466:. Several different accounts are given as to how this came about, indicating the confusion current even at the time as to the exact events. Soon after his imprisonment, sometime in August 749, Ibrahim died, just as the Hashimiyya armies were entering Iraq. The cause of Ibrahim's death is unclear, with some traditions insisting that Marwan II had him suffocated, poisoned, or otherwise killed; while other traditions indicate that Ibrahim died of the plague. According to historian Moshe Sharon, Marwan II is unlikely to have wanted the death of the Abbasid imam, as having the leader of the uprising in his control allowed him to negotiate rather than fight to the end. Indeed, at least one tradition suggests that Ibrahim was not imprisoned, but led from Humayma with honour, accompanied by several other prominent members of his family, as part of negotiations with Marwan II, and that only on his arrival at Damascus was Ibrahim arrested. Several traditions insist that at Harran Ibrahim met with Marwan II several times, but that he tried to disclaim any relationship with the Hashimiyya uprising.
446:, who was appointed by Ibrahim as commander, the Khurasanis marched westwards, initially in pursuit of Nasr ibn Sayyar, and then on towards the heartlands of the caliphate. Later traditions record that before sending him to Khurasan, Ibrahim had tasked Abu Muslim with recruiting amongst the Yaman, and with exterminating all Arab-speakers in Khurasan. Modern historians consider both created after the fact, for specific purposes: the former to reflect the eventual predominance of the Yaman in the armies of the Abbasid Revolution, which was natural as they were most dissatisfied with the Qays-leaning Umayyad regime, and the latter as an invention by Arab circles during the
334:
304:. Abu Hashim also moved to Humayma, and it was there, in 716/7, shortly before his death, that Abu Hashim bequeathed the leadership of the Hashimiyya to Muhammad and the Abbasid family. Muhammad led the Hashimiyya until his death in August/September 743. His tenure was marked by two achievements: the move of the movement's centre of activity away from its original base in
423:. The violence intensified the widespread disaffection of the Khurasani Arabs with the Umayyad regime, which was perceived as oppressive and unfair, especially in matters of taxation—including the collection of taxes by non-Muslims, who thus had authority over Muslims—and in the employment of the local military forces in prolonged, bloody and fruitless campaigns.
391:
and had been adopted as a member of the
Abbasid family by Ibrahim to increase his standing, but his origin is obscure and he was likely low-born. As a result, the long-serving Sulayman ibn Kathir al-Khuza'i reacted with hostility to Abu Muslim's arrival. Ibrahim had expressly instructed Abu Muslim to
324:
in 740 and 743, the movement came more firmly under
Abbasid tutelage. Throughout, the Abbasid imam remained hidden and thus safe from Umayyad persecution, and in public, the Hashimiyya propaganda spoke vaguely of a leader from the 'Family of the Prophet', thus capitalizing upon the widespread support
469:
According to later
Abbasid tradition, Ibrahim named his brother Abu'l-Abbas as his successor, but the reality was apparently more confused, or at least not known to the leadership of the Hashimiyya, as after the capture of Kufa and the news of Ibrahim's death, demands became loud for an Alid caliph.
382:
to head to
Khurasan as a plenipotentiary representative. The Khurasani Hasimiyya had apparently asked for a member of the Abbasid family as a symbolic figurehead, but Ibrahim apparently judged it too dangerous and premature to send one of his own relatives there, as his possible capture by the
392:
obey
Sulayman in all things, but also armed him with extensive authority over Khurasan and the entire Islamic east; by exploiting local rivalries, Abu Muslim gradually managed to sideline the veteran leader as the true head of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan.
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s) urged
Ibrahim to immediately launch an uprising, but he refused. Ibrahim himself was a popular figure, known for his generosity, but he also had a level-headed and practical disposition. In 744/5, he appointed
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At the very same time, however, the
Umayyads managed to discover Ibrahim's role and whereabouts: from Humayma, the imam was brought first to Damascus and then to Marwan II's headquarters at
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as the local leader. Ibrahim did not live to see the success of the revolution, being imprisoned and dying in August 749, either killed at the orders of the last
Umayyad caliph,
238:. The date of the purchase of Humayma and the settlement of the Abbasids there however is not certain, as some traditions indicate it happened much later, during the reign of
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pilgrimage. On the way, however, they received a letter from
Ibrahim instructing them to turn back and publicly declare an uprising. What became known as the
312:, and the consolidation of Abbasid leadership. The Khurasani Hashimiyya appears to have championed the broader Alid cause initially, and its local leader,
359:
When
Ibrahim took over leadership of the Hashimiyya after his father's death, the movement entered a new, more militant phase; several of his agents (
272:, is reported to established himself as the leader of the Abbasid family already long before Ali's death in 736. Before moving to Humayma, at
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At the time of Abu Muslim's arrival in Khurasan, the Umayyad Caliphate itself was being wracked by a disastrous civil war, the
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It was only with the support of the Khurasani commanders, against the reluctance of Abu Salama, that on 28 November 749
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was proclaimed caliph at Kufa. Ibrahim's two sons, Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad, enjoyed a military career against the
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Black Banners from the East, Volume II. Revolt: The Social and Military Aspects of the ʿAbbāsid Revolution
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In early 747, Ibrahim reportedly ordered Abu Muslim and his chief followers to come for consultation to
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tribes, the movement quickly succeeded in taking control of Khurasan. Headed by
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for an Alid candidate but harnessing it for the benefit of the Abbasids.
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was proclaimed on 30 May 747. With the support of the disgruntled
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He inherited the leadership of the movement from his father,
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The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
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503:ابو إسحاق إبراهيم بن محمد بن علي بن عبد الله بن العباس
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Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas
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Ibrahim was born in 701/2, according to tradition at
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944:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
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1413:Prisoners and detainees of the Umayyad Caliphate
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419:occupied the attention of the Umayyad governor,
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1408:8th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate
153:
378:in Kufa, and in the next year, 745/6, sent
1096:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1052:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
985:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1104:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 988–989.
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16:8th-century leader of the Abbasid family
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234:, purchased estates and settled the
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999:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5342
964:"Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh"
264:), Abu Ja'far (later the caliph
1131:. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press.
244:
1152:. Jerusalem: Graph Press Ltd.
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314:Sulayman ibn Kathir al-Khuza'i
232:Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas
1:
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811:, pp. 108–109, 115–116.
329:Leadership of the Hashimiyya
7:
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10:
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640:, pp. 84–86, 121–132.
444:Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i
226:, in what is now southern
185:, not least by appointing
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1243:
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430:, under the cover of the
282:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
230:, where his grandfather,
222:, a village south of the
158:), was the leader of the
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49:
30:
23:
1330:August 743 – August 749
573:, pp. 123–124, 160.
485:
407:, was a champion of the
1398:8th-century Arab people
403:; the eventual victor,
341:at its greatest extent
208:
162:and of the clandestine
148:–749), better known as
1146:Sharon, Moshe (1990).
1125:Sharon, Moshe (1983).
664:, pp. 20–21, 141.
356:
127:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn
1367:(The first caliph of
1075:"Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad"
336:
458:Death and succession
413:al-Harith ibn Surayj
115:Abu'l-Abbas Abdallah
109:Abu Ja'far Abd Allah
1284:Ebrāheem "al-Imām"
910:, pp. 238–245.
898:, pp. 228–235.
871:, pp. 226–227.
859:, pp. 116–117.
835:, pp. 225–226.
787:, pp. 105–107.
775:, pp. 107–108.
751:, pp. 114–115.
739:, pp. 217–224.
727:, pp. 216–217.
700:, pp. 203–207.
688:, pp. 213–214.
676:, pp. 217–218.
652:, pp. 111–113.
628:, pp. 124–125.
597:, pp. 123–124.
561:, pp. 119–120.
68:Last leader of the
59:, Umayyad Caliphate
44:, Umayyad Caliphate
1340:Muhammad "al-Imām"
1288:Muhammad "al-Imām"
1247:Muhammad "al-Imām"
1180:Muhammad "al-Imām"
1035:Lévi-Provençal, E.
936:Hawting, Gerald R.
763:, pp. 90–103.
450:, as Iranians and
436:Abbasid Revolution
401:Qays–Yaman rivalry
357:
354:Abbasid Revolution
168:Abbasid Revolution
1376:
1375:
1333:Succeeded by
1238:Shia Islam titles
1073:Omar, F. (1971).
1008:978-90-04-09419-2
823:, pp. 52–63.
799:, pp. 68–72.
448:Abbasid Caliphate
339:Umayyad Caliphate
286:Ali ibn Abi Talib
214:Origin and family
172:Umayyad Caliphate
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1305:ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib
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318:Zayd ibn Ali
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170:against the
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1196:Banu Hashim
1190:Ahl al-Bayt
1100:Volume III:
1091:Schacht, J.
1087:Pellat, Ch.
1047:Pellat, Ch.
1039:Schacht, J.
1017:Moscati, S.
989:Volume VII:
980:Pellat, Ch.
960:Kennedy, H.
908:Sharon 1990
896:Sharon 1990
884:Sharon 1990
869:Sharon 1990
845:Sharon 1990
833:Sharon 1990
821:Sharon 1990
797:Sharon 1990
737:Sharon 1983
725:Sharon 1983
698:Sharon 1983
686:Sharon 1983
674:Sharon 1983
662:Sharon 1990
638:Sharon 1983
626:Sharon 1983
595:Sharon 1983
583:Sharon 1983
571:Sharon 1983
559:Sharon 1983
472:Abu'l-Abbas
397:Third Fitna
296:legitimist
1393:749 deaths
1388:701 births
1382:Categories
1364:Hashimiyya
1361:Kaysanites
1348:′Abd Allāh
1323:Hashimiyya
1320:Kaysanites
1296:′Abd Allāh
1272:Hashimiyya
1269:Kaysanites
1256:′Abd Allāh
1176:"al-Imām"
1174:(Ebrāheem)
512:References
380:Abu Muslim
370:Abu Salama
346: 740
302:Hashimiyya
278:Abu Hashim
240:al-Walid I
187:Abu Muslim
164:Hashimiyya
137:ʿAbd Allāh
111:(brother),
88:ʿAbd Allāh
70:Hashimiyya
53:August 749
1352:al-′Abbas
1336:al-Saffah
1301:al-′Abbas
1260:al-′Abbas
1118:495469525
1079:Lewis, B.
1066:495469456
1056:Volume I:
1043:Lewis, B.
547:Omar 1971
405:Marwan II
292:) of the
280:, son of
266:al-Mansur
262:al-Saffah
256:umm walad
203:al-Saffah
191:Marwan II
141:al-ʿAbbās
117:(brother)
95:Relatives
1403:Abbasids
1314:Seventh
1172:Ibrāhim
1093:(eds.).
1049:(eds.).
1019:(1960).
982:(eds.).
962:(1993).
938:(2000).
352:and the
310:Khurasan
274:Damascus
270:Muhammad
224:Dead Sea
183:Khurasan
179:Muhammad
129:Muḥammad
90:(father)
80:Muḥammad
1355:Eighth
1188:of the
991:Mif–Naz
929:Sources
220:Humayma
42:Humayma
1309:Hāshīm
1263:Sixth
1221:
1215:701/2
1156:
1135:
1116:
1102:H–Iram
1089:&
1064:
1045:&
1005:
978:&
948:
499:Arabic
464:Harran
228:Jordan
195:plague
76:Parent
57:Harran
1326:Shi'a
1223:Died:
1210:Born:
1077:. In
1025:. In
966:. In
486:Notes
452:Turks
440:Yaman
428:Mecca
387:mawla
38:701/2
1357:Imām
1350:ibn
1346:ibn
1344:ʿAli
1342:ibn
1338:ibn
1316:Imām
1307:ibn
1303:ibn
1299:ibn
1294:ibn
1292:ʿAli
1290:ibn
1286:ibn
1265:Imām
1258:ibn
1254:ibn
1252:ʿAli
1250:ibn
1228:749
1184:ʿAli
1182:ibn
1178:ibn
1154:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1114:OCLC
1062:OCLC
1003:ISBN
946:ISBN
480:Hajj
432:Hajj
415:and
409:Qays
375:da'i
363:da'i
337:The
306:Kufa
294:Alid
290:imam
209:Life
139:ibn
135:ibn
133:ʿAlī
131:ibn
103:ʿĪsā
101:Abu
86:ibn
84:ʿAlī
82:ibn
50:Died
31:Born
1359:of
1318:of
1267:of
1106:doi
1058:A–B
995:doi
249:).
1384::
1230:CE
1217:CE
1112:.
1098:.
1085:;
1081:;
1054:.
1041:;
1037:;
1033:;
1029:;
1001:.
987:.
974:;
970:;
876:^
705:^
602:^
519:^
501::
343:c.
245:r.
205:.
174:.
146:CE
1371:)
1279:)
1226:≈
1213:≈
1162:.
1141:.
1120:.
1108::
1068:.
1011:.
997::
954:.
242:(
152:(
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