Hyperloop - Knowledge

1419:. The TUM Hyperloop team had won the latest three competitions in a row, achieving the world record of 463 km/h (288 mph), which is still valid today. The research program has the goals to investigate the technical feasibility by means of a demonstrator, as well as by simulating the economic and technical feasibility of the hyperloop system. The planned 24 meter demonstrator will consist of a tube and the full-size pod. The next steps after completion of the first project phase are the extension to 400 meters to investigate higher speeds. This is planned in the Munich area, in 1404: 1446: 2089: 1127: 2103: 22: 8669: 305: 408: 8913: 477: 1174: 7126: 8414: 1263:

ambient environment. The compression cycle would only contribute 5% of the heat added to the tube, with 95% of the heat attributed to radiation and convection into the tube. The weight and volume penalty of on-board heat exchangers would not be worth the minor benefit, and regardless the steady-state temperature in the tube would only reach 30–40 °F (17–22 °C) above ambient temperature.

643:. Hundreds of thousands of dollars have already been committed to the project. NOACA's Board of Directors has awarded a $ 550,029 contract to Transportation Economics & Management Systems, Inc. (TEMS) for the Great Lakes Hyperloop Feasibility Study to evaluate the feasibility of an ultra-high speed hyperloop passenger and freight transport system initially linking Cleveland and Chicago. 321: 2075: 3727: 3942: 1610:, who stated that "there's no way the economics on that would ever work out." Some critics have argued that, since Hyperloop is designed to carry fewer passengers than typical public train systems, it could make it difficult to price tickets to cover the costs of construction and running. In a study done by the 1464:, for the competitive event in 2016. SpaceX stated in their announcement, "Neither SpaceX nor Elon Musk is affiliated with any Hyperloop companies. While we are not developing a commercial Hyperloop ourselves, we are interested in helping to accelerate development of a functional Hyperloop prototype." 841:, the busiest highway in North America. In March 2019, Transport Canada commissioned a study of hyperloops, so it could be "better informed on the technical, operational, economic, safety, and regulatory aspects of the hyperloop and understand its construction requirements and commercial feasibility." 1646:

Building a successful hyperloop sub-scale demonstration project could reduce the political impediments and improve cost estimates. In 2013, Musk suggested that he might become personally involved in building a demonstration prototype of the hyperloop concept, including funding the development effort.

2062:(AAR), began collaboration to potentially build a full-scale testing facility for Hyperloop technology on the Pueblo Plex campus in Pueblo, Colorado, US. The primary purpose of this facility would be to conduct research and development activities on Swisspod's proprietary Hyperloop propulsion system. 1663:, "The central impediment" to the Hyperloop is that it "would require creating an entire infrastructure. That means constructing miles-long systems of tubes and stations, acquiring rights of way, adhering to government regulations and standards, and avoiding changes to the ecology along its routes." 1590:

writer Alon Levy said, "In reality, an all-elevated system (which is what Musk proposes with the Hyperloop) is a bug rather than a feature. Central Valley land is cheap; pylons are expensive, as can be readily seen by the costs of elevated highways and trains all over the world". Michael Anderson, a

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The second hyperloop pod competition took place from 25 to 27 August 2017. The only judging criteria being top speed provided it is followed by successful deceleration. WARR Hyperloop from the Technical University of Munich won the competition by reaching a top speed of 324 km/h (201 mph).

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experienced by passengers and the necessary deviations from public roads in order to keep the accelerations reasonable; it did highlight that maintaining a trajectory along I-580 east of San Francisco at the planned speeds was not possible without significant deviation into heavily populated areas.

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that every other grand infrastructure project seems doomed to suffer." Hyperloop One estimated that for a loop around the Bay Area the costs were in a range on $ 9 billion to $ 13 billion in total, or from $ 84 million to $ 121 million per mile. For another project in the United Arab Emirates the

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because it would be an expensive, unproven system that is no better than existing technologies such as traditional high-speed rail. Some critics of Hyperloop focus on the experience—possibly unpleasant and frightening—of riding in a narrow, sealed, windowless capsule inside a sealed steel tunnel,

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In January 2015, a paper based on the NASA OpenMDAO open-source model reiterated the need for a larger diameter tube and a reduced cruise speed closer to Mach 0.85. It recommended removing on-board heat exchangers based on thermal models of the interactions between the compressor cycle, tube, and

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According to Musk, hyperloop would be useful on Mars as no tubes would be needed because Mars' atmosphere is about 1% the density of the Earth's at sea level. For the hyperloop concept to work on Earth, low-pressure tubes are required to reduce air resistance. However, if they were to be built on

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In 2018, a concept for creating and using intermodal Hyperloop capsules was presented in an academic journal. After detaching the drive elements, capsules could potentially be used in a way similar to traditional containers for fast transport of goods or individuals. It was further proposed that

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led the development of Pipenet, with a 100 m (110 yd)-long 1.25 m (1.37 yd) diameter prototype system constructed in Italy in 2005, with a vision to use an evacuated tube for moving freight at up to 2,000 km/h (1,200 mph) using linear synchronous motors and magnetic

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software framework released an unfinished, conceptual open-source model of parts of the hyperloop's propulsion system. The team asserted that the model demonstrated the concept's feasibility, although the tube would need to be 13 feet (4 m) in diameter, significantly larger than originally

782:(VHO) to conduct a ground-breaking pre-feasibility study on the use of hyperloop technology for the transport of passengers and cargo. The study will serve as a blueprint for future hyperloop projects and build on the developers long-standing relationship with the kingdom, which has peaked when 199:

and SpaceX worked on the modeling of Musk's Hyperloop concept. An early system conceptual model was published on both the Tesla and SpaceX websites which describes one potential design, function, pathway, and cost of a hyperloop system. In the alpha design, pods were envisioned to accelerate to

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opportunities for industry and stakeholders. The European Hyperloop Center is under constructions and will have a 420-meter test facility including a lane switch and is planned to commence testing in 2024. The total program size is €30 million and it is co-funded with €4.5 million by the Dutch

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A similar problem already affects present-day air travel, where on short routes (like LAX–SFO) the flight time is only a rather small part of door-to-door travel time. Critics have argued that this would significantly reduce the proposed cost and/or time savings of hyperloop as compared to the

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In December 2022 Hyperloop companies Hardt, Hyperloop One, Hyperloop Transport Technologies, Nevomo, Swisspod Technologies, TransPod, and Zeleros formed the Hyperloop Association. The Association's stated aims are to stimulate the development and growth of this emerging new transport market,

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No work has been done on the route proposed in Musk's design; one cited reason is that it would terminate on the fringes of two major metropolitan areas, Los Angeles and San Francisco. This would result in significant cost savings in construction, but require passengers traveling to and from

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would be placed at the nose of the capsule to "actively transfer high-pressure air from the front to the rear of the vessel", resolving the problem of air pressure building in front of the vehicle, slowing it down. A fraction of the air was to be shunted to the skis for additional pressure,

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In July 2021, an experimental European operational Hyperloop testing facility concept was begun. The test tube was made of an aluminum alloy, with a loop diameter of 40 m (130 ft) and 120 m (390 ft) long, built by the Swiss-American startup Swisspod Technologies and the

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projected. However, the team's model is not a true working model of the propulsion system, as it did not account for a wide range of technical factors required to physically construct a hyperloop based on Musk's concept, and in particular had no significant estimations of component weight.

1552:; high noise levels due to air being compressed and ducted around the capsule at near-sonic speeds; and the vibration and jostling. Even if the tube is initially smooth, ground may shift with seismic activity. At high speeds, even minor deviations from a straight path may add considerable 1346:

The Hyperloop Development Program is a public-private partnership of public sector partners, industry parties, and research institutions dedicated to prove the feasibility of hyperloop, test and demonstrate in the European Hyperloop Center Groningen, and identify the future prospects and

1563:, has pointed out problems, such as how a slight misalignment in the tube would be compensated for, and the potential interplay between the air cushion and the low-pressure air. He has also questioned what would happen if the power were to go out when the pod was miles away from a city. 3719: 1983:

was a proposal to run a maglev train in a low-pressure environment. Concessions were granted to Swissmetro in the early 2000s to connect the Swiss cities of St. Gallen, Zurich, Basel, and Geneva. Studies of commercial feasibility reached differing conclusions and the vactrain was never

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The hyperloop alpha concept envisioned operation by sending specially designed "capsules" or "pods" through a steel tube maintained at a partial vacuum. In Musk's original concept, each capsule would float on a 0.02–0.05 in (0.5–1.3 mm) layer of air provided under pressure to

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Others questioned the cost projections for the suggested California route. Some transportation engineers argued in 2013 that they found the alpha-level design cost estimates unrealistically low given the scale of construction and reliance on unproven technology. The technological and

1581:. However, whether this would be truly feasible is a matter of debate. The low profile would reduce tunnel boring requirements and the light weight of the capsules is projected to reduce construction costs over conventional passenger rail. It was asserted that there would be less 1522:

A third hyperloop pod competition took place in July 2018. The defending champions, the WARR Hyperloop team from the Technical University of Munich, beat their own record with a top speed of 457 km/h (284 mph) during their run. The Delft Hyperloop team representing

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In the alpha-level concept, passenger-only pods were to be 7 ft 4 in (2.23 m) in diameter and were projected to reach a top speed of 760 mph (1,220 km/h) to maintain aerodynamic efficiency. The design proposed passengers experience a maximum inertial

735:. The competition will feature a 410-meter hyperloop vacuum tube. After the expected completion by September 2024, this will be one of the longest hyperloop tunnel in the world. An extended variant of the hyperloop (450 m) will also be constructed. The project was funded by 3932: 463:

Several routes have been proposed that meet the distance conditions for which a hyperloop is hypothesized to provide improved transport times: under approximately 1,500 kilometres (930 miles). Route proposals range from speculation described in company releases, to

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border on Russia's Far East. In May 2016, Hyperloop One kicked off their Global Challenge with a call for comprehensive proposals of hyperloop networks around the world. In September 2017, Hyperloop One selected 10 routes from 35 of the strongest proposals:

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specialized airplanes, dedicated high-speed trains, road tractors or watercraft could perform "last mile" transport for solving the problem of fast transportation to centers where hyperloop terminals are locally unavailable or infeasible to be constructed.

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The fourth competition in August 2019 saw the team from the Technical University of Munich, now known as TUM Hyperloop (by NEXT Prototypes e.V.), again winning the competition and beating their own record with a top speed of 463 km/h (288 mph).

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The alpha proposal projected that cost savings compared with conventional rail would come from a combination of several factors. The small profile and elevated nature of the alpha route would enable Hyperloop to be constructed primarily in the median of

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On 19 December 2018, Elon Musk unveiled a 2-mile (3 km) tunnel below Los Angeles. In the presentation, a Tesla Model X drove in a tunnel on the predefined track (rather than in a low-pressure tube). According to Musk, the costs for the system are

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opposition and environmental impact as well due to its small, sealed, elevated profile versus that of a rail easement; however, other commentators contend that a smaller footprint does not guarantee less opposition. In criticizing this assumption,

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from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain. On 29 January 2017, Delft Hyperloop (Delft University of Technology) won the prize for the "best overall design" at the final stage of the SpaceX hyperloop competition, while WARR Hyperloop of the

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project that will serve downtown stations in both San Francisco and Los Angeles. Passengers traveling from financial center to financial center are estimated to save about two hours by taking the Hyperloop instead of driving the whole distance.

348:(airless) or partly evacuated tubes. However, the difficulty of maintaining a vacuum over large distances has prevented this type of system from ever being built. By contrast, the Hyperloop alpha concept was to operate at approximately one 172:. This hypothetical high-speed mode of transportation would have the following characteristics: immunity to weather, collision free, twice the speed of a plane, low power consumption, and energy storage for 24-hour operations. The name 2946: 1567:

physics professor Richard Muller has also expressed concern regarding " novelty and the vulnerability of its tubes, would be a tempting target for terrorists", and that the system could be disrupted by everyday dirt and grime.

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In February 2020, Hardt Hyperloop, Nevomo (formerly Hyper Poland), TransPod and Zeleros formed a consortium to drive standardization efforts, as part of a joint technical committee (JTC20) set up by European standards bodies

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and San Francisco, and any other community beyond Sylmar and Hayward, to transfer to another transportation mode to reach their destination. This would significantly lengthen the total travel time to those destinations.

3689: 138:, reaching a top speed of 172 km/h (107 mph). Swisspod Technologies unveiled a 1:12 scale testing facility in a circular shape to simulate an "infinite" hyperloop trajectory in July 2021 on the EPFL campus at 2869: 1969:. The system worked at near-atmospheric pressure, with the passenger car moved by means of higher pressure air applied to the back of the car while comparatively lower pressure air was maintained in front of the car. 1643:. Because replacing that with a different design would not be straightforward given California's political economy, Texas has been suggested as an alternate for its more amenable political and economic environment. 4531: 266:

An early passenger test of low-speed hyperloop technology was conducted by Virgin Hyperloop by two employees of the company in November 2020, where the unit reached a maximum speed of 172 km/h (107 mph).

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airflow, and that the gap between the tube wall and capsule would need to be larger. Ansys employee Sandeep Sovani said the simulation showed that hyperloop has challenges but that he is convinced it is feasible.

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participate and support institutes in collaborating with government and regulatory agencies on transportation policymaking. The Hyperloop Association is represented by Ben Paczek, CEO and co-founder of Nevomo.

152:, one of the best well-known and well-funded players in the hyperloop space, declared bankruptcy and ceased operations on 31 December 2023. Other companies continue to pursue hyperloop technology development. 1976:

and others. Unlike pneumatic tubes, these do not use pressure for propulsion, but instead utilize a hard vacuum to eliminate drag ahead of the vehicle. The vehicle is both suspended and propelled by magnetic

3578: 6862: 4229: 5651: 3757: 2035:. An initial 2 km (1.2 mi) section was completed in 2022 and the full 15 km (9.3 mi) test line is planned to be completed within two years. The line is being constructed by the 1654:, as not being feasible enough to return enough energy to power the hyperloop system, arguing that the air pumps and propulsion would require much more power than the solar panels could generate. 2617: 1467:

More than 700 teams had submitted preliminary applications by July. A preliminary design briefing was held in November 2015, where more than 120 student engineering teams were selected to submit

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released the first technical standard for hyperloop systems. Hardt Hyperloop demonstrated a Hyperloop lane switch without moving components in the infrastructure in June 2019 at its test site in

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at the August 2010 exchange rate) more per kilometer than regular high-speed rail. In 2018 a short 45 m (49 yd) loop test track was completed to test some parts of the technology.

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In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a hyperloop pod design competition and would build a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters in

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EuroTube is a non-profit research organization for the development of vacuum transport technology. EuroTube is currently developing a 3.1 km (1.9 mi) test tube in

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researchers claim that the fares would have to be higher than €0.30 per passenger kilometer, compared to €0.174/p-km for high speed rail and €0.183/p-km for air travel.

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corridor. Some transportation analysts challenged the cost estimates in the white paper, with some predicting that a hyperloop would run several billion dollars higher.

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In May 2021, it was reported that a low-vacuum sealed tube test system capable of reaching speeds around 1,000 km/h (620 mph) had begun construction in

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was operated from 1870 to 1873 as a one-block-long prototype of an underground tube transport public transit system in New York City, following a concept by

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Hyperloop was teased by Elon Musk at a 2012 speaking event, and described as a "fifth mode of transport". Musk released details of an alpha-version in a

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and propulsion by fans; however, many subsequent variants using the name "hyperloop" have remained relatively close to the core principles of vactrains.

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The early cost estimates of the hyperloop are a subject of debate. A number of economists and transportation experts have expressed the belief that the

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forces to which the capsule would be subjected. The simulation showed that the capsule design would need to be significantly reshaped to avoid creating

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Mars, the lower air resistance would allow a hyperloop to be created with no tube, only a track, and so would be just a magnetically levitating train.

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and became a Swiss foundation in 2019. The test tube is planned on a 2:1 scale with a diameter of 2.2 m and designed for 900 km/h (560 mph)

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In December 2021, the Veneto Regional Council approved a memorandum of understanding with MIMS and CAV for the testing of hyper transfer technology.

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asserted that "'The Hyperloop Movement', as some of its unaffiliated members refer to themselves, is officially bigger than the man who started it."

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The solar panels Musk plans to install along the length of the hyperloop system have been criticized by engineering professor Roger Goodall of

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to develop common standards aimed at ensuring the safety and interoperability of infrastructure, rolling stock, signaling and other systems.

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Researchers associated with MIT's department of Aeronautics and Astronautics published research in June 2017 that verified the challenge of

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full-vacuum tubes. Oster received interest from Elon Musk potentially investing in a 3-mile (5 km) prototype of ET3's proposed design.

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By 30 November 2015, with several commercial companies and dozens of student teams pursuing the development of Hyperloop technologies, the

5487: 4400: 3213: 6088: 4650: 2552: 6124: 4135: 3358: 565:, the first leg of a system from downtown Denver. Its contract described potential completion of a first leg in 2021. In February 2018, 8044: 6065: 5789: 4906: 4797: 369:"skis", similar to how pucks are levitated above an air hockey table, while still allowing higher speeds than wheels can sustain. With 4857: 4774: 2741: 2518: 1184: 418: 8102: 7211: 6919: 5611: 4743: 4369: 3968: 2485: 2374: 2005:

In August 2010, a vacuum-based maglev train able to move at 600 mph (1,000 km/h) was proposed for China, projected to cost

1959:. In 1812, Medhurst wrote a book detailing his idea of transporting passengers and goods through airtight tubes using air propulsion. 1363:, Berenschot, Busch, Delft Hyperloop, Denys, Dutch Boosting Group, EuroTube, Hardt Hyperloop, the Institute of Hyperloop Technology, 1288:

and others formed the Hyperloop Advanced Research Partnership to act as a clearinghouse of Hyperloop public domain reports and data.

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within a low-pressure tube. Hyperloop systems have three essential elements: tubes, pods, and terminals. The tube is a large, sealed

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There is also the criticism of design technicalities in the tube system. John Hansman, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at

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price tag dramatically understates the cost of designing, developing, constructing, and testing an all-new form of transportation.

6953: 5550: 5200:"The European Hyperloop Center, to be built in Veendam, the Netherlands, aims to become 'the cornerstone in hyperloop innovation'" 4104: 2346: 1955:, using high pressures behind a capsule to move it forward, was suggested in 1799 by the British mechanical engineer and inventor 6988: 5851: 4338: 1632:

company estimated $ 52 million per mile and for a Stockholm-Helsinki route the company reported a cost of $ 64 million per mile.

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A worldwide, college-level hyperloop competition is scheduled to take place in India in February 2025 at the Discovery Campus of

6892: 6406: 4619: 4017: 1058:(HTT) signed an agreement with the government of Slovakia in March 2016 to perform impact studies, with potential links between 8617: 8226: 8051: 3901: 1293: 896:

to connect the two capitals in under 30 minutes. Hyperloop One undertook yet another feasibility study in 2016, this time with

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which can complete the journey of 350 km in 15 minutes. This project can be competed in 5 years if enough funding is provided.

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analyzed the alpha proposal's suggested route and concluded that the route was mainly feasible. The analysis focused on the

8460: 8001: 5699: 3115: 2583: 2416: 68:). The terminal handles pod arrivals and departures. The hyperloop, in the form proposed by Musk, differs from traditional 7069: 5790:"Student group from Technical University of Munich sets new Hyperloop speed record and wins second SpaceX Pod Competition" 4914:. 56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. 5–9 January 2015. Kissimmee, Florida. 3152: 8698: 8585: 8299: 8262: 7095: 6800: 4988: 4831: 4438: 2782: 2718: 1603: 1495: 431: 4553: 4281: 3878: 2846: 8184: 5965: 3632: 1564: 5517: 4951: 4192:"Hyperloop One gets $ 50 million in funding led by Dubai's DP World Group, one of the world's largest ports operators" 3662: 662:, with a conceptual travel time of 345 km (214 mi) in 30 minutes. HTT also signed an agreement in 2018 with 8595: 4259: 3389: 3327: 2308: 2059: 1209: 450: 6594: 3420: 2188: 1266:

According to Musk, various aspects of the hyperloop have technology applications to other Musk interests, including

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Political impediments to the construction of such a project in California may be large due to the "political and

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On 6 February 2020, the Ministry of Transport in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia announced a contract agreement with

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in 2015–16, and at least 22 of them built hardware to compete on a sponsored hyperloop test track in mid-2016.

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facility. The track was completed and used to test pod designs supplied by third parties in the competition.

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Projected low ticket prices by Hyperloop developers have been questioned by Dan Sperling, director of the

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A 3D sketch of potential Hyperloop infrastructure. The steel tubes are rendered transparent in this image.

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Musk first mentioned that he was thinking about a concept for a "fifth mode of transport", calling it the

8888: 8483: 8200: 8085: 8074: 8024: 7631: 7433: 6056:"Transport Blogger Ridicules The Hyperloop – Says It Will Cost A Fortune And Be A Terrifying 'Barf Ride'" 5337: 5251: 682: 6016: 5307: 5138: 4524:"Hyperloop Transportation Technologies plans to connect all of Europe, starting with the Czech Republic" 4105:"$ 550M secured to help finance ultra-high-speed hyperloop between Edmonton and Calgary | Globalnews.ca" 118:, and other companies or organizations were encouraged to collaborate in developing the technology. A 8437: 8162: 8152: 8147: 8134: 8128: 8122: 2643: 1640: 1578: 538: 501: 108: 5993: 2807: 508:

on the east side of San Francisco Bay. Proposed branches were shown in the design document, including

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was chosen because it would go in a loop. In May 2013, Musk likened Hyperloop to a "cross between a

8814: 8607: 8211: 8172: 8032: 8019: 7956: 7683: 7668: 7197: 6342:"Leaked Hyperloop One Docs Reveal The Startup Thirsty For Cash As Costs Will Stretch Into Billions" 3482: 1487: 485: 169: 7135: 7015:"China's hyperloop completes first test runs, pushing ahead in race for ultra-fast land transport" 4136:"Canadian hyperloop company says ultra-high-speed travel between Calgary and Edmonton is feasible" 8776: 8746: 8396: 8292: 8011: 7912: 7718: 7429: 5759: 3451: 2167: 1962: 1651: 1479: 220:

design. Musk invited feedback to "see if the people can find ways to improve it". The trademark "

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table". By 2016, Musk envisioned that more advanced versions could potentially be able to go at

8845: 8654: 8079: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7755: 7678: 7425: 7393: 7389: 4312: 4018:"Calgary to Edmonton in 30 minutes? Hyperloop could be the future of transportation in Alberta" 2122: 1368: 640: 593: 509: 489: 146:. In 2023, a new European effort to standardize "hyperloop systems" released a draft standard. 104: 92: 7238: 4642: 3214:"Europe's first hyperloop a step closer to offering a green alternative to short-haul flights" 44:, where the hyperloop was described as a transportation system using capsules supported by an 8714: 8644: 7798: 7794: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7584: 7568: 7421: 7358: 7298: 7294: 6742:"If Elon Musk's Hyperloop Sounds Like Something Out Of Science Fiction, That's Because It Is" 4166:"Hyperloop One, FS Links And KPMG Publish World's First Study Of Full Scale Hyperloop System" 3933:"Toronto to Montreal in less than 30 minutes? How a Canadian company plans to make it happen" 1461: 609: 232: 127: 6055: 4933: 3483:"A Guy Named Brogan BamBrogan Wants to Bring a 200 mph Hyperloop to Denver. Here's His Plan" 627:

to conduct a $ 1.3 million feasibility study for developing a hyperloop corridor route from

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through tubes above ground on columns or below ground in tunnels to avoid the challenges of

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on 22 August 2013, in which the hyperloop design incorporated reduced-pressure tubes with

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won the prize for "fastest pod". The Massachusetts Institute of Technology placed third.

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than existing modes of mass transit in the 2010s. The Hyperloop Alpha was released as an

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on the front, passenger compartment in the middle, battery compartment at the back, and

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van Goeverden, Kees; Milakis, Dimitris; Janic, Milan; Konings, Rob (3 September 2018).

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Chin, Jeffrey C.; Gray, Justin S.; Jones, Scott M.; Berton, Jeffrey J. (January 2015).

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Flankl, Michael; Weller dieck, Tobias; Tüysüz, Arda; Kolar, Johann W. (November 2017).

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that had been theorized in the original SpaceX Alpha-design concept released in 2013.

1028:

Others put forward European routes, including in 2019 a conceptual route beginning at

868:

in private capital funding for the first phase, which will create an airport link for

251:

hyperloop team developed an early hyperloop pod prototype, which they unveiled at the

49: 7785: 7650: 7645: 7557: 7384: 6896: 6375: 6283: 6024: 4611: 3290:"What is Hyperloop? Everything you need to know about the race for super-fast travel" 3183: 2998: 2978: 2288: 1335: 942: 901: 597: 217: 8855: 8819: 8444: 7641: 7451: 7379: 7174: 6782: 6746: 6273: 6060: 5966:"SpaceX's hyperloop race was all about 'maximum speed' (and celebrating Elon Musk)" 5488:"More than 700 people have signed up to help Elon Musk build a Hyperloop prototype" 5024: 4923: 4915: 2884: 2137: 2094: 1966: 1491: 1428: 1278: 1191: 1144: 958: 950: 921: 822: 578: 558: 521: 426: 394:

of 0.5 g, about 2 or 3 times that of a commercial airliner on takeoff and landing.

382: 309: 189: 131: 96: 4674:"Elon Musk's high-speed Hyperloop train makes more sense for Mars than California" 2339:"Beyond the hype of Hyperloop: An analysis of Elon Musk's proposed transit system" 1403: 1384: 704:-based Dinclix Ground Works' DGW Hyperloop advocates a hyperloop corridor between 227:

On 15 June 2015, SpaceX announced that it would build a 1-mile-long (1.6 km)

212:. An ideal hyperloop system was estimated to be more energy-efficient, quiet, and 8475: 7840: 7826: 7821: 7588: 7411: 7362: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7246: 7220: 4252:"Hyperloop One Can Open Up Russia's Far East to China Trade | Hyperloop One" 4075:"Virgin Hyperloop One: New transit technology could be here in years not decades" 3690:"India in talks to build Hyperloop; two Indian companies involved in the project" 2132: 2032: 1956: 1445: 1360: 1323: 736: 717: 654:

were considering in 2016 with the Indian Government for a proposed route between

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for the bulk of the journey. In the alpha design concept, an electrically driven

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hyperloop set a speed record of 463 km/h (288 mph) in July 2019 at the

4403:[TU Delft unveils Hyperloop design - Means of transport of the future]. 8883: 8801: 8756: 7702: 7673: 7548: 7513: 7495: 7230: 6773:

Beach, Alfred Ely (5 March 1870). "The Pneumatic Tunnel Under Broadway, N.Y.".

6254:"Analysis and modelling of performances of the HL (Hyperloop) transport system" 3148: 2486:"Here are the Hyperloop pods competing in Elon Musk's big race later this year" 2147: 1973: 1952: 1376: 1148: 1083: 978: 663: 374: 337: 209: 57: 7169: 6808: 6278: 6253: 5642:"Hyperloop: MIT students win contest to design Elon Musk's 700mph travel pods" 4982: 4430: 2888: 2776: 1972:

Vactrains were explored in the 1910s, as described by American rocket pioneer

8933: 8590: 8539: 8403: 8386: 7845: 7811: 7770: 7737: 7733: 7692: 7579: 7526: 7344: 6379: 6287: 6028: 5551:"More than 120 teams picked for SpaceX founder Elon Musk's Hyperloop contest" 4289: 3390:"Hyperloop proposal: Bad joke or attempt to sabotage California HSR project?" 3187: 2947:"Elon Musk to reveal mysterious 'Hyperloop' high-speed travel designs Monday" 2117: 2080: 1998: 1803: 1623: 1507: 1499: 966: 881: 755: 582: 465: 353: 286: 149: 6017:"Opinion | Elon Musk Has Some Bad Ideas for Mass Transit. We Have Solutions" 4928: 4827: 3870: 3540:"Missouri Is One Step Closer to a Hyperloop with In-Depth Feasibility Study" 2838: 1728:

Delft Hyperloop is a student team incorporated under a non-profit structure

1096:

An agreement was signed in June 2017 to co-develop a hyperloop line between

8809: 8549: 8534: 8354: 8327: 7765: 7760: 7636: 7480: 7467: 7407: 5646: 3720:"Hyperloop Technologies proposes 700-800 km project for AP in three phases" 2088: 1817:

Ended development of passenger travel in February 2022 to focus on freight

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that would cut the travel time from the current 180 minutes to 20 minutes.

201: 196: 6977:"Intermodalny transport kapsuł Hyperloop – koncepcja, wymagania, korzyści" 4372:[Hyperloop develops wings: Schiphol - Frankfurt in half an hour]. 1494:

won the Pod Innovation Award as well as the second place, followed by the

1411:

TUM Hyperloop is a research program that emerged in 2019 from the team of

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The Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, or NOACA, partnered with

8565: 8529: 8524: 8349: 7446: 7339: 6438: 5086:"European countries to set up JTC20 to regulate hyperloop travel systems" 2870:"Scaling laws for electrodynamic suspension in high-speed transportation" 1592: 1327: 1274: 990: 986: 929: 925: 484:

The route suggested in the 2013 alpha-level design document was from the

205: 165: 143: 100: 88: 84: 80: 72:

by relying on residual air pressure inside the tube to provide lift from

45: 41: 8683: 5588: 5028: 4919: 2742:"Tesla CEO and SpaceX Founder Elon Musk: The Full D11 Interview (Video)" 2102: 762:. The ultimate target is to initially construct a hyperloop system from 21: 8786: 8761: 8519: 8057: 7889: 7518: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7303: 7251: 6651: 5399:"Elon Musk's SpaceX Plans Hyperloop Pod Races at California HQ in 2016" 4222:"Russland plant Hyperloop-Strecke zwischen Moskau und Sankt Petersburg" 2712: 2152: 1980: 1544: 1392: 1380: 1331: 1235: 1230:

simulations to model the aerodynamics of the alpha concept capsule and

1071: 1059: 982: 893: 732: 675: 671: 636: 497: 378: 366: 349: 313: 252: 185: 65: 6832:"Longmont entrepreneur has tubular vision on future of transportation" 3843:"Shift in the centre of gravity on hyperloop technology towards India" 8580: 8514: 8366: 8308: 7879: 7775: 7490: 7416: 7308: 6411: 6093: 5673: 5368:"MIT wins SpaceX's Hyperloop competition, and Elon Musk made a cameo" 3937: 2610:"First passengers travel in Virgin's levitating hyperloop pod system" 1553: 1424: 1364: 1251: 1037: 1029: 1010: 1006: 994: 889: 767: 659: 632: 601: 574: 517: 135: 134:

conducted the first human trial in November 2020 at its test site in

99:. The white paper showed an example hyperloop route running from the 37: 36:

system for both passengers and freight. The concept was published by

33: 5702:. The Netherlands: Delft University of Technology. 30 January 2017. 4908:

Open-Source Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod

4401:"TU Delft onthult Hyperloop-ontwerp - Vervoermiddel van de toekomst" 3992:"Toronto tech company proposes Toronto-Windsor hyperloop connection" 3750:"Mumbai-Pune 25-minute Hyperloop ride by 2024 could be a pipe dream" 1858:, but continues to be active in Hyperloop ecosystem, such as in the 1049: 1045: 304: 8875: 8835: 8781: 8771: 8738: 8343: 7950: 7260: 6407:"Hyperloop startup Arrivo is shutting down as workers are laid off" 5736: 2553:"Elon Musk promises new Hyperloop tunnel after speed record broken" 2162: 2055: 2006: 1887: 1627:

magazine said that the estimates are unlikely to "be immune to the

1607: 1388: 1243: 1067: 1033: 938: 897: 885: 869: 861: 857: 849: 830: 814: 806: 329: 177: 139: 73: 69: 7189: 6125:"Wolverton: Elon Musk's Hyperloop hype ignores practical problems" 5456: 2919:

Energy Efficiency of an Electrodynamically Levitated Hyperloop Pod

1453:

A number of student and non-student teams were participating in a

557:

announced a concept for a maglev automobile transport system from

476: 8649: 8413: 8391: 8381: 7780: 7574: 7179: 5852:"Here are the big winners from Elon Musk's Hyperloop competition" 5822:"Hyperloop One Goes Farther and Faster Achieving Historic Speeds" 3571:"Plans Are Moving Forward To Bring A Hyperloop Route To Missouri" 2269:"How does the aerodynamic design implement in hyperloop concept?" 1549: 1543:

YouTube creator Adam Kovacs has described Hyperloop as a kind of

1482:

29–30 January 2016, for all invited entrants. Engineers from the

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explored the possibility of hyperloop routes which would connect

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From late 2012 until August 2013, a group of engineers from both

181: 6251: 4493:"Crowdsourced Hyperloop Venture Inks A Deal With... Bratislava?" 3902:"A Letexpo signed a protocol for the creation of Hyper Transfer" 3871:"Saudi Arabia leads with world's first national hyperloop study" 3602:""Loop"-Projekt: Mit nur 80 km/h durch Elons Musks Turbo-Tunnel" 1431:. Certification for operation started in Ottobrun in July 2023. 789:

viewed VHO's passenger pod during a visit to the United States.

373:

eliminated and air resistance greatly reduced, the capsules can

8840: 8544: 8361: 8339: 8332: 7835: 7831: 7746: 7593: 7485: 7265: 6569: 6513: 6463: 6223:"Hyperloop wants to change the world. Not everyone's convinced" 5940:"This Student Team Created A Hyperloop Pod That Topped 280 Mph" 5226:"Besluit subsidie voor Stichting Hyperloop Development Program" 3027:"Everything we know about Elon Musk's ambitious Hyperloop plan" 2684: 2682: 2142: 2028: 1855: 1840: 1763: 1708: 1693: 1090: 1079: 1063: 1018: 998: 962: 946: 913: 834: 721: 713: 705: 701: 690: 554: 345: 341: 115: 61: 8430:

Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

6089:"Speed bumps and vomit are the Hyperloop's biggest challenges" 4736:"Musk Says Hyperloop Could Work On Mars... Maybe Even Better!" 2691:"Hyperloop One to Shut Down After Failing to Reinvent Transit" 8612: 7750: 7742: 7713: 7564: 7560: 7403: 7398: 6702:"Zeleros Hyperloop - Welcome to the future of transportation" 5612:"Hyperloop competition winners announced, see the top design" 5059:"Hyperloop will improve transportation and national security" 3255:"Promise and Perils of Hyperloop and Other High-Speed Trains" 2867: 2375:"Could the Hyperloop Really Cost $ 6 Billion? Critics Say No" 2002:

levitation. However development stopped after funding ceased.

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of the idea is unproven and a subject of significant debate.

386:

augmenting that gain passively from lift due to their shape.

293: 275: 8277: 6676: 6488: 4370:"Hyperloop krijgt vleugels: Schiphol - Frankfurt in halfuur" 3085:"Build your own hyperloop! SpaceX announces pod competition" 2679: 1538: 1398: 880:

In 2016, Hyperloop One published the world's first detailed

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Work in China on a similar project continued. In July 2024,

8322: 7522: 7045:"Europe's First Hyperloop Testing Track ready for Swisspod" 5990: 5883:"WARR Hyperloop pod hits 284 mph to win SpaceX competition" 5676:. Texas A & M University College of Engineering. 2017. 5020: 1075: 694: 6950:"China testing super-maglev train that runs at 1,000 km/h" 4798:"Simulation verdict: Elon Musk's Hyperloop needs tweaking" 4431:"Delft Hyperloop - Revealing the Future of Transportation" 3532: 2189:"A Primer on Hyperloop Travel: How far off is the Future?" 2074: 2017: 7723: 7151:"Europe's first Hyperloop test track pops up at TU Delft" 6911: 3176:"A Step Forward in the Promise of Ultrafast 'Hyperloops'" 1707:

Ended hyperloop development in November 2017 in favor of

912:. Hyperloop One was also considering passenger routes in 8468:

Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century

6514:"Hyperloop Italia - Una nuova frontiera per la mobilità" 4952:"MIT Wins Hyperloop Competition, And Elon Musk Drops In" 4158: 2704:

Pensky, Nathan; Lacy, Sarah; Musk, Elon (12 July 2012).

2584:"Here's a first look at the SpaceX Hyperloop test track" 1571: 7901:

Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)

7184: 6920:"China's maglev trains to hit 1,000km/h in three years" 6701: 6622:"Hyperloop made in Poland gets more and more realistic" 6595:"Hyper Poland Reveals Its MagRail Transport Technology" 5010:

Opgenoord, Max M. J.; Caplan, Philip C. (5 June 2017).

4462:"Hyperloop made in Poland gets more and more realistic" 3546:. Virgin Hyperloop One. 30 January 2018. Archived from 2519:"TU München heimst vierten Hyperloop-Sieg in Folge ein" 2309:"Pando Monthly presents a fireside chat with Elon Musk" 2193:

Rudin Center for Transportation Policy & Management

1359:. Partners in the program include AndAnotherday, ADSE, 639:

for America's first multistate hyperloop system in the

592:

Coalition was formed between Virgin Hyperloop One, the

272:

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

6118: 6116: 5417: 2808:"Musk announces plans to build Hyperloop demonstrator" 1341: 848:

signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to support

7070:"Hyperloop Prototype To Be Built, Tested In Colorado" 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 4556:[Sintef will test the hyperloop for salmon]. 3633:"Here's what it's like to ride in Elon Musk's tunnel" 3562: 2861: 2707:

PandoMonthly Presents: A Fireside Chat with Elon Musk

1486:

were named the winners of the competition. While the

16:

Proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation

4984:

Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony

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Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony

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Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory (DESL) of

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professor of agricultural and resource economics at

1527:

landed in second place, while the EPFLoop team from

114:

The hyperloop concept has been promoted by Musk and

6113: 5723: 5721: 5581:"SpaceX Design Weekend at Texas A&M University" 4904: 4361: 3865: 3863: 3116:"The Race to Create Elon Musk's Hyperloop Heats Up" 3076: 2655: 2653: 2301: 689:to build a hyperloop transportation system between 356:) of pressure and requires the air for levitation. 6294: 5013:On the Aerodynamic Design of the Hyperloop Concept 4010: 2771: 2769: 681:On 22 February 2018, Hyperloop One entered into a 296:conducted a test of their low-vacuum rail system. 7037: 6854: 6733: 6015:Kovacs, Adam; Westbrook, Adam (13 October 2022). 5983: 5914:"Swiss team comes third in Hyperloop competition" 5782: 5700:"TU Delft students win Hyperloop Pod Competition" 5585:Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M 5479: 5361: 5359: 5019:. 35th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. US: 4872: 4313:"Hyperloop Becomes Closer To Reality In Colorado" 3681: 3359:"Loopy Ideas Are Fine, If You're an Entrepreneur" 2938: 2441: 750:(US$ 1.0 million) along with the support of 52:(typically a long tunnel). The pod is a coach at 8931: 8453:Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors 6190:"There is no redeeming feature of the Hyperloop" 6183: 6181: 6047: 5718: 5449: 3860: 3045: 2650: 2546: 2544: 2041:China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation 6823: 6147: 6014: 5463:. Space Exploration Technologies. 9 June 2015. 5009: 4943: 3899: 3802: 2766: 2513: 2511: 1529:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1506:. In the Design Category, the winning team was 1353:Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy 1349:Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management 1116: 569:announced a similar plan for a loop connecting 6220: 6080: 5874: 5356: 5338:"TÜV SÜD Certifies TUM Hyperloop Demonstrator" 4576: 4398: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 2703: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 1945: 1595:, predicted that costs would amount to around 1312: 916:during 2016, and a cargo hyperloop to connect 833:. Toronto and Montreal, the largest cities in 308:An artist's rendition of a Hyperloop capsule: 8699: 8293: 7205: 6178: 5390: 4603: 4453: 4097: 3957: 3281: 3206: 2910: 2802: 2800: 2541: 2260: 2054:In September 2021, Swisspod Technologies and 1242:In October 2013, the development team of the 435:that contextualizes different points of view. 421:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 7096:"Swisspod starts soil testing at PuebloPlex" 5814: 4974: 4546: 3508:Bauer, Meredith Rutland (23 February 2018). 3246: 2508: 2368: 2366: 2364: 1434: 1044:team began evaluating potential routes from 884:for a 300-mile (500 km) route between 492:. That conceptual system would begin around 6793: 6766: 6317:. Vol. Print edition. 17 August 2013. 5844: 5573: 5542: 5083: 4846: 4392: 4214: 4184: 4127: 3924: 3742: 3712: 3312: 3237: 3167: 3107: 2979:state=4810:6uwa73.2.7 "Word Mark HYPERLOOP" 2922:. Energy Science Center. 29 November 2017. 2830: 2733: 2697: 2644:"EPFL now has its own Hyperloop test track" 2581: 2210: 1639:" invested in the existing mega-project of 249:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 8912: 8706: 8692: 8300: 8286: 7212: 7198: 6404: 5911: 5587:. Texas A&M University. Archived from 5510: 4767:"Hyperloop Simulation Shows It Could Work" 4585:"Investment in hyperloop routes speeds up" 4560:(in Norwegian). Norway. 18 December 2017. 4066: 3983: 3687: 2797: 2637: 2635: 2451:Melendez, Eleazar David (14 August 2013). 2414: 1859: 1355:, and €3 million by the Dutch Province of 1330:. The organization was founded in 2017 at 8713: 6277: 6122: 5278:"TUM launches hyperloop research program" 5252:"Groningen krijgt een hyperloop-testbaan" 4927: 4764: 4758: 4587:. UK: Institute of Mechanical Engineers. 4133: 4072: 3989: 3688:technology, BENGALURU (7 December 2016). 3449: 2582:Etherington, Darrell (2 September 2016). 2361: 2331: 1539:Criticism and human factor considerations 1399:TUM Hyperloop (previously WARR Hyperloop) 1210:Learn how and when to remove this message 875: 451:Learn how and when to remove this message 359: 6974: 6952:. People's Daily Online. 11 March 2018. 6739: 6311:"The Future of Transport: No loopy idea" 6156:"Alon Levy on Politicals vs. Technicals" 5609: 5485: 4898: 4820: 4733: 4671: 4640: 4582: 4490: 4399:van Miltenburg, Olaf (23 January 2016). 4367: 4339:"Hyperloop One Global Challenge Winners" 3510:"Who's Ready to Hyperloop to Cleveland?" 3474: 3387: 3252: 3149:"Magnetic Hyperloop pod unveiled at MIT" 2717:. Event occurs at 43:13. Archived from 2450: 2417:"Economists don't believe the Hyperloop" 2049:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1444: 1402: 1303: 1052:across Poland proposed by Hyper Poland. 475: 319: 303: 20: 6619: 6570:"Hyperloop Transportation Technologies" 6086: 6053: 5991:"TUM Hyperloop by NEXT Prototypes e.V." 5963: 5937: 5880: 5365: 5136: 5084:D'Silva, Krishtina (13 February 2020). 4765:Danigelis, Alyssa (20 September 2013). 4459: 3930: 3480: 3418: 3325: 3051: 2944: 2688: 2632: 2483: 2018:Vactrains using the moniker 'Hyperloop' 299: 64:(in the initial design, augmented by a 25:Concept art of hyperloop inner workings 8932: 6829: 6787:10.1038/scientificamerican03051870-154 6464:"DGWHyperloop - India's Own Hyperloop" 6386:from the original on 23 September 2022 6187: 6135:from the original on 21 September 2016 5757: 5366:Hawkins, Andrew J. 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Their design used 60:or friction inside the tube using 14: 8951: 8461:One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty 7117: 7013:Chen, Stephen (19 January 2023). 6930:from the original on 30 July 2017 6405:O'Kane, Sean (14 December 2018). 6321:from the original on 5 March 2016 6101:from the original on 30 July 2017 6054:Blodget, Henry (20 August 2013). 5996:from the original on 23 July 2019 5893:from the original on 29 July 2018 5795:(Press release). 28 August 2017. 5706:from the original on 30 July 2017 5498:from the original on 25 June 2015 5437:from the original on 14 July 2015 5405:from the original on 1 March 2017 5174:Commercial register of Bas-Valais 5139:"Hyperloop kommt ins Unterwallis" 5118:. EIT InnoEnergy. 9 February 2023 4962:from the original on 21 July 2022 4796:Statt, Nick (19 September 2013). 4564:from the original on 23 July 2018 4134:Edwardson, Lucie (25 June 2021). 4024:from the original on 15 June 2022 3900:ItalianPostNews (16 March 2022). 3815:. 29 October 2016. 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(9 November 2020). 2985:from the original on 21 July 2022 2818:from the original on 12 July 2016 2496:from the original on 11 July 2016 2319:from the original on 16 July 2017 2186: 2060:Association of American Railroads 1548:that is subjected to significant 805:In 2016, Canadian hyperloop firm 8911: 8668: 8667: 8412: 7921:List of high-speed railway lines 7124: 7088: 7062: 7006: 6968: 6942: 6885: 6861:Frey, Thomas (30 October 2013). 6715: 6694: 6669: 6644: 6613: 6587: 6562: 6550:from the original on 20 May 2022 6538:Han, Yoonji (22 February 2022). 6531: 6506: 6481: 6456: 6431: 6398: 6359: 6333: 6245: 6214: 6008: 5957: 5931: 5905: 5770:from the original on 19 May 2017 5758:Murphy, Meg (14 February 2017). 5751: 5692: 5680:from the original on 18 May 2017 5666: 5634: 5603: 5549:Boyle, Alan (15 December 2015). 5486:Thompson, Cadie (23 June 2015). 5330: 5318:from the original on 20 May 2021 5300: 5288:from the original on 20 May 2021 5270: 5244: 5180:from the original on 20 May 2021 4746:from the original on 9 July 2022 4591:from the original on 25 May 2021 4368:Eldering, Paul (17 April 2019). 4311:Todd, Jeff (14 September 2017). 4282:"Hyperloop One Global Challenge" 4232:from the original on 17 May 2021 4226:Deutsche Wirtschafts Nachrichten 4172:from the original on 9 July 2022 3669:from the original on 21 May 2022 3450:Humphreys, Pat (23 March 2016). 3419:Johnson, Matt (14 August 2013). 3369:from the original on 6 June 2017 3326:Johnson, Matt (14 August 2013). 3253:De Chant, Tim (13 August 2013). 3083:Baker, David R. (15 June 2015). 3052:Wattles, Jackie (15 June 2015). 2754:from the original on 31 May 2013 2563:from the original on 21 May 2021 2101: 2087: 2073: 1504:University of California, Irvine 1172: 1125: 471: 406: 200:cruising speeds gradually using 8866:Vehicular communication systems 6975:Rudowski, Michał (March 2018). 6918:Murph, Darren (4 August 2010). 6188:Plumer, Brad (13 August 2013). 6154:Salam, Reihan (9 August 2011). 5218: 5192: 5161: 5130: 5108: 5077: 5061:. Baltimore Sun. Archived from 5050: 5003: 4882:. MathWorks. 22 November 2013. 4727: 4696: 4684:from the original on 9 May 2022 4672:Vanstone, Leon (13 July 2015). 4634: 4583:Madslien, Jørn (19 July 2017). 4534:from the original on 9 May 2022 4522:Buhr, Sarah (18 January 2017). 4515: 4503:from the original on 9 May 2022 4484: 4423: 4380:from the original on 9 May 2022 4331: 4304: 4274: 4244: 4202:from the original on 9 May 2022 4036: 3967:. CBC. CBC. 18 September 2017. 3945:from the original on 9 May 2022 3893: 3834: 3772: 3655: 3624: 3593: 3569:Knapp, Alex (30 January 2018). 3501: 3443: 3412: 3381: 3350: 3231: 3140: 3018: 2971: 2877:IET Electric Power Applications 2602: 2575: 2373:Bilton, Nick (15 August 2013). 1531:earned the third-place finish. 1496:University of Wisconsin–Madison 1379:, Schweizer Design Consulting, 1042:Warsaw University of Technology 892:, which would tunnel under the 773: 204:and glide above their track on 6893:"The Hyperloop that never was" 6830:Svaldi, Aldo (9 August 2013). 5167: 4981:Musk, Elon (30 January 2016). 4641:Williams, Matt (3 July 2017). 2477: 2180: 1608:University of California Davis 1525:Delft University of Technology 1513:Technical University of Munich 1417:Technical University of Munich 1268:surface transportation on Mars 920:in north-eastern China to the 504:to the north, and arrive near 120:Technical University of Munich 1: 8307: 5735:. 8 June 2015. Archived from 4610:Davies, Alex (20 June 2017). 4376:(in Dutch). The Netherlands. 3357:Levy, Alon (13 August 2013). 3238:CNSAWatcher (4 August 2024). 2837:Musk, Elon (12 August 2013). 2234:Musk, Elon (12 August 2013). 2174: 1270:and electric jet propulsion. 7930:By countries and territories 6723:"大陸「超級高鐵」研發新進展上海至杭州將不到10分鐘" 5397:Boyle, Alan (15 June 2015). 4856:. OpenMDAO. 9 October 2013. 4830:. OpenMDAO. 9 October 2013. 4168:. PR Newswire. 5 July 2016. 2781:. YouTube. 30 January 2016. 2551:Porter, Jon (22 July 2019). 2315:. PandoDaily. 13 July 2012. 1228:computational fluid dynamics 1117:Open-source design evolution 900:to move containers from its 563:Denver International Airport 7: 8889:Automated vacuum collection 8540:Talulah Riley (second wife) 7935:planned networks in italics 5912:SRF-RTS/ln (23 July 2018). 5523:. SpaceX. 20 October 2015. 5057:Egli, Dane (31 July 2017). 2740:Gannes, Liz (30 May 2013). 2525:(in German). 22 July 2019. 2066: 1946:Historical related concepts 1317: 1313:Hyperloop research programs 1138:to comply with Knowledge's 683:memorandum of understanding 336:system without substantial 10: 8956: 8640:Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster 8438:The Musk Who Fell to Earth 6368:"Is the Hyperloop Doomed?" 4854:"Future Modeling Road Map" 4020:. CBC. CBC. 7 April 2017. 3425:Greater Greater Washington 3332:Greater Greater Washington 3240:"CASIC achieves milestone" 1641:California High-Speed Rail 1438: 539:California High-Speed Rail 155: 8907: 8874: 8800: 8737: 8728: 8721: 8663: 8596:December 2022 suspensions 8558: 8535:Justine Musk (first wife) 8502: 8421: 8410: 8315: 8258: 8240: 8112: 8010: 7966: 7943: 7929: 7911: 7898: 7659: 7504: 7452:TGV Sud-Est (refurbished) 7317: 7283: 7274: 7237: 7227: 6279:10.1186/s12544-018-0312-x 3810:"DGWHyperloop - Overview" 3600:WELT (19 December 2018). 3147:Lee, Dave (14 May 2016). 2889:10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0480 2293:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2037:North University of China 1629:hypertrophication of cost 1455:hyperloop pod competition 1449:Hyperloop pod competition 1441:Hyperloop pod competition 1435:Hyperloop pod competition 1429:Oberpfaffenhofen airfield 1413:hyperloop pod competition 1367:, INTIS, Mercon, Nevomo, 1187:to the article's subject. 800: 687:Government of Maharashtra 257:electrodynamic suspension 231:located next to SpaceX's 32:is a proposed high-speed 8815:Alternative fuel vehicle 8484:Elon Musk's Crash Course 7851:British Rail Classes 800 7019:South China Morning Post 4880:"Hyperloop: Not So Fast" 4643:"Mars Compared to Earth" 1488:University of Washington 1480:Texas A&M University 1471:due by 13 January 2016. 1151:may contain suggestions. 1136:may need to be rewritten 792: 646: 486:Greater Los Angeles Area 468:, to signed agreements. 285:As of 21 December 2023, 170:Santa Monica, California 107:, roughly following the 8777:Pulse detonation engine 8747:Adaptive compliant wing 8397:Twitter under Elon Musk 7913:High-speed railway line 7761:NSB Class 71 (Flytoget) 5938:Kite-Powell, Jennifer. 4828:"Hyperloop in OpenMDAO" 3724:Business Standard India 3363:Pedestrian Observations 3089:San Francisco Chronicle 2168:European Hyperloop Week 1963:Beach Pneumatic Transit 1652:Loughborough University 1107: 596:, and engineering firm 342:magnetically levitating 93:linear induction motors 8846:Personal rapid transit 8767:High-altitude platform 8655:Billionaire space race 8586:Acquisition of Twitter 8550:Shivon Zilis (partner) 7642:TGV Sud-Est (original) 5766:. Cambridge, MA, USA. 2273:Mechanical Engineering 2123:Gravity-vacuum transit 1871:Swisspod Technologies 1851:Ended Hyperloop focus 1771:Hardt Global Mobility 1450: 1408: 1369:Nederlandse Spoorwegen 876:Elsewhere in the world 641:Great Lakes Megaregion 594:University of Missouri 577:and a loop connecting 490:San Francisco Bay Area 481: 360:Initial design concept 325: 317: 202:linear electric motors 124:pod design competition 105:San Francisco Bay Area 26: 8715:Emerging technologies 8645:Elon Musk filmography 8608:Tesla, Inc. criticism 8525:Kimbal Musk (brother) 7608:Shinkansen Series 200 7422:Shinkansen Series 500 7295:China Railway CR400AF 5430:. SpaceX. June 2015. 5204:innovationorigins.com 5170:"EuroTube Foundation" 5143:Neue Zuercher Zeitung 2267:Opgenoord, Max M. J. 1866:until November 2020. 1860:Hyperloop Association 1854:In 2019 refocused on 1469:Final Design Packages 1462:Hawthorne, California 1448: 1406: 1304:Hyperloop Association 1185:important or relevant 479: 429:by rewriting it in a 323: 307: 270:In January 2023, the 56:that experiences low 24: 8861:Transit Elevated Bus 8792:Supersonic transport 8530:Lyndon Rive (cousin) 7585:Renfe Class 120, 121 7327:Renfe Class 100, 101 7309:Shinkansen Series L0 7049:www.startupticker.ch 6652:"Swisspod Our Story" 5591:on 12 September 2015 5090:Urban Transport News 4558:Dagens Næringsliv AS 4292:on 21 September 2017 3756:. 22 February 2018. 3456:Transport and Travel 3029:. Business Insider. 2158:Transatlantic tunnel 1192:improve this section 910:United Arab Emirates 780:Virgin Hyperloop One 752:L&T Construction 678:in a 6-minute ride. 666:government to build 548:economic feasibility 530:Downtown Los Angeles 496:, just south of the 332:concept resembles a 300:Theory and operation 261:eddy current braking 229:Hyperloop test track 164:, in July 2012 at a 126:hosted by SpaceX in 54:atmospheric pressure 8884:Pneumatic transport 8827:Ground-effect train 8752:Backpack helicopter 8520:Tosca Musk (sister) 8510:Family of Elon Musk 7791:Shinkansen series 0 6987:(in Polish) (178). 6775:Scientific American 6729:. 19 November 2023. 6468:www.dgwhyperloop.in 6270:2018ETRR...10...41V 6195:The Washington Post 5760:"Safe at any speed" 5029:10.2514/6.2017-3740 4920:10.2514/6.2015-1587 4437:. 22 January 2016. 4198:. 12 October 2016. 4054:on 12 November 2019 3877:. 8 February 2020. 3790:on 25 February 2018 3121:Wall Street Journal 2721:on 19 November 2013 2616:. 9 November 2020. 2458:The Huffington Post 2197:New York University 2128:Ground effect train 1988:ET3 Global Alliance 1672: 1667:Hyperloop companies 1588:mass transportation 1550:acceleration forces 1373:POSCO International 1222:In September 2013, 860:hyperloop project. 839:Ontario Highway 401 837:, are connected by 787:Mohammed bin Salman 760:Hindalco Industries 259:for levitating and 241:Wall Street Journal 87:capsules riding on 62:magnetic propulsion 50:low-pressure system 46:air-bearing surface 8576:Boring test tunnel 8515:Maye Musk (mother) 8372:The Boring Company 7689:China Railway DJJ1 7662:(124–155 mph) 7507:(155–186 mph) 7476:M (Avelia Horizon) 7320:(186–217 mph) 7134:has a profile for 7076:. 7 September 2021 6601:. 27 November 2019 6372:The New York Times 6021:The New York Times 5344:. UK. 31 July 2023 5258:. 22 December 2020 5232:. 18 December 2020 4777:on 6 February 2016 3822:on 4 November 2016 3180:The New York Times 2952:The Globe and Mail 2898:on 26 January 2018 2814:. 13 August 2013. 2747:All Things Digital 2422:Al Jazeera America 2380:The New York Times 2345:. 22 August 2013. 2109:Engineering portal 1751:Hyperloop Genesis 1671: 1660:The New York Times 1637:reputation capital 1451: 1409: 1286:Dr. Richard Geddes 1250:In November 2013, 598:Black & Veatch 590:Missouri Hyperloop 553:In November 2017, 482: 371:rolling resistance 326: 318: 316:skis at the bottom 27: 8927: 8926: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8681: 8680: 8630:Awards and honors 8275: 8274: 8271: 8270: 7937: 7907: 7906: 7660:200–249 km/h 7505:250–299 km/h 7318:300–349 km/h 7276:High-speed trains 7140: 6873:on 6 October 2014 6811:on 18 August 2013 6489:"Hardt Hyperloop" 5739:on 31 August 2018 4196:Los Angeles Times 3544:hyperloop-one.com 2959:on 13 August 2013 2667:. 18 January 2023 2236:"Hyperloop Alpha" 1938: 1937: 1814:Shut down (2023) 1787:Hyperloop Italia 1336:Swiss association 1220: 1219: 1212: 1166: 1165: 1140:quality standards 902:Port of Jebel Ali 461: 460: 453: 415:This section may 97:axial compressors 8947: 8915: 8914: 8856:Self-driving car 8820:Hydrogen vehicle 8735: 8734: 8726: 8725: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8671: 8670: 8545:Grimes (partner) 8445:The Space Barons 8416: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8279: 8278: 7941: 7940: 7933: 7885:Voyager/Meridian 7553:CR300AF, CR300BF 7486:Thalys PBA, PBKA 7281: 7280: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7191: 7190: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7138: 7128: 7127: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6993: 6982: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6869:. Archived from 6867:Futurist Speaker 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6807:. Archived from 6797: 6791: 6790: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6747:Business Insider 6737: 6731: 6730: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6656:www.swisspod.com 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6544:Business Insider 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6518:Hyperloop Italia 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6307: 6292: 6291: 6281: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6129:The Mercury News 6120: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6061:Business Insider 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5918:SWI swissinfo.ch 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5856:Business Insider 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5832:on 3 August 2017 5828:. 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Archived from 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5065:on 17 April 2019 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5038:on 10 March 2021 5037: 5031:. Archived from 5018: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4939:on 2 April 2015. 4938: 4932:. Archived from 4931: 4929:2060/20150000699 4913: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4773:. Archived from 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4678:The Conversation 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4345:. 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Archived from 3784:en.brinkwire.com 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3550:on 28 March 2019 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2955:. Archived from 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2891:. Archived from 2874: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2412: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2370: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2240: 2231: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2184: 2138:Kantrowitz limit 2111: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2095:Transport portal 2092: 2091: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2012: 2011:US$ 2.95 million 1967:Alfred Ely Beach 1941:Related concepts 1716:Delft Hyperloop 1673: 1670: 1620: 1598: 1492:Delft University 1279:Kantrowitz limit 1277:design near the 1226:Corporation ran 1215: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1129: 1121: 922:Port of Zarubino 867: 844:The province of 749: 744: 619: 559:Aurora, Colorado 456: 449: 445: 442: 436: 432:balanced fashion 410: 409: 402: 383:axial compressor 310:Axial compressor 190:hypersonic speed 132:Virgin Hyperloop 8955: 8954: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8895: 8870: 8796: 8717: 8712: 8682: 8677: 8659: 8601:Block in Brazil 8554: 8498: 8476:Return to Space 8417: 8408: 8311: 8306: 8276: 8267: 8254: 8236: 8108: 8006: 7962: 7932: 7931: 7925: 7903: 7894: 7841:Z-TER (Z 21500) 7661: 7655: 7506: 7500: 7412:KTX-Cheongryong 7319: 7313: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7233: 7223: 7221:High-speed rail 7218: 7160: 7158: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7102:. 31 March 2022 7094: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985:Railway Reports 6980: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6836:The Denver Post 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6781:(10): 154–156. 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6738: 6734: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6493:Hardt Hyperloop 6487: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6443:Delft Hyperloop 6437: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6309: 6308: 6295: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6186: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6160:National Review 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6121: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5364: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4262:on 14 July 2019 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4228:. 2 June 2016. 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3965:"Rapid Transit" 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3324: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3288:Ranger, Steve. 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3251: 3247: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2702: 2698: 2687: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2640: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2549: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2449: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2413: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2371: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2187:Simon, Joanna. 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2133:High-speed rail 2107: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2033:Shanxi Province 2020: 2010: 2009:10–20 million ( 1957:George Medhurst 1948: 1943: 1892:Canada, France 1711:transportation 1704:Defunct (2018) 1669: 1618: 1597:US$ 100 billion 1596: 1574: 1541: 1443: 1437: 1401: 1361:Royal BAM Group 1344: 1324:Collombey-Muraz 1320: 1315: 1306: 1216: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1189: 1177: 1173: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1143: 1130: 1119: 1110: 1104:, South Korea. 878: 866:US$ 550 million 865: 803: 795: 776: 740: 739: 737:Indian Railways 649: 617: 474: 457: 446: 440: 437: 427:help improve it 424: 411: 407: 400: 398:Proposed routes 362: 334:high-speed rail 328:The much-older 302: 280:The Netherlands 210:grade crossings 158: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8953: 8943: 8942: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8806: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8757:Delivery drone 8754: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8732: 8723: 8719: 8718: 8711: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8472: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8441: 8434: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8347: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8305: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8232:United Kingdom 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8142:Czech Republic 8138: 8131: 8126: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8036: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7938: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7740: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7703:China Railway 7693:China Railway 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7639: 7634: 7605: 7596: 7591: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7555: 7549:China Railway 7537:2A, 2B, 2E, 2G 7527:China Railway 7516: 7514:Avelia Liberty 7510: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7496:Siemens Velaro 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7449: 7444: 7419: 7414: 7401: 7396: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7345:China Railway 7342: 7337: 7323: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7286:(217 mph) 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7254: 7249: 7243: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7231:rail transport 7228: 7225: 7224: 7217: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7167: 7130: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118:External links 7116: 7114: 7113: 7087: 7061: 7036: 7005: 6967: 6941: 6910: 6884: 6853: 6822: 6792: 6765: 6732: 6714: 6693: 6668: 6643: 6612: 6599:Eco Tech Daily 6586: 6561: 6530: 6505: 6480: 6455: 6430: 6397: 6358: 6340:Konrad, Alex. 6332: 6293: 6244: 6213: 6177: 6146: 6112: 6079: 6046: 6007: 5982: 5956: 5930: 5904: 5873: 5843: 5813: 5781: 5750: 5717: 5691: 5665: 5633: 5602: 5572: 5541: 5509: 5478: 5448: 5416: 5389: 5355: 5329: 5299: 5269: 5243: 5217: 5191: 5160: 5129: 5107: 5076: 5049: 5002: 4973: 4942: 4897: 4871: 4845: 4819: 4788: 4771:Discovery News 4757: 4740:Universe Today 4726: 4695: 4664: 4647:Universe Today 4633: 4602: 4575: 4545: 4514: 4483: 4452: 4422: 4391: 4360: 4349:on 21 May 2020 4330: 4303: 4273: 4243: 4213: 4183: 4157: 4126: 4096: 4065: 4035: 4009: 3994:. Daily Hive. 3982: 3956: 3923: 3892: 3859: 3833: 3801: 3771: 3741: 3726:. 7 May 2018. 3711: 3680: 3654: 3623: 3592: 3561: 3531: 3500: 3473: 3442: 3411: 3380: 3349: 3311: 3280: 3245: 3230: 3218:eit.europa.eu/ 3205: 3166: 3139: 3106: 3075: 3044: 3017: 2970: 2937: 2909: 2883:(3): 357–364. 2860: 2829: 2796: 2765: 2732: 2696: 2678: 2649: 2631: 2601: 2586:. TechCrunch. 2574: 2540: 2507: 2476: 2440: 2398: 2360: 2330: 2300: 2259: 2209: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2148:Pneumatic tube 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2098: 2084: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2052: 2044: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2003: 1995: 1985: 1978: 1974:Robert Goddard 1970: 1960: 1953:pneumatic tube 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1668: 1665: 1573: 1570: 1540: 1537: 1476:Design Weekend 1439:Main article: 1436: 1433: 1400: 1397: 1377:Schiphol Group 1343: 1340: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1218: 1217: 1180: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1133: 1131: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1084:Central Europe 877: 874: 802: 799: 794: 791: 775: 772: 664:Andhra Pradesh 648: 645: 618:US$ 10 million 473: 470: 466:business cases 459: 458: 414: 412: 405: 399: 396: 361: 358: 338:air resistance 301: 298: 157: 154: 130:, California. 103:region to the 58:air resistance 34:transportation 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8952: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8920: 8919: 8910: 8909: 8906: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8697: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8674: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635:Legal affairs 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8591:Twitter Files 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8387:Twitter, Inc. 8385: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8303: 8298: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8003: 8002:United States 8000: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812:SBB RABDe 500 7810: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734:InterCity 125 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7580:New Pendolino 7578: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7533:CRH1A, 1B, 1E 7531: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7408:II (Sancheon) 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7390:Eurostar e300 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7284:350 km/h 7282: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7168: 7157:. 2 June 2017 7156: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7133: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7075: 7074:Yahoo Finance 7071: 7065: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7024: 7021:. Hong Kong. 7020: 7016: 7009: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6971: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6899:on 5 May 2021 6898: 6894: 6888: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6805:Swissmetro.ch 6802: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6703: 6697: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6315:The Economist 6312: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6182: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6117: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5826:Hyperloop One 5823: 5817: 5798: 5791: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5616:TechnoBuffalo 5613: 5606: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5206:. 8 July 2023 5205: 5201: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5168:AG, DV Bern. 5164: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5117: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5014: 5006: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 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