Knowledge

Ibn Abi Usaybi'a

Source 📝

261:(Cairo, 1882), published under the pseudonym "Imrū l-Qays", was found to be marred by typos and errors and a corrected version was subsequently issued (Königsberg, 1884). Relying on Müller's work, Niẓār Riḍā published a non-critical edition of the text in Beirut in 1965, which was subsequently reworked by Qāsim Wahhāb for yet another edition issued in Beirut in 1997. ʿĀmir al-Najjār published his own critical edition (not based on Müller) in Cairo in 1996. 318: 241:. The book opens with a summary of the physicians from ancient Greece, Syria, India and Rome but the main focus of the book's 700 pages is physicians of medieval Islam. A first version appeared in 1245–1246 and was dedicated to the 249:. A second and enlarged recension of the work was produced in the last years of the life of the author, and circulated in at least two different versions, as shown by the extant manuscripts. 1459: 246: 1626: 330: 573: 264:
A team of scholars from the universities of Oxford and Warwick has published a new critical edition and a full annotated English translation of the
448: 461: 195:. In 1236, he was appointed physician to a new hospital in Cairo, but the following year he took up an offer by ruler of Damascus, of a post in 1697: 1672: 1692: 1550: 766: 1444: 339: 556: 1449: 1677: 1250: 225:), is translatable loosely and expansively as "Sources of News on Classes of Physicians", commonly translated into English as 471: 514: 409: 1501: 776: 1008: 1641: 1352: 1372: 756: 524: 1687: 1114: 431: 1388: 17: 449:
https://www.waterstones.com/book/anecdotes-and-antidotes/ibn-abi-usaybiah/henrietta-sharp-cockrell/9780198827924
1073: 993: 549: 258: 1682: 1063: 685: 1311: 1003: 998: 851: 1240: 410:"A Literary History of Medicine - Ibn Abi Usaybiah- The Best Accounts of the Classes of Physicians - Home" 1488: 1326: 1393: 1702: 1536: 1321: 1270: 280: 1245: 1164: 846: 542: 1605: 1265: 1129: 1094: 927: 887: 816: 791: 603: 357: 1522: 1468: 1424: 1306: 1169: 892: 821: 163:
in the 13th century CE. He compiled a biographical encyclopedia of notable physicians, from the
1600: 1260: 1174: 1119: 1018: 912: 882: 786: 495: 1584: 1574: 1475: 1296: 902: 735: 826: 323:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1667: 1662: 1367: 1291: 1124: 1068: 710: 593: 8: 1636: 1494: 1398: 1189: 1078: 977: 856: 720: 527:
containing a critical text edition, English translation, and essays on Ibn Abi Usaibia's
141:
Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa Muʾaffaq al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Al-Qāsim Ibn Khalīfa al-Khazrajī
1482: 1408: 1099: 801: 781: 730: 649: 623: 618: 122: 1184: 1159: 1013: 628: 467: 49: 1631: 1301: 1235: 1179: 917: 841: 771: 705: 700: 695: 565: 102: 1347: 511: 417: 1357: 972: 761: 725: 588: 518: 395: 218: 144: 362:-- the online edition of the Arabic-to-English translation of Ibn Abi Usaibia's 1362: 1342: 1053: 962: 957: 937: 907: 866: 740: 160: 505: 1656: 1529: 1225: 1220: 1144: 1109: 932: 836: 334: 324: 296: 172: 1038: 199:, near Damascus, where he lived until his death. His only surviving work is 1275: 1149: 967: 680: 203:. In that work, he mentions another of his works, but it has not survived. 188: 168: 1508: 1210: 1154: 806: 613: 269: 257:
The text has been published five times in all. When the first edition by
343:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 223. 1579: 1403: 1316: 1215: 1205: 1139: 1104: 1058: 1043: 942: 831: 796: 675: 376: 1515: 1255: 1033: 952: 947: 897: 811: 715: 690: 670: 644: 608: 598: 112: 92: 1610: 1230: 1048: 1028: 1023: 922: 665: 534: 191:
tribe. The son of a physician, he studied medicine at Damascus and
184: 45: 1543: 521:
on the Oxford/Warwick Project and the new manuscripts of the work
242: 196: 69: 463:
Anecdotes and Antidotes: A Medieval Arabic History of Physicians
285:
Anecdotes and Antidotes: A Medieval Arabic History of Physicians
164: 861: 192: 55: 460:
Usaybi'ah, Ibn Abi; Gelder, Geert Jan van (June 25, 2020).
394:
Uṣaybiʻah, Aḥmad ibn al-Qāsim Ibn Abī (December 12, 1884).
490: 352: 350: 459: 347: 1654: 175:up to the year 650AH/1252AD in the Islamic era. 550: 432:"Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah | Scholarly Editions" 151:‎; 1203–1270), commonly referred to as 767:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari 279:In 2020, a new translation was published by 557: 543: 206: 1551:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon 393: 398:. Selbstverlag – via Google Books. 328: 1251:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi 239:Biographical Encyclopedia of Physicians 157:Usaibi'ah, Usaybea, Usaibi`a, Usaybiʿah 14: 1655: 329:Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). " 1698:Physicians from the Ayyubid Sultanate 1673:Historians from the Ayyubid Sultanate 538: 309: 1693:13th-century Arabic-language writers 1502:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye 564: 1353:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani 222: 148: 24: 215:Uyūn ul-Anbāʾ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbā 25: 1714: 777:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi 484: 1115:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat 316: 1389:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani 1373:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 1678:13th-century Syrian historians 994:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali 512:A Literary History of Medicine 502:, translated by L. Kopf, 1954. 453: 442: 424: 402: 387: 369: 159:, etc.), was a physician from 13: 1: 1064:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi 686:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 359:Preface to the Online Edition 302: 268:. Their work is available in 223:عيون الأنباء في طبقات الأطباء 1312:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi 1100:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon 1004:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam 999:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar 852:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali 757:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi 366:, translated by Lothar Kopf. 183:Ibn Abi Usaibia was born at 178: 7: 1489:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs 1074:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili 466:. Oxford University Press. 436:scholarlyeditions.brill.com 290: 252: 27:13th-century Arab physician 10: 1719: 1537:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya 1322:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb 1271:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi 1619: 1593: 1567: 1458: 1437: 1417: 1381: 1335: 1284: 1246:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli 1241:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi 1198: 1165:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta 1087: 1009:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 986: 875: 847:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon 749: 658: 637: 581: 572: 508:on Ibn Abi Usaibia's work 476:– via Google Books. 377:"Lives of the Physicians" 128: 118: 108: 98: 88: 80: 63: 39: 32: 1606:Ancient Iranian medicine 1394:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri 1266:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni 1130:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi 1095:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 918:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili 817:Al-Tamimi, the physician 604:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi 525:Brill Scholarly Editions 274:Brill Scholarly Editions 1688:13th-century physicians 1558:Lives of the Physicians 1523:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi 1469:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah 1425:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi 1307:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi 1170:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi 893:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani 822:Eutychius of Alexandria 797:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 529:Lives of the Physicians 500:Lives of the Physicians 340:Encyclopædia Britannica 281:Oxford World's Classics 231:Lives of the Physicians 208:Lives of the Physicians 201:Lives of the Physicians 187:, a member of the Arab 133:Lives of the Physicians 1601:Ancient Greek medicine 1261:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 1175:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 1019:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 913:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi 883:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu 787:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari 1585:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 1476:The Canon of Medicine 1297:Burhan-ud-din Kermani 903:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal 888:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani 792:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i 736:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu 364:History of Physicians 356:Roger Pearse (2011), 245:physician and vizier 235:Classes of Physicians 227:History of Physicians 213:The title in Arabic, 67:January 1270 (age 66) 1683:People from Damascus 1368:Sultan Ali Khorasani 1069:Serapion the Younger 711:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 594:Al-Harith ibn Kalada 414:krc2.orient.ox.ac.uk 1637:Medical Renaissance 1495:The Book of Healing 1399:Qurayshi al-Shirazi 1190:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1079:Zayn al-Din Gorgani 721:Salmawaih ibn Bunan 496:English translation 381:Library of Congress 72:, Ayyubid Sultanate 1575:Al-'Adudi Hospital 1483:Tacuinum Sanitatis 1409:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi 928:Badi' al-Asturlabi 827:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath 802:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi 782:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 731:Yahya ibn Sarafyun 624:Rufaida Al-Aslamia 619:Nafi ibn al-Harith 517:2015-08-05 at the 506:Notes and comments 123:Islamic Golden Age 1703:Syrian physicians 1650: 1649: 1642:Medieval medicine 1433: 1432: 1292:Abu Sa'id al-Afif 1125:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl 1014:Ahmad ibn Farrokh 629:Zaynab al-Awadiya 473:978-0-19-882792-4 396:"Ibn Abi Useibia" 138: 137: 119:Literary movement 75:(in modern Syria) 50:Ayyubid Sultanate 16:(Redirected from 1710: 1632:Learned medicine 1627:Ibn Sina Academy 1327:Şerafeddin Kadir 1302:Husayni Isfahani 1236:Mansur ibn Ilyas 1180:Rashidun al-Suri 1059:Moshe ben Maimon 842:Ibrahim ibn Baks 772:Abu Bakr al-Razi 706:Jabir ibn Hayyan 701:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 696:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 579: 578: 566:Islamic medicine 559: 552: 545: 536: 535: 478: 477: 457: 451: 446: 440: 439: 428: 422: 421: 416:. Archived from 406: 400: 399: 391: 385: 384: 373: 367: 354: 345: 344: 322: 320: 319: 313: 224: 150: 103:Classical Arabic 76: 59: 34:Ibn Abi Usaybi'a 30: 29: 21: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1615: 1589: 1563: 1454: 1429: 1413: 1377: 1358:Dawud al-Antaki 1331: 1280: 1194: 1135:Ibn Abi Usaibia 1083: 982: 973:Jonah ibn Janah 871: 762:Aayon Ibn Aayon 745: 726:Shapur ibn Sahl 654: 633: 589:Abu Hafsa Yazid 568: 563: 519:Wayback Machine 487: 482: 481: 474: 458: 454: 447: 443: 430: 429: 425: 408: 407: 403: 392: 388: 375: 374: 370: 355: 348: 317: 315: 314: 310: 305: 293: 283:under the name 255: 211: 181: 153:Ibn Abi Usaibia 74: 73: 68: 53: 52: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Ibn Abi Usaibia 15: 12: 11: 5: 1716: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1464: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363:Hakim-e-Gilani 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1343:Rostam Gorgani 1339: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1185:Sa'ad al-Dawla 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1054:Ibn al-Tilmīdh 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 990: 988: 984: 983: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 963:Ibn al-Kattani 960: 958:Ibn al-Haytham 955: 950: 945: 940: 938:Ibn Al-Thahabi 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 908:Ali ibn Ridwan 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 879: 877: 873: 872: 870: 869: 867:Qusta ibn Luqa 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 753: 751: 747: 746: 744: 743: 741:Yusuf al-Khuri 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 662: 660: 656: 655: 653: 652: 650:Ja'ar al-Sadiq 647: 641: 639: 635: 634: 632: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 583: 576: 570: 569: 562: 561: 554: 547: 539: 533: 532: 522: 509: 503: 493: 486: 485:External links 483: 480: 479: 472: 452: 441: 423: 420:on 2015-08-05. 401: 386: 368: 346: 335:Chisholm, Hugh 307: 306: 304: 301: 300: 299: 292: 289: 254: 251: 247:Amīn al-Dawlah 210: 205: 180: 177: 149:ابن أبي أصيبعة 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 65: 61: 60: 41: 37: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1715: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1530:Adab al-Tabib 1527: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1445:Ophthalmology 1443: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:ʽImad Shirazi 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226:Ibn al-Khatib 1224: 1222: 1221:Ibn al-Akfani 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160:Ibn al‐Raqqam 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145:Ibn al-Baitar 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1110:Al-Shahrazuri 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 989: 985: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 933:Ibn Abi Sadiq 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 878: 874: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 837:Ibn al-Jazzar 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 752: 748: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 661: 657: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 640: 636: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 584: 580: 577: 575: 571: 567: 560: 555: 553: 548: 546: 541: 540: 537: 530: 526: 523: 520: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 475: 469: 465: 464: 456: 450: 445: 437: 433: 427: 419: 415: 411: 405: 397: 390: 382: 378: 372: 365: 361: 360: 353: 351: 342: 341: 336: 332: 326: 325:public domain 312: 308: 298: 297:Ibn Wahshiyya 295: 294: 288: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 259:August Müller 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 220: 216: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 146: 142: 134: 131: 129:Notable works 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 83: 81:Resting place 79: 71: 66: 62: 57: 51: 47: 42: 38: 31: 19: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1418:18th century 1382:17th century 1336:16th century 1285:15th century 1276:Zayn-e-Attar 1199:14th century 1150:Ibn al-Nafis 1134: 1088:13th century 987:12th century 968:Ibn al-Wafid 876:11th century 750:10th century 681:Ali al-Ridha 528: 499: 462: 455: 444: 435: 426: 418:the original 413: 404: 389: 380: 371: 363: 358: 338: 331:Ibn Usaibi'a 311: 284: 278: 273: 266:Uyūn al-Anbā 265: 263: 256: 238: 234: 230: 226: 214: 212: 207: 200: 189:Banu Khazraj 182: 156: 152: 140: 139: 132: 1668:1270 deaths 1663:1203 births 1509:De Gradibus 1155:Ibn al-Quff 659:9th century 638:8th century 614:Masarjawaih 582:7th century 491:AlWaraq.net 270:Open Access 54:(in modern 1657:Categories 1620:Influenced 1594:Influences 1580:Bimarestan 1450:Psychology 1404:Tunakabuni 1317:Nurbakhshi 1216:Ibn Shuayb 1206:Al-Nagawri 1140:Ibn Tumlus 1120:As-Suwaydi 1105:Al-Dakhwar 1044:Ibn Tufayl 1039:Ibn Jumay‘ 943:Ibn Butlan 832:Ibn Juljul 807:Al-Kaŝkarī 676:Albubather 574:Physicians 303:References 89:Occupation 1516:Al-Tasrif 1256:Nakhshabi 1034:Ibn Habal 953:Ibn Jazla 948:Ibn Hindu 898:Al-Biruni 812:Al-Natili 716:Masawaiyh 691:Bukhtishu 671:Al-Ruhawi 645:Bukhtishu 609:Ibn Uthal 599:Bukhtishu 179:Biography 113:Biography 93:physician 1611:Ayurveda 1438:Concepts 1231:Jaghmini 1211:Aqsara'i 1049:Ibn Zuhr 1029:Averroes 1024:Avempace 978:Masawaih 923:Avicenna 857:Muvaffak 666:Al-Kindi 515:Archived 291:See also 253:Editions 185:Damascus 99:Language 46:Damascus 1568:Centers 1544:Al-Hawi 498:of the 337:(ed.). 327::  243:Ayyubid 197:Salkhad 173:Indians 84:Salkhad 70:Salkhad 470:  333:". In 321:  219:Arabic 169:Romans 165:Greeks 155:(also 145:Arabic 1460:Works 862:Qumri 237:, or 193:Cairo 161:Syria 109:Genre 56:Syria 468:ISBN 171:and 64:Died 43:1203 40:Born 272:at 1659:: 434:. 412:. 379:. 349:^ 287:. 276:. 233:, 229:, 221:: 167:, 147:: 48:, 558:e 551:t 544:v 531:. 438:. 383:. 217:( 143:( 58:) 20:)

Index

Ibn Abi Usaibia
Damascus
Ayyubid Sultanate
Syria
Salkhad
physician
Classical Arabic
Biography
Islamic Golden Age
Arabic
Syria
Greeks
Romans
Indians
Damascus
Banu Khazraj
Cairo
Salkhad
Arabic
Ayyubid
Amīn al-Dawlah
August Müller
Open Access
Oxford World's Classics
Ibn Wahshiyya
public domain
Ibn Usaibi'a
Chisholm, Hugh
Encyclopædia Britannica

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.