Hypoxia in fish - Knowledge

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water in contact with air contains more oxygen. This is true only in stagnant water; in running water all layers are mixed together and oxygen levels are the same throughout the water column. One environment where ASR often takes place is tidepools, particularly at night. Separation from the sea at low tide means that water is not renewed, fish crowding within the pool means that oxygen is quickly depleted, and absence of light at night means that there is no photosynthesis to replenish the oxygen. Examples of tidepool species that perform ASR include the

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hypoxic exposure lasts sufficiently long, the fish will succumb to a depletion of its glycogen stores and/or the over-accumulation of deleterious anaerobic end-products. Furthermore, the severely limited energetic scope that comes with a metabolically suppressed state means that the fish is unable to complete critical tasks such a predator avoidance and reproduction. Perhaps for these reasons, goldfish prioritize their use of aerobic metabolism in most hypoxic environments, reserving metabolic suppression for the extreme case of anoxia.

1107:, and this technique is seldom used for fish. The few studies that have used calorimetry reveal that some fish species employ metabolic suppression in hypoxia/anoxia (e.g., goldfish, tilapia, European eel) while others do not (e.g. rainbow trout, zebrafish). The species that employ metabolic suppression are more hypoxia-tolerant than the species that do not, which suggests that metabolic suppression enhances hypoxia tolerance. Consistent with this, differences in hypoxia tolerance among isolated 825: 5781: 6773: 6755: 1099:

gonad development, and ventilation efforts. And biochemically, metabolic rate can be further lowered below standard metabolic rate through reduced gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis and degradation rates, and ion pumping across cellular membranes. Reductions in these processes lower ATP use rates, but it remains unclear whether metabolic suppression is induced through an initial reduction in ATP use or ATP supply.

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four of them performed ASR during hypoxia. Another study looked at 24 species of tropical fish common to the pet trade, from tetras to barbs to cichlids, and found that all of them performed ASR. An unusual situation in which ASR is performed is during winter, in lakes covered by ice, at the interface between water and ice or near air bubbles trapped underneath the ice.

160: 1179:. For example, the crucian carp, a highly hypoxia-tolerant fish, has evolved to survive months of anoxic waters. A key adaptation is the ability to convert lactate to ethanol in the muscle and excrete it out of their gills. Although this process is energetically costly it is crucial to their survival in hypoxic waters. 749:(Hb) within their red blood cells to bind chemically and deliver 95% of the oxygen extracted from the environment to the working tissues. Maintaining oxygen extraction and delivery to the tissues allows continued activity under hypoxic stress and is in part determined by modifications in two different blood parameters: 1162:

contain the largest glycogen content (300-2000 μmol glocosyl units/g) in their tissue compared to hypoxia-sensitive fish, such as rainbow trout, which contain only 100 μmol glocosyl units/g. The more glycogen stored in a tissue indicates the capacity for that tissue to undergo glycolysis and produce

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are used as alternative pathways for ATP production. However, these pathways are much less efficient than aerobic metabolism. For example, when using the same substrate, the total yield of ATP in anaerobic metabolism is 15 times lower than in aerobic metabolism. This level of ATP production is not

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when the temperature was raised from 7.5 °C to 15 °C. This difference may be due to the temperature regimes that these fish are typically found in, or there could be an underlying protective mechanism to prevent a loss of ion balance in stressful temperatures. Temperature also affects the

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The mechanisms that fish use to suppress metabolic rate occur at behavioral, physiological and biochemical levels. Behaviorally, metabolic rate can be lowered through reduced locomotion, feeding, courtship, and mating. Physiologically, metabolic rate can be lowered through reduced growth, digestion,

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isoforms. The anodic isoforms have low oxygen affinities (high P50) and marked Bohr effects, while the cathodic lack significant pH effects and are therefore thought to confer hypoxia tolerance. Several species of African cichlids raised from early stage development under either hypoxic or normoxic

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exhibit lower hematocrits. Hematocrit may be increased in response to both short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) hypoxia exposure and results in an increase in the total amount of oxygen the blood can carry, also known as the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Acute changes in hematocrit are

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There are two main types of air breathing fish—facultative and non-facultative. Under normoxic conditions facultative fish can survive without having to breathe air from the surface of the water. However, non-facultative fish must respire at the surface even in normal dissolved oxygen levels because

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Some species may hold an air bubble within the mouth during ASR. This may assist buoyancy as well as increase the oxygen content of the water passing over the bubble on its way to the gills. Another way to reduce buoyancy costs is to perform ASR on rocks or plants that provide support near the water

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level in the environment, fish swim up to the surface of the water column and ventilate at the top layer of the water where it contains relatively higher level of dissolved oxygen, a behavior called aquatic surface respiration (ASR). Oxygen diffuses into water from air and therefore the top layer of

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Hypoxia can modify normal behavior. Parental behaviour meant to provide oxygen to the eggs is often affected by hypoxia. For example, fanning behavior (swimming on the spot near the eggs to create a flow of water over them, and thus a constant supply of oxygen) is often increased when oxygen is less

284:, an outward K "leak" channel is inhibited. It remains unclear how these K channels are inhibited by a shortage of oxygen because there are yet to be any known direct binding sites for "a lack of oxygen", only whole cell and ion channel responses to hypoxia. K "leak" channels are two-pore-domain 1299:

domain, and the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD), which render the HIF-α subunit sensitive to oxygen levels. The evolutionary similarity between HIF sequences in fish, tetrapods and birds, as well as the conservation of important functional domains suggests that HIF function and regulation

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is present in tissue as a long term energy storage molecule. It can be converted into glucose and subsequently used as the starting material in glycolysis. A key adaptation to long-term survival during hypoxia is the ability of an organism to store large amounts of glycogen. Many hypoxia-tolerant

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HIF-α and -β sequences shows that the isoforms of both subunits present in mammals are also represented in fish Within fish, HIF sequences group close together and are distinct from tetrapod and bird sequences. As well, amino acid analysis of available fish HIF-α and -β sequences reveals that they

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The first prediction holds true. When membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ ions was compared between reptiles and mammals, reptile membranes were discovered to be five times less leaky. The second prediction has been more difficult to prove experimentally, however, indirect measures have showed a

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Aerial respiration is the 'gulping' of air at the surface of water to directly extract oxygen from the atmosphere. Aerial respiration evolved in fish that were exposed to more frequent hypoxia; also, species that engage in aerial respiration tend to be more hypoxia tolerant than those which do not

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But ASR is not limited to the intertidal environment. Most tropical and temperate fish species living in stagnant waters engage in ASR during hypoxia. One study looked at 26 species representing eight families of non-air breathing fishes from the North American great plains, and found that all but

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activation. There is evidence for both of these hypotheses depending on the species used for the study. For the neuroepithelial cells in the zebrafish gills, there is strong evidence supporting the "membrane hypothesis" due to their capacity to respond to hypoxia after removal of the contents of

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during hypoxic conditions. Results seem to be tissue-specific, as crucian carp exposed to hypoxia do not undergo a reduction in Na+/K+ ATPase activity in their brain. Although evidence is limited, ion channel arrest enables organisms to maintain ion channel concentration gradients and membrane

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Fish that are capable of hypoxia-induced metabolic suppression reduce their metabolic rates by 30% to 80% relative to standard metabolic rates. Because this is not a complete cessation of metabolic rate, metabolic suppression can only prolong hypoxic survival, not sustain it indefinitely. If the

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inhabiting near the surface of the water. To cope with the increased predation risk upon surfacing, some fish perform ASR or aerial respiration in schools to 'dilute' the predation risk. When fish can visually detect the presence of their aerial predators, they simply refrain from surfacing, or

439:, many of them are not capable of breathing air, and they rely on aquatic surface respiration as a supply of more oxygenated water at the surface of the water. However, many species of teleost fish are obligate water breathers and do not display either of these surface respiratory behaviours. 1230:

Microarray studies done on fish species exposed to hypoxia typically show a metabolic switch, that is, a decrease in the expression of genes involved in aerobic metabolism and an increase in expression of genes involved in anaerobic metabolism. Zebrafish embryos exposed to hypoxia decreased

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Aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor, is crucial to all water-breathing fish. When fish are deprived of oxygen, they require other ways to produce ATP. Thus, a switch from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism occurs at the onset of hypoxia.

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The binding affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen is estimated using a measurement called P50 (the partial pressure of oxygen at which hemoglobin is 50% bound with oxygen) and can be extremely variable. If the hemoglobin has a weak affinity for oxygen, it is said to have a high P50 and therefore

720:, is also able to remodel their gills in response to hypoxic conditions. In response to oxygen levels 95% lower than normoxic conditions, apoptosis of ILCM increases lamellar surface area by up to 60% after just 24 hours. However, this comes at a significant osmoregulatory cost, reducing 156:-of-LOE value therefore imply enhanced hypoxia tolerances. In either case, LOE is a more holistic representation of overall hypoxia tolerance because it incorporates all contributors to hypoxia tolerance, including aerobic metabolism, anaerobic metabolism and metabolic suppression. 205:

In mammals there are several structures that have been implicated as oxygen sensing structures; however, all of these structures are situated to detect aortic or internal hypoxia since mammals rarely run into environmental hypoxia. These structures include the type I cells of the

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of the cell and play a major role in setting the equilibrium resting membrane potential of the cell. Once this "leak" channel is closed, the K is no longer able to freely flow out of the cell, and the membrane potential of the NEC increases; the cell becomes depolarized. This

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activity which are influenced by both hypoxia and temperature. In cold (15 °C) water the crucian carp has more ILCM, but when the temperature is increased to 25 °C the ILCM is removed, just as it would be in hypoxic conditions. This same transition in

782:. While increasing hematocrit means that the blood can carry a larger total amount of oxygen, a possible advantage during hypoxia, increasing the number of RBCs in the blood can also lead to certain disadvantages. First, A higher hematocrit results in more 556:, a South American species, exposure to hypoxia induces within hours the development of additional blood vessels inside the lower lip, enhancing its ability to take up oxygen during ASR. Swimming upside down may also help fishes perform ASR, as in some 430:

and behavioural strategies. Fish that use air breathing organs (ABO) tend to live in environments with highly variable oxygen content and rely on aerial respiration during times when there is not enough oxygen to support water-breathing. Though all

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The prevalence of metabolic suppression use among fish species has not been thoroughly explored. This is partly because the metabolic rates of hypoxia-exposed fish, including suppressed metabolic rates, can only be accurately measured using direct

774:) activating receptors on the spleen that cause the release of RBCs into circulation. During chronic hypoxia exposure, the mechanism used to increase hematocrit is independent of the spleen and results from hormonal stimulation of the kidney by 117:

is nevertheless closely tied to a fish's hypoxia tolerance, in part because some fish prioritize their use of aerobic metabolism over anaerobic metabolism and metabolic suppression. It therefore remains a widely used hypoxia tolerance metric.

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by the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX); however all four arches are innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). Both the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry sensory nerve fibres into the brain and central nervous system.

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Some species may show morphological adaptations, such as a flat head and an upturned mouth, that allow them to perform ASR without breaking the water surface (which would make them more visible to aerial predators). One example is the

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Cao, Yi-Bin; Chen, Xue-Qun; Wang, Shen; Wang, Yu-Xiang; Du, Ji-Zeng (22 October 2008). "Evolution and Regulation of the Downstream Gene of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Naked Carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii) from Lake Qinghai, China".

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If the post-synaptic cell is a sensory neuron, then an increased firing rate in that neuron will transmit the signal to the central nervous system for integration. Whereas, if the post-synaptic cell is a connective pillar cell or a

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available. This has been documented in sticklebacks, gobies, and clownfishes, among others. Gobies may also increase the size of the openings in the nest they build, even though this may increase the risk of predation on the eggs.

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Rahman, Md. Saydur (2007), "Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of two hypoxia-inducible factor alpha subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, in a hypoxia-tolerant marine teleost, Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)",

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speed at which the gills can be remodelled: for example, at 20 °C in hypoxia, the crucian carp can completely remove its ILCM in 6 hours, whereas at 8 °C, the same process takes 3–7 days. The ILCM is likely removed by

693:, but it is possible that when the fish is faced with the double stress of hypoxia at high temperature, the lamellae may be lost by physical degradation. Covering the gill lamellae may protect species like the crucian carp from 1123:

In addition to a reduction in the rate of protein synthesis, it appears that some species of hypoxia-tolerant fish conserve energy by employing Hochachka's ion channel arrest hypothesis. This hypothesis makes two predictions:

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Fish exhibit a wide range of tactics to counteract aquatic hypoxia, but when escape from the hypoxic stress is not possible, maintaining oxygen extraction and delivery becomes an essential component to survival. Except for the

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As oxygen levels decrease, fish may at first increase movements in an attempt to escape the hypoxic zone, but eventually they greatly reduce their activity levels, thus reducing their energetic (and therefore oxygen) demands.

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van Ginneken, VJ; Onderwater, M; Olivar, OL; van den Thillart, GE (2001). "Metabolic depression and investigation of glucose/ethanol conversion in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla Linnaeus 1758) during anaerobiosis".

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studies done on different fish species exposed to low-oxygen conditions have shown that at the genetic level fish respond to hypoxia by changing the expression of genes involved in oxygen transport, ATP production, and

1175:. A challenge hypoxia-tolerant fish face is how to produce ATP anaerobically without creating a significant Pasteur effect. Along with a reduction in metabolism, some fish have adapted traits to avoid accumulation of 3853:

Wood, CM; Mcdonald, DG; Mcmahon, BR (1982). "The influence of experimental anemia on blood acid-base regulation in vivo and in vitro in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)".

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cells. In fish, the neuroepithelial cells (NEC) have been implicated as the major oxygen sensing cells. NEC have been found in all teleost fish studied to date, and are likely a highly conserved structure within many

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and organism function in an oxygen-depleted environment. The biggest challenge fish face when exposed to low oxygen conditions is maintaining metabolic energy balance, as 95% of the oxygen consumed by fish is used for

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surface area, with some species such as goldfish doubling their lamellar surface areas in as little as 8 hours. The increased respiratory surface area comes as a trade-off with increased metabolic costs because the

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Gill remodelling happens in only a few species of fish, and it involves the buildup or removal of an inter-lamellar cell mass (ILCM). As a response to hypoxia, some fish are able to remodel their gills to increase

1263:. A decrease in protein synthesis is an important response to hypoxia to decrease ATP demand for whole organism metabolic suppression. Decreases in the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis, such as 4908:

van Ginneken, V; Addink, A; van den Thillart, GE (1997). "Metabolic rate and level of activity determined in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus Peters) by direct and indirect calorimetry and videomonitoring".

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48:. Therefore, hypoxia survival requires a coordinated response to secure more oxygen from the depleted environment and counteract the metabolic consequences of decreased ATP production at the mitochondria. 845:

environments. The use of high affinity (low P50) hemoglobins results in reduced ventillatory and therefore energetic requirements when facing hypoxic insult. The oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin (Hb-O

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Fish are exposed to large oxygen fluctuations in their aquatic environment since the inherent properties of water can result in marked spatial and temporal differences in the concentration of oxygen (see

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Perry, SF, Esbaugh, A, Braun, M, and Gilmour, KM. 2009. Gas Transport and Gill Function in Water Breathing Fish. In Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates, (ed. Glass ML, Wood SC), pp. 5-35. Berlin:

1042:) while suppressing metabolic demands. The ability to decrease energy demand by metabolic suppression is essential to ensure hypoxic survival due to the limited efficiency of anaerobic ATP production. 1300:

is similar between fish and mammalian species. There is also evidence of novel HIF mechanisms present in fish not found in mammals. In mammals, HIF-α protein is continuously synthesized and regulated

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blood (especially in cold water) increasing the amount of energy the cardiac system requires to pump the blood through the system and secondly depending on the transit time of the blood across the

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Rutjes, HA; Nieveen, MC; Weber, RE; Witte, F; Van; den Thillart, GE (September 2007). "Multiple strategies of Lake Victoria cichlids to cope with lifelong hypoxia include hemoglobin switching".

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van Waversveld, J; Addink, ADF; van den Thillart, GE (1989). "The anaerobic energy metabolism of goldfish determined by simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry during anoxia and hypoxia".

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Urbina, Mauricio A. (2011), "Leap of faith: Voluntary emersion behaviour and physiological adaptations to aerial exposure in a non-aestivating freshwater fish in response to aquatic hypoxia",

1312:, substantial increases in HIF-1α and HIF-3α mRNA were observed in all tissues after hypoxia exposure. Likewise, mRNA levels of HIF-1α and HIF-2α were hypoxia-responsive in the ovaries of the 390:

in mice, and it predicts that oxygen sensing is an ion balance initiated process. The mitochondrial hypothesis was also proposed for the carotid body of mice, but it relies on the levels of

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Evans, DH; Piermarini, PM; Choe, KP (January 2005). "The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste".

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as a key regulator of gene expression changes in response to hypoxia However, a direct link between fish HIFs and gene expression changes in response to hypoxia has yet to be found.

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for example, survival was approximately four times higher in individuals able to perform ASR as compared to fish not allowed to perform ASR during their exposure to extreme hypoxia.

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van der Meer, DL; den Thillart, GE; Witte, F; et al. (November 2005). "Gene expression profiling of the long-term adaptive response to hypoxia in the gills of adult zebrafish".

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influx of water and cell swelling. The dilution of the cell contents causes further spatial separation of hemoglobin from the inorganic phosphates and again serves to increase Hb-O

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The limiting factor for fish undergoing hypoxia is the availability of fermentable substrate for anaerobic metabolism; once substrate runs out, ATP production ceases. Endogenous

578:, gestating females (this species is a livebearer) spend about 50% of their time in ASR as compared to only 15% in non-gestating females under the same low levels of oxygen. 5176:

Hylland, P.; Milton, S.; Pek, M.; Nilsson, G. E.; Lutz, P. L. (1997). "Brain Na+/K+-ATPase activity in two anoxia tolerant vertebrates: Crucian carp and freshwater turtle".

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Yamamoto, K.; Itazawa, Y.; Kobayashi, H. (1985). "Direct observations of fish spleen by an abdominal window method and its application to exercised and hypoxic yellowtail".

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Farrell, AP; Daxboeck, C; Randall, DJ (1979). "The effect of input pressure and flow on the pattern and resistance to flow in the isolated perfused gill of a teleost fish".

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Mandic, M.; Speers-Roesch, B.; Richards, J.G. (2012). "Hypoxia tolerance in sculpins is associated with high anaerobic enzyme activity in brain but not in liver or muscle".

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Petrosky, B.R.; Magnuson, J.J. (1973). "Behavioral responses of Northern pike, yellow perch and bluegill to oxygen concentrations under simulated winterkill conditions".

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Reebs, S.G.; Whoriskey, F.G.; FitzGerald, G.J. (1984). "Diel patterns of fanning activity, egg respiration, and the nocturnal behavior of male three spined sticklebacks,

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Ca to flow down its concentration gradient into the cell causing the intracellular Ca concentration to greatly increase. Once the Ca is inside the cell, it binds to the

778:. Increasing hematocrit in response to erythropoietin is observed after approximately one week and is therefore likely under genetic control of hypoxia inducible factor 4092:

Nikinmaa, M; Boutilier, RG (1995). "Adrenergic control of red cell pH, organic phosphate concentrations and haemoglobin function in teleost fish". In Heisler, N (ed.).

841:. Conversely, fish hemoglobins with a low P50 bind strongly to oxygen and are then of obvious advantage when attempting to extract oxygen from hypoxic or variable PO 2974:

Magnuson, J.J.; Beckel, A.L.; Mills, K.; Brandt, S.B. (1985). "Surviving winter hypoxia: behavioral adaptations of fishes in a northern Wisconsin winterkill lake".

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Lopez-Barneo, J; Lopez-Lopez, JR; Urena, J; Gonzalez, C (1988). "Chemotransduction in the carotid body: K+ current modulated by PO2 in type I chemoreceptor cells".

5581:"Cloning and expression analysis of two distinct HIF-alpha isoforms--gcHIF-1alpha and gcHIF-4alpha--from the hypoxia-tolerant grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus" 2651:

Mandic, M; Sloman, KA Richards JG (2009). "Escaping to the surface: a phylogenetically independent analysis of hypoxia-induced respiratory behaviors in sculpins".

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Abbaraju, NV; Rees, BB (June 2012). "Effects of dissolved oxygen on glycolytic enzyme specific activities in liver and skeletal muscle of Fundulus heteroclitus".

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and directly drives mitochondrial ATP synthesis using the cytosolic pool of protons that likely accumulates in hypoxia (via lactic acidosis and ATP hydrolysis).

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Both ASR and aerial respiration require fish to travel to the top of water column and this behaviour increases the predation risks by aerial predators or other

4507:"Responses to hypoxia recovery: Repayment of oxygen debt is not associated with compensatory protein synthesis in the Amazonian cichlid, Astronotus ocellatus" 4546:

Smith, RW; Houlihan, DF; Nilsson, GE; Brechin, JG (1996). "Tissue-specific changes in protein synthesis rates in vivo during anoxia in the crucian carp".

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Wannamaker, C.M.; Rice, J.A. (2000). "Effects of hypoxia on movements and behavior of selected estuarine organisms from the southeastern United States".

1223:, which is normally only found in muscle tissue, has also been observed after hypoxia exposure in the gills of zebrafish and in non-muscle tissue of the 5022:

Buck, L. T.; Hochachka, P. W. (1993). "Anoxic suppression of Na+/K+-ATPase and constant membrane potential in hepatocytes: support for channel arrest".

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Wang, Tobias; Lefevre, Sjannie; Thanh Huong, Do Thi; Cong, Nguyen van; Bayley, Mark (2009). "Chapter 8 the Effects of Hypoxia on Growth and Digestion".

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Wang, Tobias; Lefevre, Sjannie; Thanh Huong, Do Thi; Cong, Nguyen van; Bayley, Mark (2009). "Chapter 8 the Effects of Hypoxia on Growth and Digestion".

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Plath M, Tobler M, Riesch R, García de León FJ, Giere O, Schlupp I. 2007. Survival in an extreme habitat: the roles of behaviour and energy limitation.

899:(BNHE) on the RBC membrane via circulating catelcholamines. This process causes the internal pH of the RBC to increase through the outwards movement of 1030:

conditions were contrasted in an attempt to compare Hb isoforms. They demonstrated there were Hb isoforms specific to the hypoxia-raised individuals.

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by over 10%. The morphological response to hypoxia by scaleless carp is the fastest respiratory surface remodelling reported in vertebrates thus far.

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Sundin, L.; Reid, S.G.; Rantin, F.T.; Milson, W.K. (2000). "Branchial receptors and cardiorespiratory reflexes in a neotropical fish, the tambaqui (

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populations appear to result from differences in the use of metabolic suppression, with the more tolerant stickleback using metabolic suppression.

610:; they are highly vascularized and provide additional method of extracting oxygen from the air. Fish also use ABO for storing the retained oxygen. 598:

Many air breathing freshwater teleosts use ABOs to effectively extract oxygen from air while maintaining functions of the gills. ABOs are modified

515:. Some sharks that ram-ventilate their gills may understandably increase their swimming speeds under hypoxia, to bring more water to the gills. 2312:

Domenici, P.; Steffensen, J.F.; Batty, R.S. (2000). "The effect of progressive hypoxia on swimming activity and schooling in Atlantic herring".

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Behavioural adaptations meant to survive when oxygen is scarce include reduced activity levels, aquatic surface respiration, and air breathing.

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Stangl, P; Wegener, G (1996). "Calorimetric and biochemical studies on the effects of environmental hypoxia and chemicals on freshwater fish".

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Matey, V.; Richards, J. G.; Wang, Y.; Wood, C. M.; Rogers, J.; Davies, R.; Murray, B. W.; Chen, X.-Q.; Du, J.; Brauner, C. J. (1 April 2008).

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In general, hematocrit is the number of red blood cells (RBC) in circulation and is highly variable among fish species. Active fish, like the

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and the diffusion rate of oxygen, an increased hematocrit may result in less efficient transfer of oxygen from the environment to the blood.

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Timmerman, C.M.; Chapman, L.J. (2003). "The effect of gestational state on oxygen consumption and response to hypoxia in the sailfin molly,

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Lefevre, Sjannie (2011), "Hypoxia tolerance and partitioning of bimodal respiration in the striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)",

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Jonz, MG; Nurse, CA (2003). "Neuroepithelial cells and associated innervation of the zebrafish gill: A confocal immunofluorescence study".

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When anaerobic pathways are turned on, glycogen stores are depleted and accumulation of acidic waste products occurs. This is known as a

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of fish. NEC are also found in all four gill arches within several different structures, such as along the filaments, at the ends of the

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Vornanen, Matti; Stecyk, Jonathan A.W.; Nilsson, Göran E. (2009). "Chapter 9 the Anoxia-Tolerant Crucian Carp (Carassius Carassius L.)".

4750:"Calorespirometry reveals that goldfish prioritize aerobic metabolism over metabolic rate depression in all but near-anoxic environments" 4109:"Acidosis Maintains the Function of Brain Mitochondria in Hypoxia-Tolerant Triplefin Fish: A Strategy to Survive Acute Hypoxic Exposure?" 1495:"Calorespirometry reveals that goldfish prioritize aerobic metabolism over metabolic rate depression in all but near-anoxic environments" 1038:

To deal with decreased ATP production through the electron transport chain, fish must activate anaerobic means of energy production (see

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Carlson, J.K.; Parsons, G.R. (2001). "The effects of hypoxia on three sympatric shark species: physiological and behavioral responses".

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Metcalfe, J.D.; Butler, P.J. (1984). "Changes in activity and ventilation in response to hypoxia in unrestrained, unoperated dogfish (

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Stierhoff, K.L.; Targett, T.E.; Grecay, P.A. (2003). "Hypoxia tolerance of the mummichog: the role of access to the water surface".

1017:, but especially in fish that are required to cope with both fluctuating temperature and oxygen availability. Hbs isolated from the 2876:

Kramer, D.L.; McClure, M. (1982). "Aquatic surface respiration, a widespread adaptation to hypoxia in tropical freshwater fishes".

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delivery in the face of low ambient oxygen is to increase the affinity of the blood. The oxygen content of the blood is related to

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Jones, J.C.; Reynolds, J.D. (1999). "The influence of oxygen stress on female choice for male nest structure in the common goby".

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sufficient to maintain a high metabolic rate, therefore, the only survival strategy for fish is to alter their metabolic demands.

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Congleton, J.L. (1980). "Observations of the responses of some southern California tidepool fishes to nocturnal hypoxic stress".

552:, whose upturned mouth suggests surface feeding, but whose feeding habits are not particularly restricted to the surface. In the 3696:"The effect of hypoxia on gill morphology and ionoregulatory status in the Lake Qinghai scaleless carp, Gymnocypris przewalskii" 2211:

Jones, J.C.; Reynolds, J.D. (1999). "Oxygen and the trade-off between egg ventilation and brood protection in the common goby".

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Gonzalez, C; Almaraz, L; Obeso, A; Rigual, R (1994). "Carotid body chemoreceptors: from natural stimuli to sensory discharges".

4011:"Control of cell volume and ion transport by beta-adrenergic catecholamines in erythrocytes of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri" 4154:

Tamburrini, M; Verde, C; Olianas, A; Giardina, B; Corda, M; Sanna, MT; Fais, A; Deiana, AM; Prisco, G; Pellegrini, M (2001).

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Dalla Via, D.; Van; den Thillart, G.; Cattani, O.; Cortesi, P. (1998). "Behavioural responses and biochemical correlates in

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pathways. Since neuroepithelial cells are distributed throughout the gills, they are often ideally situated to detect both

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Ton, C; Stamatiou, D; Liew, CC (April 2003). "Gene expression profile of zebrafish exposed to hypoxia during development".

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Else, PL; Hulbert, AJ (July 1987). "Evolution of mammalian endothermic metabolism: "leaky" membranes as a source of heat".

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Kramer, Donald L. (1982), "Aquatic surface respiration, a widespread adaptation to hypoxia in tropical freshwater fishes",

6054: 4624:"Oxygen consumption rate v. rate of energy utilization of fishes: a comparison and brief history of the two measurements" 3126:

Chapman, L.J.; Kaufman, L.; Chapman, C.A. (1994). "Why swim upside down? A comparative study of two mochokid catfishes".

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and increased demand for hemoglobin synthesis, leading to increased oxygen uptake and transport. Increased expression of

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Gee, J.H.; Gee, P.A. (1991). "Reaction of gobioid fishes to hypoxia: buoyancy control and aquatic surface respiration".

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is one species able to remodel its gill filaments in response to hypoxia. Their inter-lamellar cells have high rates of

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to maintain ionic equilibrium within the RBC results in a steady decline in cellular ATP, also serving to increase Hb-O

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Semenza, GL (2004). "O2-regulated gene expression: transcriptional control of cardiorespiratory physiology by HIF-1".

6826: 6084: 5236: 4448: 4364: 4331: 3409: 2052:

Perry, S.F. (2006), "Does bradycardia or hypertension enhance gas transfer in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)?",

1385: 4283:"Anoxic depression of spontaneous locomotor activity in crucian carp quantified by a computerized imaging technique" 3652:"Temperature alters the respiratory surface area of crucian carp Carassius carassius and goldfish Carassius auratus" 4466:"AMP-activated protein kinase activity during metabolic rate depression in the hypoxic goldfish, Carassius auratus" 98:

is often used to represent hypoxia tolerance, it more accurately represents the ability to take up environmental O

5738: 5675: 1056: 483:

often move their young fry closer to the water surface, where oxygen is more available, during hypoxic episodes.

56:

A fish's hypoxia tolerance can be represented in different ways. A commonly used representation is the critical O

2380:

Kramer, D.L.; Mehegan, J.P. (1981). "Aquatic surface respiration, an adaptive response to hypoxia in the guppy,

6821: 6816: 4826:"Metabolic depression and the evolution of hypoxia tolerance in threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus" 1301: 121:

A fish's hypoxia tolerance can also be represented as the amount of time it can spend at a particular hypoxic P

5404:

Fraser, J; de Mello, LV; Ward, D; Rees, HH; Williams, DR; Fang, YC; Brass, A; Gracey, AY; Cossins, AR (2006).

3052:

Lewis, W.M. Jr (1970). "Morphological adaptations of cyprinodontoids for inhabiting oxygen deficient waters".

2849:

Gee, J.H.; Tallman, R.F.; Smart, H.J. (1978). "Reactions of some great plains fishes to progressive hypoxia".

499:

show this exact pattern. Other examples of fishes that reduce their activity levels under hypoxia include the

466:

hypoxia response is simply a stress response, and the advantages found in early studies may only result after

3392:

Chapman, Lauren J.; McKenzie, David J. (2009). "Chapter 2 Behavioral Responses and Ecological Consequences".

2124:

Torricelli, P.; Lugli, M.; Gandolfi, G. (1985). "A quantitative analysis of the fanning activity in the male

1803:

Lesage, F; Lazdunski, M (2000). "Molecular and functional properties of two-pore-domain potassium channels".

1403:"Responses by fishes to environmental hypoxia: integration through Fry's concept of aerobic metabolic scope" 1091:) are used. Metabolic suppression also reduces the accumulation rate of deleterious anaerobic end-products ( 6789: 5823: 4058:

Nikinmaa, Mikko (1983), "Adrenergic regulation of haemoglobin oxygen affinity in rainbow trout red cells",

5723: 3902:"Effects of moderate and substantial hypoxia on erythropoietin levels in rainbow trout kidney and spleen" 524: 21: 1623:"Hypoxia-induced secretion of serotonin from intact pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies in neonatal rabbit" 809:

and is illustrated using an oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC). Fish hemoglobins, with the exception of the

398:(ROS) production as a cue for hypoxia. Specifically, the oxygen sensitive K currents are inhibited by 6475: 6202: 6172: 6059: 5668: 3789:"Physiological responses to prolonged aquatic hypoxia in the Queensland lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri" 2281:

Courtenay, S.C.; Keenleyside, M.H.A. (1983). "Wriggler-hanging: a response to hypoxia by brood-rearing

1271:, have been shown in the muscle of the mudsucker and gills of adult zebrafish after hypoxia exposure . 2612:

Sloman, K.A.; Mandic, M.M.; Todgham, A.E.; et al. (2008). "The response of the tidepool sculpin,

6748: 6741: 6708: 6450: 6122: 5803: 3788: 2180:"O2 replenishment to fish nests: males adjust brood care to ambient conditions and brood development" 2097:

Iersel, J.J.A. van. 1953. An analysis of the parental behaviour of the male three-spine stickleback (

1275: 998: 837:

constrains the environment in which a fish can inhabit to those with relatively high environmental PO

779: 391: 215: 2919:

Klinger, S.A.; Magnuson, J.J.; Gallepp, G.W. (1982). "Survival mechanisms of the central mudminnow (

997:) species seem to take advantage of intracellular acidosis and appears to "bypasse" the traditional 877:

as well as a variety of other teleosts, increased RBC pH stems from the activation of B-andrenergic

6811: 6758: 6517: 533: 45: 3530:"Rates of hypoxia induction alter mechanisms of O2 uptake and the critical O2 tension of goldfish" 2326: 2017:

Holeton, GF; Randall, DJ (1967). "Changes in blood pressure in the rainbow trout during hypoxia".

1539:"A new analysis of hypoxia tolerance in fishes using a database of critical oxygen level (P crit)" 181:. On the other hand, oxygen consumption rate is unaffected by the changes in oxygen tension when P 6736: 6718: 6280: 6029: 5780: 4156:"The hemoglobin system of the brown moray Gymnothorax unicolor: Structure/function relationships" 1340: 1248: 1236: 706: 599: 414:

the cell. However, there is no evidence against multiple sites for oxygen sensing in organisms.

395: 29: 5092:

Busk, M; Boutilier, RG (2005). "Metabolic arrest and its regulation in anoxic eel hepatocytes".

4382:"The energetic consequence of specific dynamic action in southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii" 3978:"Molecular Ecology of Teleost Fish Hemoglobins Strategies for Adapting to Changing Environments" 3342:

Sloman, KA; Sloman, RD; De Boeck, G; Scott, GR; Iftikar, FI; Wood, CM; Almeida-Val, VMF (2009).

1368:

Richards, Jeffrey G. (2009). "Chapter 10 Metabolic and Molecular Responses of Fish to Hypoxia".

6698: 6522: 6507: 6330: 6049: 5938: 2321: 1292: 1291:

contain all functional domains shown to be important for mammalian HIF function, including the

1108: 1073: 1009:

Nearly all animals have more than one kind of Hb present in the RBC. Multiple Hb isoforms (see

623:

prefer to surface in areas where they can be detected less easily (i.e. turbid, shaded areas).

508: 350: 331: 222: 211: 38: 1494: 6728: 6713: 6222: 6039: 4347:

Wu, Rudolf S.S. (2009). "Chapter 3 Effects of Hypoxia on Fish Reproduction and Development".

1260: 850: 646: 6723: 6019: 5310: 5261: 4989: 4954: 4918: 4798: 4717: 4681: 4635: 4282: 4239: 3745: 3611:"Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills" 3475: 3264: 2983: 2940: 2885: 2816: 2781: 2738: 2551: 2508: 2471: 2393: 1937: 1890: 1414: 1240: 1069: 1039: 681: 234:

and throughout the lamellae. Two separate neural pathways have been identified within the

110: 1304:

by changing oxygen conditions, but it has been shown in different fish species that HIF-α

832:

required for half of the hemoglobin oxygen binding sites to be saturated with oxygen (P50)

8: 6512: 6455: 6255: 6142: 5931: 1264: 1072:(called standard metabolic rate in ectothermic animals). This reduces the fish's rate of 557: 451: 5314: 5265: 5252:

Shoubridge, E. (1980), "Ethanol: novel end product of vertebrate anaerobic metabolism",

4993: 4958: 4922: 4802: 4721: 4685: 4639: 4243: 3749: 3480:) and their behavioural modulation by perceived threat of predation and water turbidity" 3268: 2987: 2944: 2889: 2820: 2785: 2742: 2555: 2512: 2475: 2397: 1941: 1894: 1418: 1131:

Membrane permeability decreases even more during hypoxic conditions (ion channel arrest)

1068:

Metabolic suppression is the regulated and reversible reduction of metabolic rate below

6094: 5607: 5580: 5526: 5480: 5468: 5432: 5405: 5201: 5117: 4890: 4850: 4825: 4263: 4131: 4108: 4075: 4035: 4010: 3819: 3769: 3510: 3451: 3426: 3371: 3300:"Physiological, behavioral and biochemical adaptations of intertidal fishes to hypoxia" 3280: 3221: 3178: 3143: 3069: 3034: 2999: 2956: 2901: 2832: 2676: 2567: 2524: 2409: 2263: 2137: 1863: 1828: 1744: 1696: 1671: 1647: 1622: 1563: 1538: 1475: 1268: 878: 633: 512: 289: 263: 5299:"Hypoxia-induced gene expression profiling in the euryoxic fish Gillichthys mirabilis" 5228: 5189: 4966: 4930: 4729: 4693: 4583:"A simple and affordable calorespirometer for assessing the metabolic rates of fishes" 4440: 4356: 4323: 3807: 3401: 2750: 1377: 6440: 6345: 6250: 6162: 6157: 6104: 5911: 5718: 5708: 5648: 5612: 5561: 5518: 5472: 5437: 5386: 5338: 5333: 5298: 5277: 5232: 5193: 5158: 5109: 5074: 5039: 5035: 5005: 4855: 4810: 4771: 4653: 4604: 4563: 4528: 4487: 4444: 4413: 4360: 4327: 4255: 4212: 4177: 4172: 4155: 4136: 4040: 3958: 3923: 3811: 3761: 3717: 3673: 3632: 3586: 3551: 3502: 3456: 3405: 3363: 3321: 3213: 3108: 2793: 2754: 2668: 2633: 2598: 2255: 2069: 2034: 2000: 1965: 1960: 1925: 1906: 1820: 1816: 1785: 1736: 1701: 1652: 1603: 1568: 1519: 1467: 1432: 1381: 1232: 1192: 803: 399: 314: 281: 267: 5530: 5484: 5205: 5121: 4894: 4559: 4267: 4079: 3954: 3823: 3284: 3225: 3003: 2960: 2905: 2836: 2680: 2571: 2528: 2413: 2267: 1867: 1832: 6182: 6127: 6089: 6044: 6002: 5926: 5713: 5640: 5602: 5592: 5553: 5510: 5464: 5427: 5417: 5376: 5368: 5328: 5318: 5269: 5224: 5185: 5148: 5101: 5066: 5031: 4997: 4962: 4926: 4882: 4845: 4837: 4806: 4761: 4725: 4689: 4643: 4594: 4555: 4518: 4477: 4436: 4403: 4393: 4352: 4319: 4294: 4247: 4204: 4167: 4126: 4116: 4067: 4030: 4026: 4022: 3989: 3950: 3913: 3863: 3803: 3773: 3753: 3707: 3663: 3622: 3578: 3541: 3514: 3494: 3446: 3438: 3397: 3355: 3311: 3272: 3205: 3170: 3135: 3100: 3061: 3026: 2991: 2948: 2893: 2858: 2824: 2789: 2746: 2711: 2660: 2625: 2594: 2559: 2516: 2479: 2401: 2362: 2331: 2294: 2247: 2220: 2191: 2061: 2026: 1992: 1955: 1945: 1898: 1855: 1812: 1775: 1728: 1691: 1683: 1642: 1634: 1595: 1558: 1550: 1509: 1479: 1459: 1422: 1373: 1313: 1244: 1208: 697:

and environmental toxins during normoxia by limiting their surface area for inward

529: 496: 443: 339: 318: 302: 5503:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

5361:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

5070: 4197:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

3375: 3209: 1748: 1599: 1215:. Changes in the sequestration and metabolism of iron may suggest hypoxia induced 249: 6831: 6399: 6379: 6207: 6194: 6177: 6132: 6014: 5953: 5877: 5872: 5808: 5795: 4505:

Lewis, JM; Costa, I; Val, AL; Almeida Val, VM; Gamperl, AK; Driedzic, WR (2007).

1687: 1638: 945: 766: 607: 480: 467: 358: 346:

beds, and the total surface area for gas exchange per lamella will be increased.

163:

Oxygen consumption rate decreases with decreasing environmental oxygen tension (P

5501:

Nikinmaa, M; Rees, BB (May 2005). "Oxygen-dependent gene expression in fishes".

3343: 1537:

Rogers, N.J.; Urbina, M.A.; Reardon, E.E.; McKenzie, D.J.; Wilson, R.J. (2016).

6675: 6648: 6540: 6532: 6465: 6435: 6374: 6356: 6310: 6300: 5904: 5857: 5644: 5514: 5372: 4208: 3582: 2629: 2065: 1996: 1330: 1216: 1187: 1172: 994: 787: 775: 771: 742: 654: 463: 455: 294: 4251: 3757: 3276: 2520: 6805: 6777: 6680: 6594: 6414: 6389: 6384: 6340: 6335: 6290: 6285: 6265: 6137: 5916: 5835: 4121: 2155:

Takegaki, T.; Nakazono, A. (1999). "Responses of the egg-tending gobiid fish

2110:

Sevenster, P. 1961. A causal analysis of a displacement activity (fanning in

2086: 1554: 1279: 1199:

exposed to hypoxia there were changes in the expression of genes involved in

874: 814: 641:

are a very important site for many important processes including respiratory

575: 459: 423: 410: 383: 379: 349:

In fish, the hypoxic signal is carried up to the brain for processing by the

342:

and previously unused lamellae will be recruited through recruitment of more

298: 259: 42: 5422: 5273: 5001: 4980:

Hochachka, P. (1986), "Defense strategies against hypoxia and hypothermia",

4943: 4706: 2298: 2224: 2196: 2179: 1902: 613: 90:

is therefore thought to be more hypoxia-tolerant than a fish with a higher P

6670: 6494: 6409: 6369: 6270: 6212: 6152: 6079: 6074: 6064: 5980: 5970: 5899: 5882: 5789: 5750: 5743: 5652: 5616: 5597: 5565: 5522: 5476: 5441: 5390: 5342: 5323: 5162: 5113: 4859: 4841: 4775: 4657: 4608: 4532: 4491: 4417: 4259: 4216: 4181: 4140: 3994: 3977: 3962: 3927: 3815: 3765: 3721: 3677: 3636: 3590: 3555: 3506: 3476:"Reflex cardioventilatory responses to hypoxia in the flathead grey mulet ( 3460: 3442: 3367: 3325: 3217: 3112: 3104: 2758: 2672: 2637: 2335: 2259: 2251: 2073: 2004: 1969: 1950: 1824: 1789: 1740: 1705: 1656: 1572: 1523: 1471: 1436: 1159: 1018: 824: 717: 669: 642: 574:

ASR may be performed more often when the need for oxygen is higher. In the

436: 387: 285: 231: 207: 5544:

Kenneth, NS; Rocha, S (2008). "Regulation of gene expression by hypoxia".

5281: 5197: 5078: 5043: 5009: 4567: 4299: 4044: 2038: 1910: 1764:"A comparative analysis of putative oxygen sensing cells in the fish gill" 1607: 32:

with varied behavioral, physiological, and cellular responses to maintain

6653: 6641: 6567: 6325: 6320: 6295: 6275: 6217: 6112: 6007: 5985: 5975: 5948: 5818: 5770: 3867: 3344:"The role of size in synchronous air breathing of Hoplosternum littorale" 2030: 1325: 1224: 1176: 1137: 1104: 1092: 1087:

s by reducing the rate at which the fish's finite anaerobic fuel stores (

930: 765:, tend to have higher hematocrits, whereas less active fish, such as the 603: 567:

ASR significantly affects survival of fish during severe hypoxia. In the

500: 447: 354: 128:

before it loses dorsal-ventral equilibrium (called time-to-LOE), or the P

33: 5381: 3734: 6703: 6502: 6470: 6404: 6394: 6315: 6305: 5990: 5958: 5943: 5889: 5862: 5845: 5557: 4886: 4766: 4749: 4599: 4582: 4523: 4506: 4482: 4465: 4071: 3712: 3695: 3693: 3546: 3529: 3316: 3299: 3182: 3147: 3073: 3038: 2995: 2952: 2897: 2828: 2563: 2484: 2451: 2405: 2141: 1859: 1780: 1763: 1514: 1309: 1296: 1052: 982: 922: 750: 746: 713: 702: 694: 662: 619: 427: 375: 362: 25: 5153: 5136: 4648: 4623: 4408: 4398: 4381: 3918: 3901: 3668: 3651: 3627: 3610: 1732: 1427: 1402: 6460: 6445: 6430: 6260: 5921: 5867: 5852: 5830: 5813: 5760: 1335: 1220: 1204: 1196: 1155: 1014: 783: 729: 698: 690: 650: 549: 537: 343: 335: 271: 235: 4872: 3609:

Sollid, J; De Angelis, P; Gundersen, K; Nilsson, GE (October 2003).

3174: 3139: 3065: 3030: 2862: 2715: 2366: 1880: 374:

Through studies using mammalian model organisms, there are two main

6663: 6604: 6550: 6545: 6364: 6232: 5894: 5840: 5755: 5105: 3498: 3359: 2664: 1463: 1283: 1256: 1247:, and increased expression of genes involved in glycolysis such as 1212: 1150: 1128:

Hypoxia-tolerant animals naturally have low membrane permeabilities

1088: 1026: 1010: 725: 685: 568: 553: 432: 5134: 4907: 4670: 3474:

Shingles, A.; McKenzie, D.J.; Claireaux, G.; Domenici, P. (2005).

701:

while still maintaining oxygen transport due to an extremely high

41:

production releasing the chemical energy of nutrients through the

6636: 6631: 6609: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6117: 6069: 5963: 5733: 5728: 5135:

Bogdanova, A.; Grenacher, B.; Nikinmaa, M.; Gassmann, M. (2005).

3900:

Lai, JC; Kakuta, I; Mok, HO; Rummer, JL; Randall, D (July 2006).

3473: 1252: 986: 810: 673: 658: 458:

to oxygen uptake has not been supported in a recent study of the

324: 3608: 426:

and most fish are able to cope with this stress using different

313:

complex on the NEC cell membrane which initiates the release of

6555: 2456:

investigations on the respiration and behaviour of the eelpout

2348: 1308:

levels are also responsive to hypoxia. In the hypoxia tolerant

1227:

suggesting increased oxygen transport throughout fish tissues.

1076:

use, which prolongs its survival time at severely hypoxic sub-P

1022: 762: 721: 378:

for the location of oxygen sensing in chemoreceptor cells: the

278: 255: 250:

Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in neuroepithelial cells

243: 218: 142:

is decreased from normoxia to anoxia at some set rate (called P

5406:"Hypoxia-inducible myoglobin expression in non-muscle tissues" 4379: 4153: 2616:, to hypoxia in laboratory, mecocosm and field environments". 1095:

and protons), which delays their negative impact on the fish.

1045: 793: 6658: 6587: 5997: 5358: 1672:"Neuroepithelial oxygen chemoreceptors of the zebrafish gill" 993:

affinity. Intertidal hypoxia-tolerant triplefin fish (Family

638: 504: 310: 306: 274: 227: 113:

and metabolic suppression to hypoxia tolerance (see below). P

270:

and signal transmission onto nearby cells. Once NEC of the

109:

s and does not incorporate the significant contributions of

6560: 6147: 5700: 5691: 4545: 4380:

Fitzgibbon, QP; Seymour, RS; Ellis, D; Buchanan, J (2007).

2542:

Kramer, D.L. (1987). "Dissolved oxygen and fish behavior".

1536: 1449: 1305: 1287: 1200: 678: 592: 239: 5137:"Hypoxic responses of Na +/K+ ATPase in trout hepatocytes" 4430: 4313: 4096:. Vol. 21. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 107–133. 3424: 1585: 386:

hypothesis. The membrane hypothesis was proposed for the

210:, the neuroepithelial bodies of the lungs as well as some 6599: 6167: 4008: 3341: 2973: 1924:

Fu, XW; Wang, D; Nurse, CA; Dinauer, MC; Cutz, E (2000).

614:

Predation risk associated with ASR and aerial respiration

4504: 4373: 4091: 3880: 2693: 716:, a closely related species native to the high-altitude 159: 5660: 5175: 4194: 4009:

Borgese, F; Garcia-Romeu, F; Motais, R (January 1987).

2311: 2159:

to the fluctuation of dissolved oxygen in the burrow".

2123: 454:

in teleosts. However, the benefit of these changes in

5403: 3086: 2918: 2771: 1845: 1761: 5218: 4280: 4274: 4107:

Devaux, JBL; Hedges, CP; Hickey, AJR (January 2019).

3125: 581: 4580: 4094:

Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology

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decrease in Na+/K+-ATPase activity in eel and trout

853:; the principal modulators used for controlling Hb-O 5223:. Fish Physiology. Vol. 27. pp. 397–441. 4435:. Fish Physiology. Vol. 27. pp. 361–396. 4318:. Fish Physiology. Vol. 27. pp. 361–396. 3852: 3568: 3427:"Hypoxia and the antipredator behaviours of fishes" 2611: 1372:. Fish Physiology. Vol. 27. pp. 443–485. 1141:potentials without consuming large amounts of ATP. 868: 828:

Oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) demonstrating the PO

422:Many hypoxic environments never reach the level of 5579:Law, SH; Wu, RS; Ng, PK; Yu, RM; Kong, RY (2006). 4351:. Fish Physiology. Vol. 27. pp. 79–141. 4307: 4106: 3899: 3649: 2731:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1923: 297:causes voltage-gated Ca channels to open, and for 5296: 4823: 4747: 3396:. Fish Physiology. Vol. 27. pp. 25–77. 1492: 770:the result of circulating stress hormones (see - 305:release machinery and facilitates binding of the 149:-of-LOE). A higher time-to-LOE value or a lower P 6803: 5454: 5354: 5352: 3650:Sollid, J; Weber, RE; Nilsson, GE (March 2005). 3425:Domenici, P; Lefrançois, C; Shingles, A (2007). 3250: 3016: 2154: 1493:Regan, M.D.; Gill, I.S.; Richards, J.G. (2017). 3391: 2848: 1802: 1762:Coolidge, EH; Ciuhandu, CC; Milsom, WK (2008). 1669: 1620: 1400: 2728: 2498: 2426: 2177: 2016: 1166: 626: 518: 369: 325:Signal transduction up to higher brain centres 254:Neuroepithelial cells (NEC) are thought to be 5676: 5349: 5091: 5021: 4788: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4581:Regan, MD; Gosline, JM; Richards, JG (2013). 4281:Nilsson, GE; Rosen, PR; Johansson, D (1993). 3527: 3291: 2875: 2450:Fisher, P.; Rademacher, K.; Kils, U. (1992). 2379: 2237: 2210: 595:cannot extract enough oxygen from the water. 417: 277:come in contact with either environmental or 5543: 5500: 5496: 5494: 4463: 4229: 3387: 3385: 2650: 1621:Fu, XW; Nurse, CA; Wong, V; Cutz, E (2002). 200: 5056: 1144: 1046:Switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism 794:Changing the binding affinity of hemoglobin 5683: 5669: 5297:Gracey, AY; Troll, JV; Somero, GN (2001). 5292: 5290: 5251: 4824:Regan, MD; Gill, IS; Richards, JG (2017). 4748:Regan, MD; Gill, IS; Richards, JG (2017). 4736: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1182: 753:and the binding properties of hemoglobin. 489: 6228:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 5606: 5596: 5578: 5491: 5431: 5421: 5380: 5332: 5322: 5152: 4979: 4849: 4765: 4647: 4598: 4522: 4481: 4407: 4397: 4340: 4298: 4171: 4130: 4120: 4034: 3993: 3917: 3711: 3667: 3626: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3545: 3450: 3382: 3337: 3335: 3315: 2618:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 2587:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 2584: 2483: 2325: 2195: 2054:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 1985:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 1959: 1949: 1779: 1718: 1695: 1646: 1562: 1513: 1426: 1316:during both short and long term hypoxia. 864:Reducing inorganic phosphate interactions 75:) at which a fish can maintain a stable O 16:Response of fish to environmental hypoxia 4057: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3689: 3687: 3297: 1670:Jonz, MG; Fearon, IM; Nurse, CA (2004). 1367: 1063: 1004: 970:affinity. As a further result of inward 944:ions and the compensatory activation of 823: 158: 5287: 3940: 1982: 1352: 473: 6804: 5629: 4621: 3975: 3597: 3332: 3195: 3160: 2806: 2541: 1118: 1033: 798:An alternative mechanism to preserve O 5664: 5094:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 3829: 3684: 3487:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 3051: 2178:Green, B.S.; McCormick, M.I. (2005). 2051: 1452:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 3786: 3528:Regan, M.D.; Richards, J.G. (2017). 1231:expression of genes involved in the 357:(cranial nerve X) nerves. The first 135:at which it loses equilibrium when P 51: 6784: 6055:Electroreception and electrogenesis 4060:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 3982:Integrative and Comparative Biology 3728: 2114:L.). Behaviour Supplement 9: 1-170. 2101:L.). Behaviour Supplement 3: 1-159. 1274:Research in mammals has implicated 857:affinity under hypoxic insult are: 13: 5469:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00128.2002 4346: 1401:Claireaux, G.; Chabot, D. (2016). 849:) is regulated through a suite of 582:Aerial respiration (air breathing) 14: 6843: 4875:Journal of Comparative Physiology 1154:species, such as carp, goldfish, 821:binding and have sigmoidal OECs. 246:as well as environmental oxygen. 195: 6783: 6772: 6771: 6754: 6753: 5779: 5623: 5572: 5537: 5448: 5397: 5245: 5212: 5169: 5128: 5036:10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.r1020 4232:Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 4173:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02333.x 2794:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00172.x 1817:10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.5.F793 869:pH and inorganic phosphates (Pi) 735: 442:Typically, acute hypoxia causes 5739:Environmental impact of fishing 5085: 5050: 5015: 4973: 4937: 4901: 4866: 4817: 4782: 4754:Journal of Experimental Biology 4700: 4664: 4615: 4587:Journal of Experimental Biology 4574: 4560:10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.4.r897 4539: 4511:Journal of Experimental Biology 4498: 4470:Journal of Experimental Biology 4464:Jibb, LA; Richards, JG (2008). 4457: 4424: 4386:Journal of Experimental Biology 4287:Journal of Experimental Biology 4223: 4188: 4147: 4100: 4085: 4051: 4002: 3969: 3955:10.1152/japplphysiol.00770.2003 3934: 3906:Journal of Experimental Biology 3893: 3874: 3846: 3780: 3700:Journal of Experimental Biology 3656:Journal of Experimental Biology 3643: 3562: 3534:Journal of Experimental Biology 3521: 3467: 3418: 3257:Environmental Biology of Fishes 3244: 3231: 3189: 3154: 3119: 3093:Journal of Experimental Biology 3080: 3045: 3010: 2976:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2967: 2933:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2912: 2878:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2869: 2842: 2809:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2800: 2765: 2722: 2687: 2644: 2605: 2578: 2544:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2535: 2501:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2492: 2443: 2433:Journal of Experimental Biology 2420: 2386:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2373: 2342: 2305: 2274: 2231: 2204: 2171: 2148: 2117: 2104: 2091: 2079: 2045: 2010: 1976: 1917: 1874: 1839: 1796: 1755: 1502:Journal of Experimental Biology 1057:substrate-level phosphorylation 587:air-breath during the hypoxia. 4548:American Journal of Physiology 4027:10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016359 3738:Journal of Molecular Evolution 2464:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2353:to gradual hypoxic exposure". 1712: 1663: 1614: 1579: 1530: 1486: 1443: 1394: 1276:hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 925:the RBC is an increase in Hb-O 780:hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 309:complex on the vesicle to the 64:), which is the lowest water O 1: 5229:10.1016/S1546-5098(08)00009-5 5190:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00727-1 5071:10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.1.R1 4967:10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00463-4 4931:10.1016/S0040-6031(96)03106-1 4730:10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00463-4 4694:10.1016/S0040-6031(96)03106-1 4441:10.1016/S1546-5098(08)00008-3 4357:10.1016/S1546-5098(08)00003-4 4324:10.1016/S1546-5098(08)00008-3 3808:10.1016/S1569-9048(02)00113-1 3402:10.1016/S1546-5098(08)00002-2 3210:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.009 2931:) for low oxygen in winter". 2751:10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00160-x 1600:10.1152/physrev.1994.74.4.829 1378:10.1016/S1546-5098(08)00010-1 1346: 1293:basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) 1013:) are particularly common in 985:of the RBC increases causing 813:, are tetramers that exhibit 756: 745:that does not, most fish use 665:, and environmental sensing. 288:that are open at the resting 240:motor and sensory nerve fibre 5824:intramembranous ossification 4811:10.1016/0040-6031(95)02586-3 2599:10.1016/0300-9629(80)90026-2 1688:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.069294 1639:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013071 7: 2851:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2704:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2355:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1319: 1167:Tolerance of waste products 627:Gill remodelling in hypoxia 519:Aquatic surface respiration 462:. It is possible that the 370:Locations of oxygen sensors 266:changes for the release of 262:cells because they rely on 10: 6848: 6203:Fin and flipper locomotion 6173:Sequential hermaphroditism 6060:Jamming avoidance response 5777: 5645:10.1016/j.gene.2007.03.009 5515:10.1152/ajpregu.00626.2004 5373:10.1152/ajpregu.00089.2005 4209:10.1152/ajpregu.00536.2006 3583:10.1152/physrev.00050.2003 2630:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.004 2460:under short-terms hypoxia" 2161:Bulletin of Marine Science 2066:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.026 1997:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.029 523:In response to decreasing 418:Acute responses to hypoxia 6767: 6691: 6624: 6531: 6493: 6484: 6423: 6354: 6241: 6193: 6103: 6028: 5788: 5698: 4252:10.1007/s10695-011-9542-8 3976:Powers, Dennis A (1980). 3758:10.1007/s00239-008-9175-4 3431:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 2927:) and brook stickleback ( 2285:(Teleostei, Cichlidae)". 2087:Oxygen and fish behaviour 999:oxidative phosphorylation 921:. The net consequence of 450:and an elevation in gill 392:oxidative phosphorylation 201:Oxygen sensing structures 6827:Water quality indicators 5690: 4122:10.3389/fphys.2018.01941 2384:(Pisces, Poeciliidae)". 2283:Herotilapia multispinosa 2157:Valenciennea longipinnis 1145:Enhanced glycogen stores 910:and inwards movement of 534:three-spined stickleback 86:). A fish with a lower P 46:electron transport chain 6719:Glossary of ichthyology 6281:Diel vertical migration 5423:10.1073/pnas.0508270103 5274:10.1126/science.7384807 5030:(5 Pt 2): R1020–R1025. 5002:10.1126/science.2417316 4628:Journal of Fish Biology 3277:10.1023/a:1027300701599 3239:Die Naturwissenschaften 2774:Journal of Fish Biology 2521:10.1023/a:1011641302048 2314:Journal of Fish Biology 2299:10.1163/156853983x00219 2225:10.1163/156853999501586 1903:10.1126/science.2456613 1543:Conservation Physiology 1407:Journal of Fish Biology 1341:Hypoxia (environmental) 1249:phosphoglycerate mutase 1237:succinate dehydrogenase 1183:Gene expression changes 600:gastrointestinal tracts 490:Reduced activity levels 396:reactive oxygen species 353:(cranial nerve IX) and 6085:Surface wave detection 6050:Hydrodynamic reception 5724:Diseases and parasites 5598:10.1186/1471-2199-7-15 5457:Physiological Genomics 5410:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 5324:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1993 5303:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 4842:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0392 3796:Respiratory Physiology 3787:Kind, Peter K (2002), 3443:10.1098/rstb.2007.2103 3105:10.1242/jeb.203.7.1225 2696:Gasterosteus aculeatus 2336:10.1006/jfbi.2000.1413 2252:10.1006/anbe.1998.0940 2112:Gasterosteus aculeatus 2099:Gasterosteus aculeatus 1951:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4374 1930:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1555:10.1093/conphys/cow012 1109:threespine stickleback 1021:can be separated into 833: 509:small-spotted catshark 332:vascular smooth muscle 223:vascular smooth muscle 192: 6822:Environmental science 6817:Chemical oceanography 6223:Undulatory locomotion 6040:Ampullae of Lorenzini 5585:BMC Molecular Biology 4300:10.1242/jeb.180.1.153 3571:Physiological Reviews 3298:Richards, JG (2011). 2614:Oligocottus maculosus 2429:Scyliorhinus canicula 2197:10.1093/beheco/ari007 2128:(Pisces: Gobiidae)". 1280:Phylogenetic analysis 1261:lactate dehydrogenase 1064:Metabolic suppression 1005:Changing Hb- isoforms 851:allosteric modulators 827: 238:gill arches both the 162: 6451:Genetically modified 5147:(Pt 10): 1793–1801. 4554:(4 Pt 2): R897–904. 3995:10.1093/icb/20.1.139 3868:10.1242/jeb.96.1.221 3348:Physiol Biochem Zool 3089:Colossoma macropomum 2653:Physiol Biochem Zool 2031:10.1242/jeb.46.2.297 1302:post-translationally 1241:malate dehydrogenase 1070:basal metabolic rate 1040:anaerobic metabolism 933:. The net influx of 647:acid-base regulation 474:Behavioral responses 470:to the environment. 111:anaerobic glycolysis 6256:Aquatic respiration 6143:Life history theory 5315:2001PNAS...98.1993G 5266:1980Sci...209..308S 4994:1986Sci...231..234H 4959:2001TcAc..373...23V 4923:1997TcAc..291....1V 4803:1996TcAc..271..101S 4722:2001TcAc..373...23V 4686:1997TcAc..291....1V 4640:2016JFBio..88...10N 4622:Nelson, JA (2016). 4244:2012FPBio..38..615A 3750:2008JMolE..67..570C 3437:(1487): 2105–2121. 3269:2003EnvBF..68..293T 3099:(Pt 7): 1225–1239. 2988:1985EnvBF..14..241M 2945:1982EnvBF...7..113K 2925:Pimephales promelas 2923:), fathead minnow ( 2890:1982EnvBF...7...47K 2821:1982EnvBF...7...47K 2786:2003JFBio..63..580S 2743:2000JEMBE.249..145W 2556:1987EnvBF..18...81K 2513:2001EnvBF..61..427C 2476:1992MEPS...88..181F 2398:1981EnvBF...6..299K 2382:Poecilia reticulata 2126:Padogobius martensi 2085:Reebs, S.G. (2009) 1942:2000PNAS...97.4374F 1895:1988Sci...241..580L 1774:(Pt 8): 1231–1242. 1419:2016JFBio..88..232C 1282:of available fish, 1265:elongation factor-2 1203:metabolism such as 1119:Energy conservation 1034:Metabolic challenge 776:erythropoetin (EPO) 558:upside-down catfish 452:vascular resistance 382:hypothesis and the 79:consumption rate (M 28:). Fish respond to 6095:Weberian apparatus 5558:10.1042/BJ20081055 4947:Thermochimica Acta 4911:Thermochimica Acta 4887:10.1007/bf00691503 4791:Thermochimica Acta 4767:10.1242/jeb.145169 4710:Thermochimica Acta 4674:Thermochimica Acta 4600:10.1242/jeb.093500 4593:(Pt 24): 4507–13. 4524:10.1242/jeb.005371 4517:(Pt 11): 1935–43. 4483:10.1242/jeb.019117 4476:(Pt 19): 3111–22. 4072:10.1007/BF00689729 3713:10.1242/jeb.010181 3621:(Pt 20): 3667–73. 3547:10.1242/jeb.154948 3317:10.1242/jeb.047951 3253:Poecilia latipinna 2996:10.1007/bf00002627 2953:10.1007/bf00001781 2898:10.1007/bf00011822 2829:10.1007/BF00011822 2564:10.1007/bf00002597 2485:10.3354/meps088181 2406:10.1007/bf00005759 2184:Behavioral Ecology 1860:10.1007/BF00691471 1781:10.1242/jeb.015248 1515:10.1242/jeb.145169 1297:Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) 1269:ribosomal proteins 1195:. In the liver of 834: 743:Antarctic ice fish 659:hormone regulation 651:nitrogen excretion 513:viviparous eelpout 435:have some form of 290:membrane potential 264:membrane potential 193: 6799: 6798: 6709:Fish common names 6620: 6619: 6251:Aquatic predation 6075:Capacity for pain 5804:Age determination 5260:(4453): 308–309, 5154:10.1242/jeb.01572 4988:(4735): 234–241, 4649:10.1111/jfb.12824 4399:10.1242/jeb.02641 4166:(14): 4104–4111. 4115:. 9, 1914: 1941. 3919:10.1242/jeb.02279 3912:(Pt 14): 2734–8. 3669:10.1242/jeb.01505 3662:(Pt 6): 1109–16. 3628:10.1242/jeb.00594 3540:(14): 2536–2544. 3310:(Pt 2): 191–199. 2929:Culaea inconstans 2458:Zoarces viviparus 2361:(11): 2108–2113. 1889:(4865): 580–582. 1733:10.1002/cne.10680 1682:(Pt 3): 737–752. 1633:(Pt 2): 503–510. 1428:10.1111/jfb.12833 1233:citric acid cycle 1193:protein synthesis 929:affinity via the 861:Increasing RBC pH 315:neurotransmitters 268:neurotransmitters 52:Hypoxia tolerance 6839: 6787: 6786: 6775: 6774: 6757: 6756: 6491: 6490: 5783: 5714:Ethnoichthyology 5685: 5678: 5671: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5600: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5416:(8): 2977–2981. 5401: 5395: 5394: 5384: 5356: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5326: 5309:(4): 1993–1998. 5294: 5285: 5284: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5065:(1 Pt 2): R1–7. 5054: 5048: 5047: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4853: 4836:(11): 20170392. 4821: 4815: 4814: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4745: 4734: 4733: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4401: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4124: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3949:(3): 1173–1177. 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3850: 3844: 3843:Springer-Verlag. 3840: 3827: 3826: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3715: 3706:(7): 1063–1074. 3691: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3630: 3606: 3595: 3594: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3484: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3454: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3248: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2857:(9): 1962–1966. 2846: 2840: 2839: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2392:(3–4): 299–313. 2377: 2371: 2370: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2329: 2320:(6): 1526–1538. 2309: 2303: 2302: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2240:Animal Behaviour 2235: 2229: 2228: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2136:(3/4): 288–301. 2121: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1953: 1936:(8): 4374–4379. 1921: 1915: 1914: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1811:(5): F793–F801. 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1699: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1650: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1566: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1517: 1499: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1365: 1314:Atlantic croaker 1245:citrate synthase 1209:heme oxygenase 1 980: 979: 978: 963: 962: 961: 954: 953: 943: 942: 941: 920: 919: 918: 909: 908: 907: 897:exchange protein 896: 895: 894: 887: 886: 608:labyrinth organs 530:tidepool sculpin 525:dissolved oxygen 497:Atlantic herring 481:Rainbow cichlids 444:hyperventilation 351:glossopharyngeal 340:vasoconstriction 6847: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6812:Aquatic ecology 6802: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6763: 6687: 6616: 6527: 6480: 6419: 6350: 6243: 6237: 6189: 6133:Ichthyoplankton 6099: 6031: 6024: 6020:Digital Library 6015:Teleost leptins 5954:Shark cartilage 5878:pharyngeal slit 5873:pharyngeal arch 5809:Anguilliformity 5794: 5792: 5784: 5775: 5694: 5689: 5659: 5628: 5624: 5577: 5573: 5542: 5538: 5509:(5): R1079–90. 5499: 5492: 5453: 5449: 5402: 5398: 5357: 5350: 5295: 5288: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5217: 5213: 5174: 5170: 5133: 5129: 5090: 5086: 5055: 5051: 5020: 5016: 4978: 4974: 4942: 4938: 4906: 4902: 4871: 4867: 4830:Biology Letters 4822: 4818: 4787: 4783: 4746: 4737: 4705: 4701: 4669: 4665: 4620: 4616: 4579: 4575: 4544: 4540: 4503: 4499: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4429: 4425: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4312: 4308: 4279: 4275: 4228: 4224: 4203:(3): R1376–83. 4193: 4189: 4152: 4148: 4105: 4101: 4090: 4086: 4056: 4052: 4007: 4003: 3974: 3970: 3939: 3935: 3898: 3894: 3879: 3875: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3733: 3729: 3692: 3685: 3648: 3644: 3607: 3598: 3567: 3563: 3526: 3522: 3482: 3472: 3468: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3390: 3383: 3340: 3333: 3296: 3292: 3249: 3245: 3241:94: 991-6. PMID 3236: 3232: 3194: 3190: 3175:10.2307/1446244 3159: 3155: 3140:10.2307/1446679 3124: 3120: 3085: 3081: 3066:10.2307/1441653 3050: 3046: 3031:10.2307/1442367 3015: 3011: 2972: 2968: 2917: 2913: 2874: 2870: 2863:10.1139/z78-263 2847: 2843: 2805: 2801: 2770: 2766: 2727: 2723: 2716:10.1139/z84-051 2692: 2688: 2649: 2645: 2610: 2606: 2583: 2579: 2540: 2536: 2497: 2493: 2448: 2444: 2425: 2421: 2378: 2374: 2367:10.1139/z98-141 2347: 2343: 2310: 2306: 2279: 2275: 2236: 2232: 2209: 2205: 2176: 2172: 2153: 2149: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2050: 2046: 2015: 2011: 1981: 1977: 1922: 1918: 1879: 1875: 1844: 1840: 1801: 1797: 1760: 1756: 1717: 1713: 1668: 1664: 1619: 1615: 1584: 1580: 1535: 1531: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1448: 1444: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1366: 1353: 1349: 1322: 1185: 1169: 1147: 1121: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1066: 1048: 1036: 1007: 992: 977: 975: 974: 973: 971: 969: 960: 958: 957: 956: 952: 950: 949: 948: 946: 940: 938: 937: 936: 934: 928: 917: 915: 914: 913: 911: 906: 904: 903: 902: 900: 893: 891: 890: 889: 885: 883: 882: 881: 879: 871: 856: 848: 844: 840: 831: 820: 807: 801: 796: 767:starry flounder 759: 738: 705:oxygen binding 629: 616: 584: 521: 492: 476: 468:acclimatization 420: 407: 403: 372: 334:cell, then the 327: 252: 203: 198: 191: 187: 186: 180: 176: 175: 169: 168: 155: 154: 148: 147: 141: 140: 134: 133: 127: 126: 116: 108: 107: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 67: 63: 59: 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6845: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6781: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6537: 6535: 6533:Wild fisheries 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6456:Hallucinogenic 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6331:Schooling fish 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Filter feeders 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6266:Bottom feeders 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Leydig's organ 5909: 5908: 5907: 5905:pharyngeal jaw 5902: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:branchial arch 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5696: 5695: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5657: 5639:(2): 273–282, 5622: 5571: 5536: 5490: 5447: 5396: 5367:(5): R1512–9. 5348: 5286: 5244: 5237: 5211: 5184:(1–2): 89–92. 5168: 5127: 5106:10.1086/432857 5084: 5049: 5014: 4972: 4936: 4900: 4881:(3): 263–268. 4865: 4816: 4781: 4760:(4): 564–572. 4735: 4699: 4663: 4614: 4573: 4538: 4497: 4456: 4449: 4423: 4372: 4365: 4339: 4332: 4306: 4273: 4222: 4187: 4146: 4099: 4084: 4050: 4001: 3988:(1): 139–162. 3968: 3943:J Appl Physiol 3933: 3892: 3883:Jpn J Ichthyol 3873: 3845: 3828: 3802:(2): 179–190, 3779: 3744:(5): 570–580. 3727: 3683: 3642: 3596: 3561: 3520: 3499:10.1086/432143 3493:(5): 744–755. 3478:Mugil cephalus 3466: 3417: 3410: 3381: 3360:10.1086/605936 3331: 3290: 3263:(3): 293–299. 3243: 3230: 3204:(2): 240–247, 3188: 3153: 3134:(1): 130–135. 3118: 3079: 3060:(2): 319–326. 3044: 3025:(1): 124–133. 3009: 2982:(4): 241–250. 2966: 2939:(2): 113–120. 2911: 2868: 2841: 2799: 2780:(3): 580–592. 2764: 2737:(2): 145–163. 2721: 2686: 2665:10.1086/605932 2659:(6): 703–738. 2643: 2624:(3): 284–292. 2604: 2593:(4): 719–722. 2577: 2534: 2507:(4): 427–433. 2491: 2442: 2419: 2372: 2341: 2304: 2293:(3): 183–197. 2273: 2246:(1): 189–196. 2230: 2219:(7): 819–832. 2203: 2190:(2): 389–397. 2170: 2147: 2116: 2103: 2090: 2078: 2060:(2): 163–172, 2044: 2025:(2): 297–305. 2009: 1991:(2): 207–214, 1975: 1916: 1873: 1854:(3): 233–240. 1848:J Comp Physiol 1838: 1795: 1754: 1711: 1662: 1613: 1594:(4): 829–898. 1578: 1529: 1508:(4): 564–572. 1485: 1464:10.1086/667938 1442: 1413:(1): 232–251. 1393: 1386: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1331:Eutrophication 1328: 1321: 1318: 1217:erythropoiesis 1188:DNA microarray 1184: 1181: 1173:Pasteur effect 1168: 1165: 1146: 1143: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1117: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1065: 1062: 1047: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1006: 1003: 995:Tripterygiidae 990: 981:movement, the 976: 967: 959: 951: 939: 926: 916: 905: 892: 884: 870: 867: 866: 865: 862: 854: 846: 842: 838: 829: 818: 805: 799: 795: 792: 788:branchial arch 772:catecholamines 758: 755: 737: 734: 728:levels in the 684:occurs in the 655:osmoregulation 628: 625: 615: 612: 583: 580: 569:shortfin molly 520: 517: 491: 488: 475: 472: 456:blood pressure 419: 416: 405: 401: 371: 368: 359:branchial arch 326: 323: 319:synaptic cleft 295:depolarization 251: 248: 202: 199: 197: 196:Oxygen sensing 194: 189: 184: 182: 178: 173: 171: 166: 164: 152: 150: 145: 143: 138: 136: 131: 129: 124: 122: 114: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6844: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6792: 6791: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6760: 6759:more lists... 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6714:Fish families 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Aquarium life 6697: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6681:fleshy-finned 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6649:Cartilaginous 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286:Electric fish 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Mauthner cell 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5836:Chromatophore 5834: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5463:(2): 97–106. 5462: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5238:9780123746320 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5178:Neurosci Lett 5172: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5100:(6): 926–36. 5099: 5095: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4917:(1–2): 1–13. 4916: 4912: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4680:(1–2): 1–13. 4679: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4450:9780123746320 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4366:9780123746320 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4333:9780123746320 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238:(3): 615–24. 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4160:Eur J Biochem 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4113:Front Physiol 4110: 4103: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577:(1): 97–177. 3576: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3411:9780123746320 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354:(6): 625–34. 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2327:10.1.1.1.2926 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:J Comp Neurol 1715: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549:(4): cow012. 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458:(1): 92–105. 1457: 1453: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1389: 1387:9780123746320 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1142: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 1000: 996: 988: 984: 965: 932: 924: 898: 876: 875:rainbow trout 863: 860: 859: 858: 852: 826: 822: 816: 815:cooperativity 812: 808: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 764: 754: 752: 748: 744: 736:Oxygen uptake 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 683: 680: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 624: 621: 611: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 588: 579: 577: 576:sailfin molly 572: 570: 565: 561: 559: 555: 551: 545: 541: 539: 535: 531: 526: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 487: 484: 482: 471: 469: 465: 461: 460:rainbow trout 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 429: 428:physiological 425: 415: 412: 411:NADPH oxidase 408: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:mitochondrial 381: 377: 367: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299:extracellular 296: 291: 287: 283: 280: 276: 273: 269: 265: 261: 260:chemoreceptor 257: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 224: 220: 217: 213: 209: 161: 157: 119: 112: 94:. But while P 49: 47: 44: 43:mitochondrial 40: 35: 31: 27: 23: 6788: 6776: 6676:spiny-finned 6625:Major groups 6346:Intelligence 6326:Scale eaters 6271:Cleaner fish 6153:Mouthbrooder 6105:Reproduction 6080:Schreckstoff 6065:Lateral line 5981:Swim bladder 5971:Spiral valve 5900:hyomandibula 5883:pseudobranch 5766:Hypoxia in - 5765: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5552:(1): 19–29. 5549: 5545: 5539: 5506: 5502: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5382:1887/3677462 5364: 5360: 5306: 5302: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5220: 5214: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5144: 5141:J. Exp. 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