367:
901:
2184:
2194:
34:
507:
306:
288:
A taxonomic unit, whether named or not: i.e. a population, or group of populations of organisms which are usually inferred to be phylogenetically related and which have characters in common which differentiate (q.v.) the unit (e.g. a geographic population, a genus, a family, an order) from other such
100:
Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were presumably set forth in prehistoric times by hunter-gatherers, as suggested by the fairly sophisticated folk taxonomies. Much later, Aristotle, and later still, European scientists, like
174:, is equivalent to the taxon, assuming that taxa should reflect evolutionary relationships. Similarly, among those contemporary taxonomists working with the traditional Linnean (binomial) nomenclature, few propose taxa they know to be
81:, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion, especially in the context of rank-based ("
773:
77:) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular
657:
185:, the reptiles; birds and mammals are the descendants of animals traditionally classed as reptiles, but neither is included in the Reptilia (birds are traditionally placed in the class
796:
La taxinomie s'enrichit avec l'invenition du mot «taxon» par Adolf Meyer-Abich, naturaliste allemand, dans sa Logik der morphologie, im Rahmen einer Logik der gesamten
Biologie (1926)
778:; Thierry Tortosa; Romain Amiot, Julien Claude, Sébastien Clausen, Anne-Laure Decombeix, Vincent Fernandez, Grégoire Métais, Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud, Serge Muller (25 September 2013).
550:
492:
450:
have been grouped, in various systems of classification, as a family, order, class, or division (phylum). The use of a narrow set of ranks is challenged by users of
691:
458:(ICZN)) and animal phyla (usually the highest relevant rank in taxonomic work) often cannot adequately represent the evolutionary history as more about a lineage's
1916:
151:
continue to construct accurate classifications encompassing the diversity of life; today, a "good" or "useful" taxon is commonly taken to be one that reflects
630:
879:
131:, contributed to this field. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 in the introduction of
808:
366:
555:
455:
273:
1665:
965:
2169:
1624:
676:
Elemens de botanique, ou
Methode pour connoître les plantes. I. [Texte.] / . Par Mr Pitton Tournefort... [T. I-III]
975:
1932:
1692:
837:
789:
1289:
2015:
935:
695:
487:, which has been proposed as a new alternative to replace Linnean classification and govern the application of names to
2228:
1677:
1337:
353:
1744:
477:-level taxa), can usually not be made monophyletic by exchanging the taxa contained therein. This has given rise to
335:
2238:
1749:
1347:
829:
260:
2233:
1994:
1984:
1908:
1183:
2122:
1989:
1769:
1513:
1311:
1215:
1104:
876:
640:
560:
331:
718:
2187:
1774:
1518:
1257:
372:
239:
225:
1719:
2127:
1629:
632:
International Code of
Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode): A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature
376:
140:
905:
2197:
1791:
371:
106:
408:, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "division" was traditionally often used for
375:
374:
1893:
1067:
128:
491:. Many cladists do not see any need to depart from traditional nomenclature as governed by the ICZN,
1687:
1484:
1294:
1062:
955:
159:
86:
1816:
378:
2110:
1974:
1946:
1921:
1878:
1781:
1714:
1589:
1462:
1430:
1403:
1393:
316:
1594:
2115:
2045:
1954:
1682:
1564:
1332:
928:
373:
320:
2154:
1803:
1672:
1634:
1535:
1506:
1479:
1474:
1072:
327:
1660:
823:
779:
377:
2095:
1969:
1888:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1843:
1759:
1734:
1569:
1525:
1489:
1457:
1398:
1376:
1357:
1220:
1173:
1124:
1119:
1077:
862:
478:
454:; for example, the mere 10 ranks traditionally used between animal families (governed by the
289:
units. A taxon encompasses all included taxa of lower rank (q.v.) and individual organisms. "
132:
27:
2069:
1964:
1898:
1699:
1614:
1530:
1442:
1425:
1352:
1342:
1052:
960:
944:
580:
575:
206:
1704:
1574:
674:
8:
2132:
2090:
2040:
1959:
1807:
1799:
1729:
1709:
1655:
1499:
1252:
1195:
1057:
1040:
1018:
659:
Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur
256:
1410:
473:
group and as opposed to those ranks governed by the ICZN (family-level, genus-level and
370:
2218:
2105:
2057:
2050:
1647:
1559:
1420:
1381:
1205:
1149:
1139:
1099:
1013:
1008:
1003:
921:
802:
741:
719:"Phylogeny as a Central Principle in Taxonomy: Phylogenetic Definitions of Taxon Names"
382:
215:
124:
94:
65:
2193:
2147:
1873:
1821:
1599:
1415:
1316:
1279:
1274:
1230:
1225:
1178:
1144:
833:
785:
636:
585:
252:
114:
82:
1739:
1306:
1284:
1092:
733:
405:
147:. Lamarck set out a system for the "natural classification" of plants. Since then,
37:
1584:
2100:
1724:
1551:
1540:
1494:
1437:
1386:
1166:
970:
883:
447:
446:
Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular systematic schema. For example,
440:
179:
119:
90:
20:
1940:
1812:
1754:
1114:
1109:
1047:
1025:
775:
570:
525:
512:
394:
386:
210:
78:
60:
2223:
2212:
2142:
2020:
1979:
1825:
1579:
1247:
1242:
565:
540:
152:
110:
102:
604:
This is not considered as mandatory, however, as indicated by terms for non-
2137:
2085:
2030:
1863:
1858:
1452:
1210:
470:
2164:
2035:
1764:
1299:
1129:
1035:
993:
520:
178:. An example of a long-established taxon that is not also a clade is the
148:
1604:
900:
419:
A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix
2025:
1926:
1848:
1835:
1469:
1269:
1156:
1134:
1087:
1082:
1030:
998:
913:
745:
545:
535:
451:
163:
97:
specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping.
244:
230:
2159:
2010:
1619:
1237:
985:
858:
605:
530:
483:
465:
In addition, the class rank is quite often not an evolutionary but a
459:
245:
231:
175:
170:(all descendants of some ancestor). Therefore, their basic unit, the
167:
33:
737:
305:
2062:
1264:
506:
466:
1447:
1161:
825:
Logik der
Morphologie im Rahmen einer Logik der gesamten Biologie
474:
428:
182:
52:
397:, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name.
551:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
493:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
413:
401:
190:
716:
488:
409:
171:
41:
622:
223:
had been coined a century before from the Greek components
186:
123:, 10th edition (1758),, as well as an unpublished work by
877:
International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature. Glossary
886:. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
608:
groupings ("invertebrates", "conifers", "fish", etc).
556:
International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
502:
628:
2210:
635:. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press. pp. xl + 149.
369:
158:Many modern systematists, such as advocates of
694:. National Geographic Magazine. Archived from
666:
629:Cantino, Philip D.; de Queiroz, Kevin (2000).
439:. For instance, among the additional ranks of
929:
767:
456:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
389:. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
274:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
807:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
821:
334:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
936:
922:
679:. Paris: L’Imprimerie Royale. p. 562.
672:
662:(in Latin). Montpellier: Pech. p. 79.
649:
443:are superclass, subclass and infraclass.
354:Learn how and when to remove this message
93:, its use is then governed by one of the
2170:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
943:
365:
32:
717:de Queiroz, K & J Gauthier (1990).
689:
259:in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII
2211:
655:
1933:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
917:
758:
673:Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1694).
404:" applies formally to any biological
852:
815:
752:
332:adding citations to reliable sources
299:
85:") nomenclature (much less so under
481:and the ongoing development of the
423:indicates a rank above, the prefix
145:Principes élémentaires de botanique
70:
13:
1338:Evolutionary developmental biology
255:". For plants, it was proposed by
16:Grouping of biological populations
14:
2250:
893:
2192:
2183:
2182:
899:
505:
304:
261:International Botanical Congress
166:methods that require taxa to be
89:). If a taxon is given a formal
1995:Extended evolutionary synthesis
1184:Gene-centered view of evolution
869:
846:
2123:Hologenome theory of evolution
1990:History of molecular evolution
1216:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1105:Last universal common ancestor
763:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
710:
683:
598:
561:List of taxa named by anagrams
237:), meaning "arrangement", and
1:
1917:Renaissance and Enlightenment
904:The dictionary definition of
615:
266:
2128:Missing heritability problem
1755:Gamete differentiation/sexes
690:Quammen, David (June 2007).
141:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
7:
822:Meyer-Abich, Adolf (1926).
498:
427:indicates a rank below. In
189:, and mammals in the class
10:
2255:
1760:Life cycles/nuclear phases
1312:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
781:Principes de paléontologie
393:A taxon can be assigned a
238:
224:
205:was first used in 1926 by
196:
153:evolutionary relationships
129:Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
47:, a widely accepted taxon.
18:
2229:Biological classification
2178:
2078:
2003:
1907:
1834:
1790:
1645:
1549:
1366:
1325:
1258:Parent–offspring conflict
1194:
1063:Earliest known life forms
984:
951:
383:biological classification
160:phylogenetic nomenclature
87:phylogenetic nomenclature
2111:Cultural group selection
1975:The eclipse of Darwinism
1947:On the Origin of Species
1922:Transmutation of species
591:
295:
209:for animal groups, as a
2239:Zoological nomenclature
2116:Dual inheritance theory
1955:History of paleontology
855:Taxonomy of Angiosperms
656:Magnol, Petrus (1689).
435:indicates a rank below
2234:Botanical nomenclature
1804:Punctuated equilibrium
1125:Non-adaptive radiation
1073:Evolutionary arms race
784:. Dunod. p. 122.
759:Romer, A. S. (1970) .
390:
281:"taxon, (pl. taxa), n.
48:
26:. For other uses, see
2096:Evolutionary medicine
1970:Mendelian inheritance
1678:Biological complexity
1666:Programmed cell death
1358:Phenotypic plasticity
1078:Evolutionary pressure
1068:Evidence of evolution
966:Timeline of evolution
692:"A Passion for Order"
479:phylogenetic taxonomy
380:
133:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
36:
28:Taxa (disambiguation)
19:For the journal, see
2070:Teleology in biology
1965:Blending inheritance
1343:Genetic assimilation
1206:Artificial selection
945:Evolutionary biology
853:Naik, V. N. (1984).
581:Virus classification
576:Segregate (taxonomy)
328:improve this section
271:The glossary of the
2133:Molecular evolution
2091:Ecological genetics
1960:Transitional fossil
1750:Sexual reproduction
1590:endomembrane system
1519:pollinator-mediated
1475:dolphins and whales
1253:Parental investment
761:The Vertebrate Body
257:Herman Johannes Lam
2106:Cultural evolution
1221:Fisher's principle
1150:Handicap principle
1140:Parallel evolution
1004:Adaptive radiation
882:2005-01-03 at the
726:Systematic Zoology
698:on August 27, 2008
391:
95:nomenclature codes
49:
2206:
2205:
1822:Uniformitarianism
1775:Sex-determination
1280:Sexual dimorphism
1275:Natural selection
1179:Unit of selection
1145:Signalling theory
839:978-3-642-50733-5
791:978-2-10-070313-5
586:Wastebasket taxon
381:The hierarchy of
364:
363:
356:
277:(1999) defines a
207:Adolf Meyer-Abich
38:African elephants
2246:
2196:
2186:
2185:
1985:Modern synthesis
1745:Multicellularity
1740:Mosaic evolution
1625:auditory ossicle
1307:Social selection
1290:Flowering plants
1285:Sexual selection
938:
931:
924:
915:
914:
903:
887:
873:
867:
866:
863:Tata McGraw Hill
850:
844:
843:
819:
813:
812:
806:
798:
771:
765:
764:
756:
750:
749:
723:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
687:
681:
680:
670:
664:
663:
653:
647:
646:
626:
609:
602:
515:
510:
509:
359:
352:
348:
345:
339:
308:
300:
263:, held in 1950.
249:
242:
235:
228:
72:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2174:
2101:Group selection
2074:
1999:
1903:
1830:
1792:Tempo and modes
1786:
1641:
1545:
1362:
1321:
1197:
1190:
1167:Species complex
980:
971:History of life
947:
942:
896:
891:
890:
884:Wayback Machine
874:
870:
851:
847:
840:
832:. p. 127.
830:Springer-Verlag
820:
816:
800:
799:
792:
774:Sylvain Adnet;
772:
768:
757:
753:
738:10.2307/2992353
721:
715:
711:
701:
699:
688:
684:
671:
667:
654:
650:
643:
627:
623:
618:
613:
612:
603:
599:
594:
511:
504:
501:
462:becomes known.
387:taxonomic ranks
385:'s eight major
379:
360:
349:
343:
340:
325:
309:
298:
269:
199:
137:Flore françoise
120:Systema Naturae
91:scientific name
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1941:Charles Darwin
1938:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Non-ecological
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1630:nervous system
1627:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Origin of life
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Microevolution
1112:
1110:Macroevolution
1107:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Common descent
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1026:Baldwin effect
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
949:
948:
941:
940:
933:
926:
918:
912:
911:
895:
894:External links
892:
889:
888:
868:
845:
838:
814:
790:
776:Brigitte Senut
766:
751:
732:(4): 307–322.
709:
682:
665:
648:
641:
620:
619:
617:
614:
611:
610:
596:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
571:Rank (zoology)
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
526:Alpha taxonomy
523:
517:
516:
513:Biology portal
500:
497:
395:taxonomic rank
362:
361:
312:
310:
303:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
283:
282:
268:
265:
213:from the word
211:back-formation
198:
195:
61:back-formation
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2251:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:Phylogenetics
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:Structuralism
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Catastrophism
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Neo-Darwinism
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Reinforcement
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1826:Catastrophism
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Macromutation
1814:
1813:Micromutation
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Immune system
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:symbiogenesis
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:Kin selection
1246:
1244:
1243:Genetic drift
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:
983:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
946:
939:
934:
932:
927:
925:
920:
919:
916:
910:at Wiktionary
909:
908:
902:
898:
897:
885:
881:
878:
872:
864:
860:
856:
849:
841:
835:
831:
827:
826:
818:
810:
804:
797:
793:
787:
783:
782:
777:
770:
762:
755:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
713:
697:
693:
686:
678:
677:
669:
661:
660:
652:
644:
638:
634:
633:
625:
621:
607:
601:
597:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
566:Rank (botany)
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:Folk taxonomy
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
508:
503:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
431:, the prefix
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
388:
384:
368:
358:
355:
347:
337:
333:
329:
323:
322:
318:
313:This section
311:
307:
302:
301:
287:
286:
285:
284:
280:
279:
278:
276:
275:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
248:
241:
236:
234:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
194:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:Carl Linnaeus
108:
104:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
46:
43:
39:
35:
29:
25:
23:
2155:Polymorphism
2138:Astrobiology
2086:Biogeography
2041:Saltationism
2031:Orthogenesis
2016:Alternatives
1945:
1931:
1864:Cospeciation
1859:Cladogenesis
1808:Saltationism
1765:Mating types
1688:Color vision
1673:Avian flight
1595:mitochondria
1368:
1333:Canalisation
1211:Biodiversity
956:Introduction
906:
875:ICZN (1999)
871:
865:. p. 2.
854:
848:
824:
817:
795:
780:
769:
760:
754:
729:
725:
712:
700:. Retrieved
696:the original
685:
675:
668:
658:
651:
631:
624:
606:monophyletic
600:
482:
471:paraphyletic
464:
445:
436:
432:
424:
420:
418:
399:
392:
350:
344:January 2024
341:
326:Please help
314:
272:
270:
251:), meaning "
246:
232:
220:
214:
202:
200:
176:paraphyletic
168:monophyletic
157:
149:systematists
144:
136:
118:
99:
74:
64:
56:
50:
44:
21:
2165:Systematics
2036:Mutationism
1854:Catagenesis
1782:Snake venom
1715:Eusociality
1693:in primates
1683:Cooperation
1611:In animals
1431:butterflies
1404:Cephalopods
1394:Brachiopods
1326:Development
1300:Mate choice
1053:Convergence
1036:Coevolution
994:Abiogenesis
521:ABCD Schema
219:; the word
2213:Categories
2026:Lamarckism
2004:Philosophy
1927:David Hume
1889:Peripatric
1884:Parapatric
1869:Ecological
1849:Anagenesis
1844:Allopatric
1836:Speciation
1800:Gradualism
1725:Metabolism
1585:chromosome
1575:Eukaryotes
1353:Modularity
1270:Population
1196:Population
1157:Speciation
1135:Panspermia
1088:Extinction
1083:Exaptation
1058:Divergence
1031:Cladistics
1019:Reciprocal
999:Adaptation
642:0429821352
616:References
546:Ichnotaxon
536:Cladistics
452:cladistics
448:liverworts
267:Definition
107:Tournefort
2219:Organisms
2160:Protocell
2011:Darwinism
1899:Sympatric
1648:processes
1536:Tetrapods
1485:Kangaroos
1411:Dinosaurs
1348:Inversion
1317:Variation
1238:Gene flow
1231:Inclusive
1041:Mutualism
986:Evolution
859:New Delhi
803:cite book
531:Chresonym
484:PhyloCode
460:phylogeny
315:does not
201:The term
164:cladistic
45:Loxodonta
40:form the
24:(journal)
2188:Category
2063:Vitalism
2058:Theistic
2051:Spandrel
1735:Morality
1730:Monogamy
1605:plastids
1570:Flagella
1526:Reptiles
1507:sea cows
1490:primates
1399:Molluscs
1377:Bacteria
1265:Mutation
1198:genetics
1174:Taxonomy
1120:Mismatch
1100:Homology
1014:Cheating
1009:Altruism
880:Archived
702:27 April
499:See also
467:phenetic
221:taxonomy
216:taxonomy
191:Mammalia
183:Reptilia
83:Linnaean
66:taxonomy
2079:Related
1909:History
1770:Meiosis
1705:Empathy
1700:Emotion
1600:nucleus
1541:Viruses
1531:Spiders
1443:Mammals
1426:Insects
1226:Fitness
1162:Species
961:Outline
746:2992353
495:, etc.
475:species
429:zoology
416:, etc.
336:removed
321:sources
197:History
125:Bernard
79:ranking
53:biology
2198:Portal
1874:Hybrid
1710:Ethics
1552:organs
1514:Plants
1500:lemurs
1495:humans
1480:horses
1470:hyenas
1458:wolves
1453:canids
1387:origin
836:
788:
744:
639:
489:clades
433:infra-
421:super-
410:plants
406:domain
402:Phylum
253:method
162:, use
139:, and
115:system
103:Magnol
1661:Death
1656:Aging
1635:brain
1421:Fungi
1382:Birds
1295:Fungi
1093:Event
976:Index
907:taxon
742:JSTOR
722:(PDF)
592:Notes
441:class
414:fungi
296:Ranks
247:nĂłmos
240:νόμος
233:táxis
226:τάξις
203:taxon
180:class
172:clade
63:from
57:taxon
42:genus
22:Taxon
2224:Taxa
2148:Tree
1620:hair
1560:Cell
1463:dogs
1448:cats
1438:Life
1416:Fish
1369:taxa
834:ISBN
809:link
786:ISBN
704:2013
637:ISBN
437:sub-
425:sub-
319:any
317:cite
187:Aves
127:and
109:and
75:taxa
55:, a
1646:Of
1615:eye
1565:DNA
1550:Of
1367:Of
734:doi
469:or
330:by
193:).
143:'s
135:'s
117:in
113:'s
71:pl.
51:In
2215::
861::
857:.
828:.
805:}}
801:{{
794:.
740:.
730:39
728:.
724:.
412:,
155:.
105:,
73::
69:;
1824:/
1815:/
1806:/
1802:/
937:e
930:t
923:v
842:.
811:)
748:.
736::
706:.
645:.
400:"
357:)
351:(
346:)
342:(
338:.
324:.
243:(
229:(
59:(
30:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
