466:
29:
2318:
141:. Intel technologies require each speed range of RAM to have its own interface, resulting in a more complex motherboard layout but with fewer bottlenecks. HTX 3.1 at 26 GB/s can serve as a unified bus for as many as four DDR4 sticks running at the fastest proposed speeds. Beyond that DDR4 RAM may require two or more HTX 3.1 buses diminishing its value as unified transport.
180:/s (3.2 GHz × 2 transfers per clock cycle × 32 bits per link) per direction, or 51.2 GB/s aggregated throughput, making it faster than most existing bus standard for PC workstations and servers as well as making it faster than most bus standards for high-performance computing and networking.
421:
router needs a maximum 8000 Mbit/s of internal bandwidth (1000 Mbit/s × 4 ports × 2 directions)—HyperTransport greatly exceeds the bandwidth this application requires. However a 4 + 1 port 10 Gb router would require 100 Gbit/s of internal bandwidth. Add to that 802.11ac 8 antennas
227:
words, regardless of the physical width of the link. The first word in a packet always contains a command field. Many packets contain a 40-bit address. An additional 32-bit control packet is prepended when 64-bit addressing is required. The data payload is sent after the control packet. Transfers are
1068:
CPUs, the "SDF" data interconnects are run at the same frequency as the DRAM memory clock (MEMCLK), a decision made to remove the latency caused by different clock speeds. As a result, using a faster RAM module makes the entire bus faster. The links are 32-bit wide, as in HT, but 8 transfers are
262:
specification. This means that changes in processor sleep states (C states) can signal changes in device states (D states), e.g. powering off disks when the CPU goes to sleep. HyperTransport 3.0 added further capabilities to allow a centralized power management controller to implement power
948:
use up to three 16-bit HyperTransport links. Common clock rates for these processor links are 800 MHz to 1 GHz (older single and multi socket systems on 754/939/940 links) and 1.6 GHz to 2.0 GHz (newer single socket systems on AM2+/AM3 links—most newer CPUs using
231:
HyperTransport packets enter the interconnect in segments known as bit times. The number of bit times required depends on the link width. HyperTransport also supports system management messaging, signaling interrupts, issuing probes to adjacent devices or processors,
953:
GHz). While HyperTransport itself is capable of 32-bit width links, that width is not currently utilized by any AMD processors. Some chipsets though do not even utilize the 16-bit width used by the processors. Those include the Nvidia
1077:
CPUs, the IF bus is on a separate clock, either in a 1:1 or 2:1 ratio to the DRAM clock, because of Zen's early problems with high-speed DRAM affecting IF speed, and therefore system stability. The bus width has also been doubled. On
236:
transactions, and general data transactions. There are two kinds of write commands supported: posted and non-posted. Posted writes do not require a response from the target. This is usually used for high bandwidth devices such as
245:
transfers. Non-posted writes require a response from the receiver in the form of a "target done" response. Reads also require a response, containing the read data. HyperTransport supports the PCI consumer/producer ordering model.
524:
In August 2008, the HyperTransport
Consortium released HTX3, which extends the clock rate of HTX to 2.6 GHz (5.2 GT/s, 10.7 GTi, 5.2 real GHz data rate, 3 MT/s edit rate) and retains backwards compatibility.
199:
as appropriate. It also supports link splitting, where a single 16-bit link can be divided into two 8-bit links. The technology also typically has lower latency than other solutions due to its lower overhead.
307:
In contrast, HyperTransport is an open specification, published by a multi-company consortium. A single HyperTransport adapter chip will work with a wide spectrum of HyperTransport enabled microprocessors.
473:
A connector specification that allows a slot-based peripheral to have direct connection to a microprocessor using a HyperTransport interface was released by the HyperTransport
Consortium. It is known as
172:
HyperTransport supports an autonegotiated bit width, ranging from 2 to 32 bits per link; there are two unidirectional links per HyperTransport bus. With the advent of version 3.1, using full
1037:) is a superset of HyperTransport announced by AMD in 2016 as an interconnect for its GPUs and CPUs. It is also usable as interchip interconnect for communication between CPUs and GPUs (for
169:. This allows for a maximum data rate of 6400 MT/s when running at 3.2 GHz. The operating frequency is autonegotiated with the motherboard chipset (North Bridge) in current computing.
128:
446:
available. Companies such as XtremeData, Inc. and DRC take these FPGAs (Xilinx in DRC's case) and create a module that allows FPGAs to plug directly into the
Opteron socket.
288:
bus directly, but must first go through an adapter to expand the system. The proprietary front-side bus must connect through adapters for the various standard buses, like
430:
The issue of latency and bandwidth between CPUs and co-processors has usually been the major stumbling block to their practical implementation. Co-processors such as
422:
and the WiGig 60 GHz standard (802.11ad) and HyperTransport becomes more feasible (with anywhere between 20 and 24 lanes used for the needed bandwidth).
413:. Routers and switches have multiple network interfaces, and must forward data between these ports as fast as possible. For example, a four-port, 1000
1527:
1494:
1145:
434:
have appeared that can access the HyperTransport bus and become integrated on the motherboard. Current generation FPGAs from both main manufacturers (
1365:
1233:
1270:
1196:
1307:
1082:
and later CPUs, the IF bus is able to run at an asynchronous clock to the DRAM, to allow the higher clock speeds that DDR5 is capable of.
2313:
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
1440:
1146:"API NetWorks Accelerates Use of HyperTransport Technology With Launch of Industry's First HyperTransport Technology-to-PCI Bridge Chip"
1758:
259:
2286:
1915:
1167:
443:
1778:
397:
extends this concept to larger clusters. The Aqua device from 3Leaf
Systems virtualizes and interconnects CPUs, memory, and I/O.
176:
links and utilizing the full HyperTransport 3.1 specification's operating frequency, the theoretical transfer rate is 25.6
1585:
1022:. Because of this potential for confusion, the HyperTransport Consortium always uses the written-out form: "HyperTransport."
494:
slot (plus an x1 connector for power pins), HTX allows development of plug-in cards that support direct access to a CPU and
1966:
1637:
211:. HyperTransport 3.0 added scrambling and receiver phase alignment as well as optional transmitter precursor deemphasis.
1338:
1069:
done per cycle (128-bit packets) compared to the original 2. Electrical changes are made for higher power efficiency. On
1672:
2019:
1858:
1788:
204:
1848:
1038:
1946:
962:
M1689—which use a 16-bit HyperTransport downstream link but limit the HyperTransport upstream link to 8 bits.
1515:
220:
131:
1738:
1535:
2290:
1941:
1910:
1153:
347:
1563:
1058:
2345:
1888:
1106:
281:
2214:
2153:
2008:
1111:
1543:
1813:
1578:
1373:
2183:
1868:
1466:
1244:
733:
359:
289:
71:
1281:
1207:
457:. This initiative opened their "Socket F" to plug-in boards such as those from XtremeData and DRC.
1396:
533:
The "DUT" test connector is defined to enable standardized functional test system interconnection.
2340:
2321:
2296:
2188:
1843:
1054:
300:
294:
85:
292:
or PCI Express. These are typically included in the respective controller functions, namely the
1878:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
119:
The current specification HTX 3.1 remained competitive for 2014 high-speed (2666 and 3200
56:
2350:
2142:
2095:
1951:
1723:
1571:
1091:
238:
60:
48:
453:
on
September 21, 2006, to further promote the usage of HyperTransport for plug-in cards and
2138:
1991:
1873:
495:
378:
242:
52:
8:
2050:
1605:
183:
Links of various widths can be mixed together in a single system configuration as in one
67:
1178:
1594:
406:
390:
339:
2040:
1662:
1598:
1467:"AMD Addresses Zen 4 Ryzen 7000 Series Memory Overclocking And Configuration Details"
740:
722:
659:
465:
137:
flash RAM) technology—a wider range of RAM speeds on a common CPU bus than any Intel
113:
649:
1773:
755:
592:
255:
162:
1903:
1753:
1733:
1608:
991:
507:
366:
207:(LVDS) operating at 1.2 V. HyperTransport 2.0 added post-cursor transmitter
28:
20:
228:
always padded to a multiple of 32 bits, regardless of their actual length.
165:" connection, meaning it sends data on both the rising and falling edges of the
2204:
1823:
1748:
1652:
1627:
1101:
410:
362:
315:
277:
154:
HyperTransport comes in four versions—1.x, 2.0, 3.0, and 3.1—which run from 200
138:
64:
1421:
1342:
1315:
2334:
2276:
2163:
2055:
2003:
1986:
1768:
1667:
1657:
1632:
1593:
1096:
490:). Using a reversed instance of the same mechanical connector as a 16-lane
2013:
1956:
1808:
1713:
921:
728:
469:
Connectors from top to bottom: HTX, PCI-Express for riser card, PCI-Express
454:
374:
191:
link to a peripheral device, which allows for a wider interconnect between
166:
120:
109:
2281:
2260:
2178:
2023:
1961:
1936:
1863:
1647:
1642:
1116:
618:
606:
491:
285:
280:, which is different for every type of Intel processor. For instance, a
97:
2100:
940:
series and later use one 16-bit HyperTransport link. AMD Athlon 64 FX (
2134:
1833:
1622:
999:
937:
718:
711:
706:
701:
696:
599:
331:
208:
196:
134:
105:
78:
16:
Computer processor interconnection technology first introduced in 2001
2158:
2148:
2115:
2110:
2045:
1920:
1708:
1693:
1688:
995:
929:
925:
917:
749:
639:
343:
335:
327:
323:
89:
74:
is in charge of promoting and developing HyperTransport technology.
2168:
2105:
1838:
1698:
941:
744:
690:
684:
655:
614:
450:
418:
276:
The primary use for HyperTransport is to replace the Intel-defined
177:
1269:
Holden, Brian; Meschke, Mike; Abu-Lebdeh, Ziad; D'Orfani, Renato.
2301:
2255:
2239:
2065:
1883:
1828:
1763:
1718:
1500:
1121:
955:
945:
933:
675:
394:
370:
319:
1441:"AMD Zen 2 Microarchitecture Analysis: Ryzen 3000 and EPYC Rome"
369:
extension as part of their Direct
Connect Architecture in their
2234:
2125:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
1893:
1783:
1743:
1703:
1268:
671:
665:
503:
439:
435:
224:
184:
173:
93:
2219:
2130:
2229:
2120:
2060:
1998:
1971:
1853:
1803:
1728:
1126:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
987:
632:
545:
431:
188:
681:
nForce
Professional MCPs (Media and Communication Processor)
2224:
2209:
2070:
1981:
1976:
1818:
970:
There has been some marketing confusion between the use of
414:
386:
124:
1045:. The company said the Infinity Fabric would scale from 30
442:) directly support the HyperTransport interface, and have
2173:
1798:
1793:
1549:
959:
645:
551:
542:
499:
358:
Another use for HyperTransport is as an interconnect for
311:
233:
192:
158:
101:
82:
1002:
microprocessors. Hyper-Threading is officially known as
1271:"DUT Connector and Test Environment for HyperTransport"
460:
365:
computers. AMD used HyperTransport with a proprietary
510:, among others, have released HTX compliant systems.
1195:
Emberson, David; Holden, Brian (December 12, 2007).
400:
47:, is a technology for interconnection of computer
389:server CPUs is a superset of HyperTransport. The
2332:
998:-based and the newer Nehalem and Westmere-based
1916:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
1061:GPUs which were subsequently released in 2017.
223:-based, where each packet consists of a set of
123:/s or about 10.4 GB/s and 12.8 GB/s)
100:chipsets. HyperTransport has also been used by
1194:
1152:(Press release). April 2, 2001. Archived from
379:Dual Socket Direct Connect (DSDC) Architecture
353:
1579:
678:series (link between North and South Bridges)
271:
425:
405:HyperTransport can also be used as a bus in
1397:"AMD's CPU-to-GPU Infinity Fabric Detailed"
762:
203:Electrically, HyperTransport is similar to
70:that was introduced on April 2, 2001. The
23:, which is also sometimes abbreviated "HT".
1586:
1572:
1336:
548:and Direct Connect Architecture based CPUs
513:The original HTX standard is limited to 16
260:Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
502:. The initial card for this slot was the
1231:
464:
195:, and a lower bandwidth interconnect to
112:machines, as well as a number of modern
27:
1545:Center of Excellence for HyperTransport
1464:
1438:
1363:
621:) HyperTransport SystemI/O controllers
2333:
1394:
161:to 3.2 GHz. It is also a DDR or "
1567:
1305:
32:Logo of the HyperTransport Consortium
461:Add-on card connector (HTX and HTX3)
382:
77:HyperTransport is best known as the
1548:(in German), Uni HD, archived from
1364:Merritt, Rick (December 13, 2016).
506:InfiniPath InfiniBand HCA. IBM and
314:used HyperTransport to replace the
127:RAM and slower (around 1 GB/s
13:
1465:Killian, Zak (September 1, 2022).
1025:
536:
214:
205:low-voltage differential signaling
149:
14:
2362:
1487:
1232:Emberson, David (June 25, 2008).
1039:Heterogeneous System Architecture
2317:
2316:
784:Max. aggregate bandwidth (GB/s)
449:AMD started an initiative named
401:Router or switch bus replacement
254:HyperTransport also facilitates
249:
1458:
1432:
1414:
266:
1439:Cutress, Ian (June 10, 2019).
1395:Alcorn, Paul (March 5, 2020).
1388:
1366:"AMD Clocks Ryzen at 3.4 GHz+"
1357:
1330:
1299:
1262:
1225:
1188:
1160:
1138:
982:ransport and the later use of
958:150, nForce3 Pro 150, and the
1:
1911:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
1132:
350:families of microprocessors.
1889:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
1879:Direct Media Interface (DMI)
1422:"Infinity Fabric (IF) - AMD"
1107:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
258:as it is compliant with the
187:link to another CPU and one
7:
1243:. p. 4. Archived from
1206:. p. 4. Archived from
1112:List of interface bit rates
1085:
1041:), an arrangement known as
354:Multiprocessor interconnect
144:
10:
2367:
1874:Compute Express Link (CXL)
1528:"Technical Specifications"
528:
272:Front-side bus replacement
18:
2310:
2269:
2248:
2197:
2111:IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
2033:
2026:logical device interface)
1929:
1681:
1615:
1496:HyperTransport Consortium
1278:HyperTransport Consortium
1241:HyperTransport Consortium
1204:HyperTransport Consortium
1175:HyperTransport Consortium
1150:HyperTransport Consortium
1053:GB/s, and be used in the
783:
780:
777:
774:
769:
426:Co-processor interconnect
284:cannot be plugged into a
72:HyperTransport Consortium
51:. It is a bidirectional
763:Frequency specifications
650:PowerPC 970 northbridges
86:central processing units
45:Lightning Data Transport
19:Not to be confused with
1339:"AMD_presentation_EPYC"
1306:Apple (June 25, 2003).
965:
795:32-bit unidirectional*
1673:List of bus bandwidths
1499:(home), archived from
792:16-bit unidirectional
635:QuantumFlow Processors
470:
381:) line of processors.
33:
1092:Elastic interface bus
1043:Infinity Architecture
642:project (MPL licence)
468:
263:management policies.
239:uniform memory access
43:), formerly known as
31:
2116:IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
1854:PCI Extended (PCI-X)
1287:on September 3, 2006
1234:"HTX3 specification"
1156:on October 10, 2006.
752:TM8000 Efficeon CPUs
243:direct memory access
130:similar to high end
2346:Macintosh internals
1957:Parallel ATA (PATA)
1552:on October 29, 2008
1308:"WWDC 2003 Keynote"
1197:"HTX specification"
648:CPC925 and CPC945 (
96:and the associated
68:point-to-point link
1864:PCI Express (PCIe)
1538:on August 22, 2008
1503:on August 22, 2008
1345:on August 21, 2017
778:Max. HT frequency
758:chipsets K8 series
607:Radeon Xpress 3200
471:
391:HORUS interconnect
219:HyperTransport is
34:
2328:
2327:
2314:
2041:Apple Desktop Bus
2018:PCI Express (via
1977:Serial ATA (SATA)
1663:Network on a chip
1376:on August 8, 2019
1184:on July 16, 2011.
914:
913:
736:Thread Processors
712:nForce 900 series
707:nForce 700 series
702:nForce 600 series
697:nForce 500 series
609:for AMD processor
602:for AMD processor
600:Radeon Xpress 200
2358:
2320:
2319:
2312:
1774:HP Precision Bus
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1539:
1534:, archived from
1522:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1372:. Archived from
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:. Archived from
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1314:. Archived from
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1280:. Archived from
1275:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:on March 8, 2012
1249:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1213:on March 8, 2012
1212:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1177:. Archived from
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1142:
1057:-based CPUs and
1052:
1048:
994:feature on some
952:
920:, Athlon 64 FX,
781:Max. link width
767:
766:
668:nForce chipsets
520:
516:
256:power management
163:double data rate
157:
81:architecture of
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2265:
2244:
2193:
2106:IEEE-488 (GPIB)
2029:
1925:
1904:Infinity Fabric
1734:Europe Card Bus
1677:
1611:
1592:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1526:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1318:on July 8, 2012
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1088:
1050:
1046:
1031:Infinity Fabric
1028:
1026:Infinity Fabric
992:Hyper-Threading
968:
950:
789:bi-directional
771:
765:
638:ht_tunnel from
557:AMD-8000 series
539:
537:Implementations
531:
518:
514:
463:
428:
403:
383:Infinity Fabric
367:cache coherency
356:
274:
269:
252:
217:
215:Packet-oriented
155:
152:
150:Links and rates
147:
24:
21:Hyper-Threading
17:
12:
11:
5:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Computer buses
2326:
2325:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Intel HD Audio
2212:
2207:
2205:ADAT Lightpipe
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
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1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
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1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1899:HyperTransport
1896:
1891:
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1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Bus contention
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Front-side bus
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:computer buses
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1540:
1532:HyperTransport
1524:
1520:HyperTransport
1512:
1489:
1488:External links
1486:
1484:
1483:
1457:
1431:
1413:
1401:Tom's Hardware
1387:
1356:
1329:
1298:
1261:
1224:
1187:
1159:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Front-side bus
1099:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1027:
1024:
967:
964:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
866:
865:
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859:
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843:
842:
839:
836:
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830:
827:
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819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:HyperTransport
764:
761:
760:
759:
753:
747:
737:
731:
726:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
682:
679:
663:
653:
643:
636:
630:
629:
628:
625:
612:
611:
610:
603:
590:
589:
588:
586:AMD 900 series
583:
581:AMD 800 series
578:
576:AMD 700 series
573:
571:AMD 690 series
568:
566:AMD 580 series
563:
561:AMD 480 series
558:
549:
538:
535:
530:
527:
498:to the system
462:
459:
427:
424:
402:
399:
385:used with the
363:multiprocessor
355:
352:
316:front-side bus
278:front-side bus
273:
270:
268:
265:
251:
248:
216:
213:
151:
148:
146:
143:
139:front-side bus
37:HyperTransport
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2363:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2323:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Multidrop bus
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:External PCIe
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Parallel SCSI
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Commodore bus
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Fibre Channel
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Plug and play
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Bus mastering
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Back-side bus
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Fibre Channel
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1020:HT Technology
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:referring to
973:
963:
961:
957:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:, Athlon X2,
923:
919:
909:
906:
903:
900:
898:3.2 GHz
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
875:2.6 GHz
874:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
852:1.4 GHz
851:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
834:
831:
829:800 MHz
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
806:800 MHz
805:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
787:
768:
757:
754:
751:
748:
746:
742:
738:
735:
732:
730:
727:
724:
720:
717:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
669:
667:
664:
661:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
641:
637:
634:
631:
626:
623:
622:
620:
616:
613:
608:
604:
601:
597:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
555:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
534:
526:
522:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
467:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
264:
261:
257:
250:Power-managed
247:
244:
240:
235:
229:
226:
222:
212:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
142:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
22:
2351:Serial buses
1898:
1809:TURBOchannel
1599:
1556:September 4,
1554:, retrieved
1550:the original
1544:
1536:the original
1531:
1519:
1516:"Technology"
1505:, retrieved
1501:the original
1495:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1460:
1450:November 12,
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1406:November 12,
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:the original
1369:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1311:
1301:
1291:November 12,
1289:. Retrieved
1282:the original
1277:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1245:the original
1240:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1190:
1179:the original
1174:
1162:
1154:the original
1149:
1140:
1063:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
986:to refer to
983:
979:
975:
971:
969:
922:Athlon 64 X2
915:
729:Power Mac G5
532:
523:
517:bits and 800
512:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
455:coprocessors
448:
429:
404:
375:Athlon 64 FX
357:
310:
306:
299:
293:
275:
267:Applications
253:
230:
218:
202:
182:
171:
167:clock signal
153:
118:
110:Power Mac G5
88:(CPUs) from
76:
44:
40:
36:
35:
25:
2282:CoreConnect
2261:ExpressCard
2189:Thunderbolt
2179:Camera Link
1962:Bus and Tag
1648:Address bus
1643:Control bus
1638:Daisy chain
1507:November 2,
1471:HotHardware
1380:January 17,
1322:October 16,
1217:January 30,
1117:PCI Express
1064:On Zen and
1049:GB/s to 512
1014:echnology (
619:ServerWorks
492:PCI Express
301:southbridge
295:northbridge
286:PCI Express
241:traffic or
197:peripherals
98:motherboard
2335:Categories
2135:ACCESS.bus
2034:Peripheral
1834:InfiniBand
1829:HP GSC bus
1623:System bus
1254:August 17,
1168:"Overview"
1133:References
1000:Intel Core
928:, Phenom,
743:CPUs from
719:PMC-Sierra
652:) chipsets
482:ransport e
332:Sempron 64
209:deemphasis
135:ULLtraDIMM
79:system bus
49:processors
2096:Lightning
2046:Atari SIO
1921:SpaceWire
1754:Zorro III
1694:S-100 bus
1689:SS-50 bus
1682:Standards
1602:standards
1595:Technical
1445:AnandTech
1010:hreading
996:Pentium 4
930:Phenom II
926:Athlon II
918:Athlon 64
750:Transmeta
721:RM9000X2
662:processor
640:OpenCores
595:chipsets
554:chipsets
486:pansion (
344:Phenom II
336:Turion 64
328:Athlon II
324:Athlon 64
318:in their
132:PCIe SSDs
116:systems.
90:Athlon 64
61:bandwidth
2322:Category
2297:Wishbone
2270:Embedded
2249:Portable
2169:Profibus
2101:DMX512-A
1987:Parallel
1839:Ethernet
1749:Zorro II
1699:Multibus
1600:de facto
1476:April 4,
1426:WikiChip
1370:EE Times
1086:See also
772:version
745:Broadcom
691:nForce 4
685:nForce 3
656:Loongson
615:Broadcom
451:Torrenza
444:IP Cores
419:Ethernet
411:switches
145:Overview
108:for the
92:through
57:parallel
2302:SLIMbus
2256:PC Card
2240:TOSLINK
1930:Storage
1884:RapidIO
1764:FASTBUS
1719:STD Bus
1616:General
1349:May 24,
1312:YouTube
1122:RapidIO
956:nForce3
946:Opteron
934:Sempron
901:32-bit
878:32-bit
855:32-bit
832:32-bit
809:32-bit
739:SiByte
676:nForce2
627:HT-2100
624:HT-2000
529:Testing
407:routers
395:Newisys
371:Opteron
320:Opteron
282:Pentium
65:latency
2235:S/PDIF
2126:1-Wire
2091:RS-485
2086:RS-423
2081:RS-422
2076:RS-232
1937:ST-506
1894:NVLink
1744:STEbus
1704:Unibus
1051:
1047:
951:
938:Turion
916:* AMD
693:series
687:series
672:nForce
666:Nvidia
617:(then
519:
515:
504:QLogic
440:Xilinx
436:Altera
340:Phenom
225:32-bit
221:packet
185:16-bit
174:32-bit
156:
94:AMD FX
63:, low-
53:serial
2230:McASP
2198:Audio
2143:SMBus
2139:PMBus
2121:UNI/O
2061:HP-IL
2014:SATAe
1999:ESCON
1972:HIPPI
1804:NuBus
1759:CAMAC
1729:Q-Bus
1724:SMBus
1709:VAXBI
1606:wired
1337:AMD.
1285:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
1237:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
1127:AGESA
1080:Zen 4
1075:Zen 3
1071:Zen 2
1018:) or
1006:yper-
988:Intel
910:25.6
907:12.8
904:51.2
895:2008
887:20.8
884:10.4
881:41.6
872:2006
864:11.2
858:22.4
849:2004
835:12.8
826:2002
812:12.8
803:2001
775:Year
633:Cisco
546:AMD64
521:MHz.
432:FPGAs
393:from
189:8-bit
106:Apple
59:high-
2287:AMBA
2225:MADI
2210:AES3
2071:MIDI
2024:NVMe
2020:AHCI
1982:SCSI
1967:DSSI
1942:ESDI
1819:SBus
1779:EISA
1714:MBus
1604:for
1597:and
1558:2008
1509:2002
1478:2024
1452:2022
1408:2022
1382:2017
1351:2017
1324:2009
1293:2022
1256:2008
1219:2008
1073:and
1066:Zen+
1059:Vega
978:yper
966:Name
942:1207
892:3.1
869:3.0
861:5.6
846:2.0
841:6.4
838:3.2
823:1.1
818:6.4
815:3.2
800:1.0
741:MIPS
734:Raza
723:MIPS
674:and
660:MIPS
605:ATI
598:ATI
478:yper
438:and
415:Mbit
409:and
387:EPYC
373:and
360:NUMA
346:and
298:and
193:CPUs
125:DDR4
114:MIPS
104:and
2291:AXI
2220:I²S
2174:USB
2159:D²B
2154:SPI
2149:I3C
2131:I²C
2066:HIL
2051:DCB
2022:or
2009:SSA
1992:SAS
1952:SMD
1947:IPI
1869:AGP
1859:PXI
1849:PCI
1844:UPA
1824:VLB
1814:MCA
1799:VPX
1794:VXS
1789:VXI
1784:VME
1769:LPC
1739:ISA
1055:Zen
1016:HTT
990:'s
960:ULi
949:2.0
944:),
756:VIA
725:CPU
658:-3
646:IBM
593:ATI
552:AMD
543:AMD
500:RAM
496:DMA
488:HTX
417:/s
312:AMD
290:AGP
234:I/O
159:MHz
102:IBM
83:AMD
2337::
2141:,
2137:,
1530:,
1518:,
1469:.
1443:.
1424:.
1399:.
1368:.
1310:.
1276:.
1239:.
1202:.
1173:.
1148:.
1035:IF
984:HT
972:HT
936:,
932:,
508:HP
348:FX
342:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
326:,
322:,
304:.
178:GB
121:MT
41:HT
2293:)
2289:(
2145:)
2133:(
1587:e
1580:t
1573:v
1523:.
1480:.
1454:.
1428:.
1410:.
1384:.
1353:.
1326:.
1295:.
1258:.
1221:.
1033:(
1012:T
1008:T
1004:H
980:T
976:H
484:X
480:T
476:H
377:(
55:/
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
