234:). Durable protection from infections caused by a given microbe – that is, the ability of the microbe to enter the body and begin to replicate (not necessarily to cause disease) – depends on sustained production of large quantities of antibodies, meaning that effective vaccines ideally elicit persistent high levels of antibody, which relies on long-lived plasma cells. At the same time, many microbes of medical importance have the ability to mutate to escape antibodies elicited by prior infections, and long-lived plasma cells cannot undergo affinity maturation or class switching. This is compensated for through memory B cells: novel variants of a microbe that still retain structural features of previously encountered antigens can elicit memory B cell responses that adapt to those changes. It has been suggested that long-lived plasma cells secrete B cell receptors with higher affinity than those on the surfaces of memory B cells, but findings are not entirely consistent on this point.
1643:
cell-surface IgM and IgD with identical antigen binding regions. Each isotype is adapted for a distinct function; therefore, after activation, an antibody with an IgG, IgA, or IgE effector function might be required to effectively eliminate an antigen. Class switching allows different daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce antibodies of different isotypes. Only the constant region of the antibody heavy chain changes during class switching; the variable regions, and therefore antigen specificity, remain unchanged. Thus the progeny of a single B cell can produce antibodies, all specific for the same antigen, but with the ability to produce the effector function appropriate for each antigenic challenge. Class switching is triggered by cytokines; the isotype generated depends on which cytokines are present in the B cell environment.
162:. Human IgG and IgA antibodies are also divided into discrete subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4; IgA1 and IgA2). The class refers to the functions triggered by the antibody (also known as effector functions), in addition to some other structural features. Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. Between species, while classes and subclasses of antibodies may be shared (at least in name), their functions and distribution throughout the body may be different. For example, mouse IgG1 is closer to human IgG2 than human IgG1 in terms of its function.
1719:) are connected to the variable domain of the heavy and light chain via a short linker peptide. The linker is rich in glycine, which gives it more flexibility, and serine/threonine, which gives it specificity. Two different scFv fragments can be connected together, via a hinge region, to the constant domain of the heavy chain or the constant domain of the light chain. This gives the antibody bispecificity, allowing for the binding specificities of two different antigens. The "knobs-into-holes" format enhances heterodimer formation but does not suppress homodimer formation.
1457:
269:
258:
2484:
experimental conditions such as pH, solvent, state of tissue etc. Multiple attempts have been made to improve both the way that researchers validate antibodies and ways in which they report on antibodies. Researchers using antibodies in their work need to record them correctly in order to allow their research to be reproducible (and therefore tested, and qualified by other researchers). Less than half of research antibodies referenced in academic papers can be easily identified. Papers published in
1628:
1920:
1755:-infected red blood cells. In fact, these antibodies underwent affinity maturation that enhanced affinity for RIFIN but abolished affinity for collagen. These "LAIR1-containing" antibodies have been found in 5-10% of donors from Tanzania and Mali, though not in European donors. European donors did show 100-1000 nucleotide stretches inside the elbow joints as well, however. This particular phenomenon may be specific to malaria, as infection is known to induce genomic instability.
226:
work indicates that survival niches can readily be established within the mucosal tissues- though the classes of antibodies involved show a different hierarchy from those in the bone marrow. B cells can also differentiate into memory B cells which can persist for decades similarly to long-lived plasma cells. These cells can be rapidly recalled in a secondary immune response, undergoing class switching, affinity maturation, and differentiating into antibody-secreting cells.
1126:
221:), and rely on survival niches comprising specific cell types and cytokines to persist. Plasma cells will secrete huge quantities of antibody regardless of whether or not their cognate antigen is present, ensuring that antibody levels to the antigen in question do not fall to 0, provided the plasma cell stays alive. The rate of antibody secretion, however, can be regulated, for example, by the presence of adjuvant molecules that stimulate the immune response such as
245:
1607:. Some point mutations will result in the production of antibodies that have a weaker interaction (low affinity) with their antigen than the original antibody, and some mutations will generate antibodies with a stronger interaction (high affinity). B cells that express high affinity antibodies on their surface will receive a strong survival signal during interactions with other cells, whereas those with low affinity antibodies will not, and will die by
1301:
523:(FcRn) binds to the Fc region of IgG antibodies to transport it across the placenta, from the mother to the fetus. In addition to this, binding to FcRn endows IgG with an exceptionally long half-life relative to other plasma proteins of 3-4 weeks. IgG3 in most cases (depending on allotype) has mutations at the FcRn binding site which lower affinity for FcRn, which are thought to have evolved to limit the highly inflammatory effects of this subclass.
583:
1545:. In the bone marrow, each developing B cell will assemble an immunoglobulin variable region by randomly selecting and combining one V, one D and one J gene segment (or one V and one J segment in the light chain). As there are multiple copies of each type of gene segment, and different combinations of gene segments can be used to generate each immunoglobulin variable region, this process generates a huge number of antibodies, each with different
1518:
2311:
1503:(CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3). CDRs are supported within the variable domains by conserved framework regions. The heavy chain locus contains about 65 different variable domain genes that all differ in their CDRs. Combining these genes with an array of genes for other domains of the antibody generates a large cavalry of antibodies with a high degree of variability. This combination is called V(D)J recombination discussed below.
1843:
42:
1711:
part of the constant region in antibodies. The "knobs" part is engineered by replacing a small amino acid with a larger one. It fits into the "hole", which is engineered by replacing a large amino acid with a smaller one. What connects the "knobs" to the "holes" are the disulfide bonds between each chain. The "knobs-into-holes" shape facilitates antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.
444:(CDRs), since their shape complements that of an antigen. Three CDRs from each of the heavy and light chains together form an antibody-binding site whose shape can be anything from a pocket to which a smaller antigen binds, to a larger surface, to a protrusion that sticks out into a groove in an antigen. Typically though, only a few residues contribute to most of the binding energy.
181:, though this classification can become complicated. For example, natural IgM, which are made by B-1 lineage cells that have properties more similar to innate immune cells than adaptive, refers to IgM antibodies made independently of an immune response that demonstrate polyreactivity- they recognize multiple distinct (unrelated) antigens. These can work with the
960:(κ). However, there is no known functional difference between them, and both can occur with any of the five major types of heavy chains. Each antibody contains two identical light chains: both κ or both λ. Proportions of κ and λ types vary by species and can be used to detect abnormal proliferation of B cell clones. Other types of light chains, such as the
713:, while the suffix denotes the type of heavy chain the antibody contains: the heavy chain types α (alpha), γ (gamma), δ (delta), ε (epsilon), μ (mu) give rise to IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, respectively. The distinctive features of each class are determined by the part of the heavy chain within the hinge and Fc region.
1529:, involves the generation of a unique immunoglobulin variable region. The variable region of each immunoglobulin heavy or light chain is encoded in several pieces—known as gene segments (subgenes). These segments are called variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments. V, D and J segments are found in
213:, which differ mainly in the degree to which they secrete antibody, their lifespan, metabolic adaptations, and surface markers. Plasmablasts are rapidly proliferating, short-lived cells produced in the early phases of the immune response (classically described as arising extrafollicularly rather than from the
2297:
to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rh-negative mother has a Rh-positive fetus. Treatment of a mother with Anti-RhD antibodies prior to and immediately after trauma and delivery destroys Rh antigen in the mother's system from the fetus. This occurs before the antigen can stimulate maternal
1642:
occurring after activation of the B cell, which allows the cell to produce different classes of antibody (IgA, IgE, or IgG). The different classes of antibody, and thus effector functions, are defined by the constant (C) regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Initially, naive B cells express only
197:
for initiation of an immune response. Hence in this capacity, the function of antibodies is more akin to that of innate immunity than adaptive. Nonetheless, in general antibodies are regarded as part of the adaptive immune system because they demonstrate exceptional specificity (with some exception),
1726:
Heterodimeric antibodies have a greater range in shapes they can take and the drugs that are attached to the arms do not have to be the same on each arm, allowing for different combinations of drugs to be used in cancer treatment. Pharmaceuticals are able to produce highly functional bispecific, and
2708:
models that predict successful docking of antibodies with their unique antigen. However, describing an antibody's binding site using only one single static structure limits the understanding and characterization of the antibody's function and properties. To improve antibody structure prediction and
1710:
Heterodimeric antibodies, which are also asymmetrical antibodies, allow for greater flexibility and new formats for attaching a variety of drugs to the antibody arms. One of the general formats for a heterodimeric antibody is the "knobs-into-holes" format. This format is specific to the heavy chain
1498:
in humans. One of these domains is called the variable domain, which is present in each heavy and light chain of every antibody, but can differ in different antibodies generated from distinct B cells. Differences between the variable domains are located on three loops known as hypervariable regions
2687:
is one commonly used method for determining antibody structures. However, crystallizing an antibody is often laborious and time-consuming. Computational approaches provide a cheaper and faster alternative to crystallography, but their results are more equivocal, since they do not produce empirical
225:
ligands. Long-lived plasma cells can live for potentially the entire lifetime of the organism. Classically, the survival niches that house long-lived plasma cells reside in the bone marrow, though it cannot be assumed that any given plasma cell in the bone marrow will be long-lived. However, other
1611:. Thus, B cells expressing antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen will outcompete those with weaker affinities for function and survival allowing the average affinity of antibodies to increase over time. The process of generating antibodies with increased binding affinities is called
1442:
Virtually all microbes can trigger an antibody response. Successful recognition and eradication of many different types of microbes requires diversity among antibodies; their amino acid composition varies allowing them to interact with many different antigens. It has been estimated that humans
462:
The structures of CDRs have been clustered and classified by
Chothia et al. and more recently by North et al. and Nikoloudis et al. However, describing an antibody's binding site using only one single static structure limits the understanding and characterization of the antibody's function and
1722:
To further improve the function of heterodimeric antibodies, many scientists are looking towards artificial constructs. Artificial antibodies are largely diverse protein motifs that use the functional strategy of the antibody molecule, but are not limited by the loop and framework structural
2483:
Antibodies used in research are some of the most powerful, yet most problematic reagents with a tremendous number of factors that must be controlled in any experiment including cross reactivity, or the antibody recognizing multiple epitopes and affinity, which can vary widely depending on
910:." The naive B lymphocyte expresses both surface IgM and IgD. The co-expression of both of these immunoglobulin isotypes renders the B cell ready to respond to antigen. B cell activation follows engagement of the cell-bound antibody molecule with an antigen, causing the cell to divide and
2622:
of antibody: to highlight unwanted interactions (toxicity) of antibodies with previously characterized tissues. This study can be performed in vitro (reactivity of the antibody or immunoconjugate should be determined with a quick-frozen adult tissues) or in vivo (with appropriates animal
2712:
The ability to describe the antibody through binding affinity to the antigen is supplemented by information on antibody structure and amino acid sequences for the purpose of patent claims. Several methods have been presented for computational design of antibodies based on the structural
1354:. Since an antibody has at least two paratopes, it can bind more than one antigen by binding identical epitopes carried on the surfaces of these antigens. By coating the pathogen, antibodies stimulate effector functions against the pathogen in cells that recognize their Fc region.
2298:
B cells to "remember" Rh antigen by generating memory B cells. Therefore, her humoral immune system will not make anti-Rh antibodies, and will not attack the Rh antigens of the current or subsequent babies. Rho(D) Immune
Globulin treatment prevents sensitization that can lead to
229:
Antibodies are central to the immune protection elicited by most vaccines and infections (although other components of the immune system certainly participate and for some diseases are considerably more important than antibodies in generating an immune response, e.g.
4723:
Antibody-antigen interactions: the basis of quantitative and qualitative assays. Experimentally, if a known concentration of antibody is mixed with increasing amounts of specific antigen, then cross-linked antibody-antigen complexes begin to precipitate from the
629:. Small antigens can cross-link two antibodies, also leading to the formation of antibody dimers, trimers, tetramers, etc. Multivalent antigens (e.g., cells with multiple epitopes) can form larger complexes with antibodies. An extreme example is the clumping, or
2427:
In research, purified antibodies are used in many applications. Antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers, or through use of a specialist search engine. Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate
1735:
Antibody diversification typically occurs through somatic hypermutation, class switching, and affinity maturation targeting the BCR gene loci, but on occasion more unconventional forms of diversification have been documented. For example, in the case of
131:
To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. The rest of the antibody structure is much less variable; in humans, antibodies occur in five
217:) which have the potential to differentiate further into plasma cells. The literature is sloppy at times and often describes plasmablasts as just short-lived plasma cells- formally this is incorrect. Plasma cells, in contrast, do not divide (they are
488:(the trunk of the Y shape) is composed of constant domains from the heavy chains. Its role is in modulating immune cell activity: it is where effector molecules bind to, triggering various effects after the antibody Fab region binds to an antigen.
1447:
available to make these proteins is limited by the size of the human genome. Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved that allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes.
1751:, in the elbow joint. This represents a form of interchromosomal transposition. LAIR1 normally binds collagen, but can recognize repetitive interspersed families of polypeptides (RIFIN) family members that are highly expressed on the surface of
463:
properties. To improve antibody structure prediction and to take the strongly correlated CDR loop and interface movements into account, antibody paratopes should be described as interconverting states in solution with varying probabilities.
1723:
constraints of the natural antibody. Being able to control the combinational design of the sequence and three-dimensional space could transcend the natural design and allow for the attachment of different combinations of drugs to the arms.
683:. A typical human B cell will have 50,000 to 100,000 antibodies bound to its surface. Upon antigen binding, they cluster in large patches, which can exceed 1 micrometer in diameter, on lipid rafts that isolate the BCRs from most other
1937:
observed that antigens could be precipitated by antibodies and went on to show that antibodies are made of protein. The biochemical properties of antigen-antibody-binding interactions were examined in more detail in the late 1930s by
1549:, and thus different antigen specificities. The rearrangement of several subgenes (i.e. V2 family) for lambda light chain immunoglobulin is coupled with the activation of microRNA miR-650, which further influences biology of B-cells.
3010:
Antibodies (A–D) can recognize virtually any antigen whether large or small, and which can have diverse chemical compositions from small molecules (A) to carbohydrates to lipids to peptides (B) to proteins (C and D) and combinations
2744:
databases. Many versions of shotgun protein sequencing are able to increase the coverage by utilizing CID/HCD/ETD fragmentation methods and other techniques, and they have achieved substantial progress in attempt to fully sequence
1265:
from the mother. Early endogenous antibody production varies for different kinds of antibodies, and usually appear within the first years of life. Since antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream, they are said to be part of the
2001:. The Fv fragment was prepared and characterized by David Givol. While most of these early studies focused on IgM and IgG, other immunoglobulin isotypes were identified in the 1960s: Thomas Tomasi discovered secretory antibody (
1422:. These antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway leading to lysis of enveloped virus particles long before the adaptive immune response is activated. Many natural antibodies are directed against the disaccharide
2499:
Antibody regions can be used to further biomedical research by acting as a guide for drugs to reach their target. Several application involve using bacterial plasmids to tag plasmids with the Fc region of the antibody such as
2517:
There are several ways to obtain antibodies, including in vivo techniques like animal immunization and various in vitro approaches, such as the phage display method. Traditionally, most antibodies are produced by hybridoma
2640:
safety testing of antibody is designed to identify possible toxicity in humans, to estimate the likelihood and severity of potential adverse events in humans, and to identify a safe starting dose and dose escalation, when
2278:
can enter the mother's system. In the case of an Rh-incompatible mother and child, consequential blood mixing may sensitize an Rh- mother to the Rh antigen on the blood cells of the Rh+ child, putting the remainder of the
1083:
The antibody's paratope interacts with the antigen's epitope. An antigen usually contains different epitopes along its surface arranged discontinuously, and dominant epitopes on a given antigen are called determinants.
1900: – in a "lock-and-key" interaction – and that this binding reaction is the trigger for the production of antibodies. Other researchers believed that antibodies existed freely in the blood and, in 1904,
1413:
Humans and higher primates also produce "natural antibodies" that are present in serum before viral infection. Natural antibodies have been defined as antibodies that are produced without any previous infection,
1329:
and initiate activation of the "classical" complement system. This results in the killing of bacteria in two ways. First, the binding of the antibody and complement molecules marks the microbe for ingestion by
1443:
generate about 10 billion different antibodies, each capable of binding a distinct epitope of an antigen. Although a huge repertoire of different antibodies is generated in a single individual, the number of
8716:
2607:
Feasibility testing: These are pilot studies whose objectives include, among others, early characterization of safety and initial proof of concept in a small specific patient population (in vitro or in vivo
675:(BCR), which allows a B cell to detect when a specific antigen is present in the body and triggers B cell activation. The BCR is composed of surface-bound IgD or IgM antibodies and associated Ig-α and Ig-β
7479:"Green synthesis as a simple and rapid route to protein modified magnetic nanoparticles for use in the development of a fluorometric molecularly imprinted polymer-based assay for detection of myoglobin"
906:
and activation. Immature B cells, which have never been exposed to an antigen, express only the IgM isotype in a cell surface bound form. The B lymphocyte, in this ready-to-respond form, is known as a "
389:(Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. In between them is a hinge region of the heavy chains, whose flexibility allows antibodies to bind to pairs of epitopes at various distances, to form complexes (
1686:
if it has specificity for a single antigen or epitope, or bispecific if it has affinity for two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. A group of antibodies can be called
169:
is often treated as synonymous with the antibody response, describing the function of the immune system that exists in the body's humors (fluids) in the form of soluble proteins, as distinct from
2604:
testing..., product safety data needed before the initiation of feasibility trials in serious or immediately life-threatening conditions, it serves to evaluate dangerous potential of the product.
1839:
in
English). As such, the original construction of the word contains a logical flaw; the antitoxin is something directed against a toxin, while the antibody is a body directed against something.
97:. Antigen literally means "antibody generator", as it is the presence of an antigen that drives the formation of an antigen-specific antibody. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a
1747:
some antibodies from those who had been infected demonstrated an insertion from chromosome 19 containing a 98-amino acid stretch from leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1,
93:, including those that cause disease. Antibodies can recognize virtually any size antigen with diverse chemical compositions from molecules. Each antibody recognizes one or more specific
9465:
2709:
to take the strongly correlated CDR loop and interface movements into account, antibody paratopes should be described as interconverting states in solution with varying probabilities.
3945:"Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. IV. Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 1 heavy chain"
1474:
The chromosomal region that encodes an antibody is large and contains several distinct gene loci for each domain of the antibody—the chromosome region containing heavy chain genes (
1727:
even multispecific, antibodies. The degree to which they can function is impressive given that such a change of shape from the natural form should lead to decreased functionality.
992:
appear to be the most primitive animals that are able to make antibodies similar to those of mammals, although many features of their adaptive immunity appeared somewhat earlier.
109:
or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion).
934:, a mechanism that causes the production of antibodies to change from IgM or IgD to the other antibody isotypes, IgE, IgA, or IgG, that have defined roles in the immune system.
1361:
of IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies. The engagement of a particular antibody with the Fc receptor on a particular cell triggers an effector function of that cell; phagocytes will
1087:
Antibody and antigen interact by spatial complementarity (lock and key). The molecular forces involved in the Fab-epitope interaction are weak and non-specific – for example
709:. In humans there are five antibody classes known as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are further subdivided into subclasses such as IgA1, IgA2. The prefix "Ig" stands for
8913:
Pham V, Henzel WJ, Arnott D, Hymowitz S, Sandoval WN, Truong BT, et al. (May 2006). "De novo proteomic sequencing of a monoclonal antibody raised against OX40 ligand".
1555:
proteins play an important role with V(D)J recombination in cutting DNA at a particular region. Without the presence of these proteins, V(D)J recombination would not occur.
1389:
molecules; that will ultimately result in destruction of the invading microbe. The activation of natural killer cells by antibodies initiates a cytotoxic mechanism known as
6140:
Lieber MR, Yu K, Raghavan SC (September 2006). "Roles of nonhomologous DNA end joining, V(D)J recombination, and class switch recombination in chromosomal translocations".
1781:) appears in the conclusion of his article "Experimental Studies on Immunity", published in October 1891, which states that, "if two substances give rise to two different
1965:
Further work concentrated on characterizing the structures of the antibody proteins. A major advance in these structural studies was the discovery in the early 1960s by
9212:
Liu X, Dekker LJ, Wu S, Vanduijn MM, Luider TM, Tolić N, et al. (July 2014). "De novo protein sequencing by combining top-down and bottom-up tandem mass spectra".
9042:
Perkins DN, Pappin DJ, Creasy DM, Cottrell JS (December 1999). "Probability-based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data".
1405:. The Fc receptors are isotype-specific, which gives greater flexibility to the immune system, invoking only the appropriate immune mechanisms for distinct pathogens.
5921:
Or-Guil M, Wittenbrink N, Weiser AA, Schuchhardt J (April 2007). "Recirculation of germinal center B cells: a multilevel selection strategy for antibody maturation".
10326:
8948:
Ma B, Zhang K, Hendrie C, Liang C, Li M, Doherty-Kirby A, et al. (2003). "PEAKS: powerful software for peptide de novo sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry".
736:(though other pathways exist as do exist symptoms very similar to yet not technically asthma). The antibody's variable region binds to allergic antigen, for example
8724:
5547:
1896:
for antibody and antigen interaction in 1897, when he hypothesized that receptors (described as "side-chains") on the surface of cells could bind specifically to
1434:
is thought to be, in part, the result of natural antibodies circulating in the serum of the recipient binding to α-Gal antigens expressed on the donor tissue.
7739:
Vogel CL, Cobleigh MA, Tripathy D, Gutheil JC, Harris LN, Fehrenbacher L, et al. (2001). "First-line
Herceptin monotherapy in metastatic breast cancer".
7538:"New Dioxaborolane Chemistry Enables [(18)F]-Positron-Emitting, Fluorescent [(18)F]-Multimodality Biomolecule Generation from the Solid Phase"
1785:, then they themselves must be different". However, the term was not accepted immediately and several other terms for antibody were proposed; these included
691:. In humans, the cell surface is bare around the B cell receptors for several hundred nanometers, which further isolates the BCRs from competing influences.
716:
The classes differ in their biological properties, functional locations and ability to deal with different antigens, as depicted in the table. For example,
2488:
in 2014 and 2015 provide researchers with a guide for reporting research antibody use. The RRID paper, is co-published in 4 journals that implemented the
9549:
10458:
8015:
Kabir S (2002). "Immunoglobulin purification by affinity chromatography using protein A mimetic ligands prepared by combinatorial chemical synthesis".
2501:
2077:) to characterize the antibody profile of patient. Elevations in different classes of immunoglobulins are sometimes useful in determining the cause of
1338:; these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Second, some complement system components form a
7241:
Preud'homme JL, Petit I, Barra A, Morel F, Lecron JC, Lelièvre E (October 2000). "Structural and functional properties of membrane and secreted IgD".
6958:
2270:; individuals that are Rh-positive (Rh+) have this antigen on their red blood cells and individuals that are Rh-negative (Rh–) do not. During normal
1558:
After a B cell produces a functional immunoglobulin gene during V(D)J recombination, it cannot express any other variable region (a process known as
408:
fraction. Conversely, most gamma-globulins are antibodies, which is why the two terms were historically used as synonyms, as were the symbols Ig and
2803:, and comparatively low production costs. Antibody mimetics have being developed and commercialized as research, diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
2704:, which incorporates sophisticated techniques to minimize CDR loops and optimize the relative orientation of the light and heavy chains, as well as
2134:
Practically, several immunodiagnostic methods based on detection of complex antigen-antibody are used to diagnose infectious diseases, for example
1674:(NHEJ) to the desired constant region (γ, α or ε). This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype.
1297:. Antibodies will also trigger vasoactive amine degranulation to contribute to immunity against certain types of antigens (helminths, allergens).
1254:
that survive in the body for years afterward in order to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures.
470:, CDRs are also called idiotypes. According to immune network theory, the adaptive immune system is regulated by interactions between idiotypes.
3414:"Plasma cell toll-like receptor (TLR) expression differs from that of B cells, and plasma cell TLR triggering enhances immunoglobulin production"
2492:
Standard for research resource citation, which draws data from the antibodyregistry.org as the source of antibody identifiers (see also group at
447:
The existence of two identical antibody-binding sites allows antibody molecules to bind strongly to multivalent antigen (repeating sites such as
248:
Schematic structure of an antibody: two heavy chains (blue, yellow) and the two light chains (green, pink). The antigen binding site is circled.
7783:
5339:"A new high molecular weight immunoglobulin class from the carcharhine shark: implications for the properties of the primordial immunoglobulin"
4022:
9459:"Training webinar for the calibration of quantitative serology assays using the WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin"
9458:
9400:"WHO International Standard for evaluation of the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines: call for urgent action by the scientific community"
9055:
6981:
6262:"Enhancing antibody Fc heterodimer formation through electrostatic steering effects: applications to bispecific molecules and monovalent IgG"
1390:
7392:
6686:
7362:
7171:
Hochman J, Inbar D, Givol D (March 1973). "An active antibody fragment (Fv) composed of the variable portions of heavy and light chains".
871:
In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the
618:
as well, with six units). IgG can also form hexamers, though no J chain is required. IgA tetramers and pentamers have also been reported.
9990:
7902:
Fung Kee Fung K, Eason E, Crane J, Armson A, De La Ronde S, Farine D, et al. (September 2003). "Prevention of Rh alloimmunization".
5058:"Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial, proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in basophils"
6717:
436:– the amino acids seen there vary the most from antibody to antibody. When the protein folds, these regions give rise to three loops of
10841:
6048:
Durandy A (August 2003). "Activation-induced cytidine deaminase: a dual role in class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation".
4452:"The glycosylation and structure of human serum IgA1, Fab, and Fc regions and the role of N-glycosylation on Fcα receptor interactions"
1584:
rapidly. In these rapidly dividing cells, the genes encoding the variable domains of the heavy and light chains undergo a high rate of
9512:
1950:
by showing that the interactions between antibodies and antigens depend more on their shape than their chemical composition. In 1948,
1151:
A phagocyte (C) approaches the pathogen, and the Fc region (D) of the antibody binds to one of the Fc receptors (E) of the phagocyte.
105:
on an antigen, allowing the two molecules to bind together with precision. Using this mechanism, antibodies can effectively "tag" a
10638:
7842:
1430:
cell surface proteins, and generated in response to production of this sugar by bacteria contained in the human gut. Rejection of
10907:
9542:
2779:
are organic compounds, like antibodies, that can specifically bind antigens. They consist of artificial peptides or proteins, or
1285:
in three ways: They prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them; they stimulate removal of pathogens by
342:
each. These domains are usually represented in simplified schematics as rectangles. Light chains consist of one variable domain V
185:
in the earliest phases of an immune response to help facilitate clearance of the offending antigen and delivery of the resulting
7937:
Tini M, Jewell UR, Camenisch G, Chilov D, Gassmann M (March 2002). "Generation and application of chicken egg-yolk antibodies".
7039:"The nature of Bence-Jones proteins. Chemical similarities to polypetide chains of myeloma globulins and normal gamma-globulins"
2058:
is estimated from the blood. If those antibodies are not present, either the person is not infected or the infection occurred a
3908:
Barclay AN (August 2003). "Membrane proteins with immunoglobulin-like domains—a master superfamily of interaction molecules".
128:
can then refer to both forms. Since they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, the terms are often treated as synonymous.
9494:
8311:
8260:
8219:
8135:
7704:
Plosker GL, Figgitt DP (2003). "Rituximab: a review of its use in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia".
6188:
5254:
5156:
5123:
4865:
4716:
4101:
Al-Lazikani B, Lesk AM, Chothia C (November 1997). "Standard conformations for the canonical structures of immunoglobulins".
3998:
3335:
3130:
3053:
1998:
10791:
10492:
2534:". The manufacturing process should be appropriately described and validated. Validation studies should at least include:
1107:
towards an antigen is relative rather than absolute. Relatively weak binding also means it is possible for an antibody to
519:
Another role of the Fc region is to selectively distribute different antibody classes across the body. In particular, the
8856:"OptMAVEn--a new framework for the de novo design of antibody variable region models targeting specific antigen epitopes"
7423:
3798:
809:
Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. It has been shown to activate
10966:
10846:
9535:
6313:"The first constant domain (CH1 and CL) of an antibody used as heterodimerization domain for bispecific miniantibodies"
5569:
Milland J, Sandrin MS (December 2006). "ABO blood group and related antigens, natural antibodies and transplantation".
5539:
5395:
Salinas, I., & Parra, D. (2015). Fish mucosal immunity: Intestine. In
Mucosal Health in Aquaculture. Elsevier Inc.
1892:, proposing that a mediator in serum could react with a foreign antigen. His idea prompted Paul Ehrlich to propose the
1662:
upstream of each constant region gene (except in the δ-chain). The DNA strand is broken by the activity of a series of
1500:
1339:
441:
412:. This variant terminology fell out of use due to the correspondence being inexact and due to confusion with γ (gamma)
9085:
Bandeira N, Tang H, Bafna V, Pevzner P (December 2004). "Shotgun protein sequencing by tandem mass spectra assembly".
2736:(LC-MS/MS). High volume antibody sequencing methods require computational approaches for the data analysis, including
2239:, result in partial or complete lack of antibodies. These diseases are often treated by inducing a short-term form of
1350:
To combat pathogens that replicate outside cells, antibodies bind to pathogens to link them together, causing them to
2440:
to differentiate cell types by the proteins they express; different types of cells express different combinations of
432:
region. It is the subregion of Fab that binds to an antigen. More specifically, each variable domain contains three
10880:
10820:
10671:
9881:
8620:
2284:
8680:
8671:
9983:
7128:
Raju TN (September 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1972: Gerald M Edelman (b 1929) and Rodney R Porter (1917–85)".
3865:
Woof JM, Burton DR (February 2004). "Human antibody-Fc receptor interactions illuminated by crystal structures".
896:. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG.
17:
9122:"Automated protein (re)sequencing with MS/MS and a homologous database yields almost full coverage and accuracy"
2662:
testing: Use for determinate clinical dosages, antibody activities, evaluation of the potential clinical effects
10930:
10708:
10437:
9876:
5604:
Mian IS, Bradwell AR, Olson AJ (January 1991). "Structure, function and properties of antibody binding sites".
2444:
molecules on their surface, and produce different intracellular and secretable proteins. They are also used in
1985:-linked heavy and light chains. Around the same time, antibody-binding (Fab) and antibody tail (Fc) regions of
1856:
1712:
1635:
479:
386:
8695:
5791:
Bergman Y, Cedar H (October 2004). "A stepwise epigenetic process controls immunoglobulin allelic exclusion".
1357:
Those cells that recognize coated pathogens have Fc receptors, which, as the name suggests, interact with the
1200:(fixation), in which antibodies that are latched onto a foreign cell encourage complement to attack it with a
10698:
9819:
8404:"On the reproducibility of science: unique identification of research resources in the biomedical literature"
5139:
Goding JW (1978). "Allotypes of IgM and IgD Receptors in the Mouse: A Probe for
Lymphocyte Differentiation".
2838:
2468:
to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a
1552:
397:
2247:. Passive immunity is achieved through the transfer of ready-made antibodies in the form of human or animal
1321:
Antibodies that bind to surface antigens (for example, on bacteria) will attract the first component of the
120:) can refer to the free (secreted) form of these proteins, as opposed to the membrane-bound form found in a
10631:
10168:
4294:
2177:
513:
9304:
Gebauer M, Skerra A (June 2009). "Engineered protein scaffolds as next-generation antibody therapeutics".
7088:"Bence Jones proteins: a powerful tool for the fundamental study of protein chemistry and pathophysiology"
6954:
4583:
Diebolder CA, Beurskens FJ, de Jong RN, Koning RI, Strumane K, Lindorfer MA, et al. (14 March 2014).
2799:. Common advantages over antibodies are better solubility, tissue penetration, stability towards heat and
10836:
10808:
10771:
10763:
10691:
8993:"PEAKS DB: de novo sequencing assisted database search for sensitive and accurate peptide identification"
4969:
Underdown BJ, Schiff JM (1986). "Immunoglobulin A: strategic defense initiative at the mucosal surface".
2696:(PIGS) enable computational modeling of antibody variable regions. Rosetta Antibody is a novel antibody F
2626:
2232:
2193:
1855:
is a sculpture based on the antibody structure published by E. Padlan. Created for the
Florida campus of
1191:-soluble antigens, forcing them to precipitate out of solution in clumps that are attractive targets for
1165:
209:
into antibody-secreting cells or into memory B cells. Antibody-secreting cells comprise plasmablasts and
8807:"AbDesign: An algorithm for combinatorial backbone design guided by natural conformations and sequences"
8402:
Vasilevsky NA, Brush MH, Paddock H, Ponting L, Tripathy SJ, Larocca GM, et al. (2 September 2013).
7459:
6739:
1615:. Affinity maturation occurs in mature B cells after V(D)J recombination, and is dependent on help from
1596:
change per variable gene, per cell division. As a consequence, any daughter B cells will acquire slight
1289:
and other cells by coating the pathogen; and they trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other
10739:
10723:
10587:
10556:
9976:
9705:
2939:
2883:
2538:
The demonstration that the process is able to produce in good quality (the process should be validated)
2441:
2329:
1970:
1695:
1671:
1534:
1530:
949:
943:
555:
413:
326:
320:
74:
8384:
7585:
Feldmann M, Maini RN (2001). "Anti-TNF alpha therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned?".
3748:"Lack of affinity signature for germinal center cells that have initiated plasma cell differentiation"
1603:
This serves to increase the diversity of the antibody pool and impacts the antibody's antigen-binding
10925:
10664:
10432:
9413:
9354:
7305:"Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions"
2213:
2090:
1431:
1184:
646:
218:
33:
9527:
7811:
4540:
Roux KH (October 1999). "Immunoglobulin structure and function as revealed by electron microscopy".
3315:
2402:, and will continually grow and secrete antibody in culture. Single hybridoma cells are isolated by
2081:
damage in patients for whom the diagnosis is unclear. For example, elevated IgA indicates alcoholic
10862:
10485:
10043:
8573:
4187:"A complete, multi-level conformational clustering of antibody complementarity-determining regions"
3526:
Halliley JL, Tipton CM, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Darce J, Gregoretti IV, et al. (July 2015).
2788:
2753:, or combined top-down and bottom up approaches. Current technologies have the ability to assemble
2733:
2448:
to separate proteins and anything bound to them (co-immunoprecipitation) from other molecules in a
1243:
1096:
911:
622:
456:
366:
206:
10728:
9398:
Knezevic I, Mattiuzzo G, Page M, Minor P, Griffiths E, Nuebling M, et al. (26 October 2021).
9339:
Kristiansen PA, Page M, Bernasconi V, Mattiuzzo G, Dull P, Makar K, et al. (10 April 2021) .
8600:
8385:"NOT-OD-16-011: Implementing Rigor and Transparency in NIH & AHRQ Research Grant Applications"
7620:
Doggrell SA (June 2003). "Is natalizumab a breakthrough in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?".
7020:
6709:
2025:
showed that genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies.
10885:
10753:
10624:
10103:
10053:
10039:
9885:
9643:
9498:
8746:
Adolf-Bryfogle J, Kalyuzhniy O, Kubitz M, Weitzner BD, Hu X, Adachi Y, et al. (April 2018).
6679:"New Sculpture Portraying Human Antibody as Protective Angel Installed on Scripps Florida Campus"
2843:
2421:
2293:
antibodies are specific for human RhD antigen. Anti-RhD antibodies are administered as part of a
1351:
1201:
1175:
1104:
512:
protein complex. IgG or IgM can bind to C1q, but IgA cannot, therefore IgA does not activate the
6678:
6539:
Robbiani DF, Deroubaix S, Feldhahn N, Oliveira TY, Callen E, Wang Q, et al. (August 2015).
6362:"Making artificial antibodies: a format for phage display of combinatorial heterodimeric arrays"
4764:"Mapping the distribution of specific antibody interaction forces on individual red blood cells"
3528:"Long-Lived Plasma Cells Are Contained within the CD19−CD38hiCD138+ Subset in Human Bone Marrow"
3471:"Generation of human long-lived plasma cells by developmentally regulated epigenetic imprinting"
1877:
1698:, if not otherwise noted, consists of a variety of different IgG (polyclonal IgG). In contrast,
1178:, in which antibodies "glue together" foreign cells into clumps that are attractive targets for
440:, localized near one another on the surface of the antibody. These loops are referred to as the
10956:
9907:
9625:
9561:
5964:
Neuberger MS, Ehrenstein MR, Rada C, Sale J, Batista FD, Williams G, et al. (March 2000).
4450:
Mattu TS, Pleass RJ, Willis AC, Kilian M, Wormald MR, Lellouch AC, et al. (January 1998).
4403:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review"
3412:
Dorner M, Brandt S, Tinguely M, Zucol F, Bourquin JP, Zauner L, et al. (6 November 2009).
2919:
2878:
2792:
2749:, especially antibodies. Other methods have assumed the existence of similar proteins, a known
2728:, etc.; albeit one of the most common modern uses for peptide/protein identification is liquid
2531:
2527:
2395:
2290:
892:
Expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high
688:
178:
170:
8203:
8195:
8119:
8111:
7972:
Cole SP, Campling BG, Atlaw T, Kozbor D, Roder JC (June 1984). "Human monoclonal antibodies".
7663:
Krueger GG, Langley RG, Leonardi C, Yeilding N, Guzzo C, Wang Y, et al. (February 2007).
5677:
Nemazee D (October 2006). "Receptor editing in lymphocyte development and central tolerance".
5495:
Rus H, Cudrici C, Niculescu F (2005). "The role of the complement system in innate immunity".
3122:
3115:
1270:. Circulating antibodies are produced by clonal B cells that specifically respond to only one
1197:
1010:(such as camels, llamas, alpacas) are also notable for producing heavy-chain-only antibodies.
10813:
10681:
10655:
10129:
9854:
9710:
9688:
6247:
6174:
4930:"The diverse potential effector and immunoregulatory roles of mast cells in allergic disease"
2904:
2684:
2412:
2390:. To obtain antibody that is specific for a single epitope of an antigen, antibody-secreting
2370:
2236:
2151:
1764:
1742:
1699:
1571:
1267:
1169:
551:
467:
7864:
Urbaniak SJ, Greiss MA (March 2000). "RhD haemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn".
7087:
6738:
Emil von
Behring – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Mon. 20 January 2020.
5290:"Immunoglobulins of the non-galliform birds: antibody expression and repertoire in the duck"
4736:
4401:
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015).
2522:
lines through immortalization of antibody-producing cells by chemically induced fusion with
2062:
long time ago, and the B cells generating these specific antibodies have naturally decayed.
10896:
10604:
10386:
10202:
9871:
9804:
9715:
9639:
9516:
9260:
8957:
8867:
8759:
7490:
7316:
6487:
6373:
6260:
Gunasekaran K, Pentony M, Shen M, Garrett L, Forte C, Woodward A, et al. (June 2010).
5639:
Fanning LJ, Connor AM, Wu GE (April 1996). "Development of the immunoglobulin repertoire".
5350:
4661:
4596:
3575:
Tellier J, Tarasova I, Nie J, Smillie CS, Fedele PL, Cao WH, et al. (3 January 2024).
2914:
2889:
2683:, modifying the antigen binding affinity, and identifying an epitope, of a given antibody.
2461:
2221:
2197:
2155:
2094:
1930:
1923:
1650:
by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR). This mechanism relies on conserved
1419:
1262:
999:
701:
520:
455:, or other sites at some distance apart), as well as to form antibody complexes and larger
134:
8717:"Written Description Problems of the Monoclonal Antibody Patents after Centocor v. Abbott"
8202:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 104. Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press. pp.
7206:
Tomasi TB (October 1992). "The discovery of secretory IgA and the mucosal immune system".
3746:
Sutton HJ, Gao X, Kelly HG, Parker BJ, Lofgren M, Dacon C, et al. (12 January 2024).
3087:
3070:
3069:
Litman GW, Rast JP, Shamblott MJ, Haire RN, Hulst M, Roess W, et al. (January 1993).
1631:
Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells
1537:. Multiple copies of the V, D and J gene segments exist, and are tandemly arranged in the
8:
10961:
10951:
10867:
10676:
10478:
10381:
10321:
10067:
10057:
10047:
9931:
9866:
9849:
9683:
9601:
6474:
Pieper K, Tan J, Piccoli L, Foglierini M, Barbieri S, Chen Y, et al. (August 2017).
3630:
Landsverk OJ, Snir O, Casado RB, Richter L, Mold JE, Réu P, et al. (February 2017).
2899:
2680:
2445:
2328:
as shown in green, are marked by an antibody conjugated to a green fluorescing molecule,
2252:
2100:
2066:
1974:
1852:
1575:
1512:
1394:
1378:
1172:
block parts of the surface of a bacterial cell or virion to render its attack ineffective
1100:
680:
571:
497:
452:
86:
9264:
8961:
8871:
8763:
7494:
7320:
6491:
6377:
5970:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
5896:
5354:
4982:
4824:
4665:
4600:
10407:
10299:
9751:
9434:
9404:
9399:
9375:
9340:
9281:
9248:
9189:
9162:
9067:
9019:
8992:
8890:
8855:
8831:
8806:
8782:
8747:
8532:
8505:
8481:
8454:
8430:
8403:
8366:
8271:
8040:
7997:
7939:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology
7834:
7764:
7645:
7562:
7537:
7513:
7478:
7153:
7063:
7038:
7012:
6908:
6883:
6864:
6620:
6608:
6565:
6540:
6516:
6475:
6456:
6342:
6288:
6261:
6117:
6092:
6073:
5990:
5965:
5946:
5883:
Honjo T, Habu S (1985). "Origin of immune diversity: genetic variation and selection".
5860:
5835:
5816:
5702:
5520:
5439:
5314:
5289:
5265:
5230:
5206:
5181:
5082:
5057:
5033:
5008:
4910:
4788:
4763:
4625:
4584:
4565:
4517:
4492:
4427:
4402:
4378:
4265:
4240:
4213:
4186:
4162:
4137:
4016:
3890:
3829:
3723:
3688:
3664:
3631:
3612:
3552:
3527:
3503:
3470:
3446:
3394:
3327:
3235:
3202:
3183:
2996:
2961:
2934:
2924:
2765:
2758:
2737:
2705:
2701:
2557:
2465:
2314:
2240:
2201:
2139:
2051:
2006:
1639:
1322:
1282:
995:
567:
222:
9425:
9366:
8805:
Lapidoth GD, Baran D, Pszolla GM, Norn C, Alon A, Tyka MD, et al. (August 2015).
8453:
Bandrowski A, Brush M, Grethe JS, Haendel MA, Kennedy DN, Hill S, et al. (2015).
8127:
8087:
8062:
7950:
7915:
7339:
7304:
7254:
7141:
6769:
6752:
6329:
6312:
6206:"Alternative molecular formats and therapeutic applications for bispecific antibodies"
5851:
5768:
5741:
5410:"From B cell to plasma cell: regulation of V(D)J recombination and antibody secretion"
4649:
4241:"Ensembles in solution as a new paradigm for antibody structure prediction and design"
3961:
3944:
3921:
3413:
1562:) thus each B cell can produce antibodies containing only one kind of variable chain.
1456:
1227:
More indirectly, an antibody can signal immune cells to present antibody fragments to
10902:
10416:
10316:
10259:
9799:
9565:
9507:
9439:
9380:
9321:
9286:
9229:
9194:
9143:
9102:
9059:
9024:
8973:
8930:
8895:
8836:
8787:
8748:"RosettaAntibodyDesign (RAbD): A general framework for computational antibody design"
8663:
8537:
8486:
8435:
8358:
8317:
8307:
8276:
8256:
8225:
8215:
8176:
8141:
8131:
8092:
8032:
7989:
7954:
7919:
7881:
7803:
7756:
7721:
7717:
7686:
7637:
7602:
7598:
7567:
7518:
7344:
7285:
7258:
7223:
7219:
7188:
7145:
7107:
7068:
7004:
6936:
6913:
6856:
6815:
6774:
6659:
6655:
6624:
6612:
6570:
6541:"Plasmodium Infection Promotes Genomic Instability and AID-Dependent B Cell Lymphoma"
6521:
6503:
6448:
6440:
6401:
6396:
6361:
6334:
6293:
6227:
6184:
6157:
6122:
6065:
6030:
5995:
5938:
5934:
5900:
5865:
5808:
5773:
5694:
5656:
5621:
5617:
5586:
5582:
5512:
5477:
5473:
5431:
5396:
5378:
5373:
5338:
5319:
5270:
5250:
5211:
5162:
5152:
5119:
5087:
5038:
5024:
4986:
4951:
4902:
4898:
4861:
4828:
4793:
4712:
4704:
4685:
4677:
4630:
4612:
4557:
4522:
4473:
4432:
4370:
4362:
4313:
4270:
4218:
4167:
4118:
4083:
4004:
3994:
3966:
3925:
3882:
3821:
3779:
3767:
3728:
3710:
3669:
3651:
3616:
3604:
3596:
3557:
3508:
3490:
3451:
3433:
3429:
3398:
3386:
3378:
3331:
3297:
3289:
3240:
3222:
3175:
3167:
3126:
3092:
3049:
3001:
2983:
2754:
2721:
2217:
2124:
2046:
depend on these methods. For example, in biochemical assays for disease diagnosis, a
2039:
1978:
1893:
1860:
1847:
1604:
1559:
1462:
1398:
1294:
931:
785:
587:
505:
315:
182:
9138:
9121:
9071:
8658:
8522:
8370:
8044:
8001:
7768:
7649:
7553:
7157:
7016:
6868:
6460:
6420:
6346:
6077:
5950:
5524:
5443:
4914:
4860:(11 ed.). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 453–456.
4569:
4382:
3894:
3833:
3469:
Joyner CJ, Ley AM, Nguyen DC, Ali M, Corrado A, Tipton C, et al. (March 2022).
3187:
1103:. This means binding between antibody and antigen is reversible, and the antibody's
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
9999:
9919:
9859:
9831:
9826:
9794:
9781:
9771:
9429:
9421:
9370:
9362:
9313:
9276:
9268:
9221:
9184:
9174:
9133:
9094:
9051:
9014:
9004:
8965:
8922:
8885:
8875:
8826:
8818:
8777:
8767:
8653:
8527:
8517:
8476:
8466:
8425:
8415:
8348:
8299:
8266:
8248:
8207:
8168:
8123:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8024:
7981:
7946:
7911:
7873:
7795:
7748:
7713:
7676:
7629:
7594:
7557:
7549:
7508:
7498:
7334:
7324:
7250:
7215:
7180:
7137:
7099:
7058:
7050:
6996:
6982:"Labeled antigens and antibodies: the evolution of magic markers and magic bullets"
6903:
6895:
6846:
6805:
6764:
6651:
6604:
6560:
6552:
6511:
6495:
6476:"Public antibodies to malaria antigens generated by two LAIR1 insertion modalities"
6432:
6391:
6381:
6324:
6283:
6273:
6217:
6149:
6112:
6104:
6057:
6022:
5985:
5977:
5930:
5892:
5855:
5847:
5820:
5800:
5763:
5753:
5706:
5686:
5648:
5613:
5578:
5504:
5469:
5421:
5368:
5358:
5309:
5301:
5260:
5242:
5201:
5193:
5144:
5077:
5069:
5028:
5020:
4978:
4941:
4894:
4853:
4820:
4783:
4775:
4669:
4620:
4604:
4549:
4512:
4504:
4463:
4422:
4414:
4352:
4344:
4303:
4260:
4252:
4208:
4198:
4157:
4149:
4110:
4073:
3956:
3917:
3874:
3813:
3775:
3759:
3718:
3700:
3659:
3643:
3588:
3547:
3539:
3498:
3482:
3441:
3425:
3370:
3323:
3279:
3271:
3230:
3214:
3159:
3082:
2991:
2973:
2868:
2848:
2812:
2796:
2776:
2741:
2676:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2619:
2523:
2403:
2244:
2116:
1986:
1889:
1873:
1647:
1108:
1088:
1030:
985:
789:
630:
603:
304:
198:
are produced through genetic rearrangements (rather than being encoded directly in
166:
8471:
7400:
4256:
3071:"Phylogenetic diversification of immunoglobulin genes and the antibody repertoire"
3042:
2407:
558:: it is composed of between 7 (for constant domains) and 9 (for variable domains)
177:(especially cytotoxic T cells). In general, antibodies are considered part of the
10874:
10158:
10079:
9814:
8880:
8772:
8699:
8684:
8624:
6810:
6793:
6222:
6205:
6153:
5758:
4036:
3763:
3543:
2750:
2485:
2457:
2147:
2086:
2022:
2010:
1951:
1290:
737:
658:
538:
sites occur in the Fc region and influence interactions with effector molecules.
214:
9163:"Template proteogenomics: sequencing whole proteins using an imperfect database"
9056:
10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19991201)20:18<3551::AID-ELPS3551>3.0.CO;2-2
8303:
8252:
8211:
8172:
7370:
5148:
4078:
4061:
3576:
2740:
directly from tandem mass spectra and database search methods that use existing
1135:
The antibodies bind to pathogens, and can do so in different formations such as:
10274:
10231:
10148:
10019:
9841:
9786:
9727:
9647:
9620:
9317:
9179:
8506:"Reporting research antibody use: how to increase experimental reproducibility"
7503:
7309:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6556:
6366:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6026:
5343:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5056:
Chen K, Xu W, Wilson M, He B, Miller NW, Bengtén E, et al. (August 2009).
4418:
3705:
3592:
2909:
2729:
2714:
2645:
2519:
2437:
2267:
2112:
1982:
1966:
1901:
1585:
1056:
969:
903:
855:
684:
634:
448:
405:
401:
335:
331:
186:
7665:"A human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of psoriasis"
7438:
6436:
6418:
5508:
5305:
5246:
4153:
3837:
3218:
2978:
614:
with five Ig units (like shark IgW or mammalian IgM, which occasionally forms
10945:
10391:
10373:
10311:
10269:
10265:
10097:
9809:
9698:
8926:
7633:
6507:
6444:
5426:
5409:
4883:"Viewing the antigen-induced initiation of B-cell activation in living cells"
4681:
4616:
4366:
4348:
4008:
3771:
3714:
3655:
3600:
3494:
3437:
3382:
3293:
3226:
3171:
2987:
2894:
2784:
2672:
2561:
2433:
2429:
2368:
for large quantities of antibody. Blood isolated from these animals contains
2294:
2225:
1990:
1943:
1885:
1864:
1627:
1616:
1581:
1491:
1479:
1460:
The complementarity determining regions of the heavy chain are shown in red (
1427:
1374:
1251:
1120:
1092:
927:
923:
818:
781:
745:
599:
535:
489:
390:
292:
78:
9009:
7477:
Sullivan MV, Stockburn WJ, Hawes PC, Mercer T, Reddy SM (26 February 2021).
7329:
6386:
6278:
4946:
4929:
4673:
4608:
4508:
1919:
1546:
10647:
10063:
10007:
9776:
9761:
9756:
9693:
9591:
9443:
9384:
9325:
9290:
9233:
9198:
9147:
9106:
9063:
9028:
8977:
8934:
8899:
8840:
8791:
8667:
8541:
8490:
8439:
8362:
8321:
8180:
8145:
8096:
8036:
7958:
7923:
7885:
7877:
7807:
7760:
7725:
7690:
7641:
7606:
7571:
7522:
7289:
7262:
7149:
7072:
7008:
6940:
6917:
6860:
6819:
6778:
6595:
Lindenmann J (April 1984). "Origin of the terms 'antibody' and 'antigen'".
6574:
6525:
6452:
6419:
Kanyavuz A, Marey-Jarossay A, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Dimitrov JD (June 2019).
6405:
6297:
6231:
6161:
6126:
6069:
6034:
5999:
5981:
5942:
5869:
5812:
5777:
5698:
5652:
5590:
5516:
5481:
5435:
5363:
5323:
5274:
5215:
5091:
5042:
4955:
4906:
4797:
4689:
4634:
4561:
4526:
4468:
4451:
4436:
4374:
4332:
4317:
4274:
4222:
4171:
4114:
3929:
3886:
3825:
3783:
3747:
3732:
3673:
3608:
3561:
3512:
3486:
3455:
3390:
3301:
3259:
3244:
3179:
3005:
2629:
2453:
2375:
2321:
2248:
2162:
2143:
2074:
2070:
2055:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1909:
1770:
1495:
1362:
1335:
1236:
1232:
1214:
1192:
1179:
907:
858:, though in the present, IgE is primarily related to allergies and asthma.
638:
607:
527:
8280:
8229:
8028:
7993:
7799:
7227:
7192:
7111:
7054:
6663:
6616:
6421:"Breaking the law: unconventional strategies for antibody diversification"
6338:
6061:
5904:
5660:
5625:
5382:
4990:
4856:(2004). Greer JG, Foerster F, Lukens JN, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F (eds.).
4832:
4477:
4122:
4087:
3988:
3275:
3096:
257:
10422:
10412:
10304:
10255:
10192:
10173:
10133:
10122:
10090:
9521:
8991:
Zhang J, Xin L, Shan B, Chen W, Xie M, Yuen D, et al. (April 2012).
7681:
7664:
7348:
6013:
Stavnezer J, Amemiya CT (August 2004). "Evolution of isotype switching".
5166:
3970:
3647:
2666:
2637:
2449:
2417:
2325:
2173:
2120:
1959:
1521:
Simplified overview of V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin heavy chains
1415:
1286:
1247:
1188:
915:
676:
642:
501:
210:
8628:
8455:"The Resource Identification Initiative: A cultural shift in publishing"
7184:
7103:
6899:
6499:
6108:
4357:
3632:"Antibody-secreting plasma cells persist for decades in human intestine"
3577:"Unraveling the diversity and functions of tissue-resident plasma cells"
3359:"The establishment of the plasma cell survival niche in the bone marrow"
3284:
2526:
cells. In some cases, additional fusions with other lines have created "
1125:
621:
Antibodies also form complexes by binding to antigen: this is called an
559:
268:
10746:
10353:
9899:
9652:
9558:
9345:
8822:
7985:
6851:
6834:
4585:"Complement Is Activated by IgG Hexamers Assembled at the Cell Surface"
4308:
4289:
3358:
2873:
2823:
detecting the same class of immunoglobulins with the same specificity.
2601:
2565:
2546:
2542:
2469:
2391:
2299:
2271:
2108:
1994:
1881:
1651:
1597:
1593:
1370:
1309:
1300:
1261:
and neonatal stages of life, the presence of antibodies is provided by
1218:
989:
965:
563:
547:
531:
493:
437:
339:
190:
9515:
History and applications of antibodies in the treatment of disease at
9272:
9225:
9098:
8745:
8420:
8353:
8336:
7752:
7536:
Rodriguez EA, Wang Y, Crisp JL, Vera DR, Tsien RY, Ting R (May 2016).
4779:
4553:
4203:
3374:
2720:
There are a variety of methods used to sequence an antibody including
2472:. Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies, using
1466:
278:
244:
10782:
10718:
10358:
10345:
10217:
10197:
9957:
9662:
9557:
8969:
6740:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/biographical/
5742:"V(D)J recombination and the evolution of the adaptive immune system"
3147:
2929:
2858:
2399:
2379:
2318:
2280:
2263:
2205:
2128:
2082:
1997:
sequence of IgG, a feat for which they were jointly awarded the 1972
1827:
1608:
1423:
1386:
1366:
1358:
1342:
to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly (bacteriolysis).
1331:
1326:
973:
919:
918:. In this activated form, the B cell starts to produce antibody in a
843:
839:
814:
729:
725:
485:
300:
9968:
6639:
5804:
5690:
5197:
5073:
4882:
3878:
3817:
3163:
2038:
Detection of particular antibodies is a very common form of medical
1868:
thus highlighting the similarity of the antibody and the human body.
1517:
1308:
has five Ig units. Each Ig unit (labeled 1) has two epitope binding
582:
10703:
10207:
10010:
9947:
9732:
9720:
9632:
9596:
9417:
9358:
8294:
Kalyuzhny AE (2005). "Chemistry and biology of the ELISPOT assay".
7000:
5920:
4238:
3203:"B cell memory: building two walls of protection against pathogens"
3148:"The importance of natural IgM: scavenger, protector and regulator"
2761:
2746:
2633:
2590:
2582:
2398:
by fusing them with a cancer cell line. The fused cells are called
2387:
2310:
2169:
2043:
1905:
1382:
1258:
1007:
1003:
872:
847:
835:
810:
793:
721:
611:
231:
199:
98:
9503:
9338:
8703:
7393:"Animated depictions of how antibodies are used in ELISPOT assays"
6360:
Gao C, Mao S, Lo CH, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD (May 1999).
4804:
2274:, delivery trauma or complications during pregnancy, blood from a
2069:, levels of individual classes of immunoglobulins are measured by
2021:
reactions. In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976,
741:
645:: the large clumps become insoluble, leading to visually apparent
554:
has a similar structure, characteristic of all the members of the
10616:
10336:
10279:
10212:
9952:
9766:
9615:
9586:
8063:"Single-cell microbiology: tools, technologies, and applications"
6538:
5288:
Lundqvist ML, Middleton DL, Radford C, Warr GW, Magor KE (2006).
2853:
2833:
2783:-based nucleic acid molecules with a molar mass of about 3 to 20
2780:
2598:
2594:
2493:
2477:
2383:
2337:
2159:
2104:
2018:
1913:
1842:
1737:
1271:
1070:
1042:
1002:(i.e., lacking light chains) which moreover feature longer chain
893:
851:
777:
615:
595:
296:
282:
106:
102:
94:
82:
70:
46:
32:
This article is about the class of proteins. For other uses, see
8555:
7363:"Animated depictions of how antibodies are used in ELISA assays"
5966:"Memory in the B-cell compartment: antibody affinity maturation"
4648:
Kumar N, Arthur CP, Ciferri C, Matsumoto ML (28 February 2020).
3260:"Plasma cells: The programming of an antibody-secreting machine"
2764:, intensity, and positional confidence scores from database and
2416:. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are often purified using
2410:
that all produce the same antibody; these antibodies are called
1993:. Together, these scientists deduced the structure and complete
1694:) if they have affinity for various antigens or microorganisms.
1565:
1426:α(1,3)-galactose (α-Gal), which is found as a terminal sugar on
740:
particles, while its Fc region (in the ε heavy chains) binds to
530:, that is, they have carbohydrates (glycans) added to conserved
10801:
10796:
10363:
10029:
9924:
9912:
9657:
9608:
9341:"WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin"
9161:
Castellana NE, Pham V, Arnott D, Lill JR, Bafna V (June 2010).
8677:
8641:
8298:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 302. pp. 15–31.
5337:
Berstein RM, Schluter SF, Shen S, Marchalonis JJ (April 1996).
5336:
4582:
4062:"Recommendations for the nomenclature of human immunoglobulins"
3525:
2800:
2586:
2353:
2341:
2302:, but does not prevent or treat the underlying disease itself.
2209:
2181:
1955:
1663:
1542:
1538:
1402:
1278:
1228:
953:
733:
311:
205:
In the course of an immune response, B cells can progressively
194:
174:
121:
8247:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 32. pp. 461–6.
8118:. Vol. 62. San Diego, CA : Academic Press. pp.
7662:
7240:
1981:. Edelman went on to discover that antibodies are composed of
1600:
differences in the variable domains of their antibody chains.
1482:, and the loci containing lambda and kappa light chain genes (
1161:
The main categories of antibody action include the following:
393:, trimers, etc.), and to bind effector molecules more easily.
27:
Protein(s) forming a major part of an organism's immune system
10578:
10470:
10427:
9247:
Tran NH, Rahman MZ, He L, Xin L, Shan B, Li M (August 2016).
8401:
8243:
Reen DJ (1994). "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)".
7901:
6259:
5287:
4239:
Fernández-Quintero ML, Georges G, Varga JM, Liedl KR (2021).
2863:
2820:
2550:
2489:
2473:
2365:
2361:
2345:
2275:
2135:
2078:
2047:
1973:, and their realization that this protein is the same as the
1897:
1748:
1275:
1207:
957:
876:
409:
90:
49:
in a highly specific interaction analogous to a lock and key.
9249:"Complete De Novo Assembly of Monoclonal Antibody Sequences"
8452:
7738:
7476:
6884:"Michael Heidelberger and the demystification of antibodies"
6835:"Cellular versus humoral immunology: a century-long dispute"
6685:. Vol. 8, no. 34. The Scripps Research Institute.
6093:"Class switching and Myc translocation: how does DNA break?"
3689:"Recent updates on correlates of vaccine-induced protection"
10597:
10592:
10566:
10561:
9041:
6955:"The Linus Pauling Papers: How Antibodies and Enzymes Work"
5963:
4647:
4400:
2725:
2357:
2103:
can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body's own
1769:
The first use of the term "antibody" occurred in a text by
1716:
1667:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1444:
1038:
961:
687:
receptors. These patches may improve the efficiency of the
594:
Secreted antibodies can occur as a single Y-shaped unit, a
41:
9397:
7276:
Johansson SG (2006). "The discovery of immunoglobulin E".
6473:
3629:
2374:—multiple antibodies that bind to the same antigen—in the
1111:
with different antigens of different relative affinities.
854:. Humans and other animals evolved IgE to protect against
277:
A more accurate depiction of an antibody (3D structure at
10713:
8159:
Kurien BT, Scofield RH (April 2006). "Western blotting".
7936:
6935:(2nd ed.). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
4331:
Damelang T, Rogerson SJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW (March 2019).
4330:
4234:
4232:
3574:
3411:
2816:
2349:
2123:. The Coombs test is also used for antibody screening in
2014:
2002:
1659:
1305:
884:
863:
826:
801:
768:
717:
509:
417:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
9160:
9084:
8912:
8804:
8337:"An open letter to our readers on the use of antibodies"
7466:. NCBI Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).
7424:"Current possibilities of turbidimetry and nephelometry"
4811:
Parker DC (1993). "T cell-dependent B cell activation".
4709:
Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology
3068:
1525:
Somatic recombination of immunoglobulins, also known as
1132:
Antibodies (A) and pathogens (B) free roam in the blood.
8639:
7971:
6178:
4493:"The history of IgG glycosylation and where we are now"
4449:
4184:
3986:
2005:); David S. Rowe and John L. Fahey discovered IgD; and
663:
The membrane-bound form of an antibody may be called a
7535:
7085:
6250:
Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. 2004
5006:
4229:
4100:
2667:
Structure prediction and computational antibody design
1702:
are identical antibodies produced by a single B cell.
365:
Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two
4138:"A new clustering of antibody CDR loop conformations"
2266:, also known as Rh D antigen, is an antigen found on
1888:. Von Behring and Kitasato put forward the theory of
1730:
988:, the structure of antibodies is generally the same.
902:
The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during cell
428:
The variable domains can also be referred to as the F
8640:
Marcatili P, Rosi A, Tramontano A (September 2008).
8060:
6243:
6241:
4135:
3745:
2671:
The importance of antibodies in health care and the
2017:
and showed it was a class of antibodies involved in
1580:
Following activation with antigen, B cells begin to
699:
Antibodies can come in different varieties known as
202:), and are a manifestation of immunological memory.
9211:
8947:
8642:"PIGS: automatic prediction of antibody structures"
7841:. University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
5723:. 2nd ed. Garland Science: New York, 2005. pg.47–62
5540:"Natural antibody protects against viral infection"
5537:
5494:
3799:"Matching cellular dimensions with molecular sizes"
748:: the release of molecules stored in its granules.
9506:Discussion of the structure of antibodies at RCSB
8504:Helsby MA, Fenn JR, Chalmers AD (23 August 2013).
8503:
6791:
5739:
5460:Ravetch JV, Bolland S (2001). "IgG Fc receptors".
5397:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417186-2.00006-6
5009:"The riddle of the dual expression of IgM and IgD"
4650:"Structure of the secretory immunoglobulin A core"
3987:Delves PJ, Martin SJ, Burton DR, Roitt IM (2017).
3468:
3114:
3041:
2811:BAU (binding antibody unit, often as BAU/mL) is a
2675:industry demands knowledge of their structures at
1393:(ADCC) – this process may explain the efficacy of
350:, while heavy chains contain one variable domain V
8853:
7170:
6359:
6238:
5603:
5228:
5179:
5113:
4136:North B, Lehmann A, Dunbrack RL (February 2011).
2336:Specific antibodies are produced by injecting an
1859:, the antibody is placed into a ring referencing
1312:, so IgM is capable of binding up to 10 epitopes.
504:(FcR) to the Fc region of an antibody, while the
10943:
8990:
6203:
6139:
6012:
5407:
5007:Geisberger R, Lamers M, Achatz G (August 2006).
4761:
4542:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
4396:
4394:
4392:
3200:
3145:
2168:New dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive
1942:. The next major advance was in the 1940s, when
1154:Phagocytosis occurs as the pathogen is ingested.
1078:
796:. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk.
9246:
8196:"Immunohistochemical staining of fixed tissues"
8061:Brehm-Stecher BF, Johnson EA (September 2004).
7086:Stevens FJ, Solomon A, Schiffer M (July 1991).
5638:
4968:
4880:
4762:Yeow N, Tabor RF, Garnier G (3 February 2017).
3112:
2959:
2127:preparation and also for antibody screening in
1666:at two selected S-regions. The variable domain
1646:Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene
1345:
8158:
7863:
7703:
7302:
5568:
5459:
5229:Litman GW, Rast JP, Fugmann SD (August 2010).
5180:Litman GW, Rast JP, Fugmann SD (August 2010).
5055:
4934:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4178:
2283:, and any subsequent pregnancies, at risk for
2165:are used in over the counter pregnancy tests.
1962:, were responsible for generating antibodies.
1946:confirmed the lock-and-key theory proposed by
10632:
10486:
9984:
9543:
9495:Mike's Immunoglobulin Structure/Function Page
9303:
9120:Liu X, Han Y, Yuen D, Ma B (September 2009).
8678:Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure (PIGS)
7584:
7460:"Chapter 4: Hemolytic disease of the newborn"
6710:"Protein sculpture inspired by Vitruvian Man"
6590:
6588:
6586:
6584:
5231:"The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity"
5182:"The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity"
5002:
5000:
4927:
4881:Tolar P, Sohn HW, Pierce SK (February 2008).
4389:
4290:"Structure and function relationships in IgA"
1566:Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
1391:antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
173:, which generally describes the responses of
9119:
7904:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
7036:
6794:"Paul Ehrlich—in search of the magic bullet"
6204:Spiess C, Zhai Q, Carter PJ (October 2015).
6179:Shoenfeld Y, Meroni PL, Gershwin ME (2007).
5790:
5401:
4874:
4281:
4185:Nikoloudis D, Pitts JE, Saldanha JW (2014).
3942:
3146:Ehrenstein MR, Notley CA (15 October 2010).
2571:Determination of the virus clearance studies
2093:, while IgG is elevated in viral hepatitis,
1246:into either antibody-producing cells called
570:. The sheets create a "sandwich" shape, the
9504:Antibodies as the PDB molecule of the month
8112:"Chapter 23 Immunoprecipitation Procedures"
8056:
8054:
6979:
6832:
5632:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4287:
4094:
3316:"B Cell Memory and Plasma Cell Development"
3257:
2556:The characterization of purified antibody (
2456:analyses to identify proteins separated by
2386:for generation of polyclonal antibodies in
2176:) labeling of antibodies, which allows for
1872:The study of antibodies began in 1890 when
1677:
1437:
1316:
979:
598:. However, some antibody classes also form
550:of each chain is situated at the tip. Each
10639:
10625:
10493:
10479:
9991:
9977:
9550:
9536:
8067:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
6792:Winau F, Westphal O, Winau R (July 2004).
6594:
6581:
5833:
5740:Market E, Papavasiliou FN (October 2003).
5672:
5670:
5455:
5453:
4997:
4021:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3993:(13th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex.
3864:
3201:Akkaya M, Kwak K, Pierce SK (April 2020).
3121:(5th ed.). Thomson Learning. p.
3062:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
1705:
338:: somewhat similar sequences of about 110
101:that specifically binds to one particular
10459:disorders of globin and globulin proteins
9433:
9374:
9280:
9188:
9178:
9137:
9018:
9008:
8950:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
8889:
8879:
8830:
8781:
8771:
8657:
8531:
8521:
8480:
8470:
8429:
8419:
8352:
8293:
8270:
8193:
8086:
7832:
7680:
7561:
7512:
7502:
7338:
7328:
7275:
7062:
6907:
6850:
6809:
6768:
6707:
6564:
6515:
6395:
6385:
6328:
6287:
6277:
6221:
6116:
6090:
5989:
5916:
5914:
5882:
5859:
5767:
5757:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5425:
5372:
5362:
5313:
5264:
5241:(8). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 543–53.
5205:
5081:
5032:
4945:
4787:
4737:"Immunology Laboratory: Hemagglutination"
4624:
4516:
4467:
4426:
4356:
4307:
4264:
4212:
4202:
4161:
4129:
4077:
3960:
3722:
3704:
3663:
3551:
3502:
3445:
3283:
3234:
3108:
3106:
3086:
2995:
2977:
2575:
2512:
1904:suggested that soluble antibodies coated
1533:, but only V and J segments are found in
1006:(with five constant units per molecule).
914:into an antibody-producing cell called a
404:, antibodies mostly migrate to the last,
9456:
8109:
8051:
7897:
7895:
7619:
7453:
7451:
6881:
5294:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
4852:
4839:
3982:
3980:
3943:Putnam FW, Liu YS, Low TL (April 1979).
3936:
3356:
2806:
2309:
2305:
1918:
1841:
1626:
1592:(SHM). SHM results in approximately one
1516:
1455:
1299:
1124:
590:that bind to multiple antigen molecules.
581:
243:
40:
7421:
7123:
7121:
6930:
6047:
5676:
5667:
5641:Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology
5450:
5114:Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler LM (2004).
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
3907:
3860:
3858:
3686:
3039:
3016:
2688:structures. Online web servers such as
2648:testing, repeat-dose toxicity testing,
2028:
423:
14:
10944:
8854:Li T, Pantazes RJ, Maranas CD (2014).
8674:from the original on 26 November 2010.
8601:"Antibody Production simply explained"
8598:
7781:
7205:
6676:
6637:
6310:
5911:
5836:"Somatic immunoglobulin hypermutation"
5726:
5538:Racaniello, Vincent (6 October 2009).
5138:
5132:
4810:
4711:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 71.
3258:Tellier J, Nutt SL (15 October 2018).
3103:
2960:Wilson IA, Stanfield RL (3 May 2021).
2694:Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure
2612:
2196:is employed to treat diseases such as
1506:
1187:, in which antibodies "glue together"
1014:Antibody classes not found in mammals
10620:
10474:
9998:
9972:
9531:
9471:from the original on 18 February 2022
8334:
8014:
7892:
7448:
7303:Hozumi N, Tonegawa S (October 1976).
6753:"The Late Baron Shibasaburo Kitasato"
5550:from the original on 20 February 2010
4702:
4333:"Role of IgG3 in Infectious Diseases"
3977:
3088:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040000
1999:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1912:and killing; a process that he named
1670:is rejoined through a process called
1451:
1408:
577:
574:, held together by a disulfide bond.
307:regions that roughly form a Y shape.
8574:"Resource Identification Initiative"
8341:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
8242:
7845:from the original on 18 October 2010
7826:
7457:
7127:
7118:
7043:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
7037:Edelman GM, Gally JA (August 1962).
6961:from the original on 5 December 2010
6933:Chemistry of antigens and antibodies
6888:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
6757:Canadian Medical Association Journal
6720:from the original on 4 November 2010
6689:from the original on 10 January 2011
5827:
5141:Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology
5098:
5049:
4539:
4533:
4490:
3855:
3796:
3636:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3357:Chu VT, Berek C (19 December 2012).
3322:, Elsevier, pp. 227–249, 2015,
3048:(5th ed.). Garland Publishing.
2115:surface antigens in immune mediated
2033:
1880:described antibody activity against
1418:, other foreign antigen exposure or
1281:fragment). Antibodies contribute to
937:
541:
354:and three to four constant domains C
314:, an antibody unit consists of four
285:in the Fc region are shown in black.
9513:A hundred years of antibody therapy
9306:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
9167:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
8997:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
8245:Basic Protein and Peptide Protocols
7974:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
7669:The New England Journal of Medicine
6750:
6266:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
5897:10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.004103
5116:Immunology, Infection, and Immunity
4983:10.1146/annurev.iy.04.040186.002133
4825:10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.001555
4743:. The McGill Physiology Virtual Lab
4456:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3949:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2966:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2962:"50 Years of structural immunology"
2771:
2581:Product safety testing: Sterility (
2258:
1501:complementarity-determining regions
652:
442:complementarity-determining regions
24:
10646:
7784:"Fates of human B-cell precursors"
7464:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
6640:"Anatomy of the antibody molecule"
6609:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb00931.x
6597:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
4928:Williams CM, Galli SJ (May 2000).
3328:10.1016/b978-0-12-397933-9.00014-x
2757:with high accuracy by integrating
2597:testing for adventitious viruses,
2545:of the antibody purification (all
2382:. Antigens are also injected into
2231:Some immune deficiencies, such as
2187:
2158:. Antibodies raised against human
1731:Interchromosomal DNA Transposition
1622:
948:In mammals there are two types of
720:antibodies are responsible for an
45:Each antibody binds to a specific
25:
10978:
9488:
8116:Methods in Cell Biology Volume 62
7622:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
6248:Farlex dictionary > polyvalent
6091:Casali P, Zan H (November 2004).
2436:proteins. Antibodies are used in
2394:are isolated from the animal and
1969:and Joseph Gally of the antibody
1250:that secrete soluble antibody or
930:of the activated B cells undergo
602:with two Ig units (as with IgA),
291:Antibodies are heavy (~150 k
9522:How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody
9450:
9391:
9332:
9297:
9240:
9205:
9154:
9113:
9078:
9035:
8984:
8941:
8906:
8847:
8798:
8739:
8714:
8708:
8689:
8633:
8614:
8592:
8566:
8548:
8497:
8446:
8395:
8377:
8328:
8287:
8236:
8187:
8152:
8103:
8073:(3): 538–59, table of contents.
8008:
7965:
7930:
7857:
7775:
7732:
7718:10.2165/00003495-200363080-00005
7697:
7656:
7613:
7599:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.163
7578:
7529:
7470:
7415:
7385:
7355:
7296:
6980:Silverstein AM (December 2004).
5935:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00507.x
5583:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00721.x
5474:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.275
5143:. Vol. 8. pp. 203–43.
5025:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02386.x
4899:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00583.x
4037:"MeSH Browser – gamma-Globulins"
3430:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03143.x
3113:Rhoades RA, Pflanzer RG (2002).
2285:hemolytic disease of the newborn
2255:, into the affected individual.
1204:, which leads to the following:
875:to give passive immunity to the
267:
256:
9457:Knezevic I (10 November 2021).
8523:10.12688/f1000research.2-153.v2
7554:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00164
7397:Cellular Technology Ltd.—Europe
7367:Cellular Technology Ltd.—Europe
7269:
7234:
7199:
7164:
7079:
7030:
6973:
6947:
6924:
6875:
6826:
6785:
6744:
6732:
6708:Pescovitz D (22 October 2008).
6701:
6670:
6631:
6532:
6467:
6412:
6353:
6304:
6253:
6197:
6183:. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier.
6168:
6133:
6084:
6041:
6006:
5957:
5876:
5834:Diaz M, Casali P (April 2002).
5784:
5713:
5597:
5562:
5531:
5488:
5408:Borghesi L, Milcarek C (2006).
5389:
5330:
5281:
5222:
5173:
4962:
4921:
4755:
4729:
4696:
4641:
4576:
4484:
4443:
4324:
4054:
4029:
3901:
3790:
3739:
3680:
3623:
3568:
3519:
3462:
3405:
3075:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2679:. This information is used for
2422:antigen-affinity chromatography
2107:; many can be detected through
2050:of antibodies directed against
1825:has formal analogy to the word
1713:Single-chain variable fragments
792:, and prevents colonization by
744:on a mast cell, triggering its
10500:
10438:Extracellular matrix protein 1
9877:Immunoglobulin class switching
8079:10.1128/MMBR.68.3.538-559.2004
7278:Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
6050:European Journal of Immunology
4858:Wintrobe's clinical hematology
3350:
3308:
3264:European Journal of Immunology
3251:
3194:
3139:
2953:
2787:. Antibody fragments, such as
2568:activities, contaminants, ...)
2507:
2111:. Antibodies directed against
1857:the Scripps Research Institute
964:(ι) chain, are found in other
732:, often a sole contributor to
480:Fragment crystallizable region
385:1 domain each, as well as the
13:
1:
9426:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00266-4
9367:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00527-4
9139:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp366
8659:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn341
8599:Eberle C (20 February 2023).
8472:10.12688/f1000research.6555.2
8128:10.1016/S0091-679X(08)61549-6
7951:10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00508-6
7916:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)31006-4
7255:10.1016/S0161-5890(01)00006-2
7142:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76658-7
6677:Sauter E (10 November 2018).
6330:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00021-0
5885:Annual Review of Biochemistry
5852:10.1016/S0952-7915(02)00327-8
5840:Current Opinion in Immunology
4257:10.1080/19420862.2021.1923122
3962:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30153-9
3922:10.1016/S1044-5323(03)00047-2
2946:
2839:Anti-mitochondrial antibodies
1221:attracting inflammatory cells
1079:Antibody–antigen interactions
10169:Sex hormone-binding globulin
9214:Journal of Proteome Research
8881:10.1371/journal.pone.0105954
8773:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006112
8017:Immunological Investigations
7839:Immunology — Chapter 14
7437:(3): 146–151. Archived from
7220:10.1016/0167-5699(92)90093-M
6882:Van Epps HL (January 2006).
6811:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.003
6656:10.1016/0161-5890(94)90001-9
6223:10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.003
6154:10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.013
5759:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000016
5618:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90617-F
5606:Journal of Molecular Biology
4288:Woof JM, Russell RW (2011).
4142:Journal of Molecular Biology
4103:Journal of Molecular Biology
3990:Roitt's essential immunology
3764:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.12.010
3758:(2): S1074–7613(23)00541–1.
3544:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.016
3320:Molecular Biology of B Cells
2700:region structure prediction
2178:positron emission tomography
1346:Activation of effector cells
1235:other immune cells to avoid
1059:; related to mammalian IgD.
1045:; related to mammalian IgG.
752:Antibody isotypes of humans
514:classical complement pathway
508:is activated by binding the
473:
334:. Each chain is a series of
237:
7:
10792:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
10764:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
8173:10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.11.007
7833:Ghaffer A (26 March 2006).
7587:Annual Review of Immunology
6833:Silverstein AM (May 2003).
6638:Padlan EA (February 1994).
5462:Annual Review of Immunology
5149:10.1007/978-1-4684-0922-2_7
4971:Annual Review of Immunology
4813:Annual Review of Immunology
4079:10.4049/jimmunol.108.6.1733
2826:
2251:, pooled immunoglobulin or
2233:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
2194:monoclonal antibody therapy
2042:, and applications such as
1490:) are found on chromosomes
1114:
1000:heavy-chain-only antibodies
303:in size, arranged in three
81:to identify and neutralize
10:
10983:
10908:Anti-citrullinated peptide
9706:Polyclonal B cell response
9318:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.627
9180:10.1074/mcp.M900504-MCP200
8752:PLOS Computational Biology
8335:Saper CB (December 2005).
6557:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.019
6027:10.1016/j.smim.2004.08.005
5793:Nature Reviews. Immunology
5679:Nature Reviews. Immunology
5235:Nature Reviews. Immunology
5186:Nature Reviews. Immunology
4419:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
3867:Nature Reviews. Immunology
3706:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081107
3593:10.1038/s41590-023-01712-w
2940:Western blot normalization
2884:Intravenous immunoglobulin
2717:studies of antibody CDRs.
2442:cluster of differentiation
2378:, which can now be called
2295:prenatal treatment regimen
1799:substance sensibilisatrice
1762:
1758:
1696:Intravenous immunoglobulin
1682:An antibody can be called
1672:non-homologous end joining
1636:Isotype or class switching
1569:
1510:
1118:
950:immunoglobulin light chain
944:Immunoglobulin light chain
941:
694:
656:
556:immunoglobulin superfamily
534:residues. These conserved
477:
457:antigen-antibody complexes
75:immunoglobulin superfamily
31:
10967:Reagents for biochemistry
10918:
10855:
10829:
10780:
10762:
10699:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
10654:
10549:
10508:
10450:
10433:Vitamin D-binding protein
10400:
10372:
10344:
10335:
10292:
10248:
10230:
10183:
10156:
10147:
10112:
10077:
10027:
10018:
10006:
9940:
9898:
9840:
9741:
9671:
9579:
9572:
9414:World Health Organization
9355:World Health Organization
8304:10.1385/1-59259-903-6:015
8253:10.1385/0-89603-268-X:461
8212:10.1385/0-89603-525-5:133
6437:10.1038/s41577-019-0126-7
6425:Nature Reviews Immunology
5306:10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.019
5247:10.1002/9783527699124.ch4
4154:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.030
3219:10.1038/s41577-019-0244-2
3207:Nature Reviews Immunology
3152:Nature Reviews Immunology
2979:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100745
2644:Animal toxicity studies:
2091:primary biliary cirrhosis
2085:, elevated IgM indicates
1831:and a similar concept to
1499:(HV-1, HV-2 and HV-3) or
1432:xenotransplantated organs
998:(such as sharks) produce
671:(mIg). It is part of the
606:with four Ig units (like
367:antigen-binding fragments
346:and one constant domain C
310:In humans and most other
219:terminally differentiated
34:Antibody (disambiguation)
10044:Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
8927:10.1016/j.ab.2006.02.001
8683:26 November 2010 at the
7634:10.1517/14656566.4.6.999
7504:10.1088/1361-6528/abce2d
4349:10.1016/j.it.2019.01.005
4072:(6): 1733–4. June 1972.
2734:tandem mass spectrometry
1678:Specificity designations
1438:Immunoglobulin diversity
1317:Activation of complement
1097:hydrophobic interactions
980:In non-mammalian animals
689:cellular immune response
623:antigen-antibody complex
466:In the framework of the
10821:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
10327:7S seed storage protein
10104:Retinol binding protein
9499:University of Cambridge
9010:10.1074/mcp.M111.010587
8915:Analytical Biochemistry
8556:"The Antibody Registry"
7782:LeBien TW (July 2000).
7330:10.1073/pnas.73.10.3628
6387:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6025
6279:10.1074/jbc.M110.117382
4947:10.1067/mai.2000.106485
4674:10.1126/science.aaz5807
4609:10.1126/science.1248943
4407:Journal of Autoimmunity
3693:Frontiers in Immunology
2844:Anti-nuclear antibodies
1706:Asymmetrical antibodies
1340:membrane attack complex
1304:The secreted mammalian
1202:membrane attack complex
1170:neutralizing antibodies
724:response consisting of
679:, which are capable of
669:membrane immunoglobulin
416:which characterize the
387:crystallisable fragment
369:(Fab), containing one V
69:) is a large, Y-shaped
9820:Tolerance in pregnancy
9562:adaptive immune system
7878:10.1054/blre.1999.0123
7542:Bioconjugate Chemistry
6798:Microbes and Infection
6015:Seminars in Immunology
5982:10.1098/rstb.2000.0573
5653:10.1006/clin.1996.0044
5364:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3289
4491:Cobb BA (March 2020).
4469:10.1074/jbc.273.4.2260
4115:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1354
3910:Seminars in Immunology
3797:Reth M (August 2013).
3487:10.26508/lsa.202101285
2920:Single-domain antibody
2879:Immunosuppressive drug
2819:for the comparison of
2795:are not considered as
2576:Before clinical trials
2513:Production and testing
2333:
2291:Rho(D) immune globulin
2214:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
2119:are detected with the
1989:were characterized by
1926:
1869:
1632:
1588:, by a process called
1522:
1471:
1313:
1158:
665:surface immunoglobulin
591:
249:
179:adaptive immune system
171:cell-mediated immunity
50:
10881:Anti-transglutaminase
10656:Anti-nuclear antibody
10130:alpha-2-Macroglobulin
9855:Somatic hypermutation
9689:Polyclonal antibodies
9684:Monoclonal antibodies
8029:10.1081/IMM-120016245
7800:10.1182/blood.V96.1.9
7055:10.1084/jem.116.2.207
6062:10.1002/eji.200324133
5923:Immunological Reviews
4887:Immunological Reviews
4509:10.1093/glycob/cwz065
4066:Journal of Immunology
3475:Life Science Alliance
3363:Immunological Reviews
3276:10.1002/eji.201847517
2905:Neutralizing antibody
2807:Binding antibody unit
2690:Web Antibody Modeling
2685:X-ray crystallography
2413:monoclonal antibodies
2371:polyclonal antibodies
2313:
2306:Research applications
2253:monoclonal antibodies
2237:hypogammaglobulinemia
2152:immunoelectrophoresis
1977:described in 1845 by
1922:
1845:
1777:(the German word for
1765:History of immunology
1743:Plasmodium falciparum
1700:monoclonal antibodies
1630:
1590:somatic hypermutation
1572:Somatic hypermutation
1570:Further information:
1520:
1511:Further information:
1459:
1395:monoclonal antibodies
1303:
1268:humoral immune system
1198:Complement activation
1128:
1119:Further information:
942:Further information:
850:, and is involved in
586:Some antibodies form
585:
552:immunoglobulin domain
468:immune network theory
434:hypervariable regions
420:class of antibodies.
247:
77:which is used by the
44:
10605:Heavy-chain antibody
10387:Bovine serum albumin
10203:Beta-2 microglobulin
9872:Junctional diversity
9640:Antigen presentation
9517:University of Oxford
9087:Analytical Chemistry
8721:jolt.law.harvard.edu
8698:19 July 2011 at the
8623:17 July 2011 at the
8560:antibodyregistry.org
8200:Mycoplasma Protocols
8194:Scanziani E (1998).
8110:Williams NE (2000).
7682:10.1056/NEJMoa062382
7243:Molecular Immunology
6644:Molecular Immunology
6210:Molecular Immunology
5497:Immunologic Research
5414:Immunologic Research
4337:Trends in Immunology
3648:10.1084/jem.20161590
2915:Secondary antibodies
2890:Magnetic immunoassay
2462:immunohistochemistry
2222:head and neck cancer
2208:, and many forms of
2198:rheumatoid arthritis
2156:magnetic immunoassay
2101:Autoimmune disorders
2095:autoimmune hepatitis
2029:Medical applications
1931:Michael Heidelberger
1924:Michael Heidelberger
1878:Kitasato Shibasaburō
1420:passive immunization
1379:natural killer cells
1334:in a process called
1263:passive immunization
1101:van der Waals forces
1089:electrostatic forces
521:neonatal Fc receptor
498:natural killer cells
453:bacterial cell walls
424:Antigen-binding site
10931:Anti-apolipoprotein
10868:Lupus anticoagulant
10382:Human serum albumin
10322:11S globulin family
10068:Heparin cofactor II
10058:Alpha 2-antiplasmin
10048:Alpha 1-antitrypsin
9867:V(D)J recombination
9850:Affinity maturation
9602:Antigenic variation
9265:2016NatSR...631730T
8962:2003RCMS...17.2337M
8872:2014PLoSO...9j5954L
8764:2018PLSCB..14E6112A
8727:on 13 December 2014
8296:Handbook of ELISPOT
7747:(Suppl. 2): 37–42.
7495:2021Nanot..32i5502S
7321:1976PNAS...73.3628H
7284:(2 Suppl 1): S3–6.
7185:10.1021/bi00730a018
7104:10.1021/bi00242a001
6931:Marrack JR (1938).
6900:10.1084/jem.2031fta
6751:AGN (August 1931).
6500:10.1038/nature23670
6492:2017Natur.548..597P
6378:1999PNAS...96.6025G
6109:10.1038/ni1104-1101
5509:10.1385/IR:33:2:103
5355:1996PNAS...93.3289B
4666:2020Sci...367.1008K
4660:(6481): 1008–1014.
4601:2014Sci...343.1260D
4595:(6176): 1260–1263.
3687:Plotkin SA (2022).
2900:Monoclonal antibody
2681:protein engineering
2613:Preclinical studies
2553:must be eliminated)
2446:immunoprecipitation
2067:clinical immunology
1975:Bence-Jones protein
1861:Leonardo da Vinci's
1853:Julian Voss-Andreae
1613:affinity maturation
1576:Affinity maturation
1527:V(D)J recombination
1513:V(D)J recombination
1507:V(D)J recombination
1210:of the foreign cell
1142:neutralisation, and
1015:
972:) and bony fishes (
952:, which are called
922:form rather than a
780:areas, such as the
753:
681:signal transduction
637:with antibodies in
572:immunoglobulin fold
138:, sometimes called
124:receptor. The term
10919:Multiple locations
10809:Anti-smooth muscle
10408:C-reactive protein
10300:Beta-lactoglobulin
9405:The Lancet Microbe
9253:Scientific Reports
9003:(4): M111.010587.
8823:10.1002/prot.24779
7986:10.1007/BF00223301
7431:Klin Biochem Metab
6852:10.1038/ni0503-425
6311:Muller KM (1998).
6216:(2 Pt A): 95–106.
5427:10.1385/IR:36:1:27
4768:Scientific Reports
4741:medicine.mcgill.ca
4309:10.1038/mi.2011.39
4295:Mucosal Immunology
3040:Janeway C (2001).
2935:Synthetic antibody
2925:Slope spectroscopy
2759:de novo sequencing
2738:de novo sequencing
2650:long-term toxicity
2560:characterization,
2466:immunofluorescence
2334:
2315:Immunofluorescence
2202:multiple sclerosis
2140:immunofluorescence
2052:Epstein-Barr virus
2007:Kimishige Ishizaka
1927:
1908:to label them for
1870:
1656:switch (S) regions
1640:biological process
1633:
1523:
1472:
1452:Domain variability
1409:Natural antibodies
1401:therapies against
1323:complement cascade
1314:
1295:complement pathway
1242:Activated B cells
1159:
1013:
996:Cartilaginous fish
926:-bound form. Some
908:naive B lymphocyte
751:
592:
578:Antibody complexes
324:and two identical
316:polypeptide chains
250:
112:More narrowly, an
51:
10939:
10938:
10926:Anti-phospholipid
10903:Rheumatoid factor
10614:
10613:
10468:
10467:
10446:
10445:
10417:Alpha-lactalbumin
10317:Alpha-lactalbumin
10288:
10287:
10260:Fetal fibronectin
10226:
10225:
10143:
10142:
10000:Globular proteins
9966:
9965:
9894:
9893:
9644:professional APCs
9524:from Cells Alive!
9508:Protein Data Bank
9273:10.1038/srep31730
9226:10.1021/pr401300m
9099:10.1021/ac0489162
8421:10.7717/peerj.148
8354:10.1002/cne.20839
8313:978-1-59259-903-5
8262:978-0-89603-268-2
8221:978-0-89603-525-6
8137:978-0-12-544164-3
7753:10.1159/000055400
7444:on 10 April 2008.
7026:on 25 March 2009.
6989:Nature Immunology
6839:Nature Immunology
6486:(7669): 597–601.
6190:978-0-444-52763-9
6148:(9–10): 1234–45.
6097:Nature Immunology
5721:The Immune System
5256:978-3-527-69912-4
5158:978-1-4684-0924-6
5125:978-1-55581-246-1
5062:Nature Immunology
4867:978-0-7817-3650-3
4780:10.1038/srep41956
4718:978-0-323-07447-6
4703:Actor JK (2012).
4554:10.1159/000024226
4204:10.7717/peerj.456
4041:meshb.nlm.nih.gov
4000:978-1-118-41577-1
3806:Nature Immunology
3581:Nature Immunology
3481:(3): e202101285.
3375:10.1111/imr.12011
3337:978-0-12-397933-9
3132:978-0-534-42174-8
3055:978-0-8153-3642-6
2797:antibody mimetics
2777:Antibody mimetics
2755:protein sequences
2722:Edman degradation
2218:colorectal cancer
2180:(PET) imaging of
2125:blood transfusion
2034:Disease diagnosis
1979:Henry Bence Jones
1958:, in the form of
1894:side-chain theory
1848:Angel of the West
1560:allelic exclusion
1274:(an example is a
1213:Encouragement of
1076:
1075:
1057:sharks and skates
986:placental mammals
938:Light chain types
932:isotype switching
900:
899:
786:respiratory tract
542:Protein structure
506:complement system
500:) bind via their
183:complement system
73:belonging to the
16:(Redirected from
10974:
10888:not autoantibody
10837:Anti-ganglioside
10772:Anti-cardiolipin
10641:
10634:
10627:
10618:
10617:
10495:
10488:
10481:
10472:
10471:
10342:
10341:
10186:
10162:
10159:carrier proteins
10154:
10153:
10115:
10083:
10080:carrier proteins
10033:
10025:
10024:
10016:
10015:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9970:
9969:
9860:Clonal selection
9832:Immune privilege
9827:Immunodeficiency
9782:Cross-reactivity
9772:Hypersensitivity
9577:
9576:
9552:
9545:
9538:
9529:
9528:
9482:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9470:
9463:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9437:
9395:
9389:
9388:
9378:
9336:
9330:
9329:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9284:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9192:
9182:
9158:
9152:
9151:
9141:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9039:
9033:
9032:
9022:
9012:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8970:10.1002/rcm.1196
8945:
8939:
8938:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8893:
8883:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8834:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8785:
8775:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8723:. Archived from
8712:
8706:
8693:
8687:
8675:
8661:
8637:
8631:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8580:. 14 August 2013
8570:
8564:
8563:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8535:
8525:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8484:
8474:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8433:
8423:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8356:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8274:
8240:
8234:
8233:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8090:
8058:
8049:
8048:
8012:
8006:
8005:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7899:
7890:
7889:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7814:on 29 April 2010
7810:. Archived from
7779:
7773:
7772:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7684:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7565:
7548:(5): 1390–1399.
7533:
7527:
7526:
7516:
7506:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7455:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7428:
7422:Stern P (2006).
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7399:. Archived from
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7369:. Archived from
7359:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7332:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7208:Immunology Today
7203:
7197:
7196:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7066:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7019:. Archived from
6986:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6854:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6813:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6772:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6683:News & Views
6674:
6668:
6667:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6592:
6579:
6578:
6568:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6519:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6399:
6389:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6332:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6281:
6272:(25): 19637–46.
6257:
6251:
6245:
6236:
6235:
6225:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6120:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5976:(1395): 357–60.
5961:
5955:
5954:
5918:
5909:
5908:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5771:
5761:
5737:
5724:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5429:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5268:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5111:
5096:
5095:
5085:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4850:
4837:
4836:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4430:
4398:
4387:
4386:
4360:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4206:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4012:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3836:. Archived from
3803:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3778: 10922795.
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3708:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3287:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3120:
3117:Human Physiology
3110:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3037:
3014:
3013:
2999:
2981:
2957:
2869:Humoral immunity
2849:Antibody mimetic
2813:measurement unit
2772:Antibody mimetic
2742:protein sequence
2660:pharmacodynamics
2656:Pharmacokinetics
2620:cross-reactivity
2502:pFUSE-Fc plasmid
2404:dilution cloning
2259:Prenatal therapy
2245:passive immunity
2117:hemolytic anemia
1954:discovered that
1890:humoral immunity
1874:Emil von Behring
1469:
1291:immune responses
1016:
1012:
790:urogenital tract
754:
750:
653:B cell receptors
318:; two identical
271:
260:
187:immune complexes
167:humoral immunity
21:
10982:
10981:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10973:
10972:
10971:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10935:
10914:
10875:Coeliac disease
10851:
10825:
10776:
10758:
10740:Anti-centromere
10650:
10645:
10615:
10610:
10545:
10504:
10499:
10469:
10464:
10463:
10442:
10396:
10368:
10331:
10293:Other globulins
10284:
10244:
10240:Immunoglobulins
10222:
10184:
10179:
10176:
10157:
10139:
10113:
10108:
10078:
10073:
10028:
10020:Alpha globulins
10002:
9997:
9967:
9962:
9936:
9890:
9836:
9815:Clonal deletion
9743:
9737:
9667:
9568:
9556:
9491:
9486:
9485:
9474:
9472:
9468:
9461:
9455:
9451:
9396:
9392:
9337:
9333:
9302:
9298:
9245:
9241:
9210:
9206:
9159:
9155:
9132:(17): 2174–80.
9118:
9114:
9093:(24): 7221–33.
9083:
9079:
9050:(18): 3551–67.
9044:Electrophoresis
9040:
9036:
8989:
8985:
8956:(20): 2337–42.
8946:
8942:
8911:
8907:
8852:
8848:
8817:(8): 1385–406.
8803:
8799:
8758:(4): e1006112.
8744:
8740:
8730:
8728:
8713:
8709:
8704:RosettaAntibody
8702:
8700:Wayback Machine
8694:
8690:
8685:Wayback Machine
8676:
8638:
8634:
8627:
8625:Wayback Machine
8619:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8597:
8593:
8583:
8581:
8572:
8571:
8567:
8554:
8553:
8549:
8502:
8498:
8451:
8447:
8400:
8396:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8333:
8329:
8314:
8292:
8288:
8263:
8241:
8237:
8222:
8192:
8188:
8157:
8153:
8138:
8108:
8104:
8059:
8052:
8023:(3–4): 263–78.
8013:
8009:
7970:
7966:
7935:
7931:
7900:
7893:
7862:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7831:
7827:
7817:
7815:
7780:
7776:
7737:
7733:
7702:
7698:
7661:
7657:
7628:(6): 999–1001.
7618:
7614:
7583:
7579:
7534:
7530:
7475:
7471:
7458:Dean L (2005).
7456:
7449:
7441:
7426:
7420:
7416:
7406:
7404:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7376:
7374:
7373:on 14 June 2011
7361:
7360:
7356:
7315:(10): 3628–32.
7301:
7297:
7274:
7270:
7239:
7235:
7204:
7200:
7169:
7165:
7126:
7119:
7084:
7080:
7035:
7031:
7023:
6984:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6929:
6925:
6880:
6876:
6831:
6827:
6790:
6786:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6706:
6702:
6692:
6690:
6675:
6671:
6636:
6632:
6593:
6582:
6537:
6533:
6472:
6468:
6417:
6413:
6372:(11): 6025–30.
6358:
6354:
6309:
6305:
6258:
6254:
6246:
6239:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6173:
6169:
6138:
6134:
6089:
6085:
6046:
6042:
6011:
6007:
5962:
5958:
5919:
5912:
5881:
5877:
5832:
5828:
5805:10.1038/nri1458
5789:
5785:
5738:
5727:
5718:
5714:
5691:10.1038/nri1939
5675:
5668:
5637:
5633:
5602:
5598:
5571:Tissue Antigens
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5536:
5532:
5493:
5489:
5458:
5451:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5335:
5331:
5300:(1–2): 93–100.
5286:
5282:
5257:
5227:
5223:
5198:10.1038/nri2807
5178:
5174:
5159:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5112:
5099:
5074:10.1038/ni.1748
5054:
5050:
5005:
4998:
4967:
4963:
4926:
4922:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4851:
4840:
4809:
4805:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4719:
4701:
4697:
4646:
4642:
4581:
4577:
4538:
4534:
4489:
4485:
4448:
4444:
4399:
4390:
4329:
4325:
4286:
4282:
4237:
4230:
4183:
4179:
4134:
4130:
4099:
4095:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4014:
4013:
4001:
3985:
3978:
3941:
3937:
3906:
3902:
3879:10.1038/nri1266
3863:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3818:10.1038/ni.2621
3801:
3795:
3791:
3744:
3740:
3685:
3681:
3628:
3624:
3573:
3569:
3524:
3520:
3467:
3463:
3410:
3406:
3355:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3256:
3252:
3199:
3195:
3164:10.1038/nri2849
3158:(11): 778–786.
3144:
3140:
3133:
3111:
3104:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3038:
3017:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2829:
2815:defined by the
2809:
2774:
2751:genome sequence
2699:
2677:high resolution
2669:
2615:
2578:
2558:physicochemical
2515:
2510:
2458:electrophoresis
2308:
2268:red blood cells
2261:
2190:
2188:Disease therapy
2148:immunodiffusion
2097:and cirrhosis.
2087:viral hepatitis
2036:
2031:
2023:Susumu Tonegawa
2011:Teruko Ishizaka
1952:Astrid Fagraeus
1767:
1761:
1733:
1708:
1680:
1654:motifs, called
1625:
1623:Class switching
1578:
1568:
1535:Ig light chains
1531:Ig heavy chains
1515:
1509:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1411:
1348:
1319:
1219:chemotactically
1157:
1148:
1123:
1117:
1081:
982:
946:
940:
856:parasitic worms
738:house dust mite
697:
673:B cell receptor
661:
659:B-cell receptor
655:
635:red blood cells
580:
568:Greek key motif
544:
526:Antibodies are
482:
476:
449:polysaccharides
431:
426:
398:electrophoresis
384:
380:
376:
372:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
332:disulfide bonds
289:
288:
287:
286:
274:
273:
272:
263:
262:
261:
240:
215:germinal center
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Immunoglobulins
15:
12:
11:
5:
10980:
10970:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10933:
10928:
10922:
10920:
10916:
10915:
10913:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10883:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10859:
10857:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10849:
10847:Anti-glutamate
10844:
10839:
10833:
10831:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10823:
10818:
10817:
10816:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10799:
10788:
10786:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10774:
10768:
10766:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10756:
10750:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10734:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10706:
10701:
10687:
10686:
10685:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10660:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10648:Autoantibodies
10644:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10621:
10612:
10611:
10609:
10608:
10602:
10601:
10600:
10595:
10584:
10583:
10582:
10581:
10571:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10553:
10551:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10512:
10510:
10506:
10505:
10498:
10497:
10490:
10483:
10475:
10466:
10465:
10462:
10461:
10452:
10451:
10448:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10410:
10404:
10402:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10378:
10376:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10350:
10348:
10339:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10296:
10294:
10290:
10289:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10282:
10277:
10275:Transcobalamin
10272:
10263:
10252:
10250:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10236:
10234:
10232:Gamma globulin
10228:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10189:
10187:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10177:
10171:
10165:
10163:
10151:
10149:Beta globulins
10145:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10126:
10118:
10116:
10110:
10109:
10107:
10106:
10101:
10094:
10086:
10084:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10061:
10051:
10036:
10034:
10022:
10013:
10004:
10003:
9996:
9995:
9988:
9981:
9973:
9964:
9963:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9904:
9902:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9846:
9844:
9842:Immunogenetics
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9790:
9789:
9787:Co-stimulation
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9747:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9730:
9728:Immune complex
9724:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9648:Dendritic cell
9636:
9635:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9626:Conformational
9623:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9605:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9583:
9581:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9555:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9519:
9510:
9501:
9490:
9489:External links
9487:
9484:
9483:
9449:
9390:
9331:
9296:
9239:
9204:
9173:(6): 1260–70.
9153:
9126:Bioinformatics
9112:
9077:
9034:
8983:
8940:
8905:
8866:(8): e105954.
8846:
8797:
8738:
8707:
8688:
8652:(17): 1953–4.
8646:Bioinformatics
8632:
8613:
8591:
8565:
8547:
8496:
8445:
8394:
8389:grants.nih.gov
8376:
8327:
8312:
8286:
8261:
8235:
8220:
8186:
8151:
8136:
8102:
8050:
8007:
7964:
7929:
7891:
7856:
7835:"Immunization"
7825:
7774:
7731:
7696:
7655:
7612:
7577:
7528:
7483:Nanotechnology
7469:
7447:
7414:
7403:on 16 May 2011
7384:
7354:
7295:
7268:
7249:(15): 871–87.
7233:
7198:
7163:
7136:(9183): 1040.
7117:
7098:(28): 6803–5.
7078:
7029:
7001:10.1038/ni1140
6995:(12): 1211–7.
6972:
6946:
6923:
6874:
6825:
6784:
6743:
6731:
6700:
6669:
6650:(3): 169–217.
6630:
6580:
6551:(4): 727–737.
6531:
6466:
6431:(6): 355–368.
6411:
6352:
6323:(2): 259–264.
6303:
6252:
6237:
6196:
6189:
6167:
6132:
6103:(11): 1101–3.
6083:
6056:(8): 2069–73.
6040:
6005:
5956:
5910:
5875:
5826:
5799:(10): 753–61.
5783:
5725:
5719:Peter Parham.
5712:
5685:(10): 728–40.
5666:
5631:
5596:
5561:
5530:
5487:
5449:
5420:(1–3): 27–32.
5400:
5388:
5349:(8): 3289–93.
5329:
5280:
5255:
5221:
5172:
5157:
5131:
5124:
5097:
5048:
4996:
4977:(1): 389–417.
4961:
4920:
4873:
4866:
4838:
4803:
4754:
4728:
4717:
4705:"Immunoassays"
4695:
4640:
4575:
4532:
4503:(4): 202–213.
4483:
4462:(4): 2260–72.
4442:
4388:
4343:(3): 197–211.
4323:
4302:(6): 590–597.
4280:
4251:(1): 1923122.
4228:
4197:(e456): e456.
4177:
4128:
4093:
4053:
4028:
3999:
3976:
3955:(8): 2865–74.
3935:
3900:
3854:
3789:
3738:
3679:
3642:(2): 309–317.
3622:
3587:(2): 330–342.
3567:
3538:(1): 132–145.
3518:
3461:
3424:(4): 573–579.
3404:
3369:(1): 177–188.
3349:
3336:
3307:
3250:
3213:(4): 229–238.
3193:
3138:
3131:
3102:
3061:
3054:
3015:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Optimer Ligand
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2808:
2805:
2773:
2770:
2730:chromatography
2715:bioinformatics
2697:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2646:Acute toxicity
2642:
2624:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2554:
2539:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2438:flow cytometry
2307:
2304:
2260:
2257:
2189:
2186:
2113:red blood cell
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
1983:disulfide bond
1967:Gerald Edelman
1929:In the 1920s,
1914:opsoninization
1902:Almroth Wright
1886:tetanus toxins
1795:Zwischenkörper
1760:
1757:
1732:
1729:
1707:
1704:
1679:
1676:
1624:
1621:
1617:helper T cells
1586:point mutation
1567:
1564:
1508:
1505:
1478:) is found on
1453:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1410:
1407:
1347:
1344:
1318:
1315:
1279:capsid protein
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1195:
1182:
1173:
1166:Neutralisation
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1145:agglutination.
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1113:
1093:hydrogen bonds
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
981:
978:
970:Chondrichthyes
939:
936:
928:daughter cells
898:
897:
890:
887:
881:
880:
869:
866:
860:
859:
832:
829:
823:
822:
807:
804:
798:
797:
774:
771:
765:
764:
761:
758:
711:immunoglobulin
696:
693:
685:cell signaling
657:Main article:
654:
651:
627:immune complex
579:
576:
562:, forming two
543:
540:
490:Effector cells
478:Main article:
475:
472:
429:
425:
422:
406:gamma globulin
402:blood proteins
382:
378:
374:
370:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
276:
275:
266:
265:
264:
255:
254:
253:
252:
251:
239:
236:
126:immunoglobulin
63:immunoglobulin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10979:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10957:Glycoproteins
10955:
10953:
10950:
10949:
10947:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10917:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10894:
10893:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10863:Anti-thrombin
10861:
10860:
10858:
10856:Extracellular
10854:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:Cell membrane
10828:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10810:
10807:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10779:
10773:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10761:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10741:
10738:
10737:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10689:
10688:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10642:
10637:
10635:
10630:
10628:
10623:
10622:
10619:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10496:
10491:
10489:
10484:
10482:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10460:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10449:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10405:
10403:
10399:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10374:Serum albumin
10371:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10334:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10312:Thyroglobulin
10310:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10301:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10291:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10270:Microglobulin
10267:
10266:Macroglobulin
10264:
10261:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10182:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10160:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10146:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10124:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10102:
10099:
10098:Ceruloplasmin
10095:
10092:
10088:
10087:
10085:
10081:
10076:
10069:
10065:
10062:
10059:
10055:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9994:
9989:
9987:
9982:
9980:
9975:
9974:
9971:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9930:
9926:
9923:
9922:
9921:
9918:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9887:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9810:Clonal anergy
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9792:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9699:Microantibody
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9670:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9610:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9578:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9560:
9553:
9548:
9546:
9541:
9539:
9534:
9533:
9530:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9445:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9420:: e235–e240.
9419:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9394:
9386:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9361:: 1347–1348.
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9335:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9312:(3): 245–55.
9311:
9307:
9300:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9243:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9220:(7): 3241–8.
9219:
9215:
9208:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9149:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9116:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9081:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9038:
9030:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8987:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8850:
8842:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8801:
8793:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8742:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8711:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8692:
8686:
8682:
8679:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8636:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8602:
8595:
8579:
8575:
8569:
8561:
8557:
8551:
8543:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8510:F1000Research
8507:
8500:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8459:F1000Research
8456:
8449:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8398:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8331:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8282:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8239:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8190:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8167:(4): 283–93.
8166:
8162:
8155:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8057:
8055:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7980:(2): 109–20.
7979:
7975:
7968:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7945:(3): 569–74.
7944:
7940:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7910:(9): 765–73.
7909:
7905:
7898:
7896:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7866:Blood Reviews
7860:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7829:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7778:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7735:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7712:(8): 803–43.
7711:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7675:(6): 580–92.
7674:
7670:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7593:(1): 163–96.
7592:
7588:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7524:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7489:(9): 095502.
7488:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7465:
7461:
7454:
7452:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7299:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7214:(10): 416–8.
7213:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7179:(6): 1130–5.
7178:
7174:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7122:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7049:(2): 207–27.
7048:
7044:
7040:
7033:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6356:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6244:
6242:
6233:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6192:
6186:
6182:
6181:Autoantibodie
6176:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6044:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6021:(4): 257–75.
6020:
6016:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5891:(1): 803–30.
5890:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5846:(2): 235–40.
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5722:
5716:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5612:(1): 133–51.
5611:
5607:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:(6): 459–66.
5576:
5572:
5565:
5549:
5545:
5544:Virology Blog
5541:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5503:(2): 103–12.
5502:
5498:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5468:(1): 275–90.
5467:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5192:(8): 543–53.
5191:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5127:
5121:
5118:. ASM Press.
5117:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5068:(8): 889–98.
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:(4): 429–37.
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4940:(5): 847–59.
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:(1): 331–60.
4818:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:(2): 228–56.
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4109:(4): 927–48.
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4024:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3916:(4): 215–23.
3915:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3843:on 2 May 2018
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:Immunobiology
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Microantibody
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:coupled with
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:biotechnology
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:immunological
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:extracellular
2431:
2430:intracellular
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:image of the
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2226:breast cancer
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:Rodney Porter
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Linus Pauling
1941:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1865:Vitruvian Man
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1753:P. falciparum
1750:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:chromosome 14
1477:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:will release
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:differentiate
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:Precipitation
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:Agglutination
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:opsonization,
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1121:Immune system
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
968:like sharks (
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:differentiate
909:
905:
895:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:release from
841:
838:and triggers
837:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
819:antimicrobial
816:
812:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
755:
749:
747:
746:degranulation
743:
742:Fc receptor ε
739:
735:
731:
728:release from
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
650:
648:
647:precipitation
644:
641:to determine
640:
636:
632:
631:agglutination
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
584:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
537:
536:glycosylation
533:
529:
528:glycoproteins
524:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
471:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
368:
363:
341:
337:
333:
330:connected by
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
280:
270:
259:
246:
242:
235:
233:
232:herpes zoster
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:differentiate
203:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:immune system
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
10895:
10886:Anti-gliadin
10754:Anti-histone
10690:
10663:
10573:
10501:
10455:
10239:
10064:Antithrombin
9777:Inflammation
9762:Alloimmunity
9757:Autoimmunity
9742:Immunity vs.
9694:Autoantibody
9678:
9592:Superantigen
9473:. Retrieved
9452:
9409:
9403:
9393:
9350:
9344:
9334:
9309:
9305:
9299:
9256:
9252:
9242:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9170:
9166:
9156:
9129:
9125:
9115:
9090:
9086:
9080:
9047:
9043:
9037:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8921:(1): 77–86.
8918:
8914:
8908:
8863:
8859:
8849:
8814:
8810:
8800:
8755:
8751:
8741:
8729:. Retrieved
8725:the original
8720:
8710:
8691:
8649:
8645:
8635:
8616:
8604:. Retrieved
8594:
8582:. Retrieved
8577:
8568:
8559:
8550:
8513:
8509:
8499:
8462:
8458:
8448:
8411:
8407:
8397:
8388:
8379:
8347:(4): 477–8.
8344:
8340:
8330:
8295:
8289:
8244:
8238:
8199:
8189:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8115:
8105:
8070:
8066:
8020:
8016:
8010:
7977:
7973:
7967:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7907:
7903:
7872:(1): 44–61.
7869:
7865:
7859:
7847:. Retrieved
7838:
7828:
7816:. Retrieved
7812:the original
7791:
7787:
7777:
7744:
7740:
7734:
7709:
7705:
7699:
7672:
7668:
7658:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7545:
7541:
7531:
7486:
7482:
7472:
7463:
7439:the original
7434:
7430:
7417:
7405:. Retrieved
7401:the original
7396:
7387:
7375:. Retrieved
7371:the original
7366:
7357:
7312:
7308:
7298:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7176:
7173:Biochemistry
7172:
7166:
7133:
7129:
7095:
7092:Biochemistry
7091:
7081:
7046:
7042:
7032:
7021:the original
6992:
6988:
6975:
6963:. Retrieved
6949:
6932:
6926:
6891:
6887:
6877:
6845:(5): 425–8.
6842:
6838:
6828:
6804:(8): 786–9.
6801:
6797:
6787:
6760:
6756:
6746:
6734:
6722:. Retrieved
6713:
6703:
6691:. Retrieved
6682:
6672:
6647:
6643:
6633:
6603:(4): 281–5.
6600:
6596:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6428:
6424:
6414:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6320:
6317:FEBS Letters
6316:
6306:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6180:
6170:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6100:
6096:
6086:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6018:
6014:
6008:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5926:
5922:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5749:
5746:PLOS Biology
5745:
5720:
5715:
5682:
5678:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5543:
5533:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5465:
5461:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5391:
5346:
5342:
5332:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5140:
5134:
5115:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5016:
5012:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4893:(1): 64–76.
4890:
4886:
4876:
4857:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4740:
4731:
4722:
4708:
4698:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4548:(2): 85–99.
4545:
4541:
4535:
4500:
4497:Glycobiology
4496:
4486:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4410:
4406:
4358:11343/284299
4340:
4336:
4326:
4299:
4293:
4283:
4248:
4244:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4044:. Retrieved
4040:
4031:
3989:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3873:(2): 89–99.
3870:
3866:
3845:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3812:(8): 765–7.
3809:
3805:
3792:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3341:, retrieved
3319:
3310:
3285:11343/284565
3270:(1): 30–37.
3267:
3263:
3253:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3116:
3081:(1): 60–72.
3078:
3074:
3064:
3043:
3009:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2810:
2775:
2719:
2711:
2693:
2689:
2670:
2630:pharmacology
2564:properties,
2516:
2498:
2482:
2480:techniques.
2454:Western blot
2426:
2411:
2406:to generate
2396:immortalized
2369:
2344:, such as a
2335:
2326:Microtubules
2322:cytoskeleton
2289:
2262:
2230:
2191:
2167:
2163:gonadotropin
2144:Western blot
2133:
2099:
2075:turbidimetry
2071:nephelometry
2064:
2059:
2056:Lyme disease
2037:
1964:
1960:plasma cells
1940:John Marrack
1935:Oswald Avery
1928:
1910:phagocytosis
1871:
1863:
1846:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:Paul Ehrlich
1768:
1752:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1709:
1691:
1687:
1684:monospecific
1683:
1681:
1655:
1645:
1634:
1612:
1602:
1589:
1579:
1557:
1551:
1526:
1524:
1473:
1441:
1428:glycosylated
1412:
1356:
1349:
1336:opsonization
1320:
1293:such as the
1256:
1252:memory cells
1248:plasma cells
1241:
1237:autoimmunity
1233:downregulate
1226:
1215:inflammation
1193:phagocytosis
1180:phagocytosis
1160:
1086:
1082:
1071:teleost fish
1025:Description
994:
983:
947:
901:
763:Description
715:
710:
706:
700:
698:
677:heterodimers
672:
668:
664:
662:
643:blood groups
639:blood typing
626:
620:
608:teleost fish
593:
545:
525:
518:
502:Fc receptors
483:
465:
461:
446:
433:
427:
414:heavy chains
395:
364:
327:light chains
325:
321:heavy chains
319:
309:
299:of about 10
290:
241:
228:
211:plasma cells
204:
164:
139:
133:
130:
125:
117:
113:
111:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
38:
29:
10588:Heavy chain
10557:Light chain
10423:Parvalbumin
10413:Lactalbumin
10305:Lactoferrin
10256:Fibronectin
10213:Plasminogen
10193:Angiostatin
10174:Transferrin
10134:Haptoglobin
10123:Orosomucoid
10091:Transcortin
9900:Lymphocytes
9559:Lymphocytic
8731:12 December
7794:(1): 9–23.
6724:12 December
6693:12 December
5647:(1): 1–14.
4854:Wintrobe MM
4413:(6): 1–13.
3699:: 1081107.
2638:preclinical
2627:Preclinical
2508:Regulations
2450:cell lysate
2418:Protein A/G
2408:cell clones
2392:lymphocytes
2121:Coombs test
2109:blood tests
2040:diagnostics
2013:discovered
1971:light chain
1837:immune body
1833:Immunkörper
1821:. The word
1811:philocytase
1787:Immunkörper
1773:. The term
1658:, found in
1582:proliferate
1416:vaccination
1375:degranulate
1371:neutrophils
1363:phagocytose
1352:agglutinate
1325:with their
1310:Fab regions
1287:macrophages
1168:, in which
1109:cross-react
966:vertebrates
916:plasma cell
904:development
817:to produce
667:(sIg) or a
564:beta sheets
494:macrophages
340:amino acids
191:lymph nodes
10962:Immunology
10952:Antibodies
10946:Categories
10814:Anti-actin
10747:Anti-dsDNA
10682:Anti-sp100
10672:Anti-gp210
10509:Main types
10502:Antibodies
10392:Prealbumin
10354:Conalbumin
9941:Substances
9805:Peripheral
9793:Inaction:
9672:Antibodies
9653:Macrophage
9566:complement
9481:(68 pages)
9346:The Lancet
8606:7 December
6763:(2): 206.
6714:boingboing
6142:DNA Repair
5929:: 130–41.
5752:(1): E16.
5554:22 January
5013:Immunology
4046:18 October
3418:Immunology
3343:24 January
2972:: 100745.
2947:References
2874:Immunology
2793:nanobodies
2768:searches.
2692:(WAM) and
2602:retrovirus
2566:biological
2547:impurities
2543:efficiency
2470:microscope
2400:hybridomas
2319:eukaryotic
2300:Rh disease
2272:childbirth
2212:including
1995:amino acid
1882:diphtheria
1851:(2008) by
1791:Amboceptor
1783:Antikörper
1775:Antikörper
1763:See also:
1740:caused by
1692:unspecific
1688:polyvalent
1652:nucleotide
1598:amino acid
1594:nucleotide
1399:biological
1367:mast cells
1332:phagocytes
990:Jawed fish
844:mast cells
815:mast cells
760:Subclasses
730:mast cells
548:N-terminus
532:amino acid
10783:cytoplasm
10719:Anti-nRNP
10574:surrogate
10359:Ovalbumin
10346:Egg white
10218:Properdin
10198:Hemopexin
10128:alpha-2 (
10121:alpha-1 (
10096:alpha-2 (
10089:alpha-1 (
10011:globulins
9958:Cytolysin
9948:Cytokines
9795:Tolerance
9744:tolerance
9663:Immunogen
9353:(10282).
9259:: 31730.
6625:222200504
6508:0028-0836
6445:1474-1741
4747:29 August
4724:solution.
4682:0036-8075
4617:0036-8075
4367:1471-4906
4017:cite book
4009:949912256
3772:1097-4180
3715:1664-3224
3656:1540-9538
3617:266752931
3601:1529-2908
3495:2575-1077
3438:0019-2805
3399:205212187
3383:0105-2896
3294:0014-2980
3227:1474-1741
3172:1474-1733
2988:0021-9258
2930:Surrobody
2859:Colostrum
2641:possible.
2636:testing:
2608:testing).
2532:quadromas
2460:, and in
2380:antiserum
2281:pregnancy
2264:Rh factor
2206:psoriasis
2192:Targeted
2160:chorionic
2129:antenatal
2083:cirrhosis
1828:antitoxin
1819:Immunisin
1609:apoptosis
1547:paratopes
1424:galactose
1387:cytotoxic
1383:cytokines
1359:Fc region
1327:Fc region
1069:Found in
1055:Found in
1037:Found in
1004:pentamers
974:Teleostei
848:basophils
840:histamine
836:allergens
834:Binds to
821:factors.
811:basophils
794:pathogens
776:Found in
726:histamine
612:pentamers
610:IgM), or
604:tetramers
588:complexes
560:β-strands
492:(such as
486:Fc region
474:Fc region
438:β-strands
238:Structure
165:The term
10842:Anti-GBM
10785:antibody
10704:Anti-Jo1
10677:Anti-p62
10456:see also
10337:Albumins
10208:Factor H
9908:Cellular
9752:Immunity
9750:Action:
9733:Paratope
9721:Idiotype
9711:Allotype
9679:Antibody
9633:Mimotope
9597:Allergen
9580:Antigens
9573:Lymphoid
9466:Archived
9444:34723229
9418:Elsevier
9385:33770519
9359:Elsevier
9326:19501012
9291:27562653
9234:24874765
9199:20164058
9148:19535534
9107:15595863
9072:42423655
9064:10612281
9029:22186715
8978:14558135
8935:16545334
8900:25153121
8860:PLOS ONE
8841:25670500
8811:Proteins
8792:29702641
8715:Park H.
8696:Archived
8681:Archived
8672:Archived
8668:18641403
8621:Archived
8584:18 April
8542:24358895
8491:26594330
8440:24032093
8414:: e148.
8371:14082678
8363:16304632
8322:15937343
8181:16483794
8146:10503210
8097:15353569
8045:12785078
8037:12472184
8002:12616168
7959:11867282
7924:12970812
7886:10805260
7843:Archived
7818:31 March
7808:10891425
7769:24924864
7761:11694786
7741:Oncology
7726:12662126
7691:17287478
7650:16104816
7642:12783595
7607:11244034
7572:27064381
7523:33242844
7290:16722325
7263:11282392
7158:54380536
7150:10501404
7073:13889153
7017:40595920
7009:15549122
6959:Archived
6918:16523537
6894:(1): 5.
6869:31571243
6861:12719732
6820:15207826
6779:20318414
6718:Archived
6716:(Blog).
6687:Archived
6575:26276629
6526:28847005
6461:59603663
6453:30718829
6406:10339535
6347:35243494
6298:20400508
6232:25637431
6162:16793349
6127:15496946
6078:32059768
6070:12884279
6035:15522624
6000:10794054
5951:37636392
5943:17367339
5870:11869898
5813:15459667
5778:14551913
5699:16998507
5591:17176435
5548:Archived
5525:46096567
5517:16234578
5482:11244038
5444:27041937
5436:17337763
5324:16150486
5275:20651744
5216:20651744
5092:19561614
5043:16895553
4956:10808163
4915:38464264
4907:18275475
4798:28157207
4690:32029686
4635:24626930
4570:12187510
4562:10545762
4527:31504525
4437:25578468
4383:73419807
4375:30745265
4318:21937984
4275:34030577
4223:25071986
4172:21035459
3930:14690046
3895:30584218
3887:15040582
3834:24333875
3826:23867923
3784:38228150
3752:Immunity
3733:36776392
3674:28104812
3609:38172260
3562:26187412
3532:Immunity
3513:34952892
3456:19950420
3391:23278749
3302:30273443
3245:31836872
3188:35784099
3180:20948548
3011:thereof.
3006:33957119
2827:See also
2766:homology
2762:peptides
2747:proteins
2706:homology
2634:toxicity
2623:models).
2618:Testing
2591:in vitro
2583:bacteria
2388:egg yolk
2384:chickens
2241:immunity
2170:fluoride
2105:epitopes
2044:serology
2019:allergic
1906:bacteria
1823:antibody
1815:fixateur
1779:antibody
1605:affinity
1470:)
1397:used in
1283:immunity
1259:prenatal
1115:Function
1105:affinity
1043:reptiles
1008:Camelids
984:In most
956:(λ) and
924:membrane
920:secreted
873:placenta
722:allergic
702:isotypes
616:hexamers
400:test of
305:globular
297:proteins
279:RCSB PDB
200:germline
140:isotypes
114:antibody
99:paratope
95:antigens
87:bacteria
85:such as
83:antigens
55:antibody
10729:Anti-La
10724:Anti-Ro
10714:Anti-Sm
10280:Edestin
10054:alpha-2
10040:alpha-1
10030:serpins
9953:Opsonin
9932:NK cell
9920:Humoral
9800:Central
9767:Allergy
9716:Isotype
9616:Epitope
9587:Antigen
9475:5 March
9435:8547804
9376:7987302
9282:4999880
9261:Bibcode
9190:2877985
9020:3322562
8958:Bibcode
8891:4143332
8868:Bibcode
8832:4881815
8783:5942852
8760:Bibcode
8578:FORCE11
8533:3829129
8516:: 153.
8482:4648211
8465:: 134.
8431:3771067
8281:7951745
8272:2366430
8230:9711649
8161:Methods
7994:6087121
7563:4916912
7514:8314874
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