838:
446:
727:
86:, the 7090 is six times faster than the 709, and could be rented for half the price. An upgraded version, the 7094, was up to twice as fast. Both the 7090 and the 7094 were withdrawn from sale on July 14, 1969, but systems remained in service for more than a decade after. In 1961 the IBM 7094 famously employed a speech synthesis program to sing "
29:
703:
floating-point numbers, introduced on the 7094, had a magnitude sign, an eight-bit excess-128 exponent, and a 54-bit magnitude. The double-precision number was stored in memory in an even-odd pair of consecutive words; the sign and exponent in the second word were ignored when the number was used as
102:
Although the 709 was a superior machine to its predecessor, the 704, it was being built and sold at the time that transistor circuitry was supplanting vacuum tube circuits. Hence, IBM redeployed its 709 engineering group to the design of a transistorized successor. That project became called the
632:
The documentation of opcodes used signed octal. The flag field indicated whether to use indirect addressing or not. The decrement field often contained an immediate operand to modify the results of the operation, or was used to further define the instruction type. The tag field might describe an
107:), which because of the sound when spoken, quickly shifted to the nomenclature 7090 (i.e., seven - oh - ninety). Similarly, the related machines such as the 7070 and other 7000 series equipment were sometimes called by names of digit - digit - decade (e.g., seven - oh - seventy).
754:
tape drives attached to each channel. The data channels have their own very limited set of operations called commands. These are used with tape (and later, disk) storage as well as card units and printers, and offered high performance for the time. Printing and
790:
between its fast 1400-series peripherals and 1301 or 1302 disk files, and used data channel to data channel communication as the 7094's interface to spooled data, with the 7094 primarily performing computations. There is also a 7090/7040 DCS.
56:
scientific computers. The first 7090 installation was in
December 1959. In 1960, a typical system sold for $ 2.9 million (equivalent to $ 23 million in 2023) or could be rented for $ 63,500 a month (equivalent to $ 501,000 in 2023).
461:, instead of three on the earlier machines. The 7151-2 Console Control Unit for the 7094 has a distinctive box on top that displays lights for the four new index registers. The 7094 introduced double-precision floating point and additional
489:, together, before the decrement takes place. In seven index register mode, if the three-bit tag field is not zero, it selects just one of seven index registers, however, the program can return to multiple tag mode with the instruction
829:), was somewhat less complete than MAP, but provided excellent capabilities for the era. FMS also incorporated a considerably enhanced derivative of the FORTRAN compiler originally written for the 704 by Backus and his team.
633:
index register to be operated on, or be used as described below. The Y field might contain an address, an immediate operand or an opcode modifier. For instructions where the tag field indicated indexing, the operation was
551:(I/O) with the 7094 performing mostly computation. Aerospace developed the Direct Couple operating system, an extension to IBSYS, which was shared with other IBM customers. IBM later introduced the DCS as a product.
1934:
526:
and 7044. They have a 36-bit architecture based on the 7090, but with some instructions omitted or optional, and simplified input/output that allows the use of more modern, higher performance peripherals from the
1598:
Much of the early development in the time-sharing field took place on university campuses. Notable examples are the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) at MIT, which was the first general purpose time-sharing
1859:
799:
The 7090 and 7094 machines were quite successful for their time, and had a wide variety of software provided for them by IBM. In addition, there was a very active user community within the user organization,
1991:
recorded in 1960 by Bell Labs, using the "Digital to Sound
Transducer" to realize several traditional and original compositions; this album contains the original Daisy (Bicycle Built for Two).
910:
had three 7094s in the Space Flight
Operations Facility (SFOF, building 230), fed via tape using several 1401s, and two 7094/7044 direct-coupled systems (in buildings 125 and 156).
867:
481:
and use all seven index registers. In multiple tag mode, when more than one bit is set in the tag field, the contents of the two or three selected index registers are logically
1922:
771:
for transfer to the 7090/94. Output would be written onto tape and transferred to the 1401 for printing or card punching using its much faster peripherals, notably the
449:
IBM 7151-2 Console
Control Unit for 7094 showing additional index register displays in a distinctive extra box on top. Note "Multiple Tag Mode" light in the top center.
693:
numbers had a magnitude sign, an eight-bit excess-128 exponent and a 27-bit magnitude (numbers were binary, rather than the hexadecimal format introduced later for
718:
notation was used in documentation and programming; console displays lights and switches were grouped into three-bit fields for easy conversion to and from octal.
547:, seeking greater cost efficiency and scheduling flexibility than IBM's IBSYS tape operating system provided. DCS used a less expensive IBM 7044 to handle
1558:
1009:
In 1963, three 7090 systems were imported into and installed in Japan, one each at
Mitsubishi Nuclear Power Co. (whose DP division later merged with
2073:
1142:
Despite its commercial success, the IBM 7090 faced competition in the market. Notable contemporary competitors included, in alphabetical order:
825:, was a more lightweight but still very effective system optimized for batch FORTRAN and assembler programming. The assembler provided, FAP, (
1588:(Report). St. Louis, MO: Washington University. p. 13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. Y/NGL-26-008-054
1046:, the first computer dating service in the U.S., begun in 1965, used a 7090 at the Avco service bureau in Wilmington, Massachusetts.
734:
in 1961, with the director of Ames and several IBM employees. The IBM 7151 Console
Control Unit is on the right with two banks of
1271:
1057:
2063:
1615:
951:
859:
681:
1984:
1083:
through much of the 1980s, although a "retirement" ceremony was held in July 1982. Not all of the applications had been
1010:
67:, with an address space of 32,768 words (15-bit addresses). It operates with a basic memory cycle of 2.18 ÎĽs, using the
969:
On
February 13, 1961, an IBM 7090 was installed at the Woomera Long Range Weapons Establishment in Southern Australia.
899:, a 7094 was kept operational to run flight planning software that had not yet been ported to mission control's newer
2028:
1749:
1382:
1317:
52:
that was designed for "large-scale scientific and technological applications". The 7090 is the fourth member of the
826:
1333:
469:
with the 7090. Although the 7094 has four more index registers than the 709 and 7090, at power-on time it is in
53:
1830:
1060:("BMEWS") in the 1980s after almost 30 years of use. 7090 serial number 1 and serial number 3 were installed at
1972:
1719:
929:
851:
810:
is a "heavy duty" production operating system with numerous subsystem and language support options, among them
1611:
1959:
2068:
1420:
1398:
1296:
914:
462:
1918:
1072:
892:
571:
1650:
1931:
973:
940:
628:
Variations of the above with different allocation of bits 12-17 or different allocations of bits 18-35
2078:
907:
560:
1736:
1033:
708:
1461:
746:
The 7090 series features a data channel architecture for input and output, a forerunner of modern
1964:
1504:
1196:
1153:
977:
863:
1374:
1256:
1218:
822:
677:
564:
505:
466:
1904:
760:
544:
1480:
1874:
1276:
1129:
963:
747:
731:
72:
1690:
1500:
1183:
1049:
In 1967, Roger N. Shepard adapted M.V. Mathews' algorithm using an IBM 7090 to synthesize
8:
1037:
670:; i.e., fetch the word at that location and treat the T and Y fields as described above.
41:
1878:
504:, dual memory banks and improved overlap of instruction execution, an early instance of
500:
was installed, which had almost twice as much general speed as the 7094 due to a faster
482:
2035:
1793:
1367:
1026:
955:
575:
49:
1738:
Fire across the Desert : Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint
Project 1946-1980
486:
1745:
1715:
1378:
1337:
1313:
947:
807:
801:
20:
1518:
E. C. Smith (September–December 1963). "A directly coupled multiprocessing system".
862:'s Computation Center on three successive computers, an IBM 709, 7090 and 7094 with
1882:
1855:
1785:
1675:
1527:
1168:
700:
687:
1582:
988:
1988:
1976:
1813:
1442:
1213:
1107:
1043:
918:
884:
866:
for additional features. It eventually ran on two separate 7094s, one of them at
842:
528:
1712:
Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint
Project 1946-1980
913:
Erhard
Glatzel used an IBM 7090 to assist in calculations for the design of the
1120:
1061:
984:
936:
896:
888:
763:
introduced with the 704 and was slow. It became common to use a less expensive
690:
458:
1994:
1981:
2057:
1765:
1178:
1173:
1146:
995:
768:
91:
837:
2011:
1342:
1050:
922:
855:
756:
548:
501:
2005:
2045:
1769:
1201:
1014:
999:
928:
An IBM 7090 was installed at LASL, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (Now
662:
If there was no F field or F is not all one bits, then the above was the
64:
1547:
445:
28:
1797:
1636:
1531:
1080:
1076:
900:
874:
694:
646:
form the logical or of the selected index registers and subtract from Y
87:
1886:
1569:
2002:– Includes a simulator for the 7090/7094 in a user-modifiable package
1092:
1065:
1969:
1789:
726:
1695:
1163:
1158:
1112:
786:
772:
764:
523:
517:
76:
68:
1127:
IBM 7094 specs are visible scrolling on a screen in the 1997 film
1250:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1022:
811:
751:
739:
735:
587:
45:
1999:
1040:
and orbit propagation program, was used on an IBM 7090 computer.
522:
In 1963, IBM introduced two new, lower cost machines called the
1295:
IBM states "the first 7090 was installed in December, 1959" at
1266:
1118:
An IBM 7090 is featured in the 2016 American biographical film
750:
I/O. Up to eight data channels can be attached, with up to ten
61:
1499:
Patrick, Robert L.; Van Vranken, Richard K. (February 2009).
1260:
1018:
815:
715:
83:
1583:
Educational Computer Utilization and Computer Communications
1365:
Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991).
1056:
The US Air Force retired its last 7090s in service from the
980:
airlines reservation system introduced by American Airlines.
1105:
A 7090/1401 installation is featured in the motion picture
959:
880:
1651:"The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer's Guide"
1689:
Riley, Christopher; Campbell, Dallas (October 23, 2012).
1002:
used an IBM 7090 to compute the first 100,000 digits of
935:
In 1961, Alexander Hurwitz used a 7090 to discover two
457:, was first installed in September 1962. It has seven
1924:
Programming and Coding the IBM 709-7090-7094 Computers
1714:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
917:
lens commissioned by NASA. This lens was also used by
742:
card reader is in front of the man and woman at right.
543:(DCS) was initially developed by an IBM customer, the
780:
1758:
1639:
Also contains links to many original CTSS documents
586:The basic instruction formats were the same as the
473:, compatible with the 709 and 7090, and requires a
2008:– Includes a simulator, cross assembler and linker
1498:
1366:
534:
1965:IBM 7090 Data Processing System from BRL61 Report
1906:Reference Manual, IBM 7090 Data Processing System
1612:"IBM 7094 Hardware Modifications for CTSS (RPQs)"
1581:Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, Robert P. (October 1971).
1364:
1029:. They were mainly used for scientific computing.
976:, were the basis for the original version of the
2055:
1854:
1764:
958:. His research was the scientific foundation of
578:some using diffused junction drift transistors.
581:
1301:
987:wrote his piece "Atrées" using an IBM 7090 at
1860:"Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch"
1688:
883:used 7090s, and, later, 7094s to control the
818:, SORT/MERGE, the MAP assembler, and others.
1867:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1815:Trace. Aerospace Orbit Determination Program
1784:(77). American Mathematical Society: 76–99.
873:It was the first computer to sing, singing "
649:7094 in multiple tag mode (power-on default)
554:
1580:
1543:
1541:
1517:
1930:(1 ed.). New York / London / Sydney:
1338:"Performance of future high-end computers"
1456:
1454:
1452:
759:I/O, however, employed the same modified
563:and (faster) germanium diffused junction
97:
19:For the tape-based operating system, see
1649:Crisman, P.A., ed. (December 31, 1969).
1642:
1630:
1552:
1538:
1482:IBM 7094 Model II Data Processing System
836:
725:
444:
27:
1917:Sherman, Philip M. (1963). Written at
1916:
1828:
1822:
1818:. Defense Technical Information Center.
1648:
1272:University of Michigan Executive System
1071:The US Navy continued to use a 7094 at
895:operated three 7094s. During the early
832:
2074:Computer-related introductions in 1959
2056:
1811:
1734:
1709:
1691:"The maths that made Voyager possible"
1449:
1332:
1310:Computer Architecture and Organization
1058:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
82:With a processing speed of around 100
32:IBM 7151 Console Control Unit for 7090
1616:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1307:
707:Alphanumeric characters were six-bit
1829:Mathews, T. Jay (November 3, 1965).
1501:"The Direct Couple for the IBM 7090"
1469:. IBM. October 21, 1966. A22-6703-4.
561:germanium alloy-junction transistors
1011:Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.
13:
1940:from the original on June 18, 2020
1897:
1570:SMS AA: Two-Way AND (current mode)
1115:playing a pivotal role in the plot
939:, with 1,281 and 1,332 digits—the
854:(CTSS), the first general purpose
738:magnetic tape drives in back. The
658:subtract the index register from Y
14:
2090:
1953:
655:7094 in seven index register mode
617:(F), four unused bits, three-bit
1921:, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA.
1463:IBM 7094 Principles of Operation
511:
493:, restoring 7090 compatibility.
1982:IBM 7090 Music From Mathematics
1848:
1805:
1728:
1703:
1682:
1668:
1604:
1574:
1563:
1511:
1503:. Software Preservation Group,
1492:
1369:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems
1099:
858:operating system, developed at
781:7094/7044 Direct Coupled System
721:
559:The 7090 used more than 50,000
541:7094/7044 Direct Coupled System
535:7094/7044 Direct Coupled System
2036:World's most powerful computer
1912:. IBM. March 1962. A22-6528-4.
1656:. The M.I.T Computation Center
1473:
1435:
1413:
1391:
1358:
1326:
1289:
1137:
930:Los Alamos National Laboratory
852:Compatible Time-Sharing System
680:numbers were stored in binary
477:instruction in order to enter
1:
1995:IBM 7094 singing Daisy (mp3)
1970:IBM 7090/94 Architecture page
1548:SMS DBZV: Two-Way AND, Type B
1421:"7094 Data Processing System"
1399:"7090 Data Processing System"
1282:
1032:In 1964, an early version of
921:to shoot candlelit scenes in
613:A twelve-bit opcode, two-bit
2064:IBM transistorized computers
2006:Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support
972:In 1962, a pair of 7090s in
915:Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7
767:computer to read cards onto
582:Instruction and data formats
7:
1932:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1919:Bell Telephone Laboratories
1559:7090 Data Processing System
1297:7090 Data Processing System
1207:
1073:Pacific Missile Test Center
893:Goddard Space Flight Center
794:
110:
90:", becoming something of a
10:
2095:
1778:Mathematics of Computation
974:Briarcliff Manor, New York
941:largest known prime number
841:Dual 7090s at NASA during
668:indirect effective address
515:
382:
241:
233:
185:
171:
124:
18:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2000:Bob Supnik's SimH project
1987:February 5, 2012, at the
908:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
778:Later IBM introduced the
555:Transistors and circuitry
496:In April 1964, the first
479:seven index register mode
465:, but largely maintained
453:An upgraded version, the
431:
429:Instruction Counter
428:
425:
374:
371:
368:
360:
357:
354:
346:
343:
340:
332:
329:
326:
318:
315:
312:
304:
301:
298:
290:
287:
284:
230:
182:
179:
1772:(1962). "Calculation of
1744:. Canberra: AGPS Press.
827:FORTRAN Assembly Program
730:An IBM 7090 at the NASA
1505:Computer History Museum
1197:UNIVAC 1100/2200 series
1154:Burroughs Large Systems
711:, packed six to a word.
572:Standard Modular System
491:Enter Multiple Tag Mode
475:Leave Multiple Tag Mode
44:version of the earlier
40:is a second-generation
1812:Mercer, R. J. (1964).
1776:to 100,000 decimals".
1735:Morton, Peter (1989).
1710:Morton, Peter (1989).
1308:Hayes, John.P (1978).
1219:Early IBM disk storage
954:'s 7090 to tackle the
846:
823:Fortran Monitor System
743:
666:. Otherwise it was an
467:backward compatibility
450:
98:Development and naming
33:
2012:The IBM 7094 and CTSS
1975:May 22, 2012, at the
1637:The IBM 7094 and CTSS
1373:. MIT Press. p.
1184:Philco TRANSAC S-2000
1068:for this application.
840:
761:unit record equipment
729:
682:sign/magnitude format
545:Aerospace Corporation
448:
31:
1742:(PDF Digitised 2017)
1277:List of IBM products
964:Planetary Grand Tour
833:Notable applications
748:direct memory access
732:Ames Research Center
594:A three-bit opcode (
186:Multiplier/Quotient
75:technology from the
2069:IBM 700/7000 series
1960:IBM Archives - 7090
1879:1964ASAJ...36.2346S
1835:The Harvard Crimson
1520:IBM Systems Journal
1038:orbit determination
1036:, a high-precision
784:; the 7044 handled
384:Instruction counter
117:
116:IBM 7094 registers
79:(Stretch) project.
54:IBM 700/7000 series
1532:10.1147/sj.23.0218
956:three-body problem
847:
744:
576:current-mode logic
574:(SMS) cards using
570:The 7090 used the
451:
115:
50:mainframe computer
34:
16:Mainframe computer
2052:
2051:
2043:Succeeded by
1887:10.1121/1.1919362
1858:(December 1964).
1831:"Operation Match"
1770:Wrench Jr., J. W.
1263:operating systems
1091:a dual-processor
948:Michael Minovitch
673:Data formats are
664:effective address
565:drift transistors
471:multiple tag mode
443:
442:
439:
438:
372:Index Register 7
358:Index Register 6
344:Index Register 5
330:Index Register 4
316:Index Register 3
302:Index Register 2
288:Index Register 1
234:Sense Indicators
21:IBM 7090/94 IBSYS
2086:
2079:36-bit computers
2026:Preceded by
2018:
2017:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1913:
1911:
1891:
1890:
1864:
1856:Roger N. Shepard
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1488:. IBM. A22-6760.
1487:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1090:
1086:
1005:
701:Double-precision
688:Single-precision
621:(T), and 15-bit
606:(T), and 15-bit
122:
121:
118:
114:
60:The 7090 uses a
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2014:, Tom Van Vleck
1989:Wayback Machine
1977:Wayback Machine
1956:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:Further reading
1895:
1894:
1873:(12): 2346–53.
1862:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1806:
1790:10.2307/2003813
1773:
1763:
1759:
1752:
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1733:
1729:
1722:
1708:
1704:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1673:
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1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1516:
1512:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1210:
1140:
1108:Dr. Strangelove
1102:
1088:
1084:
1044:Operation Match
1013:), IBM Japan's
1003:
937:Mersenne primes
919:Stanley Kubrick
891:space flights.
843:Project Mercury
835:
797:
724:
602:(D), three-bit
584:
557:
537:
529:IBM 1400 series
520:
514:
459:index registers
243:Index registers
113:
100:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1979:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1954:External links
1952:
1951:
1950:
1914:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1847:
1821:
1804:
1757:
1750:
1727:
1720:
1702:
1681:
1667:
1641:
1629:
1603:
1573:
1562:
1551:
1537:
1526:(3): 218–229.
1510:
1491:
1472:
1448:
1443:"The IBM 7094"
1434:
1412:
1390:
1383:
1357:
1325:
1318:
1312:. p. 33.
1300:
1287:
1286:
1284:
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1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
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1176:
1171:
1169:Ferranti Atlas
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1121:Hidden Figures
1116:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1069:
1062:Thule Air Base
1054:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1007:
992:
985:Iannis Xenakis
981:
970:
967:
944:
933:
926:
911:
904:
897:Apollo Program
878:
871:
834:
831:
796:
793:
775:line printer.
723:
720:
713:
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698:
691:floating-point
685:
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516:Main article:
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420:(bit position)
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166:(bit position)
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129:
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126:Data registers
112:
109:
105:transistorized
99:
96:
42:transistorized
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2091:
2080:
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2019:
2013:
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1751:0-6481804-0-9
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1676:"Omaggio All"
1671:
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1384:0-262-16123-0
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1334:Bailey, David
1329:
1321:
1319:0-07-027363-4
1315:
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1292:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:Sylvania 9300
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Honeywell 800
1177:
1175:
1174:GE-600 series
1172:
1170:
1167:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:Bull Gamma 60
1145:
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1132:
1131:
1130:Event Horizon
1126:
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1122:
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1103:
1094:
1082:
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1051:Shepard tones
1048:
1045:
1042:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
997:
996:Daniel Shanks
993:
990:
989:Place VendĂ´me
986:
983:The composer
982:
979:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
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953:
949:
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920:
916:
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909:
906:Caltech/NASA
905:
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813:
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769:magnetic tape
766:
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579:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
532:
530:
525:
519:
512:IBM 7040/7044
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
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119:
108:
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95:
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92:cultural icon
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
71:Core Storage
70:
66:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
2034:
1942:. Retrieved
1923:
1905:
1870:
1866:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1814:
1807:
1781:
1777:
1760:
1737:
1730:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1684:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1644:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1590:. Retrieved
1576:
1565:
1554:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1494:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1393:
1368:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1343:ResearchGate
1341:
1328:
1309:
1303:
1291:
1247:line printer
1141:
1128:
1119:
1113:1403 printer
1106:
1100:In the media
943:at the time.
923:Barry Lyndon
856:time-sharing
820:
806:
798:
785:
779:
777:
757:punched card
745:
722:Input/output
714:
672:
667:
663:
661:
652:same as 7090
631:
622:
618:
614:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
569:
558:
549:input/output
540:
538:
521:
497:
495:
490:
478:
474:
470:
463:instructions
454:
452:
419:
383:
278:
242:
224:
172:Accumulator
165:
125:
104:
101:
81:
59:
48:vacuum tube
37:
35:
25:
2046:UNIVAC LARC
1346:. p. 4
1241:card reader
1202:UNIVAC 1107
1138:Competitors
1111:, with the
1015:data center
1000:John Wrench
903:computers.
868:Project MAC
704:an operand.
678:Fixed-point
502:clock cycle
103:709-T (for
73:core memory
65:word length
2058:Categories
1766:Shanks, D.
1721:0644475005
1423:. IBM. n.d
1401:. IBM. n.d
1283:References
1253:tape drive
1089:successor,
1081:California
1077:Point Mugu
901:System/360
875:Daisy Bell
695:System/360
598:), 15-bit
336:XR4 (XRC)
308:XR2 (XRB)
294:XR1 (XRA)
88:Daisy Bell
1660:March 10,
1622:March 29,
1599:system...
1427:April 16,
1405:April 16,
1350:April 16,
1093:CDC Cyber
1066:Greenland
994:In 1962,
946:In 1961,
821:FMS, the
600:decrement
506:pipelined
2029:AN/FSQ-7
2021:Records
1985:Archived
1973:Archived
1944:June 18,
1935:Archived
1840:July 22,
1696:BBC News
1592:March 8,
1336:(n.d.).
1208:See also
1164:CDC 3600
1159:CDC 1604
1027:Kawasaki
991:, Paris.
966:project.
795:Software
787:spooling
773:IBM 1403
765:IBM 1401
524:IBM 7040
518:IBM 7040
508:design.
455:IBM 7094
111:IBM 7094
77:IBM 7030
69:IBM 7302
38:IBM 7090
1875:Bibcode
1798:2003813
1251:IBM 729
1245:IBM 716
1239:IBM 711
1234:IBM 709
1229:IBM 704
1224:IBM 701
1188:RCA 601
1087:to its
1023:Toshiba
885:Mercury
812:FORTRAN
752:IBM 729
740:IBM 711
736:IBM 729
623:address
608:address
588:IBM 709
498:7094 II
432:
426:
375:
369:
361:
355:
347:
341:
333:
327:
319:
313:
305:
299:
291:
285:
231:
183:
84:Kflop/s
46:IBM 709
1796:
1748:
1718:
1381:
1316:
1267:SQUOZE
1085:ported
1021:, and
889:Gemini
596:prefix
485:, not
62:36-bit
2040:1960
1938:(PDF)
1928:(PDF)
1910:(PDF)
1863:(PDF)
1794:JSTOR
1654:(PDF)
1618:. n.d
1586:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1261:IBSYS
1257:SHARE
1034:TRACE
1019:Tokyo
978:SABRE
950:used
816:COBOL
808:IBSYS
802:SHARE
716:Octal
640:use Y
539:The
487:added
1946:2020
1842:2020
1746:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1662:2022
1624:2022
1594:2022
1429:2022
1407:2022
1379:ISBN
1352:2022
1314:ISBN
1259:and
1214:9PAC
1095:175.
998:and
960:NASA
952:UCLA
887:and
881:NASA
864:RPQs
850:The
643:7090
615:flag
483:ORed
402:...
378:XR7
364:XR6
350:XR5
322:XR1
261:...
219:...
206:...
160:...
147:...
36:The
1883:doi
1786:doi
1528:doi
1064:in
1025:in
1017:in
962:'s
860:MIT
709:BCD
637:T=0
625:(Y)
619:tag
610:(Y)
604:tag
435:IC
237:SI
189:MQ
175:AC
2060::
1881:.
1871:36
1869:.
1865:.
1833:.
1792:.
1782:16
1780:.
1768:;
1693:.
1614:.
1596:.
1540:^
1522:.
1451:^
1377:.
1375:36
1340:.
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877:".
814:,
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180:S
138:P
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1885::
1877::
1844:.
1802:.
1800:.
1788::
1774:Ď€
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