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Movements in the plane of the hand: flexion (palmar flexion, tilting towards the palm) and extension (dorsiflexion, tilting towards the back of the hand). These movements take place through a transverse axis passing through the capitate bone. Palmar flexion is the most powerful of these movements
677:
It has two articular surfaces named, proximal and distal articular surfaces respectively. The proximal articular surface is made up of the lower end of the radius and a triangular articular disc of the inferior radio-ulnar joint. On the other hand, the distal articular surface is made up of proximal
418:
proximally and the proximal row of carpal bones distally. The carpal bones on the ulnar side only make intermittent contact with the proximal side — the triquetrum only makes contact during ulnar abduction. The capsule, lax and un-branched, is thin on the dorsal side and can contain synovial
1189:
The wrist (carpus), the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones. The carpus articulates proximally with the forearm at the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The joints formed by the carpus include the wrist (the radiocarpal joint), intercarpal,
747:
Marginal movements: radial deviation (abduction, movement towards the thumb) and ulnar deviation (adduction, movement towards the little finger). These movements take place about a dorsopalmar axis (back to front) at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints passing through the capitate bone.
801:
733:
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The extrinsic hand muscles are located in the forearm where their bellies form the proximal fleshy roundness. When contracted, most of the tendons of these muscles are prevented from standing up like taut bowstrings around the wrist by passing under the
1204:, p. 77 "With the large number of bones composing the wrist (ulna, radius, eight carpas, and five metacarpals), it makes sense that there are many, many joints that make up the structure known as the wrist."
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form together with a transversely elliptical concave surface, the receiving cavity. The superior articular surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form a smooth convex surface, the
647:
639:
618:. Some degree of mobility is possible between the bones of the proximal row while the bones of the distal row are connected to each other and to the metacarpal bones —at the
187:
2687:
1482:
Lalani I, Argoff CE (2008-01-01). "Chapter 10 - History and
Physical Examination of the Pain Patient". In Benzon HT, Rathmell JP, Wu CL, Turk DC (eds.).
875:
However, movements at the wrist can not be properly described without including movements in the distal radioulnar joint in which the rotary actions of
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1752:
57:
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The radiocarpal, intercarpal, midcarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints often intercommunicate through a common synovial cavity.
163:
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and; (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the
1107:
1095:
270:
As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as
2646:
634:— that makes a functional entity of these bones. Additionally, the joints between the bases of the metacarpal bones —the
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carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints. Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the rows of carpals glide on each other
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The wrist joint is composed of not only the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints but also the intercarpal articulations.
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1309:"Time of appearance of ossification centers in carpal bones. A radiological retrospective study on Saudi children"
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832:
760:
756:
631:
627:
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2455:
2188:
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Stretanski MF (2020-01-01). "Chapter 32 - Hand and Wrist
Ganglia". In Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD (eds.).
701:
348:
260:
1307:
Al-Khater KM, Hegazi TM, Al-Thani HF, Al-Muhanna HT, Al-Hamad BW, Alhuraysi SM, et al. (September 2020).
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1158:, p. 76 "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones."
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because the flexors, especially the finger flexors, are considerably stronger than the extensors.
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27:
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1624:
Waldman SD (2014-01-01). "Chapter 58 - Flexor Carpi
Radialis Tendinitis". In Waldman SD (ed.).
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or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as
1403:
Essential
Clinically Applied Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System in the Head and Neck
594:
is the S-shaped joint space separating the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones. The
8:
2579:
603:
305:
223:
or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the
742:(MRI) of radial abduction (rightwards in image) and ulnar adduction (leftwards in image)
419:
folds. The capsule is continuous with the midcarpal joint and strengthened by numerous
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sound of this base seems originally to have been symbolic of the action of twisting.
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1587:(Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: Content Repository Only!. pp. 169–173.
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bones below. The articular surface of the radius and the undersurface of the
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that enable them to slide back and forth through the narrow passageway (see
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occur and this joint is therefore normally regarded as part of the wrist.
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Understanding joints: a practical guide to their structure and function
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1071:, a kind of quadrupedal locomotion involving wrist bone specialization
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1984:
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is annotated. A dorsal tilt of 10 to 15 degrees is considered normal.
880:
527:
In the hand proper a total of 13 bones form part of the wrist: eight
400:
1542:
Döring AC, Overbeek CL, Teunis T, Becker SJ, Ring D (October 2016).
727:
permitted in the wrist proper are (muscles in order of importance):
97:
2227:
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2033:
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1801:
1544:"A Slightly Dorsally Tilted Lunate on MRI can be Considered Normal"
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on the dorsal side. On the palmar side the carpal bones form the
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1994:
1940:
1930:
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1628:(Third ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 172–174.
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of a normal wrist (left image) and one with a dorsal tilt due to
681:
442:
The parts forming the radiocarpal joint are the lower end of the
379:, the DRUJ is separated from the radiocarpal (wrist) joint by an
368:
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of the bones around the wrist is one indicator used in taking a
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The hand may deviate at the wrist in some conditions, such as
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use movement extremes of the wrist for martial applications.
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1911:
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Hand kinesiology at the
University of Kansas Medical Center
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1486:(Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby. pp. 177–188.
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598:, between the bones of each row, are strengthened by the
1436:
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and
Function
1401:
Rea P (2016-01-01). "Chapter 3 - Neck". In Rea P (ed.).
1083:, a measure of wrist position in bowling ball deliveries
1061:, related to instability in the wrist, caused by a torn
810:(MRI) of wrist extension and return to neutral position
1698:
Color Atlas of Human
Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System
678:
surfaces of the scaphoid, triquetral and lunate bones.
1213:
1137:
Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Anterior, palmar, view.
1125:
Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Anterior, palmar, view.
2210:
1355:
712:, through which some of the flexor tendons pass in
118:, sometimes included in the definition of the wrist
48:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1585:Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1177:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 485.
16:Part of the arm between the lower arm and the hand
2730:
2454:
723:Starting from the mid-position of the hand, the
341:Ligaments of wrist. Posterior and anterior views
1438:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 361, 365.
2346:Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)
1288:
685:Micro-radiography of 8-weeks human embryo hand
2196:
1746:
1254:
1252:
1113:Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
1101:Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
395:to the ulnar shaft. The DRUJ works with the
274:are often considered fractures to the wrist.
26:"Carpus" redirects here. For other uses, see
1508:
1481:
1660:. American Society for Surgery of the Hand.
1454:
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1166:
1164:
661:in the first six months of an infant life.
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2189:
1760:
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1214:Baratz M, Watson AD, Imbriglia JE (1999).
906:). The angle of the distal surface of the
108:
96:
1650:
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1332:
1207:
1170:
391:of the joint is lax and extends from the
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
60:, without removing the technical details.
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653:The earliest carpal bones to ossify are
470:, which is received into the concavity.
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1362:. Oxford University Press. p. 87.
1356:Isenberg DA, Maddison P, Woo P (2004).
1294:
1258:
1243:
622:— by strong ligaments —the
102:A human showing the wrist in the centre
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1674:
1548:The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery
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2184:
1734:
1477:
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1471:
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1029:and its variants are associated with
1002:from which are derived modern German
672:
58:make it understandable to non-experts
1521:. Nelson Thornes. pp. 126–127.
1405:. Academic Press. pp. 131–183.
1276:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1087:
410:The radiocarpal (wrist) joint is an
32:
1400:
1217:Orthopaedic surgery: the essentials
13:
1634:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0999-1.00058-7
1593:10.1016/B978-0-323-54947-9.00032-8
1484:Raj's Practical Management of Pain
1466:
1411:10.1016/b978-0-12-803633-4.00003-x
917:has a number of causes, including
871:Intermediate or combined movements
14:
2760:
2647:Superficial transverse metacarpal
1719:
383:lying between the radius and the
251:. This region also includes the
2474:Interosseous membrane of forearm
1626:Atlas of Uncommon Pain Syndromes
1492:10.1016/B978-032304184-3.50013-3
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
965:usually means a fracture of the
664:
648:palmar intermetacarpal ligaments
331:
322:
295:
286:
219:is variously defined as (1) the
37:
1617:
1576:
1535:
1394:
1376:
1359:Oxford textbook of rheumatology
632:dorsal carpometacarpal ligament
2292:Inferior transverse of scapula
1300:
1264:
847:flexor digitorum superficialis
825:extensor carpi radialis brevis
821:extensor carpi radialis longus
753:extensor carpi radialis longus
751:Radial abduction (up to 20°):
1:
1142:
773:Ulnar adduction (up to 30°):
636:intermetacarpal articulations
414:formed by the radius and the
2287:Superior transverse scapular
977:
845:Palmar flexion (up to 70°):
638:— are strengthened by
616:dorsal intercarpal ligaments
429:dorsal radiocarpal ligaments
312:aspects of right human wrist
277:
7:
1081:Glossary of bowling § Wrist
1052:
704:on the palmar side and the
694:
689:
437:radial collateral ligaments
385:styloid process of the ulna
10:
2765:
2642:Deep transverse metacarpal
2250:Posterior sternoclavicular
1668:
1174:Essential clinical anatomy
1171:Moore KL, Agur AM (2006).
972:
851:flexor digitorum profundus
808:Magnetic resonance imaging
740:Magnetic resonance imaging
25:
18:
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2495:
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2245:Anterior sternoclavicular
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2104:
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2015:
1920:
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1325:10.15537/smj.2020.9.25348
446:and under surface of the
397:proximal radioulnar joint
393:inferior sacciform recess
377:ulnar notch of the radius
193:
181:
169:
157:
145:
140:articulatio radiocarpalis
133:
128:
123:
107:
95:
90:
2566:Interosseous intercarpal
867:abductor pollicis longus
833:extensor pollicis longus
761:extensor pollicis longus
757:abductor pollicis longus
235:, the joint between the
1220:. Thieme. p. 391.
1012:", "wrist") and modern
896:Projectional radiograph
815:Extension (up to 60°):
349:distal radioulnar joint
28:Carpus (disambiguation)
2608:Palmar carpometacarpal
2603:Dorsal carpometacarpal
1762:Human regional anatomy
919:carpal tunnel syndrome
911:
859:flexor pollicis longus
841:extensor carpi ulnaris
837:extensor digiti minimi
811:
787:extensor digiti minimi
775:extensor carpi ulnaris
769:flexor pollicis longus
743:
718:carpal tunnel syndrome
686:
620:carpometacarpal joints
585:fifth metacarpal bones
272:distal radius fracture
259:, bracelet lines, the
195:Anatomical terminology
21:Wrist (disambiguation)
1313:Saudi Medical Journal
1063:scapholunate ligament
894:
887:Clinical significance
863:flexor carpi radialis
806:
765:flexor carpi radialis
738:
684:
946:rheumatoid arthritis
900:wrist osteoarthritis
855:flexor carpi ulnaris
779:flexor carpi ulnaris
706:extensor retinaculum
604:pisohamate ligaments
367:, which make up the
355:located between the
265:extensor retinaculum
257:anatomical snuff box
19:For other uses, see
2657:Metacarpophalangeal
2415:Proximal radioulnar
1515:Kingston B (2000).
1434:Saladin KS (2003).
399:(at the elbow) for
2749:Upper limb anatomy
2561:Palmar intercarpal
2556:Dorsal intercarpal
2509:Palmar radiocarpal
2505:Dorsal radiocarpal
2351:Transverse humeral
1696:Platzer W (2004).
1681:. Human Kinetics.
1675:Behnke RS (2006).
1297:, pp. 126–129
1059:Brunelli procedure
912:
817:extensor digitorum
812:
783:extensor digitorum
744:
702:flexor retinaculum
687:
673:Articular surfaces
596:intercarpal joints
261:flexor retinaculum
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2619:Radial collateral
2527:Radial collateral
2518:Palmar ulnocarpal
2514:Dorsal ulnocarpal
2497:Wrist/radiocarpal
2482:
2481:
2469:Dorsal radioulnar
2464:Palmar radioulnar
2456:Distal radioulnar
2441:
2440:
2387:Radial collateral
2364:
2363:
2303:Acromioclavicular
2270:Acromioclavicular
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
1643:978-1-4557-0999-1
1602:978-0-323-54947-9
1501:978-0-323-04184-3
1420:978-0-12-803633-4
1088:Additional images
994:derived from the
804:
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563:— and five
371:. Formed by the
233:radiocarpal joint
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208:
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86:
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2624:Ulnar collateral
2523:Ulnar collateral
2493:
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2405:Ulnar collateral
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2308:Coracoclavicular
2237:Sternoclavicular
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1953:Vertebral column
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1700:(5th ed.).
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1658:"Hand Etymology"
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933:. Tests such as
829:extensor indicis
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565:metacarpal bones
423:, including the
373:head of the ulna
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201:edit on Wikidata
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592:midcarpal joint
450:above; and the
412:ellipsoid joint
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979:
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941:at the wrist.
931:osteoarthritis
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1384:"Wrist Joint"
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967:distal radius
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939:palmarflexion
936:
935:Phalen's test
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923:ganglion cyst
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665:Articulations
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655:capitate bone
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213:human anatomy
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46:This article
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
2612:
2571:Scapholunate
2496:
2428:Oblique cord
2379:Humeroradial
2328:Glenohumeral
2053:
1902:Adam's apple
1697:
1677:
1652:
1625:
1619:
1584:
1578:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1517:
1510:
1483:
1461:Platzer 2004
1456:
1449:Platzer 2004
1444:
1435:
1429:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1358:
1351:
1316:
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1295:Platzer 2004
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1259:Platzer 2004
1244:Platzer 2004
1239:
1231:
1216:
1209:
1197:
1188:
1173:
1151:
1046:
1026:
1021:("instep", "
1016:
1003:
999:
981:
962:
960:
952:Ossification
950:
943:
913:
904:osteoporosis
902:(as well as
874:
722:
698:
676:
668:
652:
644:interosseous
612:interosseous
589:
529:carpal bones
526:
505:
484:
474:Carpal bones
472:
441:
409:
359:ends of the
351:(DRUJ) is a
346:
269:
249:wrist joints
248:
232:
228:
216:
210:
164:A01.1.00.026
139:
116:carpal bones
72:
63:
47:
2714:Ulnar canal
2537:Intercarpal
2397:Humeroulnar
2278:Syndesmoses
1388:Earth's Lab
1202:Behnke 2006
1156:Behnke 2006
1031:Old English
908:lunate bone
659:hamate bone
567:—the
353:pivot joint
229:wrist joint
129:Identifiers
2733:Categories
2688:Collateral
2665:Collateral
2580:Pisohamate
2069:Fingernail
1281:2021-06-23
1143:References
1075:Wristlocks
927:tendinitis
915:Wrist pain
877:supination
541:triquetral
497:Triquetrum
460:triquetral
431:, and the
405:supination
263:, and the
245:metacarpus
227:; (2) the
2542:Midcarpal
2312:trapezoid
2216:ligaments
1985:Genitalia
1611:229189365
978:Etymology
881:pronation
725:movements
553:trapezoid
549:trapezium
514:Trapezoid
510:Trapezium
485:Proximal:
421:ligaments
401:pronation
306:Posterior
278:Structure
66:June 2015
2433:Quadrate
2299:Synovial
2228:Shoulder
2114:Buttocks
2034:Shoulder
1869:Mandible
1802:Forehead
1570:27847848
1343:32893275
1053:See also
1045:". The
1041:", and "
956:bone age
937:involve
695:Movement
690:Function
606:and the
557:capitate
545:pisiform
533:scaphoid
518:Capitate
501:Pisiform
489:Scaphoid
452:scaphoid
375:and the
310:anterior
239:and the
2447:Forearm
2336:Capsule
2218:of the
2159:Toenail
2049:Forearm
1995:Scrotum
1941:Midriff
1931:Abdomen
1924:(Trunk)
1874:Occiput
1817:Eyebrow
1669:Sources
1561:5100451
1334:7557557
1033:words "
1014:Swedish
1000:wristiz
984:English
973:History
531:—
506:Distal:
476:of the
468:condyle
389:capsule
387:. The
369:forearm
152:D014953
124:Details
52:Please
2744:Joints
2693:Palmar
2670:Palmar
2423:Anular
2317:conoid
2212:Joints
2094:Little
2084:Middle
2064:Finger
2039:Axilla
1980:Pelvis
1973:Nipple
1968:Breast
1963:Thorax
1907:Throat
1884:Temple
1847:Tongue
1827:Eyelid
1708:
1702:Thieme
1685:
1640:
1609:
1599:
1568:
1558:
1525:
1498:
1417:
1366:
1341:
1331:
1224:
1181:
1043:writhe
1035:wreath
1027:writh-
1010:instep
986:word "
929:, and
646:, and
640:dorsal
628:palmar
614:, and
608:palmar
583:, and
581:fourth
573:second
561:hamate
559:, and
537:lunate
522:Hamate
493:Lunate
458:, and
456:lunate
444:radius
425:palmar
361:radius
357:distal
255:, the
241:carpus
237:radius
221:carpus
215:, the
2739:Wrist
2702:Other
2614:thumb
2370:Elbow
2144:Ankle
2124:Thigh
2079:Index
2074:Thumb
2054:Wrist
2044:Elbow
2017:Limbs
2000:Vulva
1990:Penis
1946:Navel
1936:Waist
1922:Torso
1879:Scalp
1852:Tooth
1837:Mouth
1807:Cheek
1607:S2CID
1039:wrest
1023:ankle
1018:vrist
998:word
990:" is
988:wrist
577:third
569:first
433:ulnar
217:wrist
199:[
188:24922
135:Latin
91:Wrist
2488:Hand
2214:and
2164:Sole
2149:Heel
2139:Foot
2134:Calf
2129:Knee
2089:Ring
2059:Hand
2007:Anus
1958:Back
1912:Nape
1894:Neck
1832:Nose
1812:Chin
1797:Face
1792:Hair
1784:Head
1776:Skin
1770:Body
1706:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1566:PMID
1523:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1339:PMID
1222:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1037:", "
1005:Rist
982:The
879:and
657:and
630:and
626:and
602:and
590:The
520:, H=
516:, G=
512:, F=
499:, D=
495:, C=
491:, B=
478:hand
435:and
427:and
403:and
365:ulna
363:and
347:The
308:and
225:hand
159:TA98
147:MeSH
114:The
2220:arm
2154:Toe
2119:Hip
2106:Leg
2026:Arm
1864:Jaw
1859:Ear
1842:Lip
1822:Eye
1630:doi
1589:doi
1556:PMC
1488:doi
1407:doi
1329:PMC
1321:doi
1047:wr-
720:).
480::
231:or
211:In
183:FMA
176:147
171:TA2
56:to
2735::
2301::
2280::
1704:.
1636:.
1605:.
1595:.
1564:.
1550:.
1546:.
1494:.
1468:^
1413:.
1386:.
1337:.
1327:.
1317:41
1315:.
1311:.
1274:.
1251:^
1230:.
1187:.
1163:^
1008:("
969:.
961:A
958:.
948:.
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