Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

491: 1786:, argued in 2007 that the IPCC's tendency to make conservative risk assessments had benefits. Rahmstorf argued that "In a way, it is one of the strengths of the IPCC to be very conservative and cautious and not overstate any climate change risk". IPCC reports aim to inform policymakers about the state of knowledge on climate change. They do this by assessing the findings of the thousands of scientific papers available on the subject at a given time. Individual publications may have different conclusions to IPCC reports. This includes those appearing just after the release of an IPCC report. This can lead to criticism that the IPCC is either alarmist or conservative. New findings must wait for the next assessment for consideration. 175: 47: 1628:(SRCCL) examined how the way we use land affects the climate. It looked at emissions from activities such as farming and forestry rather than from energy and transport. It also looked at how climate change is affecting land. All three IPCC working groups and its Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories collaborated on the report. The report found that climate change is adding to the pressures we are putting on our land we use to live on and grow our food. It will only be possible to keep warming well below 2 °C if we reduce emissions from all sectors including land and food, it said. 1588:

fossil fuels. The report noted that the cost of most renewables technologies had fallen. It was likely to fall even more with further advances in technology. It said renewables could increase access to energy. The report reviewed 164 scenarios that examine how renewables could help stop climate change. In more than half of these scenarios, renewables would contribute more than 27% of primary energy supply in mid-century. This would be more than double the 13% share in 2008. In the scenarios with the highest shares for renewable energy, it contributes 77% by 2050.

5657: 153: 1435: 2072: 8810: 2086: 1617:(SR15) in 2018. The report showed that it was possible to keep warming below 1.5 °C during the 21st century. But this would mean deep cuts in emissions. It would also mean rapid, far-reaching changes in all aspects of society. The report showed warming of 2 °C would have much more severe impacts than 1.5 °C. In other words: every bit of warming matters. SR15 had an unprecedented impact for an IPCC report in the media and with the public. It put the 1.5 °C target at the centre of 1908:, explained in 2007 the difficulties of establishing scientific consensus on the precise extent of human action on climate change. "Contributing authors essentially are asked to contribute a little text at the beginning and to review the first two drafts. We have no control over editing decisions. Even less influence is granted the 2,000 or so reviewers. Thus, to say that 800 contributing authors or 2,000 reviewers reached consensus on anything describes a situation that is not reality", he wrote. 2030: 1226:

Meeting on Communication in February 2016, at the start of the Sixth Assessment Report cycle. Members of the old and new Bureaus worked with communications experts and practitioners at this meeting. This meeting produced a series of recommendations. The IPCC adopted many of them. One was to bring people with communications expertise into the Working Group Technical Support Units. Another was to consider communications questions early on in the preparation of reports.

1297: 2044: 1877:, released its report on 1 September 2010. The IAC panel made seven formal recommendations for improving the IPCC's assessment process. The IPCC implemented most of the review's recommendations by 2012. One of these was the introduction of a protocol to handle errors in reports. Other recommendations included strengthening the science-review process and improving communications. But the IPCC did not adopt the proposal to appoint a full-time executive secretary. 1379:

of the revised Summary for Policymakers. Review comments and author responses remain in an open archive for at least five years. Finally government representatives together with the authors review the Summary for Policymakers. They go through the Summary for Policymakers line by line to ensure it is a good summary for the underlying report. This final review of the Summary of Policymakers takes place at sessions of the responsible working group or of the Panel.

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the help of its technical support unit) uses these lists as a basis for appointing authors, while retaining the possibility of appointing people who are not on the list, primarily on the basis of scientific excellence and diversity of viewpoints, and to a lesser extent by ensuring geographical diversity, experience within the IPCC and gender. Authors may include, in addition to researchers, personalities from the private sector and experts from NGOs.

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contributions meet stylistic and formatting requirements. They report to the Working Group co-chairs. Lead authors write sections of chapters. They invite contributing authors to prepare text, graphs or data for inclusion. Review editors must ensure that authors respond to comments received during the two stages of drafts review: the first is only open to external experts and researchers, while the second is also open to government representatives.

7240: 7228: 654:. UNEP and the WMO established the fund in 1989. The trust fund receives annual financial contributions from member governments. The WMO, UNEP and other organizations also contribute. Payments are voluntary and there is no set amount required. The WMO covers the operating costs of the secretariat. It also sets the IPCC's financial regulations and rules. The Panel sets the annual budget. 7907: 1866:(IAC) review the IPCC and recommend ways to strengthen its processes and procedures for the preparation of AR5. The IAC report made recommendations to fortify IPCC's management structure, to further develop its conflict-of-interest policy, to strengthen the review process, to clarify the guidelines on the use of so-called 642:

attended the 48th Session of the Panel in Incheon, Republic of Korea. This took place in October 2018. They included 290 government officials and 60 representatives of observer organizations. The opening ceremonies of sessions of the Panel and of Lead Author Meetings are open to media. Otherwise, IPCC meetings are closed.

1892:, called for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large-scale approach of previous IPCC assessments. Others see "mixed blessings" in the drive for consensus within the IPCC. They suggest including dissenting or minority positions. Others suggest improving statements about uncertainties. 1825:, two countries with large beef industries, caused the IPCC to abandon text recommending the adoption of plant-based diets. An earlier draft of the report, which noted "plant-based diets can reduce GHG emissions by up to 50% compared to the average emission-intensive Western diet", was leaked online in March 2023. 1912:, a hurricane researcher, said of "the part of the IPCC to which my expertise is relevant" that "I personally cannot in good faith continue to contribute to a process that I view as both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound," because of comments made at a press conference by 3045:

IPCC, 2011 – Ottmar Edenhofer, Ramón Pichs-Madruga, Youba Sokona, Kristin Seyboth, Patrick Matschoss, Susanne Kadner, Timm Zwickel, Patrick Eickemeier, Gerrit Hansen, Steffen Schloemer, Christoph von Stechow (Eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, 1075

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Later in 2011 the IPCC released the Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). This was a collaboration between Working Groups I and II. It was the first time two IPCC working groups worked together on a special report. The report

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During the fifth assessment cycle the IPCC produced two special reports. It completed the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) in 2011. Working Group III prepared this report. The report examined options to use different types of renewable energy to replace

1458:(FAR) appeared in 1990. The report gave a broad overview of climate change science. It discussed uncertainties and provided evidence of warming. The authors said they are certain that greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere because of human activity. This is resulting in more warming of the 1813:

Governments form the membership of the IPCC. They are the prime audience for IPCC reports. IPCC rules give them a formal role in the scoping, preparation and approval of reports. For instance governments take part in the review process and work with authors to approve the Summary for Policymakers of

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in 2015. But at the time there was little understanding of what warming of 1.5 °C meant. There was little scientific research explaining how the impacts of 1.5 °C would differ from 2 °C. And there was little understanding about how to keep warming to 1.5 °C. So the UNFCCC invited

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There are generally three stages in the review process. First comes expert review of the first draft of the chapters. The next stage is a review by governments and experts of the revised draft of the chapters and the first draft of the Summary for Policymakers. The third stage is a government review

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The focal points of the Member states — the individual appointed by each state to liaise with the IPCC — and the observer organizations submit to the IPCC Bureau a list of personalities, which they have freely constituted. The Bureau (more precisely, the co-chairs of the relevant working group, with

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The IPCC does not conduct original research. It produces comprehensive assessments on the state of knowledge of climate change. It prepares reports on special topics relevant to climate change. It also produces methodologies. These methodologies help countries estimate their greenhouse gas emissions

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on the order of meters—enough to inundate many low-lying areas, such as the southern third of Florida. In January 2024, he told the Guardian, "We are now in the process of moving into the 1.5C world." He added that "passing through the 1.5C world is a significant milestone because it shows that the

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Some critics have argued that IPCC reports tend to be too conservative in their assessments of climate risk. In 2012, it was reported that the IPCC has been criticized by some scientists, who argue that the reports consistently underestimate the pace and impacts of global warming. As a result, they

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Scientists who work as authors on IPCC reports do not receive any compensation for this work, and all work on a voluntary basis. They depend on the salaries they receive from their home institutions or other work. The work is labour-intensive with a big time commitment. It can disrupt participating

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Bureau: Elected by the Panel. It currently has 34 members from different geographic regions. Besides the Chair and three IPCC Vice-Chairs, they provide the leadership for the IPCC's three Working Groups and Task Force. It provides guidance to the Panel on the scientific and technical aspects of its

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who govern the IPCC. The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports. There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find

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which came out in 2007. The discovery of an error in this report that the Himalayan glaciers would melt by 2035 put the IPCC under further pressure. Scientific bodies upheld the general findings of the Fourth Assessment Report and the IPCC's approach. But many people thought the IPCC should review

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Between 1990 and 2023, the IPCC has published six comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science. The IPCC has also produced 14 special reports on particular topics. Each assessment report has four parts. These are a contribution from each of the three working groups, plus a

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Working Groups: Each has two Co-Chairs, one from a developed and one from a developing country. A technical support unit supports each Working Group. Working Group sessions approve the Summary for Policymakers of assessment and special reports. Each Working Group has a Bureau. This consists of its

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worried that independent scientists would have too much influence. The WMO and UNEP therefore created the IPCC as an intergovernmental body in 1988. Scientists take part in the IPCC as both experts and government representatives. The IPCC produces reports backed by all leading relevant scientists.

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described this report as the "starkest warning yet" of "major inevitable and irreversible climate changes". Many newspapers around the world echoed this theme. In February 2022, the IPCC released its Working Group II report on impacts and adaptation. It published Working Group III's "mitigation of

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The IPCC also publishes other types of reports. It produces Special Reports on topics proposed by governments or observer organizations. Between 1994 and 2019 the IPCC published 14 special reports. Now usually more than one working group cooperates to produce a special report. The preparation and

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The Bureau aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation in its choice of authors. This ensures the author team includes experts from both developing and developed countries. The Bureau also seeks a balance between male and female authors. And it aims for a balance between

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The Panel consists of representatives appointed by governments. They take part in plenary sessions of the IPCC and its Working Groups. Non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations may attend as observers. Meetings of IPCC bodies are by invitation only. About 500 people from 130 countries

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The IPCC does not carry out its own research. It does not monitor climate-related data. The reports by IPCC assess scientific papers and independent results from other scientific bodies. The IPCC sets a deadline for publication of scientific papers that a report will cover. That report will not

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The IPCC bases its work on the decisions of the WMO and UNEP, which established the IPCC. It also supports the work of the UNFCCC. The main work of the IPCC is to prepare assessment and other reports. It also supports other activities such as the Data Distribution Centre. This helps manage data

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has also stated "Humans are significantly altering the global climate, but in a variety of diverse ways beyond the radiative effect of carbon dioxide. The IPCC assessments have been too conservative in recognizing the importance of these human climate forcings as they alter regional and global

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The IPCC enhanced its communications activities for the Fifth Assessment Report. For instance it made the approved report and press release available to registered media under embargo before the release. And it expanded its outreach activities with an outreach calendar. The IPCC held an Expert

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Leading climate scientists and all member governments endorse the IPCC's findings. This underscores that the IPCC is a well-respected authority on climate change. Governments, civil society organizations and the media regularly quote from its reports. IPCC reports play a key role in the annual

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In 2021, the IPCC's annual budget amounts to approximately six million euros, financed by the 195 UN Member states, who contribute "independently and voluntarily". In 2021, the countries giving the most money include the United States, Japan, France, Germany and Norway. Other countries, often

1473:(SAR), was published in 1995. It strengthened the findings of the First Assessment Report. The evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on the global climate, it said. The Second Assessment Report provided important material for the negotiations leading to the UNFCCC's 1357:

Each chapter has a number of authors to write and edit the material. A typical chapter has two coordinating lead authors, ten to fifteen lead authors and a larger number of contributing authors. The coordinating lead authors assemble the contributions of the other authors. They ensure that

1484:(TAR) was completed in 2001. It found more evidence that most of the global warming seen over the previous 50 years was due to human activity. The report includes a graph reconstructing global temperature since the year 1000. The sharp rise in temperature in recent years gave it the name " 4397:

Evaluation, characterization, and communication of uncertainty by the intergovernmental panel on climate change—an introductory essay. Climatic Change An Interdisciplinary, International Journal Devoted to the Description, Causes and Implications of Climatic Change, Gary Yohe and Michael

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further update these methodologies. They include a large number of "default emission factors". These are factors to estimate the amount of emissions for an activity. The IPCC prepared this new version of the guidelines at the request of the UNFCCC. The UNFCCC accepted them for use at its

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Under IPCC rules its assessments are comprehensive, objective, open and transparent. They cover all the information relevant to the scientific understanding of climate change. This draws on scientific, technical and socioeconomic information. IPCC reports must be neutral regarding policy

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The IPCC Bureau or Working Group Bureau selects the authors of the reports from government nominations. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to

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scientists' research. This has led to concern that the IPCC process may discourage qualified scientists from participating. More than 3,000 authors (coordinating lead authors, lead authors, review editors) have participated in the drafting of IPCC reports since its creation.

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The IPCC has a "Gender Policy and Implementation Plan" to pay attention to gender in its work. It aims to carry out its work in an inclusive and respectful manner. The IPCC aims for balance in participation in IPCC work. This should offer all participants equal opportunity.

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shows how climate change has contributed to changes in extreme weather. And it show how policies to avoid and prepare for extreme weather events can reduce their impact. In the same way policies to respond to events and recover from them can make societies more resilient.

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are irreversible over hundreds of thousands of years. Strong reductions in greenhouse gas emissions would limit climate change. But it could take 20–30 years for the climate to stabilize. This report attracted enormous media and public attention. U.N. Secretary-General

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IPCC 2019, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize, S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P. and Federici, S. (eds). Published: IPCC,

1558:, in February 2022. Climate change due to human activities is already affecting the lives of billions of people, it said. It is disrupting nature. The world faces unavoidable hazards over the next two decades even with global warming of 1.5 °C, it said. 1506:(AR5) was published in 2013 and 2014. This report again stated the fact of climate change. It warned of the dangerous risks. And it emphasized how the world can counter climate change. Three key findings were for example: Firstly, human influence on the 508:

and removals through sinks. Its assessments build on previous reports and scientific publications. Over the course of six assessments the reports reflect the growing evidence for a changing climate. And they show how this is due to human activity.

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Member governments must also endorse the reports by consensus agreement. So the IPCC is both a scientific body and an organization of governments. Its job is to tell governments what scientists know about climate change. It also examines the

1992:"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change". It shared the award with former U.S. Vice-president 1495:(AR4) was published in 2007. It gives much greater certainty about climate change. It states: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal..." The report helped make people around the world aware of climate change. The IPCC shared the 8718: 7942: 1639:

includes frozen systems such as ice sheets, glaciers and permafrost.) IPCC Working Groups I and II prepared the report. The report highlighted the need to tackle unprecedented changes in the ocean and cryosphere. It also showed how

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of which Landsea disapproved. Trenberth said "Landsea's comments were not correct"; the IPCC replied "individual scientists can do what they wish in their own rights, as long as they are not saying anything on behalf of the IPCC".

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IPCC 2014, 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands, Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds). Published: IPCC,

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IPCC 2014, 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol, Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds) Published: IPCC,

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IPCC reports also attract criticism. Criticisms come from both people who say the reports exaggerate the risks and people who say they understate them. The IPCC consensus approach has faced internal and external challenges.

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Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US, 3056 pp.,

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sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources ("grey literature"), if they are of sufficient quality. These could include reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations. Industry journals and

8262: 8304: 2018:. The two intergovernmental bodies won the prize because they "produce scientific knowledge, alert society, and inform decision-makers to make better choices for combatting climate change and the loss of biodiversity". 1663:

emissions. The IPCC's Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) has managed the program since 1998. Japan's Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) hosts the TFI's Technical Support Unit.

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about twice a year. It may meet more often for the approval of reports. It controls the IPCC's structure, procedures, work programme and budget. It accepts and approves IPCC reports. The Panel is the IPCC corporate

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IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151

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Expert reviewers comment at different stages on the drafts. Reviewers come from member governments and IPCC observers. Also, anyone may become an IPCC reviewer by stating they have the relevant expertise.

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The United Nations Secretary-General and the Chair of the IPCC asked the InterAcademy Council (IAC) in March 2010 to review the IPCC's processes for preparing its reports. The IAC panel, chaired by

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Public debate after the publication of AR4 in 2009 put the IPCC under scrutiny, with controversies over alleged bias and inaccuracy in its reports. In 2010, this prompted U.N. Secretary-General

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editor Brooks Hanson states in a 2010 editorial: "The IPCC reports have underestimated the pace of climate change while overestimating societies' abilities to curb greenhouse gas emissions."

1565:, in April 2022. It will be impossible to limit warming to 1.5 °C without immediate and deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. It is still possible to halve emissions by 2050, it said. 8279: 1318:

from one assessment report to the next. Each IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report. It also notes areas that would benefit from further research.

1751:, argues that, because of the need to secure consensus among governmental representatives, the IPCC reports give conservative estimates of the likely extent and effects of global warming. 1488:". This became a powerful image of how temperature is soaring with climate change. The report also shows how adaptation to the effects of climate change can reduce some of its ill effects. 8329: 1870:, to ensure consistency in the use of probabilities for the likelihood of outcomes, and to improve its communications strategy especially regarding transparency and rapidity of response. 577:

Working Group II: Assesses the impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. Assesses adaptation options. Co-Chairs: Bart van den Hurk (Netherlands) and Winston Chow (Singapore)

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Executive Committee: Consists of the Chair, IPCC Vice-Chairs and the Co-Chairs of the Working Groups and Task Force. It addresses urgent issues that arise between sessions of the Panel.

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The IPCC informs governments about the state of knowledge of climate change. It does this by examining all the relevant scientific literature on the subject. This includes the natural,

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The IPCC archives its reports and electronic files on its website. They include the review comments on drafts of reports. The Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives in the

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Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

5566: 7870: 1632: 724: 412: 262: 7986: 7574: 5508: 5364:"An Open Letter from Scientists in the United States on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Errors Contained in the Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007" 589:

Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Develops methodologies for estimating greenhouse gas emissions. Co-Chairs: Takeshi Enoki (Japan) and Mazhar Hayat (Pakistan)

4694: 4926: 3789:"Convention on Biological Diversity: Working Relationship Between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 6940: 3059:. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, 442 pp. 2462: 1938:. Publications by other scientific bodies and experts show this. Many scientific bodies have issued official statements that endorse the findings of the IPCC. For example: 1408:

Acceptance - Not been subject to line-by-line discussion and agreement. But it presents a comprehensive, objective and balanced view of the subject matter. (Working Groups

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noted that human activity could change the climate. This could lead to severe economic and social consequences. It said increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases could

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The TFI has started preparations for a methodology report on short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). It will complete this report in the next assessment cycle, the seventh.

8464: 7490: 7441: 1542:, in August 2021. It confirms that the climate is already changing in every region. Many of these changes have not been seen in thousands of years. Many of them such as 5299:

Paglia, Eric; Parker, Charles (2021), Boin, Arjen; Fahy, Lauren A.; 't Hart, Paul (eds.), "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Guardian of Climate Science",

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The IPCC approves its methodology reports at sessions of the Panel. The Panel adopts the Methodology Report's Overview Chapter by endorsing it section by section.

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the publications. They compile key findings into "Assessment Reports" for policymakers and the general public; Experts have described this work as the biggest

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synthesis report. The synthesis report integrates the working group contributions. It also integrates any special reports produced in that assessment cycle.

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Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegatation of Other Vegetation Types

8839: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8319: 8213: 7835: 6393: 6209: 354:. The IPCC does not conduct its own original research. It aims to be objective and comprehensive. Thousands of scientists and other experts volunteer to 2358:; Schaeffer, Michiel; Lissner, Tabea; Licker, Rachel; Fischer, Erich M.; Knutti, Reto; Levermann, Anders; Frieler, Katja; Hare, William (25 July 2016). 8834: 8603: 8284: 8162: 7741: 7687: 7604: 7520: 7505: 6388: 1229:

Following these steps in communications, the IPCC saw a significant increase in media coverage of its reports. This was particularly the case with the

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in the United States in 2002 was an example of possible political influence on the IPCC. The memo led to strong Bush administration lobbying to oust

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Working Group I: Assesses scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change. Co-Chairs: Robert Vautard (France) and Xiaoye Zhang (China)

8713: 8357: 8352: 8208: 7706: 6236: 6183: 4322: 1888:, a long-time participant in the IPCC, has said the IPCC consensus approach has some limitations. Oppenheimer, a coordinating lead author of the 400:

climate change" contribution to the Sixth Assessment in April 2022. The Sixth Assessment Report concluded with a Synthesis Report in March 2023.

4724: 7981: 7887: 7378: 7307: 2619: 415:(SROCC) came out. The IPCC also updated its methodologies in 2019. So the sixth assessment cycle was the most ambitious in the IPCC's history. 4980: 8849: 8645: 8409: 7922: 7917: 7892: 7756: 7579: 7530: 7407: 7383: 5892: 1834: 1716: 1609: 447: 8045: 4066:"PRESS RELEASE: IPCC releases full report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)" 2916:"IPCC Procedures - Appendix B to the Principles Governing IPCC Work: Financial Procedures for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 1614: 1231: 763: 658:

developing ones, give an "in-kind contribution, by hosting IPCC meetings". In 2022, this budget was a little less than eight million euros.

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Committee on Analysis of Global Change Assessments; Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Division of Earth and Life Sciences (2007).

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was becoming more complicated and covering more disciplines. This small group of scientists lacked the resources to cover climate science.

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was published in 1990 and received an update in 1992. In intervals of about six years, new editions of IPCC Assessment Report followed.

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During the sixth assessment cycle the IPCC produced three special reports. This made it the most ambitious cycle in IPCC history. The

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Secretariat: Administers activities, supports the Chair and Bureau, point of contact for governments. Supported by UNEP and the WMO.

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The IPCC has a National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. It develops methodologies and software for countries to report their

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The seventh assessment cycle of the IPCC began in 2023. In August 2021, the IPCC published its Working Group I contribution to the

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During the period of the Sixth Assessment Report, the IPCC released three special reports. The first and most influential was the

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story being told by the United Nations, with the acquiescence of its scientific advisory body, the IPCC, is a load of bullshit."

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Working Group III: Assesses how to stop climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. (Known as "mitigation".) Co-Chairs:

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Some of the criticism has originated from experts invited by the IPCC to submit reports or serve on its panels. For example,

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include new information that emerges after this deadline. However, there is a steady evolution of key findings and levels of

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The IPCC has adopted its rules of procedure in the "Principles Governing IPCC Work". These state that the IPCC will assess:

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Authors prepare drafts of a full report divided into chapters. They also prepare a technical summary of the report, and a

617:(IIED). Skea has served since 28 July 2023 with the election of the new IPCC Bureau. His predecessor was Korean economist 8669: 8664: 8088: 7956: 7818: 7721: 7644: 7584: 6655: 6433: 6251: 6173: 6163: 6146: 6053: 5860: 5438: 4108:"IPCC Press Release: Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C approved by governments" 3652:. National Research Council. Committee on the Science of Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 2001. 2299:, Britain's most prestigious scientific institute, said: 'The IPCC is the world's leading authority on climate change...' 1905: 1243:, in 2021. There was also much greater public interest, reflected in the youth and other movements that emerged in 2018. 332: 6178: 4343: 2427:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, In press, doi:10.1017/9781009157896. 1535:. The first three instalments of AR6 appeared in 2021 and 2022. The final synthesis report was completed in March 2023. 8790: 8035: 7823: 7813: 7485: 7448: 7084: 6945: 6902: 6398: 5401: 3624: 1247: 424: 340: 132: 5363: 3270: 3116: 1604:

set a goal of keeping global warming well below 2 °C while trying to hold it at 1.5 °C, when it reached the

1386:

Approval - Material has been subject to detailed, line-by-line discussion and agreement. (The relevant Working Groups

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and related policymaking. This has led to a number of academic studies of IPCC communications, for example in 2021.

8686: 7855: 7244: 6882: 6862: 6809: 6761: 5813: 4107: 3986:. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3561:"Registration opens for Expert Review of IPCC Working Group II contribution to IPCC Sixth Assessment Report — IPCC" 2152:"UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53 "Protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind"" 2705: 8442: 7860: 7845: 7414: 7390: 7001: 6952: 6378: 6340: 6285: 5745: 4396: 2582: 2425:. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 475: 439:(WMO). The AGGG reviewed scientific research on greenhouse gases. It also studied increases in greenhouse gases. 324: 194: 5274: 3343: 2880: 8879: 8040: 7564: 7500: 7402: 7069: 6353: 6100: 5346: 3788: 1127:

Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and An Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios

3419:. Cambridge New York, NY Port Melbourne, VIC New Delhi Singapore: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–66. 3173: 1814:

reports. But some activists have argued that governments abuse this role to influence the outcome of reports.

8734: 8652: 8573: 8531: 8491: 8419: 8100: 8025: 8010: 7339: 7179: 6714: 6246: 5090: 1962: 1842: 1492: 1470: 1351: 1283: 1275: 1090: 875: 209: 199: 8640: 8501: 7271: 7162: 6834: 6363: 6358: 6263: 6130: 5687: 5201: 5195:"Written testimony of John R. Christy Ph.D. before House Committee on Energy and Commerce on March 7, 2007" 1889: 1799: 1624:

In 2019 the IPCC released two more special reports that examine different parts of the climate system. The

1532: 1503: 1481: 1455: 1438: 1322: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1271: 1240: 1183: 698: 390: 219: 214: 204: 189: 4927:"Assessing an IPCC assessment. An analysis of statements on projected regional impacts in the 2007 report" 3802: 3767: 3560: 2842: 2633: 7716: 7535: 6373: 6216: 4065: 1651:

The IPCC will prepare a special report on climate change and cities during the seventh assessment cycle.

1510:

is clear. Secondly, the more we disrupt our climate, the more we risk severe, pervasive and irreversible

1099:

Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses

471: 455: 7875: 4848: 4416:; O'Neill, Brian C.; Webster, Mort; Agrawal, Shardul (2007). "Climate Change, The Limits of Consensus". 3746: 3696: 3514: 3394: 336:

these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.

8511: 8474: 8469: 8055: 7803: 7475: 7363: 7232: 6996: 6799: 6756: 6529: 6451: 6305: 5424: 3940: 3681: 3069: 1955: 5150:

Curry, JA and PJ Webster, 2012: Climate change: no consensus on consensus. CAB Reviews, in press, 2012

3983: 3540:"Guidance Note of the Role of Review Editors of the Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report (WGI AR6)" 2422: 592:

Task Force Bureau: Consists of two Co-Chairs, who are also members of the IPCC Bureau, and 12 members.

463:

and options for dealing with it. The IPCC does this by assessing peer-reviewed scientific literature.

8244: 8230: 8118: 7761: 7666: 7649: 7320: 7101: 6776: 6751: 6724: 6686: 6603: 6421: 6268: 6221: 5971: 5740: 5735: 5730: 2779: 1803: 1641: 1511: 626: 535: 528: 460: 351: 348: 344: 6616: 4167: 3998: 3956: 3823: 2510: 1841:" involved the leak of emails from climate scientists. Many of these scientists were authors of the 8536: 8521: 8106: 7111: 7106: 7096: 7037: 6877: 6383: 6348: 6231: 6158: 5999: 5828: 5764: 5725: 4984: 3874: 3616: 1702:

use the 1996 guidelines and two good practice reports for their annual submissions of inventories.

451: 3988:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926 3156: 2496: 1613:

the IPCC to prepare a report on global warming of 1.5 °C. The IPCC subsequently released the

8854: 8481: 7264: 7220: 7142: 7052: 6794: 6766: 6446: 6095: 6073: 5680: 5161: 5108: 3056: 2275: 2063: 1943: 1645: 1635:(SROCC) examined how the ocean and frozen parts of the planet interact with climate change. (The 970: 791: 371: 174: 46: 4045:"Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation — IPCC" 3191: 3174:"Progress Report on Communication and Outreach Activities to the 49th Session of the IPCC, 2019" 543:

recommendations. However, they may address the objective factors relevant to enacting policies.

8568: 8030: 7751: 6819: 6639: 6581: 6498: 6483: 6368: 6004: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 4775: 4698: 3370:"Q&A: How IPCC reports get written, why they matter and what role governments play in them" 1983: 839:

Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)

379: 304: 828:

2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol

817:

2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands

8795: 8767: 8759: 8556: 8454: 8167: 7609: 7330: 7208: 6854: 6731: 6539: 5989: 5912: 2359: 2077: 1998: 1874: 1783: 563:

Chair: Elected by the Panel. Chairs the Bureau and other bodies. Represents the organization.

31: 8598: 5132: 4302:"2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories — IPCC" 8785: 8749: 8744: 8696: 8427: 7676: 7047: 6925: 6586: 6151: 6078: 5602: 5230: 5133:

Lessons from the IPCC: do scientific assessments need to be consensual to be authoritative?

4622: 4567: 4518: 4474: 3218: 2663: 2651: 2540: 2374: 1935: 1859: 1807: 622: 17: 8517:

International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World

2859: 2463:"'Code red for humanity': what the papers say about the IPCC report on the climate crisis" 1683:

updated this report. Two "good practice reports" complete these guidelines. These are the

8: 8486: 7064: 6839: 6063: 6058: 5470: 4413: 3747:"Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment: Policymaker Summary - Executive Summary" 2292: 1909: 1885: 1748: 1315: 996:

Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7302: 5396:, Joint statement by 16 national science academies, London: Royal Society, 17 May 2001, 5008:"InterAcademy Council Report Recommends Fundamental Reform of IPCC Management Structure" 4981:"InterAcademy Council Report Recommends Fundamental Reform of IPCC Management Structure" 4955: 4626: 4571: 4522: 4478: 3415:

Standring, Adam (2023). "Participant Selection". In De Pryck, Kari; Hulme, Mike (eds.).

3317: 3304:

Union of Concerned Scientists: Reports & Multimedia - Activist Resources: Explainers

3222: 2667: 2544: 2400: 2378: 1548: 8618: 6892: 6824: 6741: 6591: 6556: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6068: 5656: 5324: 4638: 4634: 4612: 4443: 4418: 3675: 3247: 2687: 2613: 2558: 2035: 1863: 152: 4530: 1514:. And thirdly, we have the means to limit climate change and build a more prosperous, 1445:

showing a figure that was included in the "Summary for Policymakers" of that report ("

1434: 8628: 8583: 8563: 8448: 8218: 8112: 8050: 7850: 7311: 7126: 6789: 6534: 6300: 6083: 6046: 5833: 5787: 5488: 5418: 5397: 5328: 5314: 5051: 4585: 4558: 4534: 4447: 4435: 3663: 3653: 3620: 3589: 3445: 3420: 3299: 3252: 3234: 2691: 2679: 2605: 2597: 2587: 1989: 1753: 1496: 355: 4642: 2562: 1810:. Many considered Pachauri at the time as more mild-mannered and industry-friendly. 752:

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

8184: 8124: 8094: 7776: 7470: 7169: 6736: 6719: 6660: 6551: 6315: 6029: 5902: 5838: 5480: 5304: 5169: 5041: 4630: 4575: 4526: 4482: 4427: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3271:"Papers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Harvard College Library" 3242: 3226: 3192:"Launch of the Topical Collection: Climate change communication and the IPCC, 2021" 2671: 2548: 2382: 2015: 1779: 1721:

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

1618: 1442: 581: 3138: 1518:

future. The report's findings were the scientific foundation of the UNFCCC's 2015

7547: 7121: 7042: 7006: 6935: 6909: 6897: 6814: 6746: 6621: 6478: 6090: 6041: 6019: 5309: 3207:"Introducing the Topical Collection: 'Climate change communication and the IPCC'" 2442:"Major climate changes inevitable and irreversible – IPCC's starkest warning yet" 2049: 1931: 1913: 1867: 1772: 1761: 1605: 1519: 1416:

Working Group Summaries for Policymakers after working group approval. The Panel

1259: 556: 440: 375: 8809: 5069: 3478: 3458: 3369: 3117:"IPCC Media Advisory: IPCC Working Group II and Working Group III Reports, 2014" 3036:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, New York, US, 582 pp. 2915: 2339: 2236: 2187: 2100:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

2085: 2071: 1828: 7287: 7074: 6930: 6872: 6867: 6709: 6598: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6168: 6105: 5843: 5823: 5782: 5703: 3921: 3230: 2967: 2529:"Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases Established Jointly by WMO, UNEP, and ICSU" 1765: 1699: 1660: 1543: 1507: 1474: 1362:

those who have worked previously on IPCC reports and those new to the process.

1166:

Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment

1138:

IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations

521: 482:. The effects for humanity would be disastrous if timely steps were not taken. 479: 467: 312: 308: 5445: 4849:"The meat industry blocked the IPCC's attempt to recommend a plant-based diet" 4801: 4749: 3901:"IPCC Press Release - Working Group I contribution to Sixth Assessment Report" 3444:. Collection académique. Paris: Sciences po, les presses. pp. 43, 66–69. 2553: 2528: 1833:

The IPCC came under unprecedented media scrutiny in 2009 in the run-up to the

8828: 7147: 7079: 6804: 6626: 6611: 6546: 6441: 4656:

Global heating will pass 1.5C threshold this year, top ex-Nasa scientist says

4235:"Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories — IPCC" 3238: 3206: 2683: 2675: 2601: 2296: 2029: 1764:

argues that the IPCC's conservativeness seriously underestimates the risk of

1344: 5106: 4580: 4553: 4431: 3824:"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for Policymakers" 3667: 3610: 2360:"Science and policy characteristics of the Paris Agreement temperature goal" 1170:

Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Impacts Assessment

8814: 8691: 8551: 7552: 7032: 6829: 6473: 6463: 6110: 5994: 5907: 5542:"ICSU releases statement on the controversy around the 4th IPCC Assessment" 5367: 5055: 4901:"ICSU releases statement on the controversy around the 4th IPCC Assessment" 4589: 4538: 4439: 3274: 3256: 2467: 2446: 2437: 2355: 2091: 1901: 395: 327:

endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year. It has a secretariat in

116: 5173: 4672: 3588:. Collection académique. Paris: Sciences po, les presses. pp. 65–66. 1744:

believe this leads to findings that are the "lowest common denominator".

8780: 8594:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

7059: 6576: 6568: 5818: 5343:"Scientists Send Letter to Congress and Federal Agencies Supporting IPCC" 3922:"IPCC report: 'Code red' for human driven global heating, warns UN chief" 3647: 2803: 2386: 1855: 1515: 1339: 1296: 618: 359: 4725:"New climate report actually understates threat, some researchers argue" 4617: 4603:

Hansen JE (April–June 2007). "Scientific reticence and sea level rise".

4462: 2881:"16 Years of Scientific Assessment in Support of the Climate Convention" 2823: 2043: 8681: 7746: 7091: 6468: 5669:

of IPCC Data Distribution Centre (Climate data and guidance on its use)

5135: 4823:"Leaks show attempts to water down UN climate report – DW – 10/21/2021" 2897: 2824: 2214: 1795: 1636: 1054:

The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability

630: 610: 4129:"Greta Thunberg tells leaders at Davos to heed global heating science" 3725: 3417:

A critical assessment of the intergovernmental panel on climate change

2482: 1895: 1806:, a climate scientist, as IPCC chair. They sought to replace him with 1397:

Adoption - Endorsed section by section (not line by line). (The Panel

6036: 5567:"Joint statement by the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC)" 4323:"PROGRESS REPORTS: Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories" 4256:"2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories — IPCC" 1822: 1103:

Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change

1065:

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

651: 5148:

Do scientific assessments need to be consensual to be authoritative?

5046: 5029: 4487: 4412: 4189:"Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate —" 3726:"FAR Climate Change: Scientific Assessment of Climate Change — IPCC" 3095: 2057: 1681:

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

571:

Co-Chairs and Vice-Chairs, who are also members of the IPCC Bureau.

427:(AGGG). Three organizations set up the AGGG in 1986. These were the 7671: 7659: 5484: 5245: 4750:"How the IPCC is more likely to underestimate the climate response" 104: 5253:"Prometheus: Final Chapter, Hurricanes and IPCC, Book IV Archives" 5138:, in (eds.) Doubelday, R. and Willesden, J. March 2013, pp, 142 ff 3318:"Climate change: Five things we have learned from the IPCC report" 1499:

in the year of the report's publication for this work (see below).

934:

Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

8589:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

7256: 6014: 5672: 5624:"2022 Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity distinguishes IPBES and IPCC" 5381: 3300:"The IPCC: Who Are They and Why Do Their Climate Reports Matter?" 2353: 1993: 1692:

Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

1688:

and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

1156:

Assessment Report (Working Group contributions)/Synthesis Report

383: 2146: 2144: 1633:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

1429: 1382:

There are several types of endorsement which documents receive:

725:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

413:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

7736: 7654: 7624: 7589: 7027: 4024:"Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation — IPCC" 3649:

Climate change science : an analysis of some key questions

2255: 2253: 1818: 1007:

Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer

850:

Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN)

328: 91: 2752: 2731: 1220: 7634: 6941:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

6024: 5664: 5303:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 295–321, 4188: 4146: 3499: 2344:. Approved 1–3 October 1998, last amended 14–18 October 2013. 2188:"Annex C to Appendix C to the Principles Governing IPCC Work" 2141: 2126: 2011: 1829:

Controversy and review after Fourth Assessment Report in 2007

1789: 1459: 1300:

Page counts of the six IPCC Assessment Reports (1990 to 2021)

901:

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

4209: 4086: 3875:"IPCC (AR5) report - the foundation for the Paris Agreement" 3073: 2483:"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" 2250: 2102: – Intergovernmental organization in science and policy 1712:

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

393:(IPCC AR6) on the physical science basis of climate change. 5376:(2010), more than 250 scientists have signed the statement. 3941:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

3344:"Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments — IPCC" 2347: 2261:"IPCC, the world's unrivalled authority on climate science" 1719:, COP19, in Warsaw. The IPCC added further material in its 1207: 979:

Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

912:

Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System

884:

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

1556:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

1308: 800:

Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

707:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

386:

for contributions to the understanding of climate change.

7117:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

5476:

Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions

3294: 3292: 3057:

IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

1675:

The IPCC released its first Methodology Report, the IPCC

3697:"IPCC Factsheet: How does the IPCC review process work?" 2005: 1948:

Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences

1579:

approval process is the same as for assessment reports.

1369: 1116:

IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

5650: 5509:"European Geosciences Union (EGU): Position Statements" 5162:"Climate heretic: Judith Curry turns on her colleagues" 4147:"Special Report on Climate Change and Land — IPCC site" 3515:"IPCC Factsheet: How does the IPCC select its authors?" 3395:"IPCC Factsheet: How does the IPCC select its authors?" 1462:'s surface. The report led to the establishment of the 1153:(June 1992) (includes an Overview of the whole report) 615:

International Institute for Environment and Development

143: 5431: 5006:

Partnership (IAP), the InterAcademy (30 August 2011).

4210:"Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)" 4168:"Land is a Critical Resource, IPCC report says — IPCC" 3612:

Analysis of Global Change Assessments: Lessons Learned

3289: 2159:

UN General Assembly Resolutions 43rd Session 1988-1989

1925: 1849: 1738: 1526: 6958:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2656:

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

2106:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

1464:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

584:(United States) and Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Malaysia) 494:

Adoption of the Summary for Policymakers of the IPCC

368:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

8547:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

8497:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

5479:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2001. 5227:"An Open Letter to the Community from Chris Landsea" 4875:"Climate chief admits error over Himalayan glaciers" 4373:"Climate Science Predictions Prove Too Conservative" 2511:"Decisions adopted by the 43rd Session of the Panel" 2025: 1390:

Working Group Summaries for Policymakers. The Panel

2804:"Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories" 1996:for his work on climate change and the documentary 1896:

Criticism by experts involved with the IPCC process

311:. Its job is to advance scientific knowledge about 8604:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 5107:IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 3768:"Climate Change 1995: Second Assessment Synthesis" 3204: 2586:(Revised and expanded ed.). Cambridge, Mass. 2276:"Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study" 1934:. There is widespread support for the IPCC in the 1880: 1677:Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 1151:Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments 1095:Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change 609:The chair of the IPCC is British energy scientist 8740:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 5005: 3984:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 3306:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 11 October 2018. 2825:"Structure of the IPCC - The Executive Committee" 2652:"Climate change: What do we know about the IPCC?" 1563:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 1561:The IPCC published the Working Group III report, 1347:are other examples of non-peer-reviewed sources. 888:Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change 804:Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change 511: 8826: 7158:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5616: 5595: 4776:"US and Oil Lobby Oust Climate Change Scientist" 2898:"Structure of the IPCC - Observer Organizations" 2454: 1554:The IPCC published the Working Group II report, 1328: 1201:Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) 1175:Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) 1108:Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) 988:Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) 893:Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) 716:Assessment Report (Working Group contributions) 8865:Environmental organizations established in 1988 8714:World Federation of United Nations Associations 8209:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 5559: 4931:PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 4509:Biello D (April 2007). "Conservative Climate". 2430: 2423:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 1729: 1670: 1540:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 1538:The IPCC published the Working Group I report, 1394:the Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers.) 1237:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 880:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis 796:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis 764:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C 703:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 470:endorsed the creation of the IPCC in 1988. The 450:sought an international convention to restrict 5255:. Sciencepolicy.colorado.edu. 14 February 2007 4767: 3070:"Welcome to the IPCC Data Distribution Centre" 2860:"IPCC elects Jim Skea as the new Chair — IPCC" 1188:Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment 650:The IPCC receives funding through a dedicated 7272: 5893:History of climate change policy and politics 5688: 5187: 3157:"IPCC Expert Meeting on Communication — IPCC" 1782:, a professor of physics and oceanography at 1430:Assessment reports one to five (1990 to 2014) 448:United States Environmental Protection Agency 331:, Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 8870:Scientific organizations established in 1988 8609:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 5345:. American Geophysical Union. Archived from 5298: 2843:"Terms of Reference of the IPCC Secretariat" 2650:Hulme, Mike; Mahony, Martin (October 2010). 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 1977: 1817:In 2023, it was reported that pressure from 1595: 1196:Climate Change: The IPCC Response Strategies 621:, elected in 2015. The previous chairs were 6010:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 4999: 3189: 2780:"IPCC wraps up elections in Nairobi — IPCC" 2724: 2649: 2304: 2217:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2129:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1424: 1221:Communications and dissemination activities 1192:Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment 374:was an important influence on the landmark 30:"IPCC" redirects here. For other uses, see 8840:International climate change organizations 8702:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 8614:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities 7279: 7265: 7239: 7227: 6684: 5695: 5681: 5655: 2618:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2108: – International environmental treaty 1920: 1790:Potential industry and political influence 1615:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C 1582: 1405:Overview Chapters of Methodology Reports.) 1239:, the Working Group I contribution to the 1232:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C 429:International Council of Scientific Unions 151: 45: 8835:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6979: 6785:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 5918:United Nations Climate Change conferences 5308: 5109:"REVIEW OF IPCC PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES" 5045: 5027: 4846: 4616: 4602: 4579: 4486: 3704:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3414: 3246: 2942:"Changement climatique: Le Giec quésaco?" 2552: 2322: 1904:, a contributing author who works at the 1626:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 1551:described it as "code red for humanity". 975:Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis 809:Assessment (Working Group contributions) 739:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 496:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C 409:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 405:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C 297:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 40:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 8845:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes 8131:Conference on International Organization 6489:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 5275:"Hurricanes and Global Warming for IPCC" 5160:Lemonick, Michael D. (1 November 2010). 5159: 4508: 4460: 3583: 3439: 2757:The IPCC Bureau (see Terms of Reference) 2460: 2198: 1988:In December 2007, the IPCC received the 1839:Climatic Research Unit email controversy 1433: 1401:the full IPCC Synthesis Report. It also 1295: 1208:Activities other than report preparation 1018:Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry 489: 8046:Office international d'hygiène publique 6845:National Adaptation Programme of Action 6634:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 5439:"CFCAS Letter to PM, November 25, 2005" 4370: 3803:"Climate Change 1995: Synthesis Report" 3205:O'Neill, Saffron; Pidcock, Roz (2021). 2972:Ministères Écologie Énergie Territoires 2939: 1952:United States National Research Council 1705: 1309:Review process of scientific literature 14: 8827: 7841:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General 6494:Economics of climate change mitigation 6457:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 5970: 5798:Scientific consensus on climate change 5361: 5280:. Washington. Reuters. 21 October 2004 5141: 5023: 5021: 4983:. InterAcademy Council. Archived from 4949: 4947: 4872: 4773: 4695:"Climate change: The scientific basis" 4551: 3845:"IPCC 5th Assessment Report published" 2710:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit 2526: 2436: 2273: 1654: 661: 551:The IPCC has the following structure: 8755:UN television film series (1964–1966) 8507:International Narcotics Control Board 8438:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 8226:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 8197:Convention on the Rights of the Child 8175:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7260: 7153:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6978: 6683: 6419: 5969: 5881: 5762: 5714: 5676: 5539: 5030:"Climate panel must adapt to survive" 4953: 4545: 4408: 4406: 4366: 4364: 3579: 3577: 3509: 3507: 3350:from the original on 4 September 2021 3168: 3166: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2798: 2796: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2578:"Democracy and Policy Advice (1980s)" 2575: 2416: 2414: 2006:Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity in 2022 1531:The IPCC's most recent report is the 1370:Review process for assessment reports 1265: 1030:Special Report on Emissions Scenarios 362:process in the scientific community. 8850:United Nations Environment Programme 8579:United Nations Postal Administration 8214:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 7933:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 7175:Representative Concentration Pathway 6116:Tipping points in the climate system 5792:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 5574:Network of African Science Academies 4898: 1971:Network of African Science Academies 433:United Nations Environment Programme 423:The predecessor of the IPCC was the 323:(UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The 321:United Nations Environment Programme 7982:Permanent representatives to the UN 7871:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs 6946:Nationally determined contributions 6656:Individual action on climate change 5861:World energy supply and consumption 5126: 5018: 4956:"Scientists to review climate body" 4944: 4924: 4847:Almendral, Aurora (24 March 2023). 4669:"Climate Science: Main Conclusions" 4390: 3190:O'Neill, Saffron (5 October 2021). 3049: 2634:"IPCC Factsheet: What is the IPCC?" 1965:in 2007 endorsements came from the 1946:in 2001 endorsements came from the 1930:IPCC reports are the benchmark for 1926:Endorsements from scientific bodies 1906:University of Alabama in Huntsville 1850:InterAcademy Council review in 2010 1739:Conservative nature of IPCC reports 1527:Sixth assessment report (2021/2022) 1043:Aviation and the Global Atmosphere 923:Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage 798:(Working Group I, September 2013), 709:(Working Group II, February 2022), 248:Extreme events and disasters (2012) 24: 8791:Withdrawal from the United Nations 7977:Security Council Permanent members 7286: 7085:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 5702: 5603:"2007 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates" 4403: 4371:Scherer, Glenn (6 December 2012). 4361: 3574: 3504: 3163: 2926: 2793: 2763: 2461:Sullivan, Helen (10 August 2021). 2411: 1573: 1449:") at a climate conference in 2005 1248:public awareness of climate change 1172:(Working Group II, February 2022) 1168:(Working Group I, February 2022), 882:(Working Group I, February 2007), 425:Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases 133:United Nations Environment Program 25: 8891: 8860:World Meteorological Organization 8776:United Nations in popular culture 8460:Expulsion from the United Nations 8405:General Assembly President (2016) 7012:Satellite temperature measurement 6617:forestry for carbon sequestration 5898:History of climate change science 5642: 4701:. 5 February 2007. Archived from 4531:10.1038/scientificamerican0407-16 2940:Beaujon, Agathe (9 August 2021). 2527:Potter, Thomas D. (Winter 1986). 1967:International Council for Science 502: 437:World Meteorological Organization 366:climate negotiations held by the 317:World Meteorological Organization 129:World Meteorological Organization 27:Scientific intergovernmental body 8808: 7238: 7226: 7215: 7214: 7202: 6863:Climate Change Performance Index 6242:Destruction of cultural heritage 5533: 5501: 5463: 5334: 5292: 5267: 5219: 5153: 5100: 5083: 5062: 4973: 4954:Black, Richard (10 March 2010). 4918: 4892: 4873:Pearce, Fred (21 January 2010). 4866: 4840: 4815: 4794: 4774:Borger, Julian (20 April 2002). 4742: 4717: 4687: 4661: 4649: 4596: 4502: 4461:McKibben, Bill (15 March 2007). 4454: 4344:"Short-Lived Climate Pollutants" 3694: 2340:"Principles Governing IPCC Work" 2161:. United Nations. Archived from 2084: 2070: 2056: 2042: 2028: 1568: 886:(Working Group II, April 2007), 806:(Working Group III, April 2014) 802:(Working Group II, March 2014), 713:(Working Group III, April 2022) 705:(Working Group I, August 2021), 315:caused by human activities. The 258:Climate Change & Land (2019) 173: 8364:International Court of Justice 7913:Sport for Development and Peace 7002:Instrumental temperature record 6953:Sustainable Development Goal 13 4554:"Stepping Back; Moving Forward" 4336: 4315: 4294: 4269: 4248: 4227: 4202: 4181: 4160: 4139: 4121: 4100: 4079: 4058: 4037: 4016: 3991: 3974: 3949: 3932: 3914: 3893: 3867: 3837: 3816: 3795: 3781: 3760: 3739: 3718: 3688: 3640: 3602: 3553: 3532: 3492: 3433: 3408: 3387: 3362: 3336: 3310: 3273:. 27 April 2010. Archived from 3263: 3198: 3183: 3149: 3131: 3109: 3088: 3072:. Ipcc-data.org. Archived from 3062: 3039: 3026: 3016: 3006: 2996: 2986: 2960: 2908: 2890: 2873: 2852: 2835: 2817: 2745: 2698: 2643: 2626: 2583:The Discovery of Global Warming 2569: 2520: 2503: 2489: 2475: 2393: 2274:Sample, Ian (2 February 2007). 1881:Issues with consensual approach 1246:IPCC reports are important for 983:Climate Change 2001: Mitigation 485: 253:Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018) 243:Renewable energy sources (2012) 8041:Permanent Court of Arbitration 8036:International Peace Conference 7403:International Court of Justice 7070:Climate variability and change 6420: 6101:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 4605:Environmental Research Letters 2497:"Mitigation of climate change" 2267: 2229: 2180: 2119: 2010:In October 2022, the IPCC and 1717:2013 Climate Change Conference 890:(Working Group III, May 2007) 512:Rules and governing principles 13: 1: 8875:Organisations based in Geneva 8574:Sustainable Development Goals 8101:Declaration by United Nations 8026:International Telegraph Union 7180:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 6715:Climate emergency declaration 5546:International Science Council 5390:The Science of Climate Change 4905:International Science Council 4552:Hanson, Brooks (7 May 2010). 2354:Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; 2112: 2016:Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity 1835:Copenhagen climate conference 1747:David Biello, writing in the 1533:Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) 1441:Working Group I Co-chair Sir 1329:Selection and role of authors 1284:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 1276:IPCC Second Assessment Report 378:in 2015. The IPCC shared the 263:Ocean & Cryosphere (2019) 8502:International Criminal Court 7938:UN organizations by location 7163:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 6389:Middle East and North Africa 5715: 5310:10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_12 4635:10.1088/1748-9326/2/2/024002 4467:The New York Review of Books 4087:"Global Warming of 1.5 °C —" 2401:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2007" 1730:Challenges and controversies 1671:Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 1439:IPCC Third Assessment Report 1292:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1288:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 1280:IPCC Third Assessment Report 1272:IPCC First Assessment Report 1253: 711:Mitigation of Climate Change 546: 7: 8636:Security Council veto power 7943:Sexual Violence in Conflict 7866:Economic and Social Affairs 7437:Economic and Social Council 6237:Depopulation of settlements 5882: 3879:The University of Edinburgh 2021: 524:caused by human activities, 472:General Assembly resolution 67:; 36 years ago 10: 8896: 8687:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea 8512:International Day of Peace 7994:General Assembly Observers 7317:General Assembly President 6997:Global surface temperature 6888:Popular culture depictions 6800:Ecosystem-based adaptation 6530:Carbon capture and storage 6452:Carbon offsets and credits 5763: 5372:. Note: According to Yohe 4802:"Preparing Reports — IPCC" 4658:, Guardian, 8 January 2023 3946:doi:10.1017/9781009325844. 3231:10.1007/s10584-021-03253-3 2576:Weart, Spencer R. (2008). 2533:Environmental Conservation 1981: 1956:European Geosciences Union 1269: 645: 418: 347:. It also covers possible 238:Emissions Scenarios (2000) 165:Intergovernmental Panel on 29: 8804: 8727: 8418: 8340: 8243: 8231:World Heritage Convention 8140: 8119:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 8081: 8018: 8009: 7955: 7829:General Assembly Building 7802: 7685: 7457: 7356: 7338: 7329: 7294: 7209:Climate change portal 7196: 7135: 7102:Extreme event attribution 7020: 6989: 6985: 6974: 6918: 6853: 6775: 6725:School Strike for Climate 6697: 6693: 6679: 6648: 6604:Climate-smart agriculture 6565: 6522: 6432: 6428: 6415: 6339: 6192: 6139: 5982: 5978: 5965: 5888: 5877: 5806: 5775: 5771: 5758: 5741:Climate change adaptation 5736:Climate change mitigation 5731:Effects of climate change 5721: 5710: 5540:admin (27 January 2011). 5301:Guardians of Public Value 2554:10.1017/S0376892900035505 1978:Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 1596:Special reports 2018-2019 1412:their reports. The Panel 1213:related to IPCC reports. 461:impacts of climate change 195:1992 supplementary report 138: 122: 110: 98: 87: 79: 61: 53: 44: 8537:Military Staff Committee 7876:Dag Hammarskjöld Library 7379:Deputy Secretary-General 7308:Deputy Secretary-General 7112:Global warming potential 6919:International agreements 6566:Preserving and enhancing 6000:Arctic methane emissions 5922:Years in climate change 5829:Greenhouse gas emissions 5726:Causes of climate change 5362:Yohe, G.W.; et al. 4899:ICSU (27 January 2011). 4277:"Reporting requirements" 3617:National Academies Press 2676:10.1177/0309133310373719 2516:. p. 11 decision 6. 1963:Fourth Assessment Report 1843:Fourth Assessment Report 1493:Fourth Assessment Report 1471:Second Assessment Report 1425:Key findings and impacts 1352:summary for policymakers 1091:Second Assessment Report 876:Fourth Assessment Report 636: 604: 452:greenhouse gas emissions 8708:Woodrow Wilson Memorial 8670:UN International School 8665:UN Federal Credit Union 8646:Security Council reform 8482:Four Nations Initiative 8410:Security Council (2016) 8253:Security Council vetoes 7384:Under-Secretary-General 7143:Climate change scenario 6795:Disaster risk reduction 6447:Carbon emission trading 6257:U.S. insurance industry 6227:Civilizational collapse 6074:sea surface temperature 4581:10.1126/science.1190790 4432:10.1126/science.1144831 3586:GIEC, la voix du climat 3584:De Pryck, Kari (2022). 3442:GIEC, la voix du climat 3440:De Pryck, Kari (2022). 2407:. Nobel Prize Outreach. 2295:, the president of the 2215:"Structure of the IPCC" 2064:Renewable energy portal 1944:Third Assessment Report 1921:Endorsements and awards 1890:Fifth Assessment Report 1646:sustainable development 1583:Special reports in 2011 1504:Fifth Assessment Report 1482:Third Assessment Report 1456:First Assessment Report 1323:First Assessment Report 1241:Sixth Assessment Report 1184:First Assessment Report 971:Third Assessment Report 792:Fifth Assessment Report 699:Sixth Assessment Report 629:, elected in 1997, and 613:, who is hosted by the 478:. This would cause the 391:Sixth Assessment Report 372:Fifth Assessment Report 343:and social impacts and 184:IPCC Assessment Reports 8658:Security Council mural 8624:Millennium Declaration 8569:SDG Publishers Compact 8031:Universal Postal Union 7136:Research and modelling 6820:Nature-based solutions 6640:Nature-based solutions 6582:Carbon dioxide removal 6499:Fossil fuel divestment 6484:Climate risk insurance 6394:Small island countries 6005:Arctic sea ice decline 5576:. 2007. Archived from 5423:: CS1 maint: others ( 5028:Tollefson, J. (2010). 5012:www.interacademies.org 4699:CTV Television Network 3680:: CS1 maint: others ( 3139:"Outreach - Programme" 2732:"Bureau Portal — IPCC" 1984:2007 Nobel Peace Prize 1685:Good Practice Guidance 1450: 1301: 1076:SAR Synthesis Report: 956:TAR Synthesis Report: 861:AR4 Synthesis Report: 777:AR5 Synthesis Report: 683:AR6 Synthesis Report: 536:options for prevention 499: 380:2007 Nobel Peace Prize 305:intergovernmental body 8880:Swiss Nobel laureates 8796:Women in peacekeeping 8455:Drug control treaties 7097:Earth's energy budget 6980:Background and theory 6868:Climate crisis (term) 6540:Fossil fuel phase-out 6434:Economics and finance 6399:by individual country 6341:By country and region 6316:Security and conflict 6311:Psychological impacts 5990:Abrupt climate change 5913:Charles David Keeling 5746:By country and region 5174:10.1038/news.2010.577 5091:"IPCC Error Protocol" 2829:Structure of the IPCC 2367:Nature Climate Change 2312:"What is the UNFCCC?" 2263:. AFP. 9 August 2021. 2078:Global warming portal 1999:An Inconvenient Truth 1875:Harold Tafler Shapiro 1784:University of Potsdam 1437: 1420:Methodology Reports.) 1316:scientific confidence 1299: 555:IPCC Panel: Meets in 493: 456:Reagan Administration 407:in 2018. In 2019 the 32:IPCC (disambiguation) 8750:United Nations Radio 8745:United Nations Medal 8697:University for Peace 8428:Bretton Woods system 8163:governed territories 7908:Developing Countries 7819:Secretariat Building 7688:Specialized agencies 6926:Glasgow Climate Pact 6587:Carbon sequestration 6152:Mass mortality event 5583:on 10 September 2008 4754:skepticalscience.com 4463:"Warning on Warming" 4414:Oppenheimer, Michael 4332:. 13 September 2022. 2968:"Comprendre le GIEC" 2387:10.1038/nclimate3096 1936:scientific community 1864:InterAcademy Council 1862:to request that the 1860:Rajendra K. Pachauri 1706:2006 IPCC Guidelines 1262:also archives them. 1198:(Working Group III) 1194:(Working Group II), 1105:(Working Group III) 1101:(Working Group II), 985:(Working Group III) 981:(Working Group II), 623:Rajendra K. Pachauri 232:IPCC Special Reports 8522:International Years 8487:Genocide Convention 7923:Outer Space Affairs 7918:Disarmament Affairs 7883:Safety and Security 7824:Conference Building 7804:Secretariat offices 7449:Trusteeship Council 7065:Climate sensitivity 6840:The Adaptation Fund 6296:Infectious diseases 6193:Social and economic 5233:on 18 February 2007 5207:on 28 November 2007 5070:"Procedures — IPCC" 4925:PBL (6 July 2010). 4675:on 11 December 2008 4627:2007ERL.....2b4002H 4572:2010Sci...328..667H 4523:2007SciAm.296d..16B 4511:Scientific American 4479:2004Natur.427..197S 4426:(5844): 1505–1506. 4377:Scientific American 3855:on 10 November 2022 3479:"Procedures — IPCC" 3223:2021ClCh..169...19O 2706:"What is the IPCC?" 2668:2010PrPG...34..705H 2608:on 9 November 2013. 2545:1986EnvCo..13..365P 2379:2016NatCC...6..827S 2293:Lord Rees of Ludlow 2237:"Procedures — IPCC" 1910:Christopher Landsea 1886:Michael Oppenheimer 1800:Bush administration 1773:Roger A. Pielke Sr. 1749:Scientific American 1655:Methodology Reports 1190:(Working Group I), 1119:Methodology Report 1097:(Working Group I), 1078:Climate Change 1995 1068:Methodology Report 999:Methodology Report 977:(Working Group I), 958:Climate Change 2001 948:Methodology Report 937:Methodology Report 904:Methodology Report 863:Climate Change 2007 831:Methodology Report 820:Methodology Report 779:Climate Change 2014 755:Methodology Report 685:Climate Change 2023 662:List of all reports 633:, elected in 1988. 625:, elected in 2002, 370:(UNFCCC). The IPCC 124:Parent organization 41: 8542:Official languages 8089:London Declaration 7898:Internal Oversight 7888:Palestinian Rights 7460:Funds, programmes, 6636:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 6608:Forest management 6592:Direct air capture 6557:Sustainable energy 6514:Net zero emissions 6509:Low-carbon economy 6504:Green Climate Fund 6291:Indigenous peoples 6184:Plant biodiversity 5972:Effects and issues 5349:on 24 October 2011 4705:on 5 February 2007 4135:. 21 January 2020. 3119:. 21 February 2014 2168:on 8 December 2022 2036:Environment portal 1846:the way it works. 1760:Climate scientist 1451: 1447:hockey stick graph 1302: 1266:Assessment reports 500: 39: 8822: 8821: 8653:UN Art Collection 8629:Millennium Summit 8584:UN Block By Block 8564:Ralph Bunche Park 8532:UN laissez-passer 8492:UN Global Compact 8449:Delivering as One 8348:Secretary-General 8239: 8238: 8219:Indigenous Caucus 8113:Tehran Conference 8107:Moscow Conference 8082:Preparatory years 8051:League of Nations 7951: 7950: 7851:Palace of Nations 7553:UNEP/GRID-Arendal 7369:Secretary-General 7312:Amina J. Mohammed 7299:Secretary-General 7254: 7253: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7127:Radiative forcing 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6790:Adaptive capacity 6675: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6535:Energy transition 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6121:Tropical cyclones 6047:Urban heat island 5961: 5960: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5834:Carbon accounting 5788:Greenhouse effect 5754: 5753: 5626:. 13 October 2022 5494:978-0-309-07574-9 5451:on 21 August 2010 5370:on 15 March 2010. 5320:978-3-030-51700-7 4117:. 8 October 2018. 3881:. 7 November 2021 3595:978-2-7246-3870-7 3451:978-2-7246-3870-7 3426:978-1-316-51427-6 2753:"The IPCC Bureau" 2712:. 18 October 2021 2593:978-0-674-41755-7 2440:(9 August 2021). 1990:Nobel Peace Prize 1808:Rajendra Pachauri 1694:. Parties to the 1497:Nobel Peace Prize 1205: 1204: 1082:Synthesis Report 962:Synthesis Report 867:Synthesis Report 783:Synthesis Report 690:Synthesis Report 529:potential impacts 480:sea level to rise 411:(SRCCL), and the 293: 292: 159: 158: 16:(Redirected from 8887: 8815:World portal 8813: 8812: 8719:Biopiracy treaty 8305:Nagorno-Karabakh 8275:Security Council 8258:General Assembly 8185:Human Rights Day 8125:Yalta Conference 8095:Atlantic Charter 8016: 8015: 7972:Founding members 7893:Peace Operations 7777:World Bank Group 7471:Culture of Peace 7462:and other bodies 7415:Security Council 7391:General Assembly 7357:Principal organs 7336: 7335: 7303:António Guterres 7281: 7274: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7242: 7241: 7230: 7229: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7170:Paleoclimatology 6987: 6986: 6976: 6975: 6737:Ecological grief 6720:Climate movement 6695: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6661:Plant-based diet 6552:Renewable energy 6430: 6429: 6417: 6416: 6252:Economic impacts 6174:Invasive species 6030:Coastal flooding 5980: 5979: 5967: 5966: 5903:Svante Arrhenius 5879: 5878: 5849:from agriculture 5839:Carbon footprint 5824:Greenhouse gases 5773: 5772: 5760: 5759: 5712: 5711: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5665:Official website 5659: 5654: 5653: 5651:Official website 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5514:. 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Archived from 3841: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3520:. 30 August 2013 3519: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3456: 3455: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3277:on 27 April 2010 3267: 3261: 3260: 3250: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2937: 2924: 2923: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2761: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2617: 2609: 2604:. Archived from 2573: 2567: 2566: 2556: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2434: 2428: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2364: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2289: 2287: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2211: 2196: 2195: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2156: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2127:"About the IPCC" 2123: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2038: 2033: 2032: 1969:(ICSU), and the 1780:Stefan Rahmstorf 1619:climate activism 1549:António Guterres 1443:John T. Houghton 666: 665: 582:Katherine Calvin 435:(UNEP), and the 177: 161: 160: 155: 150: 147: 145: 75: 73: 68: 49: 42: 38: 21: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8807: 8800: 8723: 8414: 8336: 8235: 8136: 8077: 8019:Preceding years 8005: 7958: 7947: 7806:and departments 7805: 7798: 7690: 7681: 7464: 7461: 7453: 7352: 7325: 7290: 7285: 7255: 7250: 7203: 7201: 7184: 7131: 7122:Orbital forcing 7016: 6981: 6962: 6936:Paris Agreement 6914: 6910:Warming stripes 6849: 6815:Managed retreat 6810:Loss and damage 6771: 6705:Business action 6689: 6667: 6644: 6567: 6561: 6518: 6479:Climate finance 6424: 6403: 6335: 6188: 6164:Extinction risk 6140:Flora and fauna 6135: 6096:Permafrost thaw 6091:Ozone depletion 6020:Extreme weather 5974: 5957: 5884: 5865: 5802: 5767: 5750: 5717: 5706: 5701: 5663: 5662: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5521:on 10 June 2023 5518: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5321: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5113:archive.ipcc.ch 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5047:10.1038/467014a 5026: 5019: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4952: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4729:www.science.org 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4618:physics/0703220 4601: 4597: 4550: 4546: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4488:10.1038/427197a 4459: 4455: 4411: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3999:"Press release" 3997: 3996: 3992: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3957:"Press release" 3955: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3582: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3459: 3452: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3324:. 9 August 2021 3316: 3315: 3311: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3211:Climatic Change 3203: 3199: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3143:archive.ipcc.ch 3137: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3096:"Gender — IPCC" 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2938: 2927: 2920:IPCC Procedures 2914: 2913: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2764: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2611: 2610: 2594: 2574: 2570: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2459: 2455: 2435: 2431: 2419: 2412: 2405:The Nobel Prize 2399: 2398: 2394: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2199: 2192:IPCC Procedures 2186: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2055: 2050:Politics portal 2048: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2008: 1986: 1980: 1932:climate science 1928: 1923: 1914:Kevin Trenberth 1898: 1883: 1868:gray literature 1858:and IPCC chair 1852: 1831: 1792: 1762:James E. Hansen 1741: 1732: 1708: 1679:, in 1994. The 1673: 1657: 1606:Paris Agreement 1598: 1585: 1576: 1574:Special reports 1571: 1529: 1520:Paris Agreement 1432: 1427: 1372: 1331: 1311: 1294: 1270:Main articles: 1268: 1260:Harvard Library 1256: 1223: 1210: 1141:Special Report 1130:Special Report 1057:Special Report 1046:Special Report 1035:Special Report 1021:Special Report 1010:Special Report 926:Special Report 915:Special Report 853:Special Report 842:Special Report 769:Special Report 744:Special Report 730:Special Report 675:Type of report 672:Name of report 664: 648: 639: 607: 557:plenary session 549: 514: 505: 488: 476:warm the planet 441:Climate science 421: 376:Paris Agreement 268: 267: 233: 225: 224: 185: 166: 142: 131: 125: 113: 101: 71: 69: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8893: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8855:Working groups 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8820: 8819: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8765: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8667: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8325:Western Sahara 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8255: 8249: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7999:European Union 7991: 7990: 7989: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7836:Envoy on Youth 7833: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7810: 7808: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7321:Dennis Francis 7314: 7305: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7288:United Nations 7284: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7075:Cloud feedback 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6983: 6982: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6933: 6931:Kyoto Protocol 6928: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6885: 6883:Media coverage 6880: 6875: 6873:Climate spiral 6870: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6762:Public opinion 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6717: 6712: 6710:Climate action 6707: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6690: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6622:REDD and REDD+ 6619: 6614: 6606: 6601: 6599:Carbon farming 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6426: 6425: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6331:Water security 6328: 6326:Water scarcity 6323: 6321:Urban flooding 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6169:Forest dieback 6166: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6106:Sea level rise 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6079:stratification 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5975: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5844:Carbon leakage 5841: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5785: 5783:Climate system 5779: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5704:Climate change 5700: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5660: 5644: 5643:External links 5641: 5638: 5637: 5615: 5594: 5558: 5532: 5500: 5493: 5485:10.17226/10139 5462: 5430: 5403:978-0854035588 5402: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5333: 5319: 5291: 5266: 5244: 5218: 5186: 5152: 5140: 5125: 5099: 5082: 5061: 5017: 4998: 4972: 4943: 4917: 4891: 4865: 4839: 4814: 4793: 4766: 4741: 4716: 4686: 4660: 4648: 4595: 4544: 4501: 4453: 4402: 4389: 4360: 4335: 4314: 4293: 4268: 4247: 4226: 4201: 4180: 4159: 4138: 4120: 4099: 4078: 4057: 4036: 4015: 3990: 3973: 3948: 3931: 3913: 3892: 3866: 3836: 3815: 3794: 3780: 3759: 3738: 3717: 3687: 3658: 3639: 3626:978-0309104852 3625: 3601: 3594: 3573: 3552: 3531: 3503: 3500:About the IPCC 3491: 3457: 3450: 3432: 3425: 3407: 3386: 3361: 3335: 3309: 3288: 3262: 3197: 3182: 3162: 3148: 3130: 3108: 3087: 3076:on 19 May 2016 3061: 3048: 3038: 3025: 3015: 3005: 2995: 2985: 2959: 2925: 2907: 2889: 2872: 2851: 2834: 2816: 2792: 2762: 2744: 2723: 2697: 2662:(5): 705–718. 2642: 2625: 2592: 2568: 2519: 2502: 2488: 2474: 2453: 2429: 2410: 2392: 2346: 2321: 2303: 2266: 2249: 2228: 2197: 2179: 2140: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2081: 2067: 2053: 2039: 2023: 2020: 2007: 2004: 1982:Main article: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1959: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1897: 1894: 1882: 1879: 1851: 1848: 1830: 1827: 1791: 1788: 1766:sea-level rise 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1707: 1704: 1700:Kyoto Protocol 1672: 1669: 1661:greenhouse gas 1656: 1653: 1597: 1594: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1544:sea-level rise 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1508:climate system 1500: 1489: 1478: 1475:Kyoto Protocol 1467: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1406: 1395: 1371: 1368: 1330: 1327: 1310: 1307: 1267: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1222: 1219: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 989: 986: 968: 964: 963: 960: 954: 950: 949: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 932: 928: 927: 924: 921: 917: 916: 913: 910: 906: 905: 902: 899: 895: 894: 891: 873: 869: 868: 865: 859: 855: 854: 851: 848: 844: 843: 840: 837: 833: 832: 829: 826: 822: 821: 818: 815: 811: 810: 807: 789: 788:2013 and 2014 785: 784: 781: 775: 771: 770: 767: 761: 757: 756: 753: 750: 746: 745: 742: 736: 732: 731: 728: 722: 718: 717: 714: 696: 695:2021 and 2022 692: 691: 688: 681: 677: 676: 673: 670: 663: 660: 647: 644: 638: 635: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 595: 594: 593: 587: 586: 585: 578: 575: 568: 564: 561: 548: 545: 540: 539: 532: 525: 522:climate change 513: 510: 504: 503:Way of working 501: 487: 484: 468:United Nations 420: 417: 325:United Nations 319:(WMO) and the 313:climate change 309:United Nations 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 278: 270: 269: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 170: 169: 167:Climate Change 157: 156: 140: 136: 135: 126: 123: 120: 119: 114: 111: 108: 107: 102: 99: 96: 95: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8892: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8599:Treaty Series 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7959:and observers 7954: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7903:Legal Affairs 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7275: 7270: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7247: 7246: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Climate model 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7080:Cloud forcing 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6973: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6855:Communication 6852: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:Vulnerability 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6805:Flood control 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6627:reforestation 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612:afforestation 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6547:Nuclear power 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Carbon budget 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6279:Mental health 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6210:United States 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064:deoxygenation 6062: 6060: 6059:acidification 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5854:from wetlands 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:Deforestation 5812: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5666: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5625: 5619: 5604: 5598: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5420: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5276: 5270: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5203: 5196: 5190: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4880: 4879:New Scientist 4876: 4869: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4803: 4797: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4611:(2): 024002. 4610: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4566:(5979): 667. 4565: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4257: 4251: 4236: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4190: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3944: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3790: 3784: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3659:0-309-52872-0 3655: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3118: 3112: 3097: 3091: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3019: 3009: 2999: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2861: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2733: 2727: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2512: 2506: 2498: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2438:Harvey, Fiona 2433: 2426: 2424: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2356:Rogelj, Joeri 2350: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2297:Royal Society 2294: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2238: 2232: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2128: 2122: 2118: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1804:Robert Watson 1801: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1569:Other reports 1566: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1345:model results 1341: 1340:peer-reviewed 1335: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1306: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 991: 987: 984: 980: 976: 972: 969: 966: 965: 961: 959: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 941: 940: 936: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 918: 914: 911: 908: 907: 903: 900: 897: 896: 892: 889: 885: 881: 877: 874: 871: 870: 866: 864: 860: 857: 856: 852: 849: 846: 845: 841: 838: 835: 834: 830: 827: 824: 823: 819: 816: 813: 812: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 790: 787: 786: 782: 780: 776: 773: 772: 768: 765: 762: 759: 758: 754: 751: 748: 747: 743: 740: 737: 734: 733: 729: 726: 723: 720: 719: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 697: 694: 693: 689: 687:(March 2023) 686: 682: 679: 678: 674: 671: 668: 667: 659: 655: 653: 643: 634: 632: 628: 627:Robert Watson 624: 620: 616: 612: 599: 596: 591: 590: 588: 583: 579: 576: 573: 572: 569: 565: 562: 558: 554: 553: 552: 544: 537: 533: 530: 526: 523: 519: 518: 517: 509: 497: 492: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 416: 414: 410: 406: 401: 398: 397: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 363: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 337: 334: 333:member states 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 272: 271: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 229: 228: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 210:Fourth (2007) 208: 206: 203: 201: 200:Second (1995) 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 181: 180: 176: 172: 171: 168: 163: 162: 154: 149: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 121: 118: 115: 109: 106: 103: 97: 94:, Switzerland 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8806: 8768: 8760: 8706: 8552:Peacekeeping 8527:Interpreters 8447: 8148:Peacekeeping 8066:organization 7967:Full members 7928:Partnerships 7814:Headquarters 7536:peacekeeping 7480: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7200: 7157: 7033:Carbon cycle 6990:Measurements 6685:Society and 6569:carbon sinks 6474:Climate debt 6464:Carbon price 6286:Human rights 6111:Season creep 6069:heat content 5995:Anoxic event 5908:James Hansen 5628:. 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