36:
774:
600:
897:
592:
374:
113:
473:(as muscles must work harder to compensate for weakness in the ligaments that support the joints). Hypermobility syndrome can lead to chronic pain or even disability in severe cases. Musical instrumentalists with hypermobile fingers may have difficulties when fingers collapse into the finger locking position. Or, conversely, they may display superior abilities due to their increased range of motion for fingering, such as in playing a violin or cello.
915:
382:
608:
668:, for example, can help to relax muscles and make the joints more supple. However, yoga is not recommended by most medical professionals for people with Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, due to the likelihood of damage to the joints. Gymnasts and athletes can sometimes acquire hypermobility in some joints through activity.
863:
The
Beighton score is an edited version of the Carter/Wilkinson scoring system which was used for many years as an indicator of widespread hyper-mobility. Medical professionals varied in their interpretations of the results; some accepting as low as 1/9 and some 4/9 as a diagnosis of HMS. Therefore,
782:
As of July 2000, hypermobility was diagnosed using the
Beighton criteria. In 2017, the criteria changed, but still involve the Beighton score. The Beighton criteria do not replace the Beighton score but instead use the previous score in conjunction with other symptoms and criteria. HMS is diagnosed
566:
during pregnancy can be debilitating. The pregnant person with hypermobile joints will often be in significant pain as muscles and joints adapt to the pregnancy. Pain often inhibits such people from standing or walking during pregnancy. Some pregnant people who have one of these disorders find they
703:
is a genetic disorder caused by mutations or hereditary genes, but the genetic defect that produced hEDS is largely unknown. In conjunction with joint hypermobility, a common symptom for hEDS is smooth, velvety, and stretchy skin; a symptom largely unique to the syndrome. When diagnosing hEDS, the
980:
It is important that hypermobile individuals remain fit – even more so than the average individual – to prevent recurrent injuries. Regular exercise and exercise that is supervised by a physician and physical therapist can reduce symptoms because strong muscles increase dynamic joint stability.
749:
occurs when one copy of a gene in each cell is sufficient to cause a disorder. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new (sporadic) gene mutations. Such cases can occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
744:
Generalized hypermobility is a common feature in all these hereditary connective tissue disorders and many features overlap, but often features are present that enable differentiating these disorders. The inheritance pattern of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome varies by type. The arthrochalasia, classic,
468:
Most people have hypermobility with no other symptoms. Approximately 5% of the healthy population have one or more hypermobile joints. However, people with "joint hypermobility syndrome" are subject to many difficulties. For example, their joints may be easily injured, be more prone to complete
187:
In 2016 the diagnostic criteria for hEDS were re-written to be more restrictive, with the intent of narrowing the pool of hEDS patients in the hope of making it easier to identify a common genetic mutation, hEDS being the only EDS variant without a diagnostic DNA test. At the same time, joint
777:
Beighton score criteria: one point for each elbow and knee that hyperextends by 10 degrees or more (4 points), one for each little finger that bends back by 90 degrees (2 points), one for each thumb which can be touched to the forearm (2 points), and one for touching the floor with the
180:(EDS). Until new diagnostic criteria were introduced, hypermobility syndrome was sometimes considered identical to hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS), formerly called EDS Type 3. As no genetic test can distinguish the two conditions and because of the similarity of the
188:
hypermobility syndrome was renamed as hypermobility spectrum disorder and redefined as a hypermobility disorder that does not meet the diagnostic criteria for hEDS, other types of Ehlers–Danlos
Syndrome, or other heritable Connective Tissue Disorder (such as
683:. Joint hypermobility is a common symptom for both. EDS has numerous sub-types; most include hypermobility in some degree. When hypermobility is the main symptom, then EDS/hypermobility type is likely. People with EDS-HT experience frequent
765:, two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, both parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.
660:
to expand so the head of the baby can pass. Joint mobility differs by race, which may reflect differences in collagen protein structure. People from the Indian sub-continent, for example, often have more supple hands than
1916:
1901:
578:
Symptoms of hypermobility include a dull but intense pain around the knee and ankle joints and the soles of the feet. The pain and discomfort affecting these body parts can be alleviated by using custom
634:. If a shallow rather than a deep socket is inherited, a relatively large range of movement will be possible. If the socket is particularly shallow, then the joint may dislocate easily.
741:. Experts in connective tissue disorders formally agreed that severe forms of Hypermobility Syndrome and mild forms of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type are the same disorder.
1495:"Exploring relationships between joint hypermobility and neurodevelopment in children (4-13 years) with hereditary connective tissue disorders and developmental coordination disorder"
1859:
Eccles, Jessica A.; Cadar, Dorina; Quadt, Lisa; Hakim, Alan J.; Gall, Nicholas; Bowyer, Vicky; Cheetham, Nathan; Steves, Claire J.; Critchley, Hugo D.; Davies, Kevin A. (2024).
2016:
664:
Muscle tone—The tone of muscles is controlled by the nervous system, and influences range of movement. Special techniques can change muscle tone and increase flexibility.
699:
Joint hypermobility is often correlated with hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS, known also by EDS type III or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (EDS-HT)).
1343:
465:
is often used to describe hypermobility; however, the name is a misnomer and should not be taken literally, as hypermobile joints are not doubled/extra in any sense.
168:
Hypermobile joints are common and occur in about 10 to 25% of the population, but in a minority of people, pain and other symptoms are present. This may be a sign of
691:(partial/incomplete dislocations), with or without trauma, sometimes spontaneously. Commonly, hypermobility is dismissed by medical professionals as nonsignificant.
1290:
1000:
are the primary medications of choice. Narcotics are not recommended for primary or long-term treatment and are reserved for short-term use after acute injury.
562:
that alter ligament physiology, easing the stretching needed to accommodate fetal growth as well as the birthing process. The combination of hypermobility and
851:
habitus (tall, slim, span/height ratio >1.03, upper: lower segment ratio less than 0.89, arachnodactyly; positive
Steinberg finger / Walker wrist signs).
1008:
For some people with hypermobility, lifestyle changes decrease symptom severity. In general, activity that increases pain is to be avoided. For example:
2009:
1741:
Joint hypermobility handbook : a guide for the issues & management of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type and the hypermobility syndrome
1261:
864:
it was incorporated, with clearer guidelines, into the
Beighton Criteria. The Beighton score is measured by adding 1 point for each of the following:
2529:
1403:"The Relationship Between Generalised Joint Hypermobility and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: A Large, Cross-Sectional, Case Control Comparison"
1772:
1454:"Association between adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and generalised joint hypermobility: A cross-sectional case control comparison"
2267:
551:, etc.). These conditions often, in turn, cause physical and/or emotional trauma and are possible triggers for conditions such as fibromyalgia.
1861:"Is joint hypermobility linked to self-reported non-recovery from COVID-19? Case–control evidence from the British COVID Symptom Study Biobank"
1845:
Grahame R. The revised (Beighton 1998) criteria for the diagnosis of benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS). J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1777–1779
2002:
988:
Heat and cold treatment can help temporarily to relieve the pain of aching joints and muscles but does not address the underlying problems.
728:
Joints commonly associated with hypermobility (wrists, knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders) may be at more severe risk to dislocate or strain.
671:
Proprioception—Compromised ability to detect exact joint/body position with closed eyes, may lead to overstretching and hypermobile joints.
1697:
184:
and recommended treatments, many experts recommend they be recognized as the same condition until further research is undertaken.
936:
208:
People with Joint
Hypermobility Syndrome may develop other conditions caused by their unstable joints. These conditions include:
2232:
630:
The shape of the ends of the bones—Some joints normally have a large range of movement, such as the shoulder and hip. Both are
1722:
1678:
1372:
1351:
996:
Medication is not the primary treatment for hypermobility, but can be used as an adjunct treatment for related joint pain.
783:
in the presence of either two major criteria, one major and two minor criteria, or four minor criteria. The criteria are:
2727:
2519:
2260:
1931:
997:
985:
are usually recommended as they are less likely to cause injury when compared to high-impact exercise or contact sports.
293:
1612:
1298:
761:
types of EDS and some cases of the classic and hypermobility forms, are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. In
737:
Joint hypermobility syndrome shares symptoms with other conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome, and
2402:
637:
Protein deficiency or hormone problems—Ligaments are made up of several types of protein fibre. These proteins include
461:
The condition tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic basis for at least some forms of hypermobility. The term
2212:
1788:"Tenascin-X: a candidate gene for benign joint hypermobility syndrome and hypermobility type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?"
1748:
962:
79:
57:
944:
554:
People with hypermobility may experience particular difficulties when pregnant. During pregnancy, the body releases
50:
2049:
711:
Jaw laxity that may make an individual's jaw open and close like a hinge, as well as open further than the average.
2149:
762:
169:
248:(severe limits on one's ability to push, pull, grasp, finger, reach, etc., is considered a disability by the US
153:
that stretch farther than normal. For example, some hypermobile people can bend their thumbs backwards to their
2253:
2125:
1380:
982:
940:
746:
714:
Neck pain that can lead to chronic headaches and is usually associated with a crackling or grinding sensation (
704:
Beighton
Criteria are used, but are not always able to distinguish between generalized hypermobility and hEDS.
615:
Hypermobility syndrome is generally considered to comprise hypermobility together with other symptoms, such as
249:
1218:
Garcia-Campayo, J; Asso, E; Alda, M (February 2011). "Joint hypermobility and anxiety: the state of the art".
2524:
2367:
2054:
1685:
Asian
Indians were found by Wordsworth et al. (1987) to be significantly more mobile than English Caucasians.
1035:
Weakened ligaments and muscles contribute to poor posture, which may contribute to other medical conditions.
2732:
2346:
2041:
1319:
1269:
501:
2747:
350:
177:
17:
1158:"The hypermobility syndrome. Musculoskeletal complaints associated with generalized joint hypermobility"
1059:
Pain-free swimming may require a kickboard or extra care to avoid hyperextending elbow and other joints.
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2217:
700:
676:
481:
404:
300:
173:
2026:
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2091:
1942:
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532:
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44:
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These abnormalities cause abnormal joint stress, meaning that the joints can wear out, leading to
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61:
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1982:
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1834:
631:
354:
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hypermobility and vascular forms usually have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
641:, which gives elasticity and which may be altered in some people. Female sex hormones alter
2692:
2407:
2397:
2320:
2276:
2192:
2120:
1117:"Relative efficiency of therapeutic donor insemination using a luteinizing hormone monitor"
493:
826:
Dislocation/subluxation in more than one joint, or in one joint on more than one occasion.
8:
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2574:
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106:
hyperlaxity, benign joints hypermobility syndrome (BJHS), hypermobility syndrome (HMS)
2655:
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2539:
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2412:
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1953:
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1138:
820:
707:
Ehlers–Danlos hypermobility type can have severe musculoskeletal effects, including:
540:
477:
408:
358:
272:
258:
241:
125:
1526:
1247:
450:(an impaired ability to locate body parts in space and/or monitor an extended joint)
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2145:
1872:
1807:
1799:
1576:
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1506:
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1424:
1414:
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1169:
1128:
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517:
134:
1719:
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dislocation due to the weakly stabilized joint and they may develop problems from
2439:
2227:
2087:
2059:
1947:
1726:
1668:
1262:"Hypermobility Syndromes Association » JHS v EDS Hypermobility- Same Thing?"
1044:
Unwanted symptoms are frequently reduced by some forms of yoga and weightlifting.
754:
680:
485:
416:
189:
811:
Arthralgia (> 3 months) in one to three joints or back pain (> 3 months),
652:
and even more so in the latter stages of pregnancy, because of a hormone called
112:
2579:
2379:
2353:
2315:
2130:
1958:
896:
758:
470:
455:
447:
362:
268:
231:
1910:
1876:
1419:
1231:
623:. It is relatively common among children and affects more females than males.
2721:
2584:
2434:
2332:
2305:
1758:
1670:
Hypermobility syndrome : recognition and management for physiotherapists
1632:
1572:
1564:
1181:
1018:
838:
834:
816:
722:
721:
The spine may end up in a "round back" or inversely may extend too much into
513:
321:
162:
1803:
1613:"Benign joint hypermobility syndrome: evaluation, diagnosis, and management"
1494:
2702:
2675:
2544:
2500:
2490:
2096:
1821:
1628:
1590:
1518:
1479:
1438:
1239:
854:
Abnormal skin: striae, hyperextensibility, thin skin, papyraceous scarring.
688:
649:
536:
436:
346:
130:
1199:
1142:
591:
2679:
2112:
1977:
1548:
1510:
1173:
812:
675:
Hypermobility can also be caused by connective tissue disorders, such as
544:
476:
Hypermobility may be symptomatic of a serious medical condition, such as
237:
2245:
1893:
373:
2613:
2609:
2589:
2495:
830:
795:
620:
572:
432:
314:
217:
1499:
American
Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
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2301:
2222:
848:
440:
420:
342:
264:
914:
381:
2387:
2077:
1021:
842:
715:
642:
607:
580:
400:
389:
Hypermobility generally results from one or more of the following:
281:
245:
221:
1074:
Bracing can be helpful for temporarily protecting unstable joints.
653:
645:
638:
616:
559:
555:
428:
213:
161:
joints backwards, put their leg behind the head or perform other
1936:
165:"tricks". It can affect one or more joints throughout the body.
2638:
1905:
1086:
Hypermobile joints occur in about 10 to 25% of the population.
657:
568:
548:
424:
338:
1156:
Kirk, J. A.; Ansell, B. M.; Bywaters, E. G. (September 1967).
1032:
Strength training to support weak joints with strong muscles
575:
during pregnancy. Some may experience permanent disability.
505:
394:
277:
154:
150:
792:
A Beighton score of 5/9 or more (either current or historic)
694:
1785:
1114:
665:
334:
158:
1549:"Adult women with mitral valve prolapse are more flexible"
808:
A Beighton score of 1, 2 or 3/9 (0, 1, 2 or 3 if aged 50+)
1024:
or a more ergonomic keyboard can reduce pain from typing.
2024:
1547:
AraĂşjo, C. G. S.; Chaves, C. P. G. (23 September 2005).
1493:
Piedimonte, Caterina; Penge, Roberta (September 2018).
539:. Hypermobility causes physical trauma (in the form of
1217:
1115:
Federman CA, Dumesic DA, Boone WR, Shapiro SS (1990).
333:
Those with hypermobile joints are more likely to have
1858:
1786:
Zweers MC, Kucharekova M, Schalkwijk J (March 2005).
1350:. Hypermobility Syndromes Association. Archived from
324:" as described in children in late afternoon or night
1883:
1027:
Bent knees or sitting can reduce pain from standing.
892:
Right little finger bending backward past 90 degrees
533:
myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome)
385:
A hypermobile thumb (also called Hitchhiker's thumb)
1617:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
889:
Left little finger bending backward past 90 degrees
172:(HSD). Hypermobile joints are a feature of genetic
1666:
1155:
1041:avoids hyperextension and contributes to strength.
868:Placing flat hands on the floor with straight legs
626:Current thinking suggests four causative factors:
224:when doing activities that would not affect others
2530:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
1720:“The Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type.”
1401:Glans, Martin R; Nils, Thelin (8 February 2022).
798:for more than three months in four or more joints
393:Abnormally shaped ends of one or more bones at a
2719:
1673:. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 71.
1647:"Fibromyalgia: Possible Causes and Risk Factors"
1062:Bike riding, especially on ergonomic recumbents.
648:. Women are generally more supple just before a
1660:
1492:
1452:Glans, Martin R; Nils, Thelin (November 2021).
2261:
2010:
1729:University of Washington: NIH. Retrieved from
1771:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1546:
725:. Individuals may also experience scoliosis.
943:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
176:such as hypermobility spectrum disorder or
2268:
2254:
2017:
2003:
900:Beighton test in a person with a 9/9 score
111:
2275:
1811:
1580:
1469:
1451:
1428:
1418:
1400:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1189:
1132:
1056:machines can replace high-impact running.
1003:
963:Learn how and when to remove this message
695:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2316:Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger)
895:
772:
606:
598:
590:
380:
372:
328:
43:This article includes a list of general
1667:Keer, Rosemary; Rodney Grahame (2003).
1610:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
595:Hypermobile metacarpo-phalangeal joints
531:Hypermobility has been associated with
27:Joints that stretch further than normal
14:
2720:
2233:Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
1206:
261:, even after short periods of exercise
2249:
1998:
203:
1597:
1015:Typing can reduce pain from writing.
998:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
941:adding citations to reliable sources
908:
768:
29:
2520:Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
1743:. Greens Fork, IN: Left Paw Press.
1373:"1.00 Musculoskeletal System-Adult"
1320:"Joint hypermobility - NHS Choices"
1068:
975:
431:. This same defect also results in
294:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
212:Joint instability causing frequent
24:
1738:
1553:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1312:
284:(also a symptom of osteoarthritis)
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2769:
1852:
858:
802:
786:
1471:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.006
1162:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
913:
886:Right thumb touching the forearm
34:
2150:Mixed connective tissue disease
1839:
1828:
1779:
1732:
1712:
1690:
1639:
1540:
1486:
1458:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1445:
1291:"Ehlers Danlos UK – JHS vs EDS"
1081:
883:Left thumb touching the forearm
763:autosomal recessive inheritance
564:pregnancy-related pelvic girdle
234:(as early as during teen years)
170:hypermobility spectrum disorder
2126:Progressive systemic sclerosis
1611:Simpson, MR (September 2006).
1394:
1381:Social Security Administration
1365:
1336:
1283:
1254:
1149:
1108:
983:closed kinetic chain exercises
747:Autosomal dominant inheritance
250:Social Security Administration
13:
1:
2525:Shoulder impingement syndrome
2368:Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
2213:Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
1134:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)53767-4
1101:
991:
904:
310:The ability of finger locking
120:Hypermobile fingers and thumb
2347:Synovial osteochondromatosis
2042:Systemic lupus erythematosus
981:Low-impact exercise such as
880:Right elbow bending backward
732:
586:
7:
2027:connective tissue disorders
1089:
877:Left elbow bending backward
874:Right knee bending backward
603:Hyperextension of the thumb
351:connective tissue disorders
174:connective tissue disorders
10:
2774:
1344:"Clinician's Guide to JHS"
1220:Current Psychiatry Reports
871:Left knee bending backward
611:Hyperextension of the hand
2674:
2637:
2630:
2598:
2553:
2508:
2489:
2468:
2459:
2378:
2292:
2283:
2185:
2162:
2141:
2111:
2068:
2055:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
2040:
2033:
1968:
1887:
1877:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000478
1739:T., Tinkle, Brad (2010).
1420:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.803334
1232:10.1007/s11920-010-0164-0
368:
124:
119:
110:
102:
97:
2565:Iliotibial band syndrome
2092:Juvenile dermatomyositis
1565:10.1136/bjsm.2004.014324
1012:Avoiding hyperextension
522:cleidocranial dysostosis
419:) resulting in weakened
2698:Aggressive fibromatosis
2688:Dupuytren's contracture
2101:Inclusion body myositis
1804:10.1136/ard.2004.026559
1649:. Webmd.com. 2008-05-21
1407:Frontiers in Psychiatry
833:. > 3 lesions (e.g.
739:osteogenesis imperfecta
498:osteogenesis imperfecta
198:osteogenesis imperfecta
178:Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
64:more precise citations.
2728:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
2362:villonodular synovitis
2218:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
2208:Eosinophilic fasciitis
2203:Polymyalgia rheumatica
1004:Lifestyle modification
901:
779:
701:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
677:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
632:ball-and-socket joints
612:
604:
596:
482:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
435:, which may result in
405:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
386:
378:
305:carpal tunnel syndrome
2277:Soft tissue disorders
2070:Inflammatory myopathy
1835:File:Hiperlaxitud.jpg
1718:Levy, Howard (2004).
1702:Arthritis Research UK
1698:"Joint hypermobility"
1295:www.ehlers-danlos.org
899:
776:
610:
602:
594:
547:, joint instability,
423:/ligamentous laxity,
384:
376:
355:mitral valve prolapse
329:Associated conditions
2693:Plantar fibromatosis
2321:De Quervain syndrome
2193:IgG4-related disease
2121:Systemic scleroderma
1511:10.1002/ajmg.b.32646
1174:10.1136/ard.26.5.419
937:improve this section
494:rheumatoid arthritis
490:Loeys–Dietz syndrome
413:Loeys–Dietz syndrome
244:, especially in the
2733:Disorders of fascia
2575:Achilles tendinitis
2570:Patellar tendinitis
2341:osteochondromatosis
2328:Transient synovitis
2311:Calcific tendinitis
2083:Dermatopolymyositis
399:A defect of Type 1
303:disorders (such as
296:, also known as TMD
182:diagnostic criteria
2748:Skeletal disorders
2476:Ligamentous laxity
1969:External resources
1725:2013-10-19 at the
1096:Ligamentous laxity
1054:elliptical trainer
1052:Use of low impact
1049:Low-impact sports
1039:Isometric exercise
902:
780:
685:joint dislocations
613:
605:
597:
541:joint dislocations
526:myotonia congenita
510:Fragile X syndrome
387:
379:
377:Hypermobile thumbs
317:or pain medication
287:Susceptibility to
204:Signs and symptoms
147:double-jointedness
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2535:Rotator cuff tear
2455:
2454:
2447:Calcific bursitis
2243:
2242:
2158:
2157:
1992:
1991:
1865:BMJ Public Health
1680:978-0-7506-5390-9
1348:hypermobility.org
1266:hypermobility.org
973:
972:
965:
821:spondylolisthesis
769:Beighton criteria
478:Stickler syndrome
409:connective tissue
359:anxiety disorders
313:Poor response to
301:nerve compression
273:spondylolisthesis
140:
139:
92:Medical condition
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2765:
2635:
2634:
2603:
2558:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2466:
2465:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2198:Behçet's disease
2177:Sjögren syndrome
2165:hypersensitivity
2146:Overlap syndrome
2050:Drug-induced SLE
2038:
2037:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:. Archived from
1694:
1688:
1687:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1631:. Archived from
1608:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1268:. Archived from
1258:
1252:
1251:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1112:
1077:Physical therapy
1069:Other treatments
976:Physical therapy
968:
961:
957:
954:
948:
917:
909:
656:that allows the
518:Morquio syndrome
145:, also known as
135:Medical genetics
115:
95:
94:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2707:
2670:
2618:
2599:
2594:
2554:
2549:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2461:
2451:
2374:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2244:
2239:
2228:Marfan syndrome
2181:
2154:
2137:
2107:
2088:Dermatomyositis
2064:
2060:Lupus nephritis
2029:
2023:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1964:
1963:
1896:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1792:Ann. Rheum. Dis
1784:
1780:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1737:
1733:
1727:Wayback Machine
1717:
1713:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1609:
1598:
1559:(10): 720–724.
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1491:
1487:
1450:
1446:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1216:
1207:
1154:
1150:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1084:
1071:
1006:
994:
978:
969:
958:
952:
949:
934:
918:
907:
861:
805:
789:
771:
755:dermatosparaxis
735:
697:
681:Marfan syndrome
589:
486:Marfan syndrome
446:Abnormal joint
417:Marfan syndrome
371:
331:
282:clicking noises
269:prolapsed discs
206:
157:and bend their
93:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2601:other/general:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Calcaneal spur
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:Golfer's elbow
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2503:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Retrocalcaneal
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2354:Plica syndrome
2351:
2350:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:CREST syndrome
2128:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1913:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:Classification
1882:
1881:
1854:
1853:External links
1851:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1827:
1778:
1749:
1731:
1711:
1708:on 2009-04-08.
1689:
1679:
1659:
1638:
1635:on 2013-03-02.
1623:(9): 531–536.
1596:
1539:
1505:(6): 546–556.
1485:
1444:
1393:
1364:
1335:
1311:
1282:
1253:
1205:
1168:(5): 419–425.
1148:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1005:
1002:
993:
990:
977:
974:
971:
970:
921:
919:
912:
906:
903:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
860:
859:Beighton score
857:
856:
855:
852:
846:
827:
824:
809:
804:
803:Minor criteria
801:
800:
799:
793:
788:
787:Major criteria
785:
770:
767:
759:kyphoscoliosis
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
719:
712:
696:
693:
673:
672:
669:
662:
635:
588:
585:
567:need to use a
471:muscle fatigue
463:double jointed
456:osteoarthritis
452:
451:
448:proprioception
444:
433:weakened bones
397:
370:
367:
363:panic disorder
330:
327:
326:
325:
318:
311:
308:
297:
291:
285:
275:
262:
256:
253:
235:
232:osteoarthritis
228:
225:
205:
202:
138:
137:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
91:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2770:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Metatarsalgia
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2481:Hypermobility
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:Synovial cyst
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:Ganglion cyst
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:Tenosynovitis
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1750:9780982577158
1746:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1354:on 2016-11-15
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1301:on 2016-11-25
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1272:on 2016-11-25
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1127:(3): 489–92.
1126:
1122:
1121:Fertil Steril
1118:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:Voice control
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1001:
999:
989:
986:
984:
967:
964:
956:
946:
942:
938:
932:
931:
927:
922:This section
920:
916:
911:
910:
898:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
865:
853:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:tenosynovitis
836:
835:epicondylitis
832:
828:
825:
822:
818:
817:spondylolysis
814:
810:
807:
806:
797:
794:
791:
790:
784:
775:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
742:
740:
727:
724:
723:hyperlordosis
720:
717:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
702:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
628:
627:
624:
622:
618:
609:
601:
593:
584:
582:
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Down syndrome
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
466:
464:
459:
457:
449:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:(as found in
410:
406:
403:(as found in
402:
398:
396:
392:
391:
390:
383:
375:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:, hereditary
348:
344:
340:
336:
323:
322:Growing pains
319:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
298:
295:
292:
290:
286:
283:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
209:
201:
199:
195:
191:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
163:contortionist
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Hypermobility
136:
132:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
98:Hypermobility
96:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2753:Rheumatology
2703:Knuckle pads
2676:Fibromatosis
2666:Eosinophilic
2600:
2555:
2545:Tennis elbow
2510:
2501:Tendinopathy
2491:Enthesopathy
2480:
2440:Baker's cyst
2403:Trochanteric
2360:
2339:
2294:Synoviopathy
2097:Polymyositis
1976:
1952:
1941:
1930:
1915:
1900:
1868:
1864:
1841:
1830:
1798:(3): 504–5.
1795:
1791:
1781:
1740:
1734:
1714:
1706:the original
1701:
1692:
1684:
1669:
1662:
1651:. Retrieved
1641:
1633:the original
1620:
1616:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1502:
1498:
1488:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1383:. 2013-05-31
1376:
1367:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:the original
1347:
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1294:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1265:
1256:
1226:(1): 18–25.
1223:
1219:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1085:
1082:Epidemiology
1007:
995:
987:
979:
959:
950:
935:Please help
923:
862:
829:Soft tissue
781:
752:
743:
736:
706:
698:
689:subluxations
674:
625:
614:
577:
558:and certain
553:
545:subluxations
537:fibromyalgia
530:
475:
467:
462:
460:
453:
437:osteoporosis
388:
347:fibromyalgia
332:
242:dislocations
238:Subluxations
230:Early-onset
207:
186:
167:
149:, describes
146:
142:
141:
131:Rheumatology
76:
67:
48:
2680:contracture
2661:Necrotizing
2639:Fasciopathy
2460:Noncapsular
2408:Subacromial
2398:Prepatellar
2113:Scleroderma
1978:MedlinePlus
1871:: e000478.
1464:: 334–340.
1324:NHS choices
813:spondylosis
661:Caucasians.
407:) or other
315:anaesthetic
194:Loeys–Dietz
103:Other names
62:introducing
18:Hypermobile
2758:Contortion
2722:Categories
2614:Tendinosis
2610:Tendinitis
2556:lower limb
2511:upper limb
2496:Enthesitis
2380:Bursopathy
2169:autoimmune
1954:DiseasesDB
1653:2014-03-06
1413:: 803334.
1387:2014-03-06
1358:2016-12-02
1329:2016-12-02
1305:2016-11-24
1276:2016-11-24
1102:References
992:Medication
953:March 2014
905:Treatments
831:rheumatism
796:Arthralgia
679:(EDS) and
621:arthralgia
573:wheelchair
299:Increased
280:that make
227:Joint pain
218:tendinitis
45:references
2743:Arthritis
2738:Syndromes
2647:Fasciitis
2590:Bone spur
2428:Iliopsoas
2393:Olecranon
2302:Synovitis
2223:fibrillin
2025:Systemic
1767:cite book
1759:672037902
1573:0306-3674
1182:0003-4967
924:does not
849:Marfanoid
733:Diagnosis
587:Syndromes
571:and/or a
441:fractures
421:ligaments
343:dyspraxia
265:Back pain
255:Knee pain
126:Specialty
2631:Nonjoint
2469:Symptoms
2413:Achilles
2388:Bursitis
2284:Capsular
2078:Myositis
1822:15708907
1723:Archived
1629:17079522
1591:16183767
1527:51895371
1519:30070022
1480:34560594
1439:35211037
1248:24237928
1240:20963520
1090:See also
1022:software
843:bursitis
716:crepitus
646:proteins
643:collagen
581:orthoses
560:hormones
543:, joint
401:collagen
361:such as
289:whiplash
246:shoulder
222:bursitis
190:Marfan's
70:May 2021
2656:Nodular
2651:Plantar
2423:Ischial
2034:General
1948:D007593
1813:1755395
1582:1725042
1430:8861852
1377:SSA.gov
1200:6039590
1191:1031347
1143:2204553
945:removed
930:sources
654:relaxin
639:elastin
617:myalgia
556:relaxin
549:sprains
429:tendons
425:muscles
259:Fatigue
214:sprains
58:improve
2163:Other
1983:003295
1937:147900
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778:palms.
658:pelvis
650:period
569:bedpan
369:Causes
357:, and
339:autism
278:Joints
155:wrists
151:joints
47:, but
2462:joint
2286:joint
2186:Other
1959:31101
1926:728.5
1911:M35.7
1523:S2CID
1244:S2CID
506:polio
502:lupus
395:joint
220:, or
196:, or
1943:MeSH
1932:OMIM
1921:9-CM
1818:PMID
1773:link
1755:OCLC
1745:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1625:PMID
1587:PMID
1569:ISSN
1534:2023
1515:PMID
1476:PMID
1435:PMID
1236:PMID
1196:PMID
1178:ISSN
1139:PMID
928:any
926:cite
757:and
753:The
687:and
666:Yoga
619:and
535:and
439:and
427:and
415:and
335:ADHD
159:knee
1917:ICD
1902:ICD
1873:doi
1808:PMC
1800:doi
1621:106
1577:PMC
1561:doi
1507:doi
1503:177
1466:doi
1462:143
1425:PMC
1415:doi
1228:doi
1186:PMC
1170:doi
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524:or
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