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the first section, the SPM says that human-induced land degradation—with increased consumption and population growth causing more land use for "food, feed, fibre, timber and energy"—has negatively affected ice-free land area globally. Approximately "25–30% of total food produced is lost or wasted" while "821 million people are undernourished" and "2 billion adults now being overweight or obese." In part two, the SPM says that "increased food productivity, dietary choices and food losses and waste reduction, can reduce demand for land conversion." In part 3, suggested response options that will also help eradicate poverty, include "improving access to markets, securing land tenure, factoring environmental costs into food, making payments for ecosystem services, and enhancing local and community collective action". The SPM says that, "Many sustainable land management technologies and practices are profitable within three to 10 years (medium confidence). While they can require upfront investment, actions to ensure sustainable land management can improve crop yields and the economic value of pasture. Land restoration and rehabilitation measures improve livelihood systems and provide both short-term positive economic returns and longer-term benefits in terms of climate change adaptation and mitigation, biodiversity and enhanced ecosystem functions and services."
503:'s Department of Human Ecology at the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences's associate professor, Pamela McElwee, who is one of Chapter 6's co-authors, said that "dietary change"—"particularly in developed countries of the West"—such as reducing "excess" consumption of "high-greenhouse-gas-emissions diets" high in lamb and cattle consumption is a "win-win" because it addresses both climate crisis and health problems at the same time. McElwee said that food security in a warming world is a major concern as there is potential for "food crises developing "on several continents at once," as quoted in the New York Times. Climate change can be a multiplier effect on existing problems like "rate of soil loss and land degradation" which heightens the risk of "severe food shortages." While there are a lot of actions available to combat these problems, McElwee said that "what some of these solutions do require is attention, financial support, enabling environments." The science on which the report is based shows that "increasing the productivity of land, wasting less food" and shifting diets "away from cattle and other types of meat" lowers the carbon footprint. According to an 8 August 2019
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1650:& Campbell, Donovan & Cherubini, Francesco & Grassi, Giacomo & Korotkov, Vladimir & Hoang, Anh & Lwasa, Shuaib & McElwee, Pamela & Nkonya, Ephraim & Saigusa, Nobuko & Soussana, Jean-François & Taboada, Miguel & Arias-Navarro, Cristina & Cavalett, Otavio & Cowie, Annette & House, Joanna & Huppmann, Daniel & Vizzarri, Matteo. (2019). IPCC SRCCL Chapter 6: Interlinkages between Desertification, Land Degradation, Food Security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and Integrated Response Options.
640:(NYT) highlighted the facts that the SRCCL was "prepared by more than 100 experts from 52 countries" and that it found that a "half-billion people already live in places turning into desert, and soil is being lost between 10 and 100 times faster than it is forming." The NYT also pointed to the fivefold increase in migrants at the United States/Mexico border from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras "coinciding with a dry period that left many with not enough food." Some scientists "suggested it bears the signal of climate change." An article in
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497:, who teaches plant and soil science, said that as growing conditions deteriorate, there will be a "massive pressure for migration." Ruminant livestock not only produce a lot of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, but the "deforestation in critical forest systems" is caused by need for grazing land in countries such as Brazil. Smith clarified that, "We're not telling people to stop eating meat. In some places people have no other choice. But it's obvious that in the West we're eating far too much."
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with lower altitudes. They also discuss "climate change-induced displacement and migration" in "eight countries in Asia, Africa and Latin
America." They said that in countries such as, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua where 30% of the agriculture is dependent on rainfall, food security is undermined. They cited studies that show that migration from Mexico and Central America, fluctuates in "response to climate variability". Furthermore, in these countries, the "
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392:"Unravelling the impacts of climate-related land degradation on poverty and livelihoods is highly challenging. This complexity is due to the interplay of multiple social, political, cultural, and economic factors, such as markets, technology, inequality, population growth, each of which interact and shape the ways in which social-ecological systems respond."
602:, who is one of the authors of the SRCCL, said that "the land sector is currently contributing to climate change" and better land management "would have multiple economic, environmental and health benefits" and would deliver "win-wins for farmers, communities, governments and biodiversity but also helps address climate change."
298:"Land provides the principal basis for human livelihoods and well-being including the supply of food, freshwater and multiple other ecosystem services, as well as biodiversity. Human use directly affects more than 70%...of the global, icefree land surface... Land also plays an important role in the climate system."
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Chapter 6, "Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and
Integrated Response Options", offers pathways of mitigating the effects of global climate change on land use, such as reduced deforestation and agricultural diversification. In
255:
SRCCL is part of a series of
Special Reports and Assessments in the sixth assessment report (AR6) cycle which began in 2015—following the election of a new Bureau—and concludes in 2022. The IPCC considers the current assessment cycle to be their most ambitious in the 30-year history of the panel. So
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was titled, "This Land Is the Only Land There Is". The article said that the SRCCL is a milestone because it says that ice-free land itself, which humans need for growing food, is "scarce and precious". The article pointed to some climate scientists and researchers having, prior to SRCCL, sometimes
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According to
Chapter 5, with extreme weather events, rising temperatures increase, and either not enough or too much rain, there is more food insecurity. In some cases, yields of maize and wheat, for example, have increased in higher altitudes while yields of the same crops have declined in regions
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While the impact of land degradation on peoples' livelihoods globally is already evident, "particularly those living in vulnerable and poverty-stricken regions", the authors of chapter four do not make a clear connection between climate change and land degradation because of the multiple factors at
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Since it was established in 1988, the IPCC provides the governments of their 195 member countries, with periodic comprehensive summaries of scientific assessments of the drivers of climate change, including current impact and potential risks. The reports also put forward possible responses in terms
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fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems", is a landmark study from 2019 by 107 experts from 52 countries. The SRCCL provides a comprehensive overview of the entire land-climate system for the first time and decided to enlist land as a "critical resource". The IPCC's 50th session (IPCC-50) formally adopted
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cited the newly released report, saying that there are currently over 500 million people who live in areas negatively affected by climate change on land transformed by land degradation or desertification. Many are forced to migrate. The international group of 107 authors urged all nations to adopt
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There are four sections in the
Summary for Policymakers (SPM). The first deals with "people, land and climate in a warming world"; the second covers "adaptation and mitigation response options"; the third focuses on "enabling response options" and the fourth considers "action in the near-term". In
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The scientific leadership of the SRCCL included 107 experts from 52 countries as coordinating lead authors and lead authors in the three IPCC Working Groups as well as the Task Force on
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories with support from the Working Group III Technical Support Unit. Fifty three
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The SRCCL consists of seven chapters, Chapter 1: Framing and
Context, Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions, Chapter 3: Desertification, Chapter 4: Land Degradation, Chapter 5: Food Security, Chapter 5 Supplementary Material, Chapter 6: Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food
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in climate change, energy and sustainability policy, is co-ordinating co-author of "Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development", said that, "...there's lots of opportunities to make these changes, and it's not too late." This includes using natural shade, through
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In
Chapter 3, the authors said that while climate change is exacerbating desertification, there are technologies and innovations including those based on indigenous and local knowledge (ILK), that are available and that could, if put into practice in local regions, "avoid, reduce and reverse
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as a fertilizer. Hurlbert said that countries, like Canada, can "wield influence through its own use of trade conditions and policies" to "ensure imported food is grown without damaging landscapes and widening deserts overseas". Consumers, as well as organizations and governments, can use
778:(LSCE, Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory). She was elected as co-chair of IPCC WGI in October 2015, which is the group that "examines the physical science basis". Before working on the AR6, she also served on AR5 as coordinating lead author on the paleoclimate chapter.
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Chapter six discusses material substitution as it relates to sustainable long-term forest management, with more production of harvested wood products (HWPs) which have a lower carbon footprint. HWP that are used to as a substitute for metal, plastic, or concrete— which are more
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stated that the report "fires another warning shot about the state of the planet and the way people are transforming virtually every corner of every continent. Human activities affect roughly three-quarters of Earth's ice-free land, with huge consequences for the climate." The
531:. It also includes sharing risks, "reducing inequalities, and improving incomes." Other "ways to adapt to the negative effects of climate change, include ensuring that there is "equitable access to food" particularly in those regions where "land cannot provide adequate food".
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sustainable land use in order to "limit greenhouse gas emissions before it is too late" and to work together to build long-term food security systems to support farmers with programs that will help build their resilience and help them engage in the market.
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addition, Chapter 6 also says that a shift in consumer behaviour towards a more plant-based diet with less protein from livestock, such as cattle, "sheep, buffalo and goats" would result in lower emissions. One of the three lead authors for
Chapter 6, the
413:"The report highlights that climate change is affecting all four pillars of food security: availability (yield and production), access (prices and ability to obtain food), utilization (nutrition and cooking), and stability (disruptions to availability)."
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published a series of articles related to the publication of the report. Roger
Harrabin, a BBC environment analyst, said that the report would "become the most authoritative report yet on the way we use and abuse the land." An 8 August 2019 article by
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providing an "assessment of a specific issue and generally follow the same structure as a volume of an Assessment Report and Methodology Reports which are "materials that provide practical guidelines for the preparation of greenhouse gas inventories."
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report, about 15% of current emissions could be cut by mid-century if "people change their diets, reducing red meat and increasing plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables and seeds." Rosenzweig added, it "would also make people more healthy."
252:. Each report also includes the "full scientific and technical assessment of climate change, generally in three volumes, one for each of the Working Groups of the IPCC, together with their Summaries for Policymakers, and a Synthesis Report."
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Climate change has had a negative impact on vegetation at the same time that we are experiencing population growth. Ice-free land is needed to maintain food security. The IPCC report authors cautioned against "converting land" to
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security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and Integrated Response Options, and Chapter 7: Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development. Like all IPCC reports, the SRCCL includes a "
518:) from the atmosphere. In Canada, for example, Margot Hurlbert said that forest industry could increase the percentage of solid wood products that it harvests and decrease the amount of pulp and paper products.
1477:(Report). Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL). 2019-04-27. p. 186
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Risk management, which "reduces vulnerabilities in land and the food system" and increases resilience in communities, can include making dietary changes and growing a "variety of crops", which can prevent
332:..."Neither our individual or societal identities, nor the world's economy would exist without the multiple resources, services and livelihood systems provided by land ecosystems and biodiversity."
1395:(Report). Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL). p. 100
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855:(Report). Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL). p. 43
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is heavily dependent on maize and bean production and long-term climate change and variability significantly affect the productivity of these crops and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers."
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in-depth article on the SRCCL, Chapter 2 provides data on livestock methane emissions, about 66% is agricultural methane" and "about 33% of global methane emissions" come from livestock.
474:"IPCC does not recommend people's diets. What we've pointed out on the basis of the scientific evidence is that there are certain diets that have a lower carbon footprint — Jim Skea."
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IPCC researchers present scientific evidence on the carbon footprints of certain activities and behaviours; they do not make specific recommendations people's diets. Jim Skea.
983:, Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL)
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Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL)
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Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL)
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Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL)
359:(DPA) journalists that "The surface of the earth is limited, the population is growing, and more acreage is needed for food and for fibres that can be used for clothing."
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In the executive summary of Chapter 1, the authors described the land area on earth as "finite" saying that sustainable land use is "fundamental for human well-being."
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The report is the second of three Special Reports in the current Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) cycle which began in 2015 and will be completed in 2022. The first was
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Chapter 6: Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and Integrated Response Options (Draft)
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Chapter 6: Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and Integrated Response Options (Draft)
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portrayed land as a "limitless" cleansing "global sponge", in the sense that replanting sufficient numbers of trees would significantly reduce the net CO
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This report provided a comprehensive overview of the entire land-climate system for the first time and addressed land itself as a "critical resource".
1264:; Schaeffer, Michiel; Lissner, Tabea; Licker, Rachel; Fischer, Erich M.; Knutti, Reto; Levermann, Anders; Frieler, Katja; Hare, William (2016-07-25).
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204:—in an unedited form—were released on 8 August 2019. The report is over 1,300 pages long and includes the work of 107 experts from 52 countries.
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Since its inception, the IPCC had also published over a dozen Special Reports which are included in the ARs. The Special report also includes a
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in which harvested wood products (HWPs) are used as substitutes for plastics, concrete, metal or steel which are more emission-intensive.
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758:" Examples of agroforestry include growing crops such as coffee under a forest canopy, and interspersing vegetables with fruit trees.
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the warning was even more pronounced, but it was considerably watered down due to the intervention of a group of governments led by
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and afforestation. Land use in this way means there is less soil to grow much-needed food crops. In the original draft of the
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is currently leading the IPCC's Working Group One's (WGI) activities for the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) cycle. She is a
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Since 2000, livestock production has been responsible for 33% of total global emissions and 66% of agricultural emissions.
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1755:"A UN report has linked climate change to land use. Here's what one of the authors suggests for Canada"
1693:"Supersizing Climate Change: U.N. Says Meat Production Destroys Land and Diminishes Key Water Sources"
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www.climatechangenews.com, 2019-08-08, compare especially the presentation of the side-effects of
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in preparation for a special report on cities and climate change in the seventh assessment cycle.
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of adaptation and mitigation. The IPCC has published five Assessment Reports, including the 1990
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Chapter 7: Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development (Draft)
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desertification, simultaneously contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation."
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Chapter 7: Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development
2221:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-07-08. p. 235
2199:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-07-08. p. 303
2177:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-07-08. p. 200
2155:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-04-25. p. 186
2133:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-04-25. p. 174
2111:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-04-27. p. 186
1788:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-07-08. p. 235
1673:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-07-08. p. 303
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sustainability certifications when sourcing wood products and food, for example.
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play which include inequality, population growth, technology, and markets.
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in October 2018, and the May 2019 Refinement. The third in the series, the
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having forests that agricultural producers are also farming and living in.
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1448:"In-depth Q&A: The IPCC's special report on climate change and land"
1357:"Climate Change Threatens the World's Food Supply, United Nations Warns"
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Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC)
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2067:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-08-03
2048:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). 2019-08-03
2026:(Report). Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL). p. 43
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200:(SPM) and approved the underlying report. The SPM and the full text of
1856:"Farmers call for national strategy on climate change and agriculture"
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1888:"Gloom from the climate-change front line - The IPCC land-use report"
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in which energy is produced by burning vegetation instead of burning
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far, during this cycle, along with the SRCCL, IPCC has published the
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IPCC: Urgent action needed to tackle hunger alongside climate crisis
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Material substitution refers to a climate change mitigation strategy
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emissions-intensive—would also result in removing carbon dioxide (CO
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Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
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Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
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Dunne, Daisy; Gabbatiss, Josh; McSweeney, Robert (2019-08-08).
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Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
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and forty percent of the coordinating lead authors are women.
264:(SROCC), is upcoming. As well, in March 2018, the IPCC held a
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Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
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The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC)
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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920:"Plant-based diet can fight climate change - UN"
1215:
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977:"Land is a Critical Resource, IPCC report says"
943:
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611:percent of the authors of the report are from
385:
2455:History of climate change policy and politics
2250:
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345:One of the authors of "Framing and Context",
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1468:Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions (Draft)
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2572:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
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1913:"Hungry nations add the least to global CO
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675:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
258:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
209:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
3895:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3541:
3347:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2480:United Nations Climate Change conferences
1315:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1013:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
791:
714:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
202:Special Report on Climate Change and Land
165:Special Report on Climate Change and Land
161:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3051:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1943:
1354:
917:
665:Effects of climate change on agriculture
171:), also known as the "Special Report on
3407:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3196:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
1826:
1690:
3867:
3056:Economics of climate change mitigation
3019:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2532:
2360:Scientific consensus on climate change
1646:Smith, Pete & Nkem, Johnson &
1561:"Land is Part of the Climate Solution"
1386:Chapter 1: Framing and Context (Draft)
875:
716:in 1988. It was endorsed later by the
3715:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
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1971:"This Land Is the Only Land There Is"
1968:
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754:, Hulbert described agroforestry as "
744:
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670:Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
3737:Representative Concentration Pathway
2678:Tipping points in the climate system
2354:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1946:"Stop abusing land, scientists warn"
1355:Flavelle, Christopher (2019-08-08).
706:United Nations Environment Programme
363:Chapter 2: Land-climate interactions
303:SRCCL summary for policymakers (SPM)
292:SRCCL summary for policymakers (SPM)
3508:Nationally determined contributions
3218:Individual action on climate change
2423:World energy supply and consumption
2146:Chapter 4: Land Degradation (Draft)
1853:
1530:Chapter 4: Land Degradation (Draft)
108:Extreme events and disasters (2012)
13:
3647:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2264:
2124:Chapter 3: Desertification (Draft)
1990:
1499:Chapter 3: Desertification (Draft)
750:In a 9 August 2019 interview with
558:
14:
3911:
3574:Satellite temperature measurement
3179:forestry for carbon sequestration
2460:History of climate change science
958:. Geneva, Switzerland. 2019-08-10
956:(ENB) via IISD Reporting Services
702:World Meteorological Organization
655:called SRCCL a "landmark study".
418:IPCC press release. 8 August 2019
347:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
3852:
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3425:Climate Change Performance Index
2804:Destruction of cultural heritage
2168:Chapter 5: Food Security (Draft)
1620:Chapter 5: Food Security (Draft)
118:Climate Change & Land (2019)
33:
3564:Instrumental temperature record
3515:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1718:Borenstein, Seth (2019-08-08).
1310:"Publications and data reports"
718:United Nations General Assembly
605:
113:Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018)
103:Renewable energy sources (2012)
3900:Climate change and agriculture
3632:Climate variability and change
2982:
2663:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2017:Summary for Policymakers (SPM)
1969:Meyer, Robinson (2019-08-08).
1944:Harrabin, Roger (2019-08-05).
1691:McElwee, Pamela (2019-08-09).
1222:Introduction to the Convention
918:Harrabin, Roger (2019-08-08).
326:Chapter 1: Framing and context
1:
3742:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3277:Climate emergency declaration
1809:. United Nations. 2019-08-09.
1601:with its presentation in the
1260:Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich;
1044:(Report). Leaflet. 2019-08-08
785:
242:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
230:IPCC Second Assessment Report
123:Ocean & Cryosphere (2019)
3725:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2951:Middle East and North Africa
2277:
876:Dennis, Brady (2019-08-08).
618:
493:'s environmental scientist,
226:IPCC First Assessment Report
7:
2799:Depopulation of settlements
2444:
1827:Pidcock, Roz (2016-02-02).
1753:Chung, Emily (2019-08-09).
954:Earth Negotiations Bulletin
658:
386:Chapter 4: Land degradation
312:
286:
185:sustainable land management
10:
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3559:Global surface temperature
3450:Popular culture depictions
3362:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3092:Carbon capture and storage
3014:Carbon offsets and credits
2325:
377:Chapter 3: Desertification
367:According to the 8 August
98:Emissions Scenarios (2000)
25:Intergovernmental Panel on
3771:Climate change portal
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3664:Extreme event attribution
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3287:School Strike for Climate
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2298:Climate change mitigation
2293:Effects of climate change
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55:1992 supplementary report
3674:Global warming potential
3481:International agreements
3128:Preserving and enhancing
2562:Arctic methane emissions
2484:Years in climate change
2391:Greenhouse gas emissions
2288:Causes of climate change
1854:Cox, Lisa (2019-08-08).
846:Summary for Policymakers
687:
468:Chapter 6: Interlinkages
438:summary for policymakers
407:Chapter 5: Food security
320:Summary for Policymakers
280:Summary for policymakers
198:Summary for policymakers
3885:2019 in the environment
3705:Climate change scenario
3357:Disaster risk reduction
3009:Carbon emission trading
2819:U.S. insurance industry
2789:Civilizational collapse
2636:sea surface temperature
1420:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
768:Valerie Masson-Delmotte
588:Valerie Masson-Delmotte
356:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
250:Fifth Assessment Report
238:Third Assessment Report
211:, and the third is the
44:IPCC Assessment Reports
3698:Research and modelling
3382:Nature-based solutions
3202:Nature-based solutions
3144:Carbon dioxide removal
3061:Fossil fuel divestment
3046:Climate risk insurance
2956:Small island countries
2567:Arctic sea ice decline
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491:University of Aberdeen
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3890:Environmental reports
3659:Earth's energy budget
3542:Background and theory
3430:Climate crisis (term)
3102:Fossil fuel phase-out
2996:Economics and finance
2961:by individual country
2903:By country and region
2878:Security and conflict
2873:Psychological impacts
2552:Abrupt climate change
2475:Charles David Keeling
2308:By country and region
1273:Nature Climate Change
596:ANU Climate Institute
562:
543:Canada Research Chair
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3488:Glasgow Climate Pact
3149:Carbon sequestration
2714:Mass mortality event
1727:via Associated Press
1293:10.1038/nclimate3096
1094:(Report). 2019-09-25
1017:, Geneva, 2019-08-08
613:developing countries
594:IPCC vice-chair and
570:IPCC. 9 August 2019.
535:University of Regina
244:(AR4) also known as
92:IPCC Special Reports
3627:Climate sensitivity
3402:The Adaptation Fund
2858:Infectious diseases
2755:Social and economic
2039:Headline statements
1285:2016NatCC...6..827S
652:The Washington Post
246:Climate Change 2007
234:Climate Change 1995
3198:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3170:Forest management
3154:Direct air capture
3119:Sustainable energy
3076:Net zero emissions
3071:Low-carbon economy
3066:Green Climate Fund
2853:Indigenous peoples
2746:Plant biodiversity
2534:Effects and issues
1362:The New York Times
501:Rutgers University
271:2019-08-09 at the
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2102:Chapter 2 (Draft)
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1008:"Updates to 2019"
772:senior researcher
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181:land degradation
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3880:2019 in science
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3684:Orbital forcing
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3498:Paris Agreement
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3472:Warming stripes
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3377:Managed retreat
3372:Loss and damage
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3267:Business action
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3041:Climate finance
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2726:Extinction risk
2702:Flora and fauna
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2658:Permafrost thaw
2653:Ozone depletion
2582:Extreme weather
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559:Main statements
539:Margot Hurlbert
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582:In a 9 August
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173:climate change
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3397:Vulnerability
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3367:Flood control
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3109:Nuclear power
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1892:The Economist
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1262:Rogelj, Joeri
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1199:on 2017-05-13
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70:Fourth (2007)
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60:Second (1995)
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41:
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36:
32:
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28:
23:
22:
19:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3762:
3595:Carbon cycle
3552:Measurements
3247:Society and
3131:carbon sinks
3036:Climate debt
3026:Carbon price
2848:Human rights
2673:Season creep
2631:heat content
2557:Anoxic event
2470:James Hansen
2223:. Retrieved
2218:
2201:. Retrieved
2196:
2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2157:. Retrieved
2152:
2135:. Retrieved
2130:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2091:. Retrieved
2086:
2069:. Retrieved
2064:
2050:. Retrieved
2045:
2028:. Retrieved
2023:
2006:. Retrieved
2001:
1978:. Retrieved
1975:The Atlantic
1974:
1964:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1925:. Retrieved
1923:. 2019-08-06
1920:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1894:. 2019-08-10
1891:
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1860:The Guardian
1859:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:Carbon Brief
1832:
1822:
1806:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1785:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1730:. Retrieved
1725:PBS NewsHour
1723:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1670:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1588:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1541:. Retrieved
1536:
1510:. Retrieved
1505:
1493:
1485:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1425:. Retrieved
1418:
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:
1366:. Retrieved
1360:
1321:, retrieved
1313:
1276:
1272:
1255:
1231:, retrieved
1221:
1201:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1168:. 2019-03-27
1165:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1122:(Report). nd
1119:
1096:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1070:
1046:. Retrieved
1041:
1019:, retrieved
1011:
985:, retrieved
980:
971:
960:. Retrieved
952:
927:. Retrieved
923:
893:. Retrieved
881:
857:. Retrieved
852:
812:. Retrieved
807:
763:
751:
746:
734:
725:
696:
679:
650:
642:The Atlantic
641:
635:
623:
622:
609:
606:Contributors
593:
581:
578:
563:
548:agroforestry
533:
525:
512:
506:PBS NewsHour
504:
499:
487:
477:
473:
458:
437:
430:fossil fuels
422:
416:
412:
401:
395:
391:
380:
370:Carbon Brief
368:
366:
354:
351:Almut Arneth
344:
341:
335:
331:
316:
307:
301:
297:
277:
254:
245:
233:
222:
206:
201:
196:the SRCCL's
168:
164:
154:
117:
80:Sixth (2022)
75:Fifth (2014)
65:Third (2001)
50:First (1990)
18:
3835:Environment
3622:Carbon sink
3600:atmospheric
3465:video games
3139:Blue carbon
2762:Agriculture
2741:Marine life
2688:Water cycle
2646:temperature
2381:Fossil fuel
710:established
600:Mark Howden
462:food system
236:, the 2001
16:IPCC report
3869:Categories
3654:Cryosphere
3615:permafrost
3387:Resilience
3339:Adaptation
3314:Litigation
3304:Governance
3249:adaptation
3031:Carbon tax
2984:Mitigation
2921:Antarctica
2809:Disability
2225:2019-08-10
2203:2019-08-10
2181:2019-08-10
2159:2019-08-10
2137:2019-08-10
2115:2019-08-09
2093:2019-08-09
2071:2019-08-09
2052:2019-08-09
2030:2019-08-09
2008:2019-08-09
1980:2019-08-10
1955:2019-08-09
1927:2019-08-09
1898:2019-08-10
1873:2019-08-08
1840:2019-08-08
1792:2019-08-10
1764:2019-08-08
1732:2019-08-08
1704:2019-08-10
1677:2019-08-10
1633:2019-08-10
1571:2019-08-10
1543:2019-08-10
1512:2019-08-10
1481:2019-08-09
1453:2019-08-10
1427:2019-08-10
1399:2019-08-09
1368:2019-08-09
1323:2019-08-09
1233:2014-01-27
1203:2011-11-02
1172:2019-08-13
1147:2019-08-09
1143:. IPCC. nd
1126:2019-08-08
1098:2019-09-25
1048:2019-08-09
1021:2019-08-09
987:2019-08-09
962:2019-08-12
929:2019-08-08
895:2019-08-10
859:2019-08-09
814:2019-08-09
786:References
495:Pete Smith
479:Jim Skea.
397:Chapter 4
266:conference
248:, and the
163:'s (IPCC)
3669:Feedbacks
3440:Education
2941:Caribbean
2936:Australia
2863:Migration
2826:Fisheries
2767:Livestock
2693:Wildfires
2599:Heat wave
2080:Chapter 1
1868:0261-3077
1590:Bioenergy
890:0190-8286
619:Reactions
598:director
426:bioenergy
337:Chapter 1
3859:Politics
3795:Glossary
3783:Category
3605:biologic
3319:Politics
3211:Personal
2916:Americas
2779:Children
2545:Physical
2338:Overview
2278:Overview
2004:(Report)
1950:BBC News
1921:BBC News
1759:CBC News
1241:citation
924:BBC News
810:(Report)
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659:See also
649:burden.
586:video,
567:—
434:biofuels
313:Chapters
287:Sections
269:Archived
3821:Portals
3610:oceanic
3460:fiction
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2868:Poverty
2577:Drought
2445:History
2369:Sources
1816:YouTube
1597:in the
1281:Bibcode
1141:"About"
774:at the
708:(UNEP)
573:Twitter
552:biochar
353:, told
3590:Albedo
3583:Theory
3294:Denial
3085:Energy
2946:Europe
2926:Arctic
2911:Africa
2836:Health
2831:Gender
2784:Cities
2709:Biomes
2616:Oceans
2604:Marine
2327:Causes
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1015:(IPCC)
888:
454:Sweden
442:Brazil
240:, the
191:, and
136:UNFCCC
3807:Index
3569:Proxy
3329:Women
2794:Crime
2721:Birds
2587:Flood
2215:(PDF)
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2171:(PDF)
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2083:(PDF)
2042:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
1812:Video
1782:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
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1533:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1422:(DPA)
1389:(PDF)
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1075:(PDF)
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688:Notes
169:SRCCL
3392:Risk
2931:Asia
2513:2024
2508:2023
2503:2022
2498:2021
2493:2020
2488:2019
2219:IPCC
2197:IPCC
2175:IPCC
2153:IPCC
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2109:IPCC
2087:IPCC
2065:IPCC
2046:IPCC
2024:IPCC
2002:IPCC
1864:ISSN
1786:IPCC
1671:IPCC
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1393:IPCC
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