643: 2615: 2563: 2239: 2158: 2107: 2039: 1901: 1532: 1434: 1350: 1062: 972: 957: 796: 774: 306: 252: 6433:(5th ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 10. 2042:

and pass it to their consumers; this is a possible health risk.

1601: 1554: 8797: 8723: 8391: 8381: 8084: 8059: 7870: 6814:"Vermiculite vs Perlite: Which is Best for Your Potted Plants?" 6626:"Growstones ideal alternative to perlite, parboiled rice hulls" 4373: 4042: 3778: 3653: 3642: 3598: 3577: 3503: 3492: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3419: 3377: 3248: 3059: 2927: 2715: 2526: 2515: 2460: 2277: 2111: 2022: 1947: 1917: 1909:

but, in general, holds more air and less water and is buoyant.

1789: 1610: 1595: 1523: 1509: 1176: 998: 921: 856: 800: 205: 53: 8303: 7517: 6042:"Nutrient Film Technique - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 2710:

Should not exceed Ca concentration due to competitive uptake.

8814: 7823: 6862: 6742: 5465:

Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science

4293: 4232: 4174: 4162: 3707: 3696: 3668: 3597:

Li can increase the chlorophyll content of some plants (e.g.

3539: 3443: 3407: 3394: 3240: 3031: 3004: 2979: 2972: 2863: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2759: 2702: 2695: 2665: 2658: 2552: 2449: 2430: 2103: 2002: 762: 758: 321: 45: 4448:. Common tools used to manage hydroponic solutions include: 4384:) can also be added to satisfy a plant's nutritional needs. 2820:, selectively absorbing the nutrient as needed. Undesirable 1870: 1855:"Mother" cannabis plants growing in coir with added perlite. 886:(CEA) process. Plants commonly grown hydroponically include 8705: 8493: 8094: 6163:(2). The Society for In Vitro Biology. 2008. Archived from 5861:"Daniel Arnon, 84, Researcher And Expert on Photosynthesis" 4618:

Young cannabis plants in an ebb-and-flow grow room, Alaska.

4203: 3931: 3872: 3664: 3592: 3588: 3510: 3184: 2899: 2851: 2829: 2299: 2270: 1998: 1781: 1763: 1536: 1465: 1430: 1273: 853: 804: 792: 770: 487: 187: 41: 5352: 4959: 4841:

Gericke, William F. (1945). "The meaning of hydroponics".

4650:

To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject

1780:

The clay is formed into round pellets and fired in rotary

1441:. Excellent aeration is the main advantage of aeroponics. 1204:

nutrients, which are typically moved into the roots while

7259:"The Rhizosphere - roots, soil and everything in between" 7130: 6904:

Plant & Soil Science: Fundamentals & Applications

5549: 4499:

to measure out premixed, commercial hydroponic solutions.

4290: 4261: 3236: 2441: 2071:

in many significant ways. Important differences include:

1938: 1716: 1227:

One of the earliest successes of hydroponics occurred on

7346:

Smith, G. S.; Johnston, C. M.; Cornforth, I. S. (1983).

7324:

The water-culture method for growing plants without soil

6096:"What are the fundamentals of setting up an NFT system?" 5760:

The water-culture method for growing plants without soil

5490:

Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences

4508:

Chemical equipment can also be used to perform accurate

1160:

The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil

833:

as part of the root exudate into the hydroponic medium.

7286:

Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung

6594: 3675:

the organic materials to fine dusts is often necessary.

2879: 2084: 2075:

Unlike soil, hydroponic nutrient solutions do not have

1774: 1746: 1526:

medium that moves water and fertilizer to the roots by

814: 7107:

Hydroponics: A Practical Guide for the Soilless Grower

5550:

Thiyagarajan, G.; Umadevi, R.; Ramesh, K. (Jan 2007).

5114:

Hydroponics: A Practical Guide for the Soilless Grower

1394:

serve thousands of plants. A popular variation is the

6545: 6378:"Hydroponic Farming: How to Grow Plants Without Soil" 6129:"Dissolved Oxygen and Water | U.S. Geological Survey" 4348: 3728: 3721:, a.o.) are not necessary for normal plant nutrition. 7674: 7011:

Advanced guide to hydroponics: (soiless cultivation)

6689: 6102:(148). Casper Publications. Oct 2014. Archived from 4664: 2882:

values above 6.5 greatly decreases iron solubility.

1261:

In the 1960s, Allen Cooper of England developed the

810:

Despite inert media, roots can cause changes of the

30:"Hydroponic" redirects here. For the 311 album, see 27:

Growing plants without soil using nutrients in water

5011: 5009: 5007: 1376: 7807:"HydroCal: Hydroponic Nutrient Formula Calculator" 6187:"Aeroponics Versus Bed and Hydroponic Propagation" 5219:Zhang, He; Asutosh, Ashish; Hu, Wei (2018-11-27). 3625:can be used to supplement or entirely replace the 1208:, leading to nutrient deficiency symptoms such as 1046:Around the 1930s plant nutritionists investigated 6256:"Progressive Plant Growing Has Business Blooming" 2050: 1777:-neutral, and do not contain any nutrient value. 1069:playing an increasingly important role in modern 9042: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6153:"Commercial Aeroponics: The Grow Anywhere Story" 5411:(5th ed.). Bombay: Oxford UP. pp. 1–3. 5061:Horn, M.E.; Woodard, S.L.; Howard, J.A. (2004). 5004: 4342:High in micronutrients. Commercially available. 4316:High in micronutrients. Commercially available. 5936: 5063:"Plant molecular farming: systems and products" 3699:) can further degrade to emit foul odors under 3611: 3455:and some grain crops). Also used in the enzyme 1306:There are two main variations for each medium: 1276:has done extensive hydroponic research for its 7482: 7279: 7157: 7007: 6664:. Growstone, LLC. Dec 22, 2011. Archived from 6588: 6475: 5461: 5218: 2017: 968:and supplied with equal amounts of nutrients. 8319: 7886: 7320: 6777: 5773: 5756: 2106:are often consumed rapidly by plants to form 2059:of hydroponic solutions is an application of 1669: 1555:Ebb and flow (flood and drain) sub-irrigation 1519:, is a method wherein plants are grown in an 1485:diaphragm vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies 1389:(NFT) being used to grow various salad greens 1093:, water culture, in 1937, proposed to him by 1018:published his water culture experiments with 727: 7731:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 7660:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6552:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1835:. Growstones by volume consist of 0.5 to 5% 1158:wrote a classic 1938 agricultural bulletin, 5995: 5869:, December 23, 1994. Accessed April 7, 2020 5015: 3402:Required by rhizobia, important for legume 1905:Perlite has similar properties and uses to 754: 44:researcher Ray Wheeler checking hydroponic 8326: 8312: 7893: 7879: 7598: 6811: 6788: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 4609: 3691:some organic materials (i.e. particularly 3334:improves plant disease resistance exists. 2121:Depending on the pH or on the presence of 1752: 1317: 1144:California Agricultural Experiment Station 1126:greenhouse space, the university assigned 829:grown hydroponically allow the release of 734: 720: 7851: 7841: 7702: 7692: 7414: 7404: 7363: 7297: 7103: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 6768: 6571: 6511:"Commercial Vertical Farming Initiatives" 6508: 6493: 6405:. www.makehydroponics.com. Archived from 5732:(1st ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 5430: 5370: 5326: 5236: 5088: 5078: 4987: 4977: 4901: 4512:of nutrient solutions. Examples include: 1490: 1278:Controlled Ecological Life Support System 910:, usually for commercial use, as well as 7728: 7724: 7722: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 6835:"An Intro Into Sand Culture Hydroponics" 6459:GroWell Hydroponics & Plant Lighting 6208:Stoner, R. J. (1983). "Rooting in Air". 5942: 5729:The Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening 5635: 5437:Journal of the American Chemical Society 4962:"Root exudation and rhizosphere biology" 4613: 2021: 1974: 1937: 1916: 1892: 1869: 1850: 1762: 1728: 1693: 1635: 1609:hydroponics system, referred to as "The 1600: 1558: 1500: 1443: 1380: 1321: 1196:; too little and the plant will undergo 997: 36: 7256: 7160:"Optimum nutrient solutions for plants" 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6896: 6894: 6447: 6426: 6332: 6100:Practical Hydroponics & Greenhouses 5853: 5725: 5704: 5509: 5406: 5300: 4840: 4797: 1058:led to innovative model systems (e.g., 1035:even the production of seed capable of 14: 9043: 7552: 7204: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6900: 6207: 6184: 5911: 5878: 5826: 5582: 5260: 5258: 1717:Substrates (growing support materials) 8307: 7874: 7719: 7644:Crop, Environment, and Bioinformatics 7594: 7592: 7028: 6858: 6856: 6653: 6651: 6620: 6618: 6365:Smart Indoor fogponics farming system 6249: 6247: 5402: 5400: 5135: 5133: 5111: 4793: 4791: 2045: 1631: 9012: 8262: 6891: 6253: 5968: 5757:Hoagland, D. R; Arnon, D. I (1938). 5528: 5166:"A simplified hydroponic culture of 5141:"The future of farming: hydroponics" 3637:and different organic and inorganic 3410:require cobalt for the synthesis of 1843:. The remainder is soda-lime glass. 1137:Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening 952:Hydroponic cultures lead to highest 9024: 7817: 6928: 5483:"Dennis Robert Hoagland: 1884-1949" 5475: 5255: 4916: 4588: 4559:for growing and storing the plants. 4543:for solution tests which apply the 4519:for accurately measuring materials. 4439: 2597:absorption. The ratio of iron to PO 1341:(typically, in-home applications), 1286:bioregenerative life support system 964:, of plants cultivated in the same 24: 8875:Environmental impact of irrigation 8192:Controlled-environment agriculture 7589: 7497:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x 7365:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x 6853: 6789:Wallheimer, Brian (Oct 25, 2010). 6648: 6615: 6595:Tom Alexander; Don Parker (1994). 6244: 5397: 5130: 4788: 4646:Carbon dioxide § Applications 4349:Organically sourced micronutrients 3729:Organically sourced macronutrients 3645:varies based on an animal's diet). 2144:, which can vary greatly in their 1085:was already applied to culture of 884:controlled-environment agriculture 25: 9072: 7280:Waldner, H.; Günther, K. (1996). 6812:Stallsmith, Audrey (2021-11-24). 6403:"Flood and Drain or Ebb and Flow" 5568:on December 29, 2009 – via 5531:"Plant "Pills" Grow Bumper Crops" 4635: 4165:to remove solids and checked for 2148:, hydroponic solutions are often 9023: 9011: 8999: 8988: 8987: 8285: 8273: 8261: 8250: 8249: 7900: 6546:Manos, D.-P.; Xydis, G. (2019). 5675:from the original on 2021-10-31. 5105: 4681: 4667: 3717:organic compounds (i.e. sugars, 3235:Essential for some plants (e.g. 1377:Continuous-flow solution culture 1192:is displaced, which can lead to 703: 70: 8943:Agriculture and the environment 8680:British Agricultural Revolution 8333: 8104: 8031: 7799: 7773: 7668: 7631: 7546: 7511: 7476: 7466: 7431: 7380: 7339: 7314: 7273: 7250: 7241: 7198: 7151: 7124: 6877:10.17660/actahortic.2008.779.36 6827: 6805: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6683: 6539: 6502: 6469: 6420: 6395: 6370: 6357: 6326: 6283: 6220: 6201: 6178: 6145: 6121: 6088: 6058: 6034: 5989: 5962: 5905: 5872: 5820: 5811: 5798:Hydroponic Urban Gardening Blog 5786: 5767: 5750: 5679: 5655: 5629: 5603: 5576: 5543: 5522: 5503: 5455: 5424: 5415: 5346: 5293: 5212: 5187: 5158: 4890:Reviews in Agricultural Science 4128:Commercial products available. 3451:Essential to many plants (e.g. 2009: 1846: 1589: 882:on inert media, adapted to the 837: 689:Agriculture and the environment 155:British Agricultural Revolution 8887:Climate change and agriculture 8660:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 7452:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.035 7393:Journal of Experimental Botany 7008:Sholto Douglas, James (1985). 6632:. Dec 14, 2011. Archived from 6430:Hydroponics: The Bengal System 6427:Douglas, James Sholto (1975). 6185:Stoner, R. J. (Sep 22, 1983). 5943:Schaefer, Karen (2017-01-02). 5583:Turner, Bambi (Oct 20, 2008). 5303:"Crop production without soil" 5054: 4953: 4910: 4877: 4834: 4453:Electrical conductivity meters 3659:organic fertilizers are often 2673:Excess Ca inhibits Mg uptake. 2051:Inorganic hydroponic solutions 1912: 783:in an artificial environment. 135:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 13: 1: 7575:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.011 7321:Hoagland & Arnon (1950). 6770:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.09.030 6197:(4477) – via AgriHouse. 5794:"Various hydroponics systems" 4782: 4576:of nearby lakes and streams. 4431:maintaining high crop yield. 4426:Some studies have found that 3706:many organic molecules (i.e. 2824:effects still apply however. 2170:Long Ashton nutrient solution 2125:, nutrients such as iron can 1993: 1970: 1865: 1823: 1644:technique being used to grow 1415: 1367:electrical conductivity meter 1301: 1067:standardized nutrient recipes 960:production compared to other 840:can come from many different 8665:Arab Agricultural Revolution 8156:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger 6601:. New Moon Publishing, Inc. 6333:Elliott, S. (Dec 27, 2016). 5996:Suryawanshi, Yogesh (2021). 5726:Gericke, William F. (1940). 5611:"Biography of W.A. Setchell" 5529:Dunn, H. H. (October 1929). 5301:Gericke, William F. (1938). 5016:Suryawanshi, Yogesh (2021). 4863:10.1126/science.101.2615.142 4622: 4503: 4387: 3667:or other growing equipment. 3612:Organic hydroponic solutions 2133:the solution, or the use of 1724: 1472: 1079:agricultural crop production 140:Arab Agricultural Revolution 7: 7257:Mc Near, D. H. Jr. (2013). 7184:10.1126/science.52.1354.562 6839:The FVSU Greenhouse Project 6712:10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.008 5969:Wood, Laura (Dec 6, 2017). 5912:Heiney, A. (Aug 27, 2004). 5267:Protein and Peptide Letters 4820:10.1126/science.85.2198.177 4660: 4579: 4408:Rhodopseudo-monas palustris 3565:Non-essential micronutrient 3525:Non-essential micronutrient 3469:Non-essential micronutrient 2987:Uptake is enhanced by high 2182:Liebig's law of the minimum 2018:Polystyrene packing peanuts 1817:), and rinsing completely. 1218:Hoagland and his associates 791:may grow freely with their 10: 9077: 8625:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 8187:Aquaculture of sea sponges 7830:Frontiers in Plant Science 7599:Soderstrom, Linus (2020). 7520:Journal of Plant Nutrition 7207:Journal of Plant Nutrition 6573:10.1007/s11356-019-04933-5 6509:Sky Green (Jun 17, 2016). 5827:Taylor, F. J. (Jul 1939). 5636:Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. 5512:American Journal of Botany 5279:10.2174/092986610791190282 5252:not on direct observation. 4643: 4572:, a common source for the 3615: 3125:A component of the enzyme 1888: 1756: 1670:Top-fed deep water culture 1650: 1574: 1494: 1476: 1419: 1010:or 'A Natural History' by 993: 100:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 29: 8984: 8975:Universities and colleges 8951: 8895: 8843: 8704: 8608: 8593:Universities and colleges 8405: 8398: 8364: 8341: 8245: 8169: 8113: 8030: 7959: 7921: 7908: 7751:10.1007/s11356-014-3024-3 7540:10.1080/01904169809365424 7227:10.1080/01904169709365345 7104:J. Benton, Jones (2004). 6659:"GrowStone Products MSDS" 6066:"Nutrient Film Technique" 5638:"A Greek-English Lexicon" 5559:Science Tech Entrepreneur 5431:Breazeale, J. F. (1906). 5112:Jones, J. B. Jr. (2004). 5080:10.1007/s00299-004-0767-1 4366:National Organic Programs 4106:Kelp meal, liquid seaweed 3547:Beneficial for rhizobial 3191:. Chloride is one of the 2102:). For instance, nitrate 1961: 1933: 1689: 1460:water before they become 1242:served as a major in the 1075:William Frederick Gericke 627:Universities and colleges 587:Universities and colleges 8960:Agriculturist profession 8437:Agricultural engineering 8422:Agricultural cooperative 7785:scienceinhydroponics.com 7694:10.3390/agronomy10101523 6598:The Best of Growing Edge 6495:10.3390/buildings8020024 6335:"Figuring Out Fogponics" 5914:"Farming for the Future" 5883:. London: Grower Books. 5687:"History of hydroponics" 5591:. InfoSpace Holdings LLC 4434: 4368:, pulverized, unrefined 4285:Same as poultry manure. 4256:Same as poultry manure. 4227:Same as poultry manure. 4198:Same as poultry manure. 2184:for each specific plant 2077:cation-exchange capacity 2026:Polystyrene foam peanuts 1577:Ebb and flow hydroponics 1148:University of California 966:environmental conditions 825:are produced in plants. 612:Agriculturist profession 431:Agricultural engineering 416:Agricultural cooperative 8865:Agricultural wastewater 8588:Sustainable food system 8583:Sustainable agriculture 8474:Animal-free agriculture 8442:Agricultural technology 8197:Historical hydroculture 8055:Expanded clay aggregate 8002:Nutrient film technique 7913:Historical hydroculture 7843:10.3389/fpls.2020.00537 7158:Hoagland, D.R. (1920). 6476:Al-Kodmany, K. (2018). 6010:10.1201/9781003034957-5 5691:Garden Culture Magazine 5585:"How Hydroponics Works" 5536:Popular Science Monthly 5407:Douglas, J. S. (1975). 5030:10.1201/9781003034957-5 4737:Nutrient film technique 4610:Additional improvements 3147:Essential micronutrient 3072:Essential micronutrient 3009:Essential micronutrient 2960:Essential micronutrient 2932:Essential micronutrient 2904:Essential micronutrient 2834:Essential micronutrient 2720:Essential macronutrient 2683:Essential macronutrient 2620:Essential macronutrient 2493:Essential macronutrient 2413:Essential macronutrient 2235:Essential macronutrient 2110:, leaving an excess of 1979:Excelsior, or wood wool 1953: 1883:plant growth regulators 1768:Expanded clay aggregate 1759:Expanded clay aggregate 1753:Expanded clay aggregate 1583:Expanded clay aggregate 1396:nutrient film technique 1387:nutrient film technique 1318:Static solution culture 1263:nutrient film technique 1200:or lose the ability to 831:pharmaceutical proteins 773:, by using water-based 757:which involves growing 582:Sustainable food system 577:Sustainable agriculture 468:Animal-free agriculture 436:Agricultural technology 8965:Agricultural machinery 8923:History of agriculture 8908:Agriculture by country 8903:Agricultural machinery 8860:Agricultural pollution 8855:Agricultural expansion 8630:Austronesian expansion 8541:Mechanised agriculture 7619:Cite journal requires 7555:Scientia Horticulturae 6749:Scientia Horticulturae 5879:Cooper, A. J. (1979). 5829:"Nice Clean Gardening" 4619: 4570:point source pollution 3424:Variable micronutrient 3382:Variable micronutrient 3344:Variable micronutrient 3269:Variable micronutrient 3205:Variable micronutrient 2065:soil based agriculture 2027: 1980: 1943: 1922: 1898: 1875: 1856: 1770: 1734: 1699: 1648: 1614: 1572: 1512: 1491:Passive sub-irrigation 1452: 1390: 1357:on the glass, through 1334: 1154:, Dennis Hoagland and 1056:Dennis Robert Hoagland 1003: 836:The nutrients used in 710:Agriculture portal 669:History of agriculture 654:Agriculture by country 649:Agricultural machinery 617:Agricultural machinery 535:Mechanised agriculture 105:Austronesian expansion 57: 8970:Government ministries 8913:Agriculture companies 8749:Convertible husbandry 8427:Agricultural supplies 8377:Agricultural Engineer 8017:Sub-irrigated planter 7485:Physiologia Plantarum 6901:Parker, Rick (2009). 6046:www.sciencedirect.com 5642:www.perseus.tufts.edu 5024:. CRC Press.: 71–88. 4979:10.1104/pp.102.019661 4617: 3170:Can interfere with NO 2025: 1978: 1941: 1920: 1896: 1873: 1854: 1766: 1732: 1697: 1646:Hungarian wax peppers 1639: 1604: 1562: 1504: 1447: 1384: 1325: 1233:Pan American Airlines 1114:technical application 1001: 880:contained environment 823:secondary metabolites 659:Agriculture companies 622:Government ministries 421:Agricultural supplies 258:Convertible husbandry 40: 8620:Neolithic Revolution 8479:Cellular agriculture 8432:Agricultural science 8182:Aquaculture of coral 8131:Irrigation sprinkler 6907:. Cengage Learning. 6455:"Deep Water Culture" 6382:Agriculture land usa 6232:Agriculture land usa 5977:. Berkshire Hathaway 4903:10.7831/ras.10.0_101 4523:Laboratory glassware 3712:cellular respiration 3701:anaerobic conditions 3650:disease transmission 2196:by experience or by 1879:Parboiled rice husks 1833:parboiled rice hulls 1571:, hydroponics system 916:, which serves as a 913:Arabidopsis thaliana 871:nutrient solutions. 861:chemical fertilizers 473:Cellular agriculture 426:Agricultural science 95:Neolithic Revolution 8007:Organic hydroponics 7743:2014ESPR...21.9569K 7567:2015ScHor.195..206L 7532:1998JPlaN..21..561A 7352:The New Phytologist 7219:1997JPlaN..20.1431R 7176:1920Sci....52..562H 6793:. Purdue University 6761:2016ScHor.212..220B 6704:2008Desal.219....1N 6564:2019ESPR...2612662M 6558:(13): 12662–12672. 5617:on October 15, 2015 5449:10.1021/ja01974a008 5363:10.2514/6.2011-5263 5319:1938Natur.141..536G 4931:1981PlSoi..61....7N 4855:1945Sci...101..142G 4812:1937Sci....85..177G 4747:Passive hydroponics 4493:Graduated cylinders 3714:in the plant roots. 3627:inorganic compounds 3623:Organic fertilizers 3618:Organic hydroponics 3536:Trace, undetermined 3062:trees at 0.5 ppm). 2588:tends to inhibit PO 2137:is often necessary. 1497:Passive hydroponics 1450:aeroponic technique 1272:In recent decades, 1238:From 1943 to 1946, 981:agricultural yields 848:sources, including 354:Steam sterilization 8754:Rotational grazing 8670:Columbian exchange 8050:Diatomaceous earth 7977:Deep water culture 7406:10.1093/jxb/erv502 7299:10.1007/BF01263550 6865:Acta Horticulturae 6465:on April 13, 2010. 6304:10.1007/bf02410099 5924:on August 29, 2023 5866:The New York Times 5859:Sullivan, Walter. 5736:–10, 38 & 84. 5238:10.3390/su10124429 5067:Plant Cell Reports 4939:10.1007/BF02277359 4675:Agriculture portal 4620: 2198:plant tissue tests 2123:water contaminants 2100:membrane potential 2046:Nutrient solutions 2028: 1981: 1944: 1923: 1899: 1876: 1857: 1771: 1735: 1700: 1653:Deep water culture 1649: 1642:deep water culture 1632:Deep water culture 1615: 1573: 1513: 1453: 1439:atomized nutrients 1391: 1335: 1244:United States Army 1004: 838:hydroponic systems 263:Rotational grazing 145:Columbian exchange 58: 9038: 9037: 8598:Urban agriculture 8571:Rice-duck farming 8519:Intensive farming 8489:Extensive farming 8301: 8300: 8217:Plant propagation 8126:Hydroponic dosers 7737:(16): 9569–9577. 7213:(10): 1431–1447. 7170:(1354): 562–564. 7117:978-0-8493-3167-1 7021:978-0-7207-1571-2 6914:978-1-111-78077-7 6671:on April 10, 2018 6608:978-0-944557-01-3 6440:978-0-19-560566-2 6210:Greenhouse Grower 6159:. Research News. 6070:www.flairform.com 6019:978-1-003-03495-7 5743:978-1-163-14049-9 5671:. June 25, 2021. 5382:978-1-60086-948-8 5357:. pp. 1–17. 5313:(3569): 536–540. 5123:978-0-8493-3167-1 5039:978-1-003-03495-7 4849:(2615): 142–143. 4806:(2198): 177–178. 4551:Spectrophotometer 4533:, for performing 4510:chemical analyses 4487:chemical reaction 4346: 4345: 3609: 3608: 3135:nitrogen fixation 3127:nitrate reductase 2166:Hoagland solution 2089:oxygen saturation 1841:calcium carbonate 1837:calcium carbonate 1794:hydrogen peroxide 1448:A diagram of the 1371:Mariotte's bottle 1267:The Land Pavilion 1222:Hoagland solution 1087:aquatic organisms 962:growth substrates 936:intensive farming 827:Transgenic plants 744: 743: 592:Urban agriculture 565:Rice-duck farming 513:Intensive farming 483:Extensive farming 16:(Redirected from 9068: 9027: 9026: 9015: 9014: 9003: 8991: 8990: 8835:Wildlife farming 8685:Green Revolution 8636:Ancient history 8576:Rice-fish system 8484:Contract farming 8469:Animal husbandry 8328: 8321: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8289: 8277: 8265: 8264: 8253: 8252: 8232:Vertical farming 8170:Related concepts 7895: 7888: 7881: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7845: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7696: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7659: 7651: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7607: 7605: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7418: 7408: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7301: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7263:Nature Education 7254: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7101: 7026: 7025: 7005: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6898: 6889: 6888: 6871:(779): 299–306. 6860: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6786: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6636:on July 19, 2018 6630:(e) Science News 6622: 6613: 6612: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6526: 6520:. Archived from 6515: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6461:. Archived from 6451: 6445: 6444: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6374: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6341:. Archived from 6330: 6324: 6323: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6271: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6191:Florists' Review 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6072:. Archived from 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6038: 6032: 6031: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5920:. Archived from 5909: 5903: 5902: 5876: 5870: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5723: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5561:. Archived from 5556: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5443:(8): 1013–1025. 5428: 5422: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5374: 5372:2060/20110011606 5350: 5344: 5343: 5330: 5328:10.1038/141536a0 5297: 5291: 5290: 5262: 5253: 5250: 5240: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5092: 5082: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5013: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4981: 4966:Plant Physiology 4957: 4951: 4950: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4795: 4772:Vertical farming 4691: 4689:Gardening portal 4686: 4685: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4604:induce flowering 4589:Mixing solutions 4566:osmotic pressure 4545:Beer–Lambert law 4497:measuring spoons 4473:Oxygen electrode 4457:electric current 4440:Common equipment 4360:bark is high in 4100:to a fine dust. 3739:Organic material 3736: 3735: 3333: 3332: 3281: 3280: 3178: 3177: 3129:and required by 3084: 3083: 3021: 3020: 2999:concentrations. 2997: 2996: 2884:Chelating agents 2819: 2818: 2732: 2731: 2608:co-precipitation 2605: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2587: 2586: 2505: 2504: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2374: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2260: 2259: 2248: 2247: 2218:High range (ppm) 2203: 2202: 2135:chelating agents 1816: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1528:capillary action 1296:economic factors 1152:Claude Hutchison 1071:plant physiology 1024:Julius von Sachs 863:, or artificial 805:other substrates 767:medicinal plants 753:and a subset of 736: 729: 722: 708: 707: 706: 570:Rice-fish system 478:Contract farming 463:Animal husbandry 201:Animal husbandry 160:Green Revolution 111:Ancient history 74: 60: 59: 21: 9076: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8947: 8938:Poultry farming 8891: 8846: 8839: 8810:Poultry farming 8700: 8676:Modern history 8656:Post-classical 8604: 8603: 8602: 8546:Organic farming 8401: 8400: 8396: 8360: 8337: 8332: 8302: 8297: 8241: 8212:Plant nutrition 8165: 8109: 8026: 7955: 7917: 7904: 7899: 7869: 7822: 7818: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7727: 7720: 7673: 7669: 7653: 7652: 7636: 7632: 7620: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7551: 7547: 7516: 7512: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7436: 7432: 7385: 7381: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7328: 7319: 7315: 7278: 7274: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7203: 7199: 7156: 7152: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7102: 7029: 7022: 7006: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6899: 6892: 6861: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6819: 6817: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6787: 6778: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6593: 6589: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6474: 6470: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6412: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6345:on June 1, 2023 6331: 6327: 6292:Potato Research 6288: 6284: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6206: 6202: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6168: 6157:In Vitro Report 6151: 6150: 6146: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6115:Wayback Machine 6109: 6107: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6020: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5949:Marketplace.org 5941: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5891: 5877: 5873: 5858: 5854: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5772: 5768: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5724: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5581: 5577: 5570:Wayback Machine 5565: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5527: 5523: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5405: 5398: 5383: 5351: 5347: 5298: 5294: 5263: 5256: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5110: 5106: 5073:(10): 711–720. 5059: 5055: 5040: 5014: 5005: 4958: 4954: 4915: 4911: 4882: 4878: 4839: 4835: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4762:Plant pathology 4757:Plant nutrition 4687: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4625: 4612: 4591: 4582: 4506: 4442: 4437: 4390: 4351: 4015:Cottonseed meal 3782: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3731: 3620: 3614: 3585: 3581: 3552: 3543: 3507: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3447: 3440: 3404:root nodulation 3398: 3364: 3360: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3253:flower pigments 3231: 3227: 3223: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2947: 2919: 2876: 2867: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2706: 2699: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2636: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2215:Low range (ppm) 2061:plant nutrition 2053: 2048: 2032:packing peanuts 2020: 2012: 1996: 1973: 1964: 1956: 1936: 1915: 1891: 1868: 1849: 1826: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1761: 1755: 1727: 1719: 1692: 1672: 1655: 1634: 1592: 1579: 1569:flood and drain 1557: 1543:plants such as 1499: 1493: 1481: 1475: 1424: 1418: 1379: 1332:Brooks, Alberta 1320: 1304: 1250:in the western 1240:Daniel I. Arnon 1214:fertilizer burn 1169:systemic errors 1041:plant nutrition 996: 740: 704: 702: 697: 696: 695: 694: 693: 684:Poultry farming 641: 633: 632: 631: 606: 598: 597: 596: 540:Organic farming 405: 397: 396: 395: 370: 360: 359: 358: 190: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 151:Modern history 131:Post-classical 84: 35: 32:Hydroponic (EP) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9074: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9021: 9009: 8997: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8768: 8766:Insect farming 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8645:Ancient Greece 8642: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8283: 8271: 8259: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8237:Water aeration 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7967:Aquatic garden 7963: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7898: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7875: 7868: 7867: 7816: 7813:. Feb 2, 2010. 7798: 7787:. Mar 30, 2016 7772: 7718: 7667: 7630: 7621:|journal= 7588: 7545: 7526:(3): 561–575. 7510: 7491:(3): 473–497. 7475: 7465: 7440:Food Chemistry 7430: 7399:(3): 873–891. 7379: 7358:(4): 537–548. 7338: 7313: 7292:(3): 256–262. 7272: 7249: 7240: 7197: 7150: 7139:(1–2): 53–59. 7123: 7116: 7027: 7020: 6927: 6913: 6890: 6852: 6841:. Jun 13, 2014 6826: 6804: 6776: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6682: 6647: 6614: 6607: 6587: 6538: 6527:on May 9, 2018 6518:MVO Netherland 6501: 6468: 6446: 6439: 6419: 6394: 6369: 6356: 6325: 6298:(2): 127–135. 6282: 6243: 6219: 6200: 6177: 6144: 6120: 6087: 6057: 6033: 6018: 5988: 5961: 5935: 5904: 5889: 5871: 5852: 5819: 5810: 5785: 5766: 5749: 5742: 5703: 5678: 5654: 5628: 5602: 5575: 5542: 5521: 5502: 5474: 5454: 5423: 5414: 5396: 5381: 5345: 5292: 5273:(6): 723–731. 5254: 5225:Sustainability 5211: 5186: 5157: 5129: 5122: 5104: 5053: 5038: 5003: 4952: 4919:Plant and Soil 4909: 4876: 4833: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4678: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4644:Main article: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4624: 4621: 4611: 4608: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4574:eutrophication 4561: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4538: 4520: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4476: 4470: 4460: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4389: 4386: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4171: 4170: 4159:liquid compost 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3704: 3689: 3676: 3657: 3646: 3616:Main article: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3595: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3505: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2877: 2874: 2865: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2451: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2376:) for every NH 2372: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2221:Common Sources 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2178: 2177: 2162: 2138: 2119: 2092: 2069:soil chemistry 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2001:from shearing 1995: 1992: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1946:Like perlite, 1935: 1932: 1925:Like perlite, 1914: 1911: 1890: 1887: 1867: 1864: 1848: 1845: 1825: 1822: 1811: 1802: 1757:Main article: 1754: 1751: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1691: 1688: 1671: 1668: 1651:Main article: 1633: 1630: 1591: 1588: 1575:Main article: 1556: 1553: 1495:Main article: 1492: 1489: 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1420:Main article: 1417: 1414: 1378: 1375: 1359:photosynthesis 1330:greenhouse in 1319: 1316: 1308:sub-irrigation 1303: 1300: 1118:commercial use 1095:W. A. Setchell 1008:Sylva Sylvarum 995: 992: 977:climate change 950: 949: 942: 939: 918:model organism 850:fish excrement 789:aquatic plants 742: 741: 739: 738: 731: 724: 716: 713: 712: 699: 698: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 645: 644: 643: 642: 639: 638: 635: 634: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 573: 572: 567: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 531: 530: 525: 520: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 449: 448: 443: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 394: 393: 388: 383: 378: 372: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 339:Slash-and-burn 336: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 293: 292: 287: 282: 272: 267: 266: 265: 260: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 198: 192: 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 175: 174: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 149: 148: 147: 142: 137: 129: 128: 127: 122: 120:Ancient Greece 117: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 88: 87: 86: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 67: 66: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9073: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9032: 9031: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8986: 8983: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933:Meat industry 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8918:Biotechnology 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8845:Environmental 8842: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8825:Sheep farming 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8729:Dairy farming 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8706:Farming Types 8703: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8640:Ancient Egypt 8638: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551:Paludiculture 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8452:Biotechnology 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8372:Agriculturist 8370: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8322: 8317: 8315: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8161:Water chiller 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8012:Organopónicos 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7982:Kratky method 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972:Bottle garden 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7891: 7889: 7884: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7725: 7723: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7613: 7602: 7595: 7593: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7479: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7326: 7325: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6895: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6857: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6815: 6808: 6792: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6730: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6698:(1–3): 1–13. 6697: 6693: 6686: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6423: 6409:on 2013-02-17 6408: 6404: 6398: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6339:Maximum Yield 6336: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6272:on 2020-09-22 6268: 6264: 6257: 6254:NASA (2006). 6250: 6248: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6167:on 2017-01-31 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6116: 6106:on 2017-09-04 6105: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6076:on 2018-04-16 6075: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5976: 5975:Business Wire 5972: 5965: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5890:0-901361-22-4 5886: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5814: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5782:(1): 463–485. 5781: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5590: 5589:HowStuffWorks 5586: 5579: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5552:"Hydroponics" 5546: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5418: 5410: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5259: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925:(1–2): 7–26. 4924: 4920: 4913: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752:Plant factory 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4679: 4676: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4647: 4633: 4631: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4481:, disposable 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4467:hydrogen ions 4464: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3663:and can clog 3662: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3604: 3603:pepper plants 3600: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3490: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3324: 3322: 3311: 3300: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3169: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3040: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2986: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2860:iron tartrate 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2810: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2768: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2641: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2578: 2576: 2561: 2550: 2535: 2524: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2469: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2367: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2304: 2297: 2286: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2249: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2212:Ionic form(s) 2211: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2174:Knop solution 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155:transpiration 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1818: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1664:Kratky Method 1661: 1660:porous stones 1654: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:expanded clay 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1405:water logging 1400: 1397: 1388: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Ponape Island 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:John Woodward 1013: 1012:Francis Bacon 1009: 1000: 991: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 947: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 927: 923: 922:plant science 919: 915: 914: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:root exudates 816: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 779: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 749:is a type of 748: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 717: 715: 714: 711: 701: 700: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 679:Meat industry 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 664:Biotechnology 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 637: 636: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 602: 601: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 545:Paludiculture 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 447: 446:Biotechnology 444: 442: 439: 438: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 401: 400: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 369: 364: 363: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 334: 330: 328: 327:Sharecropping 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 271: 268: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 189: 184: 183: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 150: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 130: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 115:Ancient Egypt 113: 112: 110: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 90: 89: 83: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 55: 51: 50:Bibb lettuces 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 9056:Hydroculture 9028: 9016: 9004: 8992: 8880:Overdrafting 8760: 8739:Goat farming 8650:Ancient Rome 8556:Permaculture 8514:Horticulture 8459:Agroforestry 8417:Agribusiness 8290: 8278: 8266: 8254: 8202:Hydroponicum 8146:Spray nozzle 8075:Mineral wool 7987:Ebb and flow 7943: 7902:Hydroculture 7836:(537): 537. 7833: 7829: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7789:. Retrieved 7784: 7775: 7734: 7730: 7704:10447/437141 7687:(10): 1523. 7684: 7680: 7670: 7656:cite journal 7647: 7643: 7633: 7612:cite journal 7558: 7554: 7548: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7468: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7329:. Retrieved 7323: 7316: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7243: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7106: 7010: 6918:. Retrieved 6903: 6868: 6864: 6843:. Retrieved 6838: 6829: 6818:. Retrieved 6807: 6795:. Retrieved 6752: 6748: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6695: 6692:Desalination 6691: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6666:the original 6638:. Retrieved 6634:the original 6629: 6597: 6590: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6529:. Retrieved 6522:the original 6517: 6504: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6463:the original 6458: 6449: 6429: 6422: 6411:. Retrieved 6407:the original 6397: 6385:. Retrieved 6381: 6372: 6359: 6347:. Retrieved 6343:the original 6338: 6328: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6274:. Retrieved 6267:the original 6263:2006 Spinoff 6262: 6235:. Retrieved 6231: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6169:. Retrieved 6165:the original 6160: 6156: 6147: 6136:. Retrieved 6133:www.usgs.gov 6132: 6123: 6113:– via 6108:. Retrieved 6104:the original 6099: 6090: 6078:. Retrieved 6074:the original 6069: 6060: 6049:. Retrieved 6045: 6036: 6001: 5991: 5979:. Retrieved 5974: 5964: 5952:. Retrieved 5948: 5938: 5926:. Retrieved 5922:the original 5918:www.nasa.gov 5917: 5907: 5880: 5874: 5864: 5855: 5841:(1): 14–15. 5838: 5834:The Rotarian 5832: 5822: 5813: 5801:. Retrieved 5797: 5788: 5779: 5776:Soil Science 5775: 5769: 5759: 5752: 5728: 5694:. Retrieved 5690: 5681: 5666: 5657: 5645:. Retrieved 5641: 5631: 5619:. Retrieved 5615:the original 5605: 5593:. Retrieved 5588: 5578: 5563:the original 5558: 5545: 5534: 5524: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489: 5477: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5354: 5348: 5340: 5310: 5306: 5295: 5270: 5266: 5231:(12): 4429. 5228: 5224: 5214: 5202:. Retrieved 5199:The Guardian 5198: 5189: 5177:. Retrieved 5173: 5167: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5144: 5113: 5107: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5021: 4972:(1): 44–51. 4969: 4965: 4955: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4803: 4799: 4742:Organoponics 4702:Anthroponics 4649: 4626: 4596:annual plant 4592: 4583: 4562: 4541:Colorimeters 4507: 4483:pH indicator 4479:Litmus paper 4469:in solution. 4446:horticulture 4443: 4427: 4425: 4420:Streptomyces 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4399:Azospirillum 4398: 4393: 4391: 4352: 3732: 3724: 3621: 3574:Undetermined 2365: 2179: 2150:standardized 2054: 2030:Polystyrene 2029: 2013: 2010:Brick shards 1997: 1982: 1965: 1957: 1945: 1942:Pumice stone 1924: 1900: 1877: 1860:Coconut coir 1858: 1847:Coconut Coir 1827: 1819: 1779: 1772: 1743: 1739:mineral wool 1736: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1684: 1674: 1673: 1656: 1641: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1607:run-to-waste 1606: 1593: 1590:Run-to-waste 1580: 1568: 1565:ebb and flow 1564: 1537:coconut husk 1517:hydroculture 1516: 1514: 1508:-cultivated 1482: 1458: 1454: 1425: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1386: 1363:phototropism 1336: 1305: 1293: 1290: 1271: 1260: 1237: 1226: 1198:water stress 1173: 1159: 1156:Daniel Arnon 1143: 1141: 1136: 1111: 1090: 1045: 1028:Wilhelm Knop 1007: 1005: 985: 970: 951: 930: 911: 900:strawberries 873: 859:, purchased 835: 809: 755:hydroculture 751:horticulture 746: 745: 550:Permaculture 508:Horticulture 453:Agroforestry 411:Agribusiness 385: 368:Hydroculture 344:Smallholding 332: 125:Ancient Rome 52:(left), and 9051:Hydroponics 9030:Wikiproject 8870:Overgrazing 8805:Pig farming 8788:Paddy field 8761:Hydroponics 8734:Fur farming 8719:Aquaculture 8714:Agrivoltaic 8695:Monoculture 8616:Prehistory 8566:Polyculture 8387:Farm worker 8365:Occupations 8335:Agriculture 8292:Wikiversity 8222:Rhizosphere 8177:Algaculture 8136:Leaf sensor 8114:Accessories 8100:Vermiculite 7997:Microponics 7944:Hydroponics 7939:Aquascaping 7811:SourceForge 7561:: 206–215. 7446:: 316–320. 6755:: 220–234. 6488:(2): 1–24. 5409:Hydroponics 5168:Arabidopsis 4896:: 101–114. 4777:Xeriscaping 4416:Pseudomonas 4403:Azotobacter 4079:5.5% to 22% 4047:grasshopper 3682:degradation 3679:biochemical 3661:particulate 3412:vitamin B12 3372:and peas). 3193:16 elements 3187:, and most 2892:citric acid 2871:Ferric EDTA 2610:reactions. 2606:can affect 2194:empirically 2146:composition 2127:precipitate 2096:counterions 2057:formulation 2036:polystyrene 1927:vermiculite 1921:Vermiculite 1913:Vermiculite 1907:vermiculite 1737:Rock wool ( 1506:Water plant 1462:waterlogged 1355:green algae 1282:Ray Wheeler 1258:available. 1256:arable land 1229:Wake Island 1164:crop yields 1123:greenhouses 1099:phycologist 1091:Hydroponics 1083:aquaculture 1073:. In 1929, 1060:green algae 1037:germination 1032:land plants 812:rhizosphere 785:Terrestrial 747:Hydroponics 560:Polyculture 386:Hydroponics 376:Aquaculture 317:Paddy field 302:Monoculture 196:Agrivoltaic 170:Monoculture 91:Prehistory 64:Agriculture 9061:Aeroponics 9045:Categories 8896:Categories 8561:Plantation 8509:Free range 8504:Feed ratio 8207:Paludarium 8121:Grow light 8105:Wood fibre 8090:Rice hulls 8065:Growstones 8032:Substrates 7934:Aquaponics 7929:Aeroponics 6920:22 January 6820:2022-08-03 6816:. 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