20:
175:
332:
939:
Escayola P., Mónica; van Staal, Cees R.; Davis, William J. (2011). "The age and tectonic setting of the
Puncoviscana Formation in northwestern Argentina: An accretionary complex related to Early Cambrian closure of the Puncoviscana Ocean and accretion of the Arequipa-Antofalla block".
382:. From Cambrian times (about 550 million years ago) the western Iapetus Ocean began to grow progressively narrower due to this subduction. The same happened further north and east, where Avalonia and Baltica began to move towards Laurentia from the
1309:
Torsvik, T. H.; Smethurst, M. A.; Meert, J. G.; Van der Voo, R.; McKerrow, W. S.; Brasier, M. D.; Sturt, B. A.; Walderhaug, H. J. (1996). "Continental break-up and collision in the
Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic—a tale of Baltica and Laurentia".
905:
Gaucher, Claudio; Frimmel, Hartwig E.; Germs, J.B. (2010). "Tectonic Events and
Palaeogeographic Evolution of Southwestern Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian". In Gaucher, Claudio; Sial, Alcides; Haverson, Galen (eds.).
299:
The eastern
Iapetus Ocean is believed to have opened around 590 Ma with the emplacement of the Central Iapetus Magmatic Province between Laurentia and Baltica. The southern Iapetus Ocean opened between Laurentia and southwestern
1159:
Gee D., Janák M., Majka J., Robinson P., van
Roermund H., 2013, Subduction along and within the Baltoscandian margin during closing of the Iapetus Ocean and Baltica–Laurentia collision, Lithosphere, Vol. 5, pp.
1161:
182:. The narrow white diagonal line near centre of picture is where the two sides of the Iapetus Ocean met during its closure. Sutures such as these are the modern evidence for this ancient ocean.
749:
Kamo, Sandra L.; Gower, Charles F.; Krogh, Thomas E. (1989). "Birthdate for the lapetus Ocean? A precise U-Pb zircon and baddeleyite age for the Long Range dikes, southeast
Labrador".
459:
At the end of the
Silurian period (c. 420 million years ago) the Iapetus Ocean had completely disappeared and the combined mass of the three continents formed the "new" continent of
316:, which is believed to have opened around 700 Ma as Laurentia drifted away from Amazonia, with the Iapetus Ocean being separated from the Puncoviscana Ocean by the ribbon-shaped
147:, it can be seen as a sort of precursor of the Atlantic, and the process by which it opened shares many similarities with that of the Atlantic's initial opening in the
575:
In other words, what is at present the northern end of the
Famatinian orogen would have been connected with what is currently the southern end of the Taconic orogen.
607:
414:
with
Laurentia. Some authors consider the oceanic basin south of the island arc also a part of the Iapetus, this branch closed during the later
143:
Because the
Iapetus Ocean was positioned between continental masses that would at a much later time roughly form the opposite shores of the
244:. Wilson also noticed that the Atlantic had opened at roughly the same place where its precursor ocean had closed. This led him to his
942:
448:
between Avalonia and Baltica already during the late Ordovician, the main branch between Baltica-Avalonia and Laurentia during the
1370:
1348:
1262:
1247:
Robert B., Domeier M., Johannes Jakob J., 2021, On the origins of the Iapetus Ocean, Earth-Science Review, Col, 221, 103791
923:
1123:
Dalziel, I. W. (1997). "Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation".
351:) are evidence for the existence of an ocean between the two sides in the time before the continents were joined in the
1417:
677:
Banham, P.H.; Gibbs, A.D.; Hopper, F.W.M. (1979). "Geological evidence in favour of a Jotunheimen Caledonian suture".
1422:
488:
73:
834:
1437:
1432:
1412:
1248:
635:
1144:
1041:
770:
1389:- For more extensive geologic information see Ordovician paleogeography and the evolution of the Iapetus ocean.
1211:
Meert, Joseph G.; Torsvik, Trond H. (2003). "The making and unmaking of a supercontinent: Rodinia revisited".
631:"Appalachian salients and recesses: Late Precambrian continental breakup and the opening of the Iapetus Ocean"
280:
are also thought to have formed during the formation of the Iapetus Ocean. It has been proposed that both the
268:
are found with ages between 670 and 650 million years. These are interpreted as evidence that by that time,
23:
Reconstruction of how the Iapetus Ocean and surrounding continents might have been arranged during the late
529:
630:
794:"Tectonic Significance of the Fen Province, S. Norway: Constraints from Geochronology and Paleomagnetism"
403:
faunas show progressive mixing of species from both sides, because the continents moved closer together.
221:
and eastern Newfoundland. Geologists of the early 20th century presumed that a large trough, a so-called
174:
19:
1402:
599:
304:(now South America) about 550 Ma, close to the end of the Ediacaran period. At the time it did so the
1442:
1427:
517: – Ancient crystalline basement stretching across northern Belgium from Rhineland to East Anglia
273:
210:
187:
225:, had existed between Scotland and England in the early Paleozoic, keeping the two sides separated.
910:
Neoproterozoic-cambrian tectonics, global change and evolution: a focus on south western Gondwana
1272:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Rehnström, Emma F. (2003). "The Tornquist Sea and Baltica–Avalonia docking".
915:
801:
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313:
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8:
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1224:
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1136:
1033:
1014:
Dalla Salda, Luis H.; Dalziel, Ian W. D.; Cingolani, Carlos A.; Varela, Ricardo (1992).
955:
873:
814:
762:
690:
648:
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694:
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309:
277:
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40:
27:
1166:
Harland, W. B.; Gayer, R. A. (1972). "The Arctic Caledonides and earlier Oceans".
1386:
963:
523:
463:, which would itself be the northern component of the singular supercontinent of
434:
415:
407:
371:
305:
229:
159:
122:
114:
1015:
792:
Meert, Joseph G.; Torsvik, Trond H.; Eide, Elizabeth A.; Dahlgren, Sven (1998).
541:- A metamorphosed rock unit that formed during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean.
285:
1087:
453:
449:
352:
348:
265:
240:
concluded that the Atlantic Ocean must have had a precursor before the time of
144:
83:
1187:
1090:(1990). "Biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian faunas". In McKerrow, W. S.;
1396:
1301:
1240:
1195:
778:
725:, Review: "Archetypal" and "Alternative" Paleogeographic Scenarios, pp. 18–19
595:
445:
331:
233:
218:
214:
656:
217:, often called the "Atlantic fauna"), as found in the southern parts of the
502:
245:
191:
505: – Small Precambrian ocean between Baltica and the Siberian continent
370:(540 million years ago) onward. This volcanic arc was formed above a
793:
399:
of Baltica and Laurentia are still very different in the Ordovician, but
379:
312:. The opening of the Iapetus Ocean probably postdates the opening of the
281:
222:
202:
132:. The "southern" Iapetus Ocean has been proposed to have closed with the
347:
times). Differences in fossil faunas on both sides of the red line (the
972:
383:
363:
129:
1065:
See for paleogeographic reconstructions of the collisions for example
421:
It has been suggested that the southern Iapetus Ocean closed during a
16:
Ocean that existed in the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic eras
698:
426:
389:
198:
194:
128:, when these three continents joined to form one big landmass called
102:
87:
24:
1016:"Did the Taconic Appalachians continue into southern South America?"
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854:
Robert, Boris; Domeier, Mathew; Jakob, Johannes (October 2021).
737:
849:
847:
410:(480-430 million years ago), when the volcanic island arc
262:
392:
378:
of the Iapetus Ocean subducted southward under other oceanic
844:
456:
of the Caledonian orogeny (440–420 million years ago).
1145:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2
1042:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1059:dttaci>2.3.co;2
771:
10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0602:bftloa>2.3.co;2
269:
61:
43:
532: – Southernmost and least populous region of Scotland
186:
At the start of the 20th century, American paleontologist
938:
323:. However, the formation of both oceans seems unrelated.
90:
55:
49:
791:
534:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
519:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
498:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
97:(between 600 and 400 million years ago). It lay in the
485: – Late-Proterozoic to early-Palaeozoic continent
74:
64:
58:
52:
904:
733:
731:
496: – System that relates geologic strata to time
136:and Taconic orogenies, meaning a collision between
46:
907:
853:
272:had started that would form the Iapetus Ocean. In
676:
444:Meanwhile, the eastern parts had closed too: the
296:that followed the opening of the Iapetus Ocean.
1394:
1364:Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V.
1271:
1174:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 289–314.
1054:
728:
151:. The Iapetus Ocean was therefore named for the
898:
562:, before that the ocean was referred to as the
406:In the west, the Iapetus Ocean closed with the
1360:Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe
748:
718:
716:
205:, the so-called "Pacific fauna"), as found in
1210:
1165:
932:
559:
1096:Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography
1085:
1002:
713:
479: – Microcontinent in the Paleozoic era
437:would be the northward continuation of the
166:, after whom the Atlantic Ocean was named.
971:
881:
757:(7). Geological Society of America: 602.
418:, when Avalonia collided with Laurentia.
386:(488–444 million years ago) onward.
1102:Memoirs. Vol. 12. pp. 97–104.
943:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
330:
288:in Sweden formed as consequence to mild
256:
173:
18:
1357:
1338:
1252:
1122:
1070:
1066:
991:
987:
722:
629:Rankin, Douglas W. (10 November 1976).
526: – Movement of Earth's lithosphere
190:noticed differences in early Paleozoic
1395:
1125:Geological Society of America Bulletin
628:
856:"On the origins of the Iapetus Ocean"
610:from the original on 25 December 2019
594:
511: – List of Earth's former oceans
362:Southwest of the Iapetus, a volcanic
335:Position of the continents after the
251:
558:The name Iapetus was first used by
169:
13:
14:
1454:
1380:
489:Central Iapetus Magmatic Province
232:in the 1960s, geologists such as
113:. The ocean disappeared with the
101:, between the paleocontinents of
840:from the original on 2016-10-25.
433:(South America). If factual the
213:, and those of Baltica (such as
39:
1059:
1048:
1007:
996:
980:
883:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103791
636:Journal of Geophysical Research
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1108:10.1144/GSL.MEM.1990.012.01.08
785:
742:
670:
622:
588:
552:
1:
1294:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00631-5
1233:10.1016/s0040-1951(03)00342-1
1079:
582:
261:In many spots in Scandinavia
1332:10.1016/0012-8252(96)00008-6
1100:Geological Society of London
1055:Torsvik & Rehnström 2003
964:10.1016/j.jsames.2011.04.013
530:Southern uplands of Scotland
326:
292:in the ancient continent of
7:
1253:Stanley, Steven M. (1999).
470:
10:
1459:
1358:Ziegler, Peter A. (1990).
604:John Wells's phonetic blog
1418:Ordovician paleogeography
1188:10.1017/s0016756800037717
274:Newfoundland and Labrador
1423:Silurian bodies of water
560:Harland & Gayer 1972
545:
228:With the development of
1438:Paleozoic North America
1433:Paleozoic South America
1413:Cambrian paleogeography
1343:(3rd ed.). Wiley.
1341:The Evolving Continents
1339:Windley, B. F. (1996).
1003:Cocks & Fortey 1990
657:10.1029/JB081i032p05605
366:evolved from the early
802:The Journal of Geology
600:"Iapetus and tonotopy"
509:List of ancient oceans
441:exposed in Argentina.
359:
183:
82:) existed in the late
30:
1312:Earth-Science Reviews
861:Earth-Science Reviews
515:London-Brabant Massif
423:continental collision
334:
290:extensional tectonics
257:Neoproterozoic origin
177:
22:
1255:Earth System History
914:. Elsevier. p.
539:Ammonoosuc Volcanics
178:Geological fault at
1324:1996ESRv...40..229T
1286:2003Tectp.362...67T
1225:2003Tectp.375..261M
1180:1972GeoM..109..289H
1168:Geological Magazine
1137:1997GSAB..109...16D
1034:1992Geo....20.1059D
956:2011JSAES..32..438E
874:2021ESRv..22103791R
815:1998JG....106..553M
763:1989Geo....17..602K
738:Torsvik et al. 1996
691:1979Natur.277..289B
649:1976JGR....81.5605R
397:continental shelves
376:oceanic lithosphere
99:southern hemisphere
494:Geologic timescale
360:
337:Caledonian orogeny
318:Arequipa-Antofalla
314:Puncoviscana Ocean
284:in Norway and the
252:Geodynamic history
184:
162:was the father of
95:geologic timescale
31:
1403:Historical oceans
1372:978-90-6644-125-5
1350:978-0-471-91739-7
1264:978-0-7167-3377-5
1086:Cocks, L. R. N.;
1028:(12): 1059–1062.
925:978-0-08-093277-4
685:(5694): 289–291.
643:(32): 5605–5619.
598:(14 April 2010).
439:Famatinian orogen
1450:
1443:Paleozoic Europe
1428:Paleozoic Africa
1376:
1362:(2nd ed.).
1354:
1335:
1305:
1268:
1257:. W.H. Freeman.
1244:
1219:(1–4): 261–288.
1207:
1156:
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1073:, pp. 17–19
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431:Western Gondwana
278:Long Range dikes
238:John Tuzo Wilson
170:Research history
138:Western Gondwana
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454:Scandian phases
416:Acadian orogeny
408:Taconic orogeny
372:subduction zone
329:
306:Adamastor Ocean
259:
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230:plate tectonics
188:Charles Walcott
172:
160:Greek mythology
140:and Laurentia.
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1381:External links
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1088:Fortey, R.A.
1071:Ziegler 1990
1067:Stanley 1999
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209:and western
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973:11336/84857
596:Wells, John
380:lithosphere
282:Fen Complex
223:geosyncline
203:Olenellidae
1397:Categories
1080:Literature
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662:9 November
583:References
384:Ordovician
374:where the
364:island arc
195:trilobites
134:Famatinian
130:Euramerica
119:Caledonian
86:and early
1302:0040-1951
1241:0040-1951
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427:Laurentia
390:Trilobite
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201:(such as
199:Laurentia
158:, who in
126:orogenies
103:Laurentia
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1094:(eds.).
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614:21 April
608:Archived
477:Avalonia
471:See also
461:Laurasia
450:Grampian
425:between
412:collided
401:Silurian
368:Cambrian
341:Devonian
302:Gondwana
263:basaltic
207:Scotland
149:Jurassic
111:Avalonia
1320:Bibcode
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1176:Bibcode
1160:169-178
1133:Bibcode
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1021:Geology
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751:Geology
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483:Baltica
465:Pangaea
395:of the
356:Pangaea
345:Permian
321:terrane
294:Baltica
270:rifting
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192:benthic
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838:(PDF)
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797:(PDF)
703:S2CID
546:Notes
266:dikes
164:Atlas
153:titan
1367:ISBN
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1298:ISSN
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