183:
124:
2145:
2061:
25:
348:
233:
which groups 2 bits at a time into a single symbol, and several symbols are still sent one at the time. This replaces PAM2 or non return to zero (NRZ) which only sends one bit at a time, or in other words one bit per symbol. The symbols are sent at a speed known as the symbol rate or the baud rate.
433:
Although a serial link may seem inferior to a parallel one, since it can transmit less data per clock cycle, it is often the case that serial links can be clocked considerably faster than parallel links in order to achieve a higher data rate. Several factors allow serial to be clocked at a higher
425:
The communication links, across which computers (or parts of computers) talk to one another, may be either serial or parallel. A parallel link transmits several streams of data simultaneously along multiple channels (e.g., wires, printed circuit tracks, or optical fibers); whereas, a serial link
465:
which allowed for the incorporation of SerDes in integrated circuits. An electrical serial link only requires a pair of wires, whereas a parallel link requires several. Thus serial links can save on costs (also known as the
376:
are more expensive when they have more pins. To reduce the number of pins in a package, many ICs use a serial bus to transfer data when speed is not important. Some examples of such low-cost lower-speed serial buses include
249:
Practically all long-distance communication transmits data one bit at a time, rather than in parallel, because it reduces the cost of the cable. The cables that carry this data (other than "the" serial cable) and the
448:
A serial connection requires fewer interconnecting cables (e.g., wires/fibers) and hence occupies less space. The extra space allows for better isolation of the channel from its surroundings.
1057:
474:
uses length-matched wires or conductors and are used in high speed serial links. Length-matching is easier to perform on serial links as they require fewer conductors.
210:
and transmission speeds in newer serial technologies have begun to outweigh the parallel bus's advantage of simplicity (no need for serializer and deserializer, or
725:
894:
457:
Budgets for power use, power dissipation, cable cost, component cost, IC die area, PC board area, ESD protection, etc. can be focused on a single link.
834:
430:
to the 8-bit or 16-bit registry addresses at a time where mapping direct data lanes was more convenient and faster than synchronizing data serially.
963:
1243:
Modern
Computer Architecture and Organization: Learn x86, ARM, and RISC-V architectures and the design of smartphones, PCS, and cloud servers
1190:
Modern
Computer Architecture and Organization: Learn x86, ARM, and RISC-V architectures and the design of smartphones, PCS, and cloud servers
1214:
948:
880:
206:
difficulties make parallel communication impractical. Serial computer buses have become more common even at shorter distances, as improved
2056:
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
781:
1501:
2029:
1109:
1658:
89:
1521:
982:
812:
242:
Many serial communication systems were originally designed to transfer data over relatively large distances through some sort of
61:
1286:
229:
Modern high speed serial interfaces such as PCIe send data several bits at a time using modulation/encoding techniques such as
2095:
1328:
382:
1251:
1224:
1198:
1147:
1040:
1014:
918:
820:
42:
68:
1709:
1380:
1415:
1762:
1601:
1531:
910:
Handbook of Serial
Communications Interfaces: A Comprehensive Compendium of Serial Digital Input/Output (I/O) Standards
908:
186:
Standard character structure for asynchronous data communication consisting of 10 elements for a 7-bit ASCII character
75:
2388:
2289:
1591:
1137:
720:
563:
503:
442:
219:
108:
481:
have serial interfaces, as opposed to parallel ones, so that they have fewer pins and are therefore less expensive.
2187:
2172:
1689:
776:
1030:
934:
766:
674:
426:
transmits only a single stream of data. The rationale for parallel communication was the added benefit of having
386:
57:
2177:
2167:
1004:
2294:
1481:
662:
46:
2033:
1684:
1653:
1123:
2223:
1306:
2263:
1631:
1166:
750:
803:
143:
is received first via serial transmission. All bits are received simultaneously via parallel transmission.
1957:
1896:
1751:
182:
1058:"Design Space Exploration of Single-Lane OFDM-Based Serial Links for High-Speed Wireline Communications"
2345:
2088:
1556:
1321:
860:
1926:
1095:
1611:
756:
251:
191:
362:
Many communication systems were generally designed to connect two integrated circuits on the same
82:
2335:
2064:
2039:
1931:
1586:
471:
35:
2340:
1296:
861:"Final PCIe 6.0 specs unleashed: 64 GTps link speed incoming... with products to follow in 2023"
1621:
745:
176:
2073:
2383:
2351:
2081:
1885:
1838:
1694:
1466:
1314:
363:
168:
1270:
2330:
2233:
1881:
1734:
1616:
1006:
Advanced DSP Techniques for High-Capacity and Energy-Efficient
Optical Fiber Communications
689:
647:
427:
324:
316:
8:
2362:
2243:
2203:
1793:
1348:
297:
123:
1337:
478:
373:
254:
they plug into are usually referred to with a more specific name, to reduce confusion.
1301:
2228:
2144:
2119:
1783:
1405:
1341:
1247:
1220:
1194:
1143:
1077:
1036:
1010:
914:
826:
816:
735:
467:
262:
152:
148:
179:, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.
2258:
2124:
1516:
1069:
207:
199:
195:
1291:
2253:
2182:
1646:
1496:
1476:
1351:
1241:
1188:
203:
895:"PCIe 5.0 is just beginning to come to new PCS, but version 6.0 is already here"
2325:
2268:
2248:
2238:
2162:
2134:
1947:
1641:
1566:
1491:
1395:
1370:
1073:
652:
554:
462:
289:
935:"PAM4: For Better and Worse | 2019-02-26 | Signal Integrity Journal"
2377:
2129:
2019:
1906:
1798:
1746:
1729:
1511:
1410:
1400:
1375:
1336:
1081:
881:"PCIe 7.0 Draft 0.5 Spec Available: 512 GB/S over PCIe x16 on Track for 2025"
538:
328:
320:
1756:
1699:
1551:
1456:
983:"PAM4 Signaling in High-Speed Serial Technology: Test, Analysis, and Debug"
865:
730:
581:
367:
172:
1276:
311:
Other such cables and ports, transmitting data one bit at a time, include
2104:
2024:
2003:
1921:
1766:
1704:
1679:
1606:
1390:
1385:
771:
761:
740:
608:
594:
414:
257:
Keyboard and mouse cables and ports are almost invariably serial—such as
223:
1843:
1877:
1576:
1365:
642:
589:
586:
559:
438:
312:
273:
243:
215:
2154:
1901:
1891:
1858:
1853:
1788:
1663:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1281:
989:
683:
679:
668:
521:
497:
491:
454:
is less of an issue, because there are fewer conductors in proximity.
451:
293:
285:
258:
24:
2320:
2310:
1911:
1848:
1581:
1441:
1110:"Advantages of PAM4 modulation | Disadvantages PAM4 signaling"
599:
544:
533:
445:
links). This can be caused by mismatched wire or conductor lengths.
332:
301:
272:
The cables that carry digital video are also mostly serial—such as
477:
In many cases, serial is cheaper to implement than parallel. Many
2044:
1998:
1982:
1808:
1626:
1571:
1506:
1461:
509:
390:
830:
2273:
2103:
1977:
1868:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1636:
1526:
1486:
1446:
701:
637:
631:
625:
620:
614:
604:
527:
515:
402:
378:
351:
347:
281:
277:
211:
1962:
1873:
569:
541:(high-speed, for connecting computers to mass storage devices)
500:(Joe Decuir credits his work on Atari SIO as the basis of USB)
394:
1972:
1863:
1803:
1741:
1714:
1596:
1546:
1471:
695:
686:
and variants (high speed telecommunication over copper pairs)
658:
398:
355:
965:
PAM4 Signaling for 56G Serial Link
Applications − A Tutorial
461:
The transition from parallel to serial buses was allowed by
2315:
2218:
2213:
2208:
1967:
1952:
1813:
1724:
1719:
1561:
575:
549:
410:
336:
305:
230:
160:
441:
between different channels is not an issue (for unclocked
1916:
1541:
1536:
715:
406:
266:
164:
131:. Standard bit sequence is least-significant-bit-first (D
518:
Used in the money transaction and point-of-sale industry
1124:"Generate PAM4 signals for receiver compliance testing"
962:
Zhang, Hongtao; Jiao, Brandon; Liao, Yu; Zhang, Geoff.
726:
Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling
1174:
1161:
1159:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1287:Visual studio 2008 coding for Serial communication
665:(high speed telecommunication over optical fibers)
1156:
1096:"Eye diagrams: The tool for serial data analysis"
562:(very high speed, broadly comparable in scope to
127:Serial and parallel data transmission of 01001011
2375:
1659:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
811:. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.).
961:
2089:
1322:
805:Coded Character Sets, History and Development
795:
370:on that board (rather than external cables).
484:
218:, interconnect density). The migration from
1239:
1186:
1003:Pan, Zhongqi; Yue, Yang (3 December 2019).
782:Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
655:with serial-in and serial-out configuration
2096:
2082:
1329:
1315:
1062:IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems
801:
692:(for connecting peripherals to computers)
578:control of electronic musical instruments
420:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1277:Serial interfaces listing (with pinouts)
1035:. John Wiley & Sons. 4 August 2020.
858:
346:
181:
122:
1240:Ledin, Jim; Farley, Dave (4 May 2022).
1187:Ledin, Jim; Farley, Dave (4 May 2022).
813:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
506:BSC - Binary Synchronous Communications
2376:
2188:Differential Manchester/biphase (Bi-φ)
1271:Serial Interface Tutorial for Robotics
1002:
327:using previously reserved pins of the
2168:Non-return-to-zero, level (NRZ/NRZ-L)
2077:
1310:
1292:Introduction to I²C and SPI protocols
214:) and to outstrip its disadvantages (
190:Serial communication is used for all
2173:Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZ-I)
524:industrial camera protocol over Coax
405:. Higher-speed serial buses include
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1055:
1032:Essentials of Modern Communications
13:
1273:(contains many practical examples)
14:
2400:
2290:Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero
2178:Non-return-to-zero, space (NRZ-S)
1297:Serial communication introduction
1264:
859:Robinson, Dan (12 January 2022).
840:from the original on May 26, 2016
721:Asynchronous serial communication
504:Binary Synchronous Communications
443:asynchronous serial communication
2143:
2060:
2059:
1302:Serial Port Programming in Linux
777:Synchronous serial communication
671:Spacecraft communication network
628:multidrop multimaster serial bus
512:Control Area Network Vehicle Bus
167:at a time, sequentially, over a
23:
2107:(digital baseband transmission)
1233:
1207:
1180:
1139:Complex Digital Hardware Design
1130:
1116:
1102:
1088:
1049:
1023:
996:
767:Serial Peripheral Interface Bus
342:
304:, digital telephone lines (ex.
34:needs additional citations for
2295:Alternate-phase return-to-zero
975:
955:
941:
927:
901:
887:
873:
852:
802:Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980).
530:control of theatrical lighting
319:, Ethernet cable plugged into
1:
1654:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
788:
2264:Eight-to-fourteen modulation
1632:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
1622:Direct Media Interface (DMI)
1216:The Boundary — Scan Handbook
751:High-Level Data Link Control
7:
709:
607:(low-speed, implemented by
284:plugged into a USB port or
10:
2405:
2346:Pulse-amplitude modulation
1617:Compute Express Link (CXL)
1219:. Springer. 30 June 2003.
1074:10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3189550
1056:Kim, Gain (January 2022).
913:. Newnes. 21 August 2015.
634:industrial sensor protocol
494:Avionics Digital Video Bus
159:is the process of sending
2303:
2282:
2196:
2152:
2141:
2112:
2053:
2012:
1991:
1940:
1854:IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
1776:
1769:logical device interface)
1672:
1424:
1358:
1142:. CRC Press. 9 May 2024.
757:List of device bandwidths
485:Examples of architectures
237:
175:. This is in contrast to
2389:Physical layer protocols
2341:Pulse modulation methods
2224:Alternate mark inversion
2336:Ethernet physical layer
472:Differential signalling
192:long-haul communication
1416:List of bus bandwidths
746:Federal Standard 1037C
421:Serial versus parallel
359:
226:(PCIe) is an example.
187:
177:parallel communication
144:
139:in ascending order). D
58:"Serial communication"
2352:Pulse-code modulation
2269:Delay/Miller encoding
364:printed circuit board
350:
185:
169:communication channel
126:
16:Type of data transfer
2358:Serial communication
2331:Digital transmission
2234:Coded mark inversion
1859:IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
1597:PCI Extended (PCI-X)
1246:. Packt Publishing.
1193:. Packt Publishing.
1126:. 20 September 2016.
988:(application note).
704:multidrop serial bus
698:multidrop serial bus
690:Universal Serial Bus
648:Serial Attached SCSI
617:multidrop serial bus
572:multidrop serial bus
428:Direct Memory Access
325:Display Data Channel
198:, where the cost of
157:serial communication
43:improve this article
2363:Category:Line codes
2244:Hybrid ternary code
2204:Conditioned diphase
2197:Extended line codes
2163:Return to zero (RZ)
1700:Parallel ATA (PATA)
374:Integrated circuits
298:Power over Ethernet
2283:Optical line codes
1607:PCI Express (PCIe)
1282:Wiki: Serial Ports
897:. 12 January 2022.
815:pp. 247–253.
360:
188:
145:
2371:
2370:
2229:Modified AMI code
2120:Unipolar encoding
2071:
2070:
2057:
1784:Apple Desktop Bus
1761:PCI Express (via
1720:Serial ATA (SATA)
1406:Network on a chip
1253:978-1-80323-823-4
1226:978-1-4020-7496-7
1200:978-1-80323-823-4
1149:978-1-040-01179-9
1042:978-1-119-52149-5
1016:978-3-03921-792-2
971:. DesignCon 2016.
949:"PAM-4 Signaling"
920:978-0-12-800671-9
822:978-0-201-14460-4
736:Data transmission
468:Bill of Materials
263:Apple Desktop Bus
196:computer networks
153:data transmission
149:telecommunication
119:
118:
111:
93:
2396:
2259:64b/66b encoding
2147:
2125:Bipolar encoding
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2062:
2055:
1517:HP Precision Bus
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1258:
1257:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1000:
994:
993:
987:
979:
973:
972:
970:
959:
953:
952:
945:
939:
938:
931:
925:
924:
905:
899:
898:
891:
885:
884:
877:
871:
870:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
839:
810:
799:
208:signal integrity
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2299:
2278:
2254:8b/10b encoding
2192:
2148:
2139:
2108:
2102:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2008:
1987:
1936:
1849:IEEE-488 (GPIB)
1772:
1668:
1647:Infinity Fabric
1477:Europe Card Bus
1420:
1354:
1335:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1068:(1). Figure 2.
1054:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1001:
997:
985:
981:
980:
976:
968:
960:
956:
947:
946:
942:
933:
932:
928:
921:
907:
906:
902:
893:
892:
888:
879:
878:
874:
857:
853:
843:
841:
837:
823:
808:
800:
796:
791:
712:
707:
582:MIL-STD-1553A/B
487:
423:
366:, connected by
345:
276:plugged into a
240:
204:synchronization
142:
138:
134:
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Digital signal
2323:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:6b/8b encoding
2246:
2241:
2239:MLT-3 encoding
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2135:Mark and space
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Intel HD Audio
1955:
1950:
1948:ADAT Lightpipe
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1642:HyperTransport
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Bus contention
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Front-side bus
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:computer buses
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1265:External links
1263:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1232:
1225:
1206:
1199:
1179:
1155:
1148:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1098:. 4 June 2019.
1087:
1048:
1041:
1022:
1015:
995:
974:
954:
940:
926:
919:
900:
886:
872:
851:
821:
793:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
711:
708:
706:
705:
699:
693:
687:
677:
672:
666:
656:
653:Shift Register
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
623:
618:
612:
602:
597:
592:
584:
579:
573:
567:
557:
555:HyperTransport
552:
547:
542:
536:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
488:
486:
483:
459:
458:
455:
449:
446:
422:
419:
358:DB-25 variant)
344:
341:
321:Ethernet ports
292:connecting an
290:Ethernet cable
252:computer ports
239:
236:
140:
136:
132:
128:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:On-off keying
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:Main articles
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Multidrop bus
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:External PCIe
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Parallel SCSI
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Commodore bus
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Fibre Channel
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Plug and play
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Bus mastering
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Back-side bus
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1007:
999:
991:
984:
978:
967:
966:
958:
950:
944:
936:
930:
922:
916:
912:
911:
904:
896:
890:
882:
876:
868:
867:
862:
855:
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:
814:
807:
806:
798:
794:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
540:
539:Fibre Channel
537:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
482:
480:
475:
473:
469:
464:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
437:
436:
435:
431:
429:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
369:
368:signal traces
365:
357:
353:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:VGA connector
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:FireWire port
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
247:
245:
235:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2384:Serial buses
2357:
2307:
1552:TURBOchannel
1342:
1242:
1235:
1215:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1167:"Lecture 24"
1138:
1132:
1118:
1104:
1090:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1031:
1025:
1005:
998:
977:
964:
957:
943:
929:
909:
903:
889:
875:
866:The Register
864:
854:
844:December 29,
842:. Retrieved
804:
797:
731:Computer bus
609:serial ports
476:
460:
432:
424:
372:
361:
343:Serial buses
310:
271:
256:
248:
241:
228:
189:
173:computer bus
156:
146:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2105:Line coding
2025:CoreConnect
2004:ExpressCard
1932:Thunderbolt
1922:Camera Link
1705:Bus and Tag
1391:Address bus
1386:Control bus
1381:Daisy chain
772:Serial port
762:MIL-STD-188
741:Eye pattern
595:PCI Express
463:Moore's law
415:PCI Express
354:connector (
317:Serial SCSI
224:PCI Express
99:August 2019
2378:Categories
2183:Manchester
2155:line codes
1878:ACCESS.bus
1777:Peripheral
1577:InfiniBand
1572:HP GSC bus
1366:System bus
789:References
643:Serial ATA
590:telegraphy
587:Morse code
560:InfiniBand
439:Clock skew
313:Serial ATA
274:coax cable
244:data cable
216:clock skew
69:newspapers
2308:See also:
1839:Lightning
1789:Atari SIO
1664:SpaceWire
1497:Zorro III
1437:S-100 bus
1432:SS-50 bus
1425:Standards
1345:standards
1338:Technical
1082:2644-1225
990:Tektronix
669:SpaceWire
522:CoaXPress
498:Atari SIO
492:ARINC 818
452:Crosstalk
294:IP camera
259:PS/2 port
194:and most
2321:Bit rate
2311:Baseband
2065:Category
2040:Wishbone
2013:Embedded
1992:Portable
1912:Profibus
1844:DMX512-A
1730:Parallel
1582:Ethernet
1492:Zorro II
1442:Multibus
1343:de facto
835:Archived
831:77-90165
710:See also
600:Profibus
545:FireWire
534:Ethernet
333:DVI port
308:), etc.
302:FPD-Link
280:port, a
2045:SLIMbus
1999:PC Card
1983:TOSLINK
1673:Storage
1627:RapidIO
1507:FASTBUS
1462:STD Bus
1359:General
391:CAN bus
335:or the
331:or the
83:scholar
2274:TC-PAM
2153:Basic
1978:S/PDIF
1869:1-Wire
1834:RS-485
1829:RS-423
1824:RS-422
1819:RS-232
1680:ST-506
1637:NVLink
1487:STEbus
1447:Unibus
1250:
1223:
1197:
1146:
1080:
1039:
1013:
917:
829:
819:
784:(UART)
753:(HDLC)
702:1-Wire
638:SERCOM
632:SDI-12
626:RS-485
621:RS-423
615:RS-422
605:RS-232
528:DMX512
516:ccTalk
434:rate:
403:1-Wire
401:, and
379:RS-232
352:RS-232
339:port.
323:, the
300:port,
282:webcam
278:HD-SDI
238:Cables
212:SerDes
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2354:(PCM)
2348:(PAM)
1973:McASP
1941:Audio
1886:SMBus
1882:PMBus
1864:UNI/O
1804:HP-IL
1757:SATAe
1742:ESCON
1715:HIPPI
1547:NuBus
1502:CAMAC
1472:Q-Bus
1467:SMBus
1452:VAXBI
1349:wired
1170:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
969:(PDF)
838:(PDF)
809:(PDF)
696:UNI/O
659:SONET
399:UNI/O
356:D-Sub
296:to a
200:cable
90:JSTOR
76:books
2316:Baud
2219:2B1Q
2214:4B5B
2209:4B3T
2030:AMBA
1968:MADI
1953:AES3
1814:MIDI
1767:NVMe
1763:AHCI
1725:SCSI
1710:DSSI
1685:ESDI
1562:SBus
1522:EISA
1457:MBus
1347:for
1340:and
1248:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1078:ISSN
1037:ISBN
1011:ISBN
915:ISBN
846:2022
827:LCCN
817:ISBN
661:and
576:MIDI
550:HDMI
413:and
411:SATA
383:DALI
337:HDMI
306:ISDN
265:and
231:PAM4
202:and
163:one
161:data
151:and
135:to D
62:news
2034:AXI
1963:I²S
1917:USB
1902:D²B
1897:SPI
1892:I3C
1874:I²C
1809:HIL
1794:DCB
1765:or
1752:SSA
1735:SAS
1695:SMD
1690:IPI
1612:AGP
1602:PXI
1592:PCI
1587:UPA
1567:VLB
1557:MCA
1542:VPX
1537:VXS
1532:VXI
1527:VME
1512:LPC
1482:ISA
1070:doi
716:8N1
684:E-1
680:T-1
675:SPI
663:SDH
570:I²C
564:PCI
510:CAN
479:ICs
470:).
407:USB
395:I²C
387:SPI
267:USB
222:to
220:PCI
171:or
165:bit
147:In
45:by
2380::
1884:,
1880:,
1172:.
1158:^
1076:.
1064:.
1060:.
1009:.
863:.
833:.
825:.
682:,
417:.
409:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
315:,
288:,
269:.
261:,
246:.
155:,
2097:e
2090:t
2083:v
2036:)
2032:(
1888:)
1876:(
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1256:.
1229:.
1203:.
1176:.
1152:.
1112:.
1084:.
1072::
1066:3
1045:.
1019:.
992:.
951:.
937:.
923:.
883:.
869:.
848:.
611:)
566:)
141:0
137:7
133:0
129:2
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
