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365:, physics, oceanography, statistics, engineering, ecology, social sciences and economics. In comparison to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), participation from developing countries was increased, reflecting the ongoing efforts to improve regional coverage in the AR5. About 30% of authors came from developing countries or economies in transition. More than 60% of the experts chosen were new to the IPCC process, bringing fresh knowledge and perspectives.
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global annual and cumulative emissions of GHGs is not consistent with widely discussed goals of limiting global warming at 1.5 to 2 degrees
Celsius above the pre-industrial level." Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a "likely" chance (66–100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
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In the end it all boils down to risk management. The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts. The higher our emissions, the larger climate changes we'll face, which also means more expensive adaptation, more species extinctions, more food
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The summary also detailed the range of forecasts for warming, and climate impacts with different emission scenarios. Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise
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More than 800 authors, selected from around 3,000 nominations, were involved in writing the report. Lead authors' meetings and a number of workshops and expert meetings, in support of the assessment process, were held. A schedule of AR5 related meetings, review periods, and other important dates was
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Working Group III: Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty). "(T)he current trajectory of
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emissions, driven largely by economic and population growth, have led to greenhouse gas concentrations that are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the
45:
and was completed in 2014. As had been the case in the past, the outline of the AR5 was developed through a scoping process which involved climate change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC reports, in particular representatives from governments. Governments and organizations
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In March 2010, the IPCC received approximately 3,000 author nominations from experts around the world. At the bureau session held in Geneva, 19–20 May 2010, the three working groups presented their selected authors and review editors for the AR5. Each of the selected scientists, specialists and
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On 23 June 2010, the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts. The working group reports would be published during 2013 and 2014. These experts would also provide contributions to the
Synthesis Report published in late 2014.
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On 14 December 2012, drafts of the
Working Group 1 (WG1) report were leaked and posted on the Internet. The release of the summary for policymakers occurred on 27 September 2013. Halldór Thorgeirsson, a UN official, warned that, because big companies are known to fund
324:, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. Limiting climate change would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions which, together with adaptation, can limit climate change risks.
361:. A total of 559 authors and review editors had been selected for AR4 from 2,000 proposed nominees. On 23 June 2010 the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts who were drawn from fields including
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have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years". Human influence on the climate system is clear. It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and
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experts was nominated in accordance with IPCC procedures, by respective national IPCC focal-points, by approved observer organizations, or by the bureau. The IPCC received 50% more nominations of experts to participate in AR5 than it did for
275:
makers were released on 27 September 2013 for the first report, on 31 March 2014 for the second report entitled "Impacts, Adaptation, and
Vulnerability", and on 14 April 2014 for the third report entitled "Mitigation of Climate Change".
66:
I in
September 2013. It reported on the physical science basis, based on 9,200 peer-reviewed studies. The Synthesis Report was released on 2 November 2014, in time to pave the way for negotiations on reducing carbon emissions at the
654:
859:, cited increased scientific confidence "that the kinds of harm already being experienced from climate change will continue to worsen unless and until comprehensive and vigorous action to reduce emissions is undertaken worldwide."
61:
The IPCC Fifth
Assessment Report followed the same general format as the Fourth Assessment Report, with three Working Group reports and a Synthesis report. The report was delivered in stages, starting with the report from Working
407:
was released in an unedited form on Monday, 30 September 2013. It was over 2,000 pages long and cited 9,200 scientific publications. The full, edited report was released online in
January 2014 and published in physical form by
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Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and
Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Working Group I: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia". "Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and
270:
The Fifth
Assessment Report (AR5) consists of three Working Group (WG) Reports and a Synthesis Report. The first Working Group Report was published in 2013 and the rest were completed in 2014. The summaries for
54:" (RCPs). The RCPs are consistent with a wide range of possible changes in future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Projected changes in global mean surface temperature and sea level are given in the main
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to future climate change is reducing vulnerability and exposure to present climate variability". "The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate
809:, scientists should be prepared for an increase in negative publicity at the time. "Vested interests are paying for the discrediting of scientists all the time. We need to be ready for that," he said.
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Climate model simulations in support of AR5 use a different approach to account for increasing greenhouse gas concentrations than in the previous report. Instead of the scenarios from the
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This video presents projections of 21st century temperature and precipitation patterns based on a buildup of greenhouse gases with a combined effect equivalent to 650ppm of atmospheric CO
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Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III (WG3) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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Working Group III Report (WGIII): Covering mitigation response strategies in an integrated risk and uncertainty framework and its assessments carried out by 271 experts.
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Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1 (WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5)
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1022:. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
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stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans,
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community to coordinate climate change experiments. Most of the CMIP5 and Earth System Model (ESM) simulations for AR5 WRI were performed with prescribed CO
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981:. Chapter 12: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility (Section 12.3.1.3): Cambridge University Press. pp. 1045–1047.
551:. Many of the associated impacts such as sea level change (among other metrics) have occurred since 1950 at rates unprecedented in the historical record.
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Working Group II: "Increasing magnitudes of warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts". "A first step towards
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824:, said "Hopefully the IPCC will inspire leadership, from the Mom to the business leader, to the mayor to the head of state." US Secretary of State
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Working Group II Report (WGII): Assessing the impacts, adaptation strategies and vulnerability related to climate change and involving 302 experts.
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responded to the report saying "This is yet another wakeup call: those who deny the science or choose excuses over action are playing with fire."
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secretary general, had declared his intention to call a meeting of heads of state in 2014 to develop such a treaty. The last such meeting, in
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that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the
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were asked to submit comments and observations in writing with the submissions analysed by the panel. Projections in AR5 are based on "
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Model results, along with observations, provide confidence in the magnitude of global warming in response to past and future forcing.
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that the sea level rise since the middle of the 19th century has been larger than the mean sea level rise of the prior two millennia.
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will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions.
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addressed the IPCC at Stockholm on 27 September 2013. He stated that "the heat is on. We must act". Jennifer Morgan, from the
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955:"Scope, Content and Process for the Preparation of the Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)"
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Average IPCC AR5 climate model projections for 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005, under low and high emission scenarios
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Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the
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Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report)
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on 27 September 2013. The level of confidence in each finding was rated on a confidence scale, qualitatively from
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Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties
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2.6), 538 ppm (RCP4.5), 670 ppm (RCP6.0), and 936 ppm (RCP 8.5) by the year 2100. (IPCC AR5 WGI, page 22).
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The oceans will continue to warm, with heat extending to the deep ocean, affecting circulation patterns.
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of the earth system, relative to 1750, is positive and the most significant driver is the increase in CO
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IPCC pointed out that the longer we wait to reduce our emissions, the more expensive it will become.
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Working Group I Report (WGI): Focusing on the physical science basis and including 258 experts.
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IPCC (11 November 2013): D. Understanding the Climate System and its Recent Changes, in:
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production. Increased uptake by the oceans will increase the acidification of the oceans.
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in Arctic sea ice cover, Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover, and global glacier volume
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582:(with medium confidence) that 1983–2013 was the warmest 30-year period for 1,400 years.
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to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is
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778:(compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.
21:
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IPCC: SPM.3 Trends in stocks and flows of greenhouse gases and their drivers, in:
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in the atmosphere has increased to levels unprecedented on earth in 800,000 years.
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2009:
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1327:"Climate change report: reactions to the final instalment of the IPCC analysis"
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and Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover have continued to decrease in extent.
350:
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90:
86:
1813:"IPCC report warns of future climate change risks, but is spun by contrarians"
1669:
1392:"Planet Ozblog badge Previous Blog home IPCC climate change report by numbers"
42:
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1735:"Big business funds effort to discredit climate science, warns UN official"
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dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
3365:
2882:
2874:
2124:
1568:"Sea level rise from ice sheets track worst-case climate change scenario"
1480:
Climate dollars and sense – preventing global warming is the cheap option
1134:
IPCC (11 November 2013): B.5 Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles, in:
864:
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and water insecurities, more income losses, more conflicts, and so forth.
817:
735:
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1117:
IPCC (11 November 2013): B. Observed Changes in the Climate System, in:
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Further warming will continue if emissions of greenhouse gases continue.
3397:
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Future surface temperatures will be largely determined by cumulative CO
1937:
1908:, Cambridge University Press, archived from the original on 2016-04-28
1873:, Cambridge University Press, archived from the original on 2014-10-29
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420:
A concise overview of Working Group I's findings was published as the
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1961:
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IPCC (25 June 2014): B-1. Key risks across Sectors and Regions, in:
353:, its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation.
1208:
IPCC (25 June 2014):C-1. Principles for Effective Adaptation, in:
781:
In August 2020 scientists reported that observed ice-sheet losses
612:
ice sheets have been losing mass in the last two decades and that
2320:
1978:
789:
track worst-case scenarios of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report's
440:(determined based on statistical analysis and expert judgement).
97:
Conclusions of the fifth assessment report are summarized below:
3333:
1263:
IPCC (2 July 2014): SPM.4.1 Long‐term mitigation pathways, in:
1095:"Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers"
272:
3247:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2330:
1707:"Leak of Climate Panel Drafts Speaks to Need for New Process"
1303:"Threat from global warming heightened in latest U.N. report"
71:
1646:"Ice-sheet losses track high-end sea-level rise projections"
1621:"Ice sheet melt on track with 'worst-case climate scenario'"
1246:, Executive Summary of Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter, in:
287:
WG II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – 31 March 2014
1644:
Slater, Thomas; Hogg, Anna E.; Mottram, Ruth (2020-08-31).
758:
Changes in climate will cause an increase in the rate of CO
597:, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.
1592:"Earth's ice sheets tracking worst-case climate scenarios"
3423:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
1840:"U.N. Climate Panel Endorses Ceiling on Global Emissions"
1519:"IPCC climate report: humans 'dominant cause' of warming"
358:
1936:
IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al. (eds.),
1901:
IPCC AR5 WG2 A (2014), Field, C.B.; et al. (eds.),
1867:
IPCC AR5 WG3 (2014), Edenhofer, O.; et al. (eds.),
1544:"Climate Panel Says Upper Limit on Emissions Is Nearing"
1495:. WCRP World Climate Research Programme. Archived from
1150:
1148:
1067:"Fossil fuels should be 'phased out by 2100' says IPCC"
394:
The Synthesis Report (SYR): Final summary and overview.
368:
1369:
886:
Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
751:
Global mean sea level will continue to rise at a rate
280:
WG I: The Physical Science Basis – 30 September 2013,
3264:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1788:"IPCC climate report: 'the heat is on – we must act'"
769:, which means climate change will continue even if CO
1145:
703:
Climate models have improved since the prior report.
290:
WG III: Mitigation of Climate Change – 15 April 2014
855:In Washington, President Obama's science adviser,
676:the models are performing simulations for various
16:Intergovernmental report on climate change in 2014
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1289:"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis"
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3464:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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915:The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) leaflet
875:, the NY Times reported, had ended in disarray.
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1760:"Climate change stars fade, even if risks rise"
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589:the upper ocean warmed from 1971 to 2010. This
554:There is a clear human influence on the climate
405:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
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381:) would be released in four distinct sections:
297:The AR5 provides an update of knowledge on the
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547:Warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is
2199:History of climate change policy and politics
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1493:"CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project"
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831:Reporting on the publication of the report,
293:AR5 Synthesis Report (SYR) – 2 November 2014
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1962:Climate Change 2013 Working Group 1 website
1952:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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755:to exceed the rate of the past four decades
723:increase by the end of the 21st century is
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3588:Climate change assessment and attribution
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3091:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2224:United Nations Climate Change conferences
1468:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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1171:IPCC (11 November 2013): Footnote 2, in:
432:and, where possible, quantitatively from
39:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2795:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
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927:"Report of the 31st Session of the IPCC"
731:to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios
649:
333:The IPCC was established in 1988 by the
316:A key statement of the report was that:
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3151:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2940:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
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1049:"IPCC climate change report by numbers"
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2800:Economics of climate change mitigation
2763:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
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2104:Scientific consensus on climate change
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1345:"Activities: Fifth Assessment report"
1020:Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report
678:Representative Concentration Pathways
674:Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
52:Representative Concentration Pathways
3481:Representative Concentration Pathway
2422:Tipping points in the climate system
2098:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
909:
907:
444:Likelihood scale used in the report
369:Climate change 2013: report overview
339:United Nations Environment Programme
3252:Nationally determined contributions
2962:Individual action on climate change
2167:World energy supply and consumption
223:Extreme events and disasters (2012)
132:Global Emissions by Economic Sector
13:
3391:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2008:
807:the undermining of climate science
14:
3604:
3318:Satellite temperature measurement
2923:forestry for carbon sequestration
2204:History of climate change science
1967:
1733:; Readfern, Graham (2013-09-20).
975:Collins, M.; et al. (2013).
904:
695:concentrations reaching 421 ppm (
335:World Meteorological Organization
123:
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3532:
3521:
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3169:Climate Change Performance Index
2548:Destruction of cultural heritage
1449:M. D. Mastrandrea, C. B. Field,
1390:Readfearn, Graham (2013-09-27).
943:from the original on 2023-12-03.
812:Marking the finalization of the
233:Climate Change & Land (2019)
148:
3308:Instrumental temperature record
3259:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1811:Nuccitelli, Dana (2014-03-31).
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1705:Andrew C. Revkin (2012-12-13).
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1047:Redfearn, Graham (2013-09-27).
228:Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018)
218:Renewable energy sources (2012)
3376:Climate variability and change
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2407:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
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3486:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3021:Climate emergency declaration
1974:Official IPCC WGI AR5 website
1758:Doyle, Alister (2013-09-26).
1542:Gillis, Justin (2013-09-27).
898:
641:'s atmospheric concentration.
538:The principal findings were:
377:The Fifth Assessment Report (
238:Ocean & Cryosphere (2019)
3469:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2695:Middle East and North Africa
2021:
1942:, Cambridge University Press
1598:. 2020-09-01. Archived from
1517:McGrath, Matt (2013-09-27).
1425:. 2013-09-27. Archived from
936:. Agenda item 3; Annex III.
893:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
799:
399:Working group I contribution
284:published 27 September 2013.
69:UN Climate Change Conference
7:
2543:Depopulation of settlements
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889:– IPCC special report, 2011
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10:
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3303:Global surface temperature
3194:Popular culture depictions
3106:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2836:Carbon capture and storage
2758:Carbon offsets and credits
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1860:
1482:The Guardian 22 April 2014
721:global surface temperature
573:Historical climate metrics
541:
492:50–100 % probability
484:66–100 % probability
476:90–100 % probability
468:95–100 % probability
460:99–100 % probability
452:Likelihood of the outcome
410:Cambridge University Press
213:Emissions Scenarios (2000)
140:Intergovernmental Panel on
3515:Climate change portal
3502:
3441:
3408:Extreme event attribution
3326:
3295:
3291:
3280:
3224:
3159:
3081:
3031:School Strike for Climate
3003:
2999:
2985:
2954:
2910:Climate-smart agriculture
2871:
2828:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2645:
2498:
2445:
2288:
2284:
2271:
2194:
2183:
2112:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2047:Climate change adaptation
2042:Climate change mitigation
2037:Effects of climate change
2027:
2016:
1670:10.1038/s41558-020-0893-y
1173:Summary for Policymakers
822:World Resources Institute
645:
170:1992 supplementary report
72:in Paris during late 2015
3418:Global warming potential
3225:International agreements
2872:Preserving and enhancing
2306:Arctic methane emissions
2228:Years in climate change
2135:Greenhouse gas emissions
2032:Causes of climate change
1265:Summary for Policymakers
1227:Summary for Policymakers
1210:Summary for Policymakers
1193:Summary for Policymakers
1156:Summary for Policymakers
1136:Summary for Policymakers
1119:Summary for Policymakers
1001:: CS1 maint: location (
516:0–10 % probability
508:0–33 % probability
422:Summary for Policymakers
416:Summary for Policymakers
282:Summary for Policymakers
79:Summary for Policymakers
43:a series of such reports
37:) of the United Nations
3578:2014 in the environment
3449:Climate change scenario
3101:Disaster risk reduction
2753:Carbon emission trading
2563:U.S. insurance industry
2533:Civilizational collapse
2380:sea surface temperature
863:It went on to say that
532:0–1 % probability
529:Exceptionally unlikely
524:0–5 % probability
497:About as likely as not
349:information concerning
159:IPCC Assessment Reports
41:(IPCC) is the fifth in
31:Fifth Assessment Report
3442:Research and modelling
3126:Nature-based solutions
2946:Nature-based solutions
2888:Carbon dioxide removal
2805:Fossil fuel divestment
2790:Climate risk insurance
2700:Small island countries
2311:Arctic sea ice decline
1347:. IPCC. Archived from
861:
844:
814:Physical Science Basis
773:emissions are stopped.
669:
500:33 to 66% probability
434:exceptionally unlikely
326:
133:
26:
3403:Earth's energy budget
3286:Background and theory
3174:Climate crisis (term)
2846:Fossil fuel phase-out
2740:Economics and finance
2705:by individual country
2647:By country and region
2622:Security and conflict
2617:Psychological impacts
2296:Abrupt climate change
2219:Charles David Keeling
2052:By country and region
1650:Nature Climate Change
1462:27 April 2017 at the
1032:Nesbit, Jeff (2013).
853:
839:
816:UN Secretary General
663:
489:More likely than not
318:
131:
24:
3232:Glasgow Climate Pact
2893:Carbon sequestration
2458:Mass mortality event
1416:"IPCC PRESS RELEASE"
600:It can be said with
207:IPCC Special Reports
83:loss of snow and ice
3371:Climate sensitivity
3146:The Adaptation Fund
2602:Infectious diseases
2499:Social and economic
1662:2020NatCC..10..879S
1214:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014
1197:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014
521:Extremely unlikely
445:
412:later in the year.
379:Climate Change 2013
329:Authors and editors
2942:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2914:Forest management
2898:Direct air capture
2863:Sustainable energy
2820:Net zero emissions
2815:Low-carbon economy
2810:Green Climate Fund
2597:Indigenous peoples
2490:Plant biodiversity
2278:Effects and issues
1844:The New York Times
873:Copenhagen in 2009
848:The New York Times
683:AR5 relies on the
670:
457:Virtually certain
443:
134:
27:
3560:
3559:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3433:Radiative forcing
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3096:Adaptive capacity
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2841:Energy transition
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2427:Tropical cyclones
2353:Urban heat island
2267:
2266:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2140:Carbon accounting
2094:Greenhouse effect
2060:
2059:
1269:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014
1252:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014
1242:IPCC Victor, D.,
1231:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014
1177:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
1160:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
1140:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
1123:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
1034:"Settled Science"
988:978-1-107-66182-0
661:
635:radiative forcing
626:Concentration of
587:virtually certain
536:
535:
465:Extremely likely
438:virtually certain
403:The full text of
341:(UNEP) to assess
268:
267:
3600:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3535:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3476:Paleoclimatology
3293:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3043:Ecological grief
3026:Climate movement
3001:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2967:Plant-based diet
2858:Renewable energy
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2558:Economic impacts
2480:Invasive species
2336:Coastal flooding
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2209:Svante Arrhenius
2185:
2184:
2155:from agriculture
2145:Carbon footprint
2130:Greenhouse gases
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2018:
2017:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1917:
1909:
1896:
1882:
1874:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1826:
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1808:
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1727:
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1057:
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1038:
1037:
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1016:
1007:
1006:
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992:
972:
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965:
959:
951:
945:
944:
942:
931:
923:
917:
911:
689:climate modeling
662:
628:greenhouse gases
559:extremely likely
446:
442:
345:, technical and
301:, technical and
152:
136:
135:
65:
46:involved in the
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3573:2014 in science
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3509:
3507:
3490:
3437:
3428:Orbital forcing
3322:
3287:
3268:
3242:Paris Agreement
3220:
3216:Warming stripes
3155:
3121:Managed retreat
3116:Loss and damage
3077:
3011:Business action
2995:
2973:
2950:
2873:
2867:
2824:
2785:Climate finance
2730:
2709:
2641:
2494:
2470:Extinction risk
2446:Flora and fauna
2441:
2402:Permafrost thaw
2397:Ozone depletion
2326:Extreme weather
2280:
2263:
2190:
2171:
2108:
2073:
2056:
2023:
2012:
2007:
1970:
1945:
1944:
1911:
1910:
1876:
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1849:
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1728:
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1699:
1690:
1688:
1656:(10): 879–881.
1642:
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1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1596:The Japan Times
1590:
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1464:Wayback Machine
1448:
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905:
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857:John P. Holdren
851:reported that:
802:
772:
768:
761:
713:
694:
667:
650:
648:
640:
621:high confidence
602:high confidence
595:high confidence
593:accounts, with
575:
544:
418:
401:
371:
331:
243:
242:
208:
200:
199:
160:
141:
126:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3606:
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3583:2014 documents
3580:
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3503:
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3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3381:Cloud feedback
3378:
3373:
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3328:
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3237:Kyoto Protocol
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3189:Media coverage
3186:
3181:
3179:Climate spiral
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
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3153:
3148:
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3138:
3133:
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3108:
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3098:
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3087:
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3079:
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3068:Public opinion
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3016:Climate action
3013:
3007:
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2997:
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2983:
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2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
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2958:
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2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:REDD and REDD+
2925:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2905:Carbon farming
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2879:
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2869:
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2866:
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2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2637:Water security
2634:
2632:Water scarcity
2629:
2627:Urban flooding
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2567:
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2518:
2513:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Forest dieback
2472:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Sea level rise
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2385:stratification
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2357:
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2340:
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2328:
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2259:
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2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Carbon leakage
2147:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2089:Climate system
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2010:Climate change
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
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1968:External links
1966:
1965:
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1786:(2013-09-27).
1775:
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1711:New York Times
1697:
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1583:
1559:
1548:New York Times
1534:
1509:
1484:
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1407:
1382:
1370:"IPCC website"
1361:
1336:
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869:United Nations
801:
798:
791:sea-level rise
775:
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766:
763:
759:
756:
749:
744:Decreases are
742:
739:
732:
717:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
692:
665:
647:
644:
643:
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614:Arctic sea ice
598:
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566:
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513:Very unlikely
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351:climate change
347:socio-economic
337:(WMO) and the
330:
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322:climate system
307:climate change
303:socio-economic
295:
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142:Climate Change
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124:Current status
122:
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91:Greenhouse gas
87:sea level rise
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3454:Climate model
3452:
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3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
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3396:
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3388:
3387:
3386:Cloud forcing
3384:
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3309:
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3304:
3301:
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3161:Communication
3158:
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3149:
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3144:
3142:
3141:Vulnerability
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Flood control
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
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3097:
3094:
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2933:reforestation
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2918:afforestation
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2853:Nuclear power
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2748:Carbon budget
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2370:deoxygenation
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2365:acidification
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2197:
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2161:
2160:from wetlands
2158:
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2141:
2138:
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2120:Deforestation
2118:
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2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
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2026:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
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1784:Harvey, Fiona
1779:
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1731:Harvey, Fiona
1726:
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1602:on 2021-08-02
1601:
1597:
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1499:on 2009-09-01
1498:
1494:
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1476:
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1452:
1451:T. F. Stocker
1446:
1432:on 2014-05-06
1428:
1424:
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1371:
1365:
1351:on 2014-05-06
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1308:
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1270:
1266:
1260:
1254:, p. 113
1253:
1249:
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629:
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611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
591:ocean warming
588:
584:
581:
577:
576:
567:
564:
563:fourth report
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
545:
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512:
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366:
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211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
185:Fourth (2007)
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Second (1995)
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
156:
155:
151:
147:
146:
143:
138:
137:
130:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:nitrous oxide
100:
99:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:The report's
75:
73:
70:
59:
57:
53:
49:
48:Fourth Report
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3506:
3339:Carbon cycle
3296:Measurements
2991:Society and
2875:carbon sinks
2780:Climate debt
2770:Carbon price
2592:Human rights
2417:Season creep
2375:heat content
2301:Anoxic event
2214:James Hansen
1938:
1903:
1869:
1848:. Retrieved
1846:. 2013-09-27
1843:
1820:. Retrieved
1817:The Guardian
1816:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1792:The Guardian
1791:
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1753:
1742:. Retrieved
1739:The Guardian
1738:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1653:
1649:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1595:
1586:
1575:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:the original
1487:
1475:
1455:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1422:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1396:The Guardian
1395:
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1339:
1332:The Guardian
1330:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1309:. 2014-03-31
1306:
1297:
1271:, p. 12
1259:
1243:
1238:
1221:
1216:, p. 25
1204:
1199:, p. 14
1167:
1162:, p. 15
1142:, p. 11
1130:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1075:. Retrieved
1073:. 2014-11-02
1070:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1027:
1018:IPCC, 2014:
977:
970:
961:
949:
933:
921:
913:IPCC (2014)
884:
862:
854:
846:
845:
840:
834:The Guardian
832:
830:
813:
811:
803:
783:in Greenland
780:
776:
752:
745:
728:
724:
682:
671:
620:
601:
594:
586:
579:
558:
548:
537:
473:Very likely
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
419:
404:
402:
378:
376:
372:
355:
332:
319:
315:
311:
296:
269:
195:Sixth (2022)
190:Fifth (2014)
189:
180:Third (2001)
165:First (1990)
96:
78:
76:
60:
34:
30:
28:
18:
3366:Carbon sink
3344:atmospheric
3209:video games
2883:Blue carbon
2506:Agriculture
2485:Marine life
2432:Water cycle
2390:temperature
2125:Fossil fuel
1625:www.esa.int
1233:, p. 8
1179:, p. 4
1125:, p. 4
1055:. Guardian.
865:Ban Ki-moon
837:said that:
818:Ban Ki-moon
794:projections
753:very likely
746:very likely
736:water cycle
734:The global
711:Projections
549:unequivocal
363:meteorology
313:published.
305:aspects of
56:RCP article
3567:Categories
3398:Cryosphere
3359:permafrost
3131:Resilience
3083:Adaptation
3058:Litigation
3048:Governance
2993:adaptation
2775:Carbon tax
2728:Mitigation
2665:Antarctica
2553:Disability
1932:. Archived
1897:. Archived
1850:2015-08-01
1822:2015-08-01
1797:2013-09-27
1769:2016-10-21
1744:2013-09-21
1716:2013-02-06
1691:2020-09-08
1630:2020-09-08
1606:2020-09-08
1577:2020-09-08
1553:2013-09-27
1528:2013-09-27
1503:2013-10-01
1436:2013-10-01
1401:2013-09-27
1376:2013-09-27
1355:2012-12-15
1313:2014-03-31
1104:2015-08-01
1077:2014-11-02
899:References
826:John Kerry
787:Antarctica
343:scientific
299:scientific
112:adaptation
3413:Feedbacks
3184:Education
2685:Caribbean
2680:Australia
2607:Migration
2570:Fisheries
2511:Livestock
2437:Wildfires
2343:Heat wave
1686:221381924
1678:1758-6798
1053:Planet Oz
997:cite book
800:Reception
619:There is
610:Antarctic
606:Greenland
604:that the
505:Unlikely
430:very high
3539:Glossary
3527:Category
3349:biologic
3063:Politics
2955:Personal
2660:Americas
2523:Children
2289:Physical
2082:Overview
2022:Overview
1948:citation
1914:citation
1879:citation
1572:phys.org
1523:BBC News
1460:Archived
938:Archived
879:See also
426:very low
3354:oceanic
3204:fiction
3053:Justice
3004:Society
2612:Poverty
2321:Drought
2189:History
2113:Sources
1861:Sources
1764:Reuters
1658:Bibcode
1470:, 2010.
1307:Reuters
542:General
481:Likely
115:change"
3334:Albedo
3327:Theory
3038:Denial
2829:Energy
2690:Europe
2670:Arctic
2655:Africa
2580:Health
2575:Gender
2528:Cities
2453:Biomes
2360:Oceans
2348:Marine
2071:Causes
1905:(IPCC)
1684:
1676:
1372:. IPCC
1267:, in:
1250:, in:
1244:et al.
1229:, in:
1212:, in:
1175:, in:
1158:, in:
1138:, in:
1121:, in:
1100:. IPCC
985:
867:, the
729:likely
725:likely
646:Models
633:Total
585:It is
580:likely
578:It is
557:It is
273:policy
251:UNFCCC
85:, and
64:
3551:Index
3313:Proxy
3073:Women
2538:Crime
2465:Birds
2331:Flood
1682:S2CID
1430:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
1195:, in:
1098:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
941:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
449:Term
107:2010.
62:Group
3136:Risk
2675:Asia
2257:2024
2252:2023
2247:2022
2242:2021
2237:2020
2232:2019
1954:link
1928:link
1924:link
1920:link
1893:link
1889:link
1885:link
1674:ISSN
1423:IPCC
1003:link
983:ISBN
962:IPCC
934:IPCC
785:and
719:The
608:and
261:UNEP
29:The
3199:art
1666:doi
1329:in
1071:BBC
697:RCP
436:to
428:to
359:AR4
256:WMO
35:AR5
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1654:10
1652:.
1648:.
1623:.
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1570:.
1546:.
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1466:,
1421:.
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1958:.
1956:)
1930:)
1895:)
1853:.
1825:.
1800:.
1772:.
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1633:.
1609:.
1580:.
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1531:.
1506:.
1439:.
1404:.
1379:.
1358:.
1316:.
1291:.
1107:.
1080:.
1036:.
1005:)
991:.
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