780:, and a number of membranous processes or trabeculae extend from its internal surface. The trabeculae pass inward, radiating toward the center of the node, for about one-third or one-fourth of the space between the circumference and the center of the node. In some animals they are sufficiently well-marked to divide the peripheral or cortical portion of the node into a number of compartments (nodules), but in humans this arrangement is not obvious. The larger trabeculae springing from the capsule break up into finer bands, and these interlace to form a mesh-work in the central or medullary portion of the node. These trabecular spaces formed by the interlacing trabeculae contain the proper lymph node substance or lymphoid tissue. The node pulp does not, however, completely fill the spaces, but leaves between its outer margin and the enclosing trabeculae a channel or space of uniform width throughout. This is termed the subcapsular sinus (lymph path or lymph sinus). Running across it are a number of finer trabeculae of reticular fibers, mostly covered by ramifying cells.
548:
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31:
43:
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962:. Depending on the cause, swelling may be painful, particularly if the expansion is rapid and due to an infection or inflammation. Lymph node enlargement may be localised to an area, which might suggest a local source of infection or a tumour in that area that has spread to the lymph node. It may also be generalised, which might suggest infection, connective tissue or autoimmune disease, or a malignancy of blood cells such as a
1157:
1113:) of tissue relating to insufficient clearance by the lymphatic system. It can be congenital as a result usually of undeveloped or absent lymph nodes, and is known as primary lymphedema. Lymphedema most commonly arises in the arms or legs, but can also occur in the chest wall, genitals, neck, and abdomen. Secondary lymphedema usually results from the removal of lymph nodes during
857:. These drain into and from lymph nodes – afferent vessels drain into nodes, and efferent vessels from nodes. When lymph fluid enters a node, it drains into the node just beneath the capsule in a space called the subcapsular sinus. The subcapsular sinus drains into trabecular sinuses and finally into medullary sinuses. The sinus space is criss-crossed by the
757:
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the B and T cell zone interface. If a cognate FTh cell is found it will upregulate CD40L and promote somatic hypermutation and isotype class switching of the B cell, increasing its antigen binding affinity and changing its effector function. Proliferation of cells within a lymph node will make the node expand.
717:
These are channels within the node lined by endothelial cells along with fibroblastic reticular cells, allowing for the smooth flow of lymph. The endothelium of the subcapsular sinus is continuous with that of the afferent lymph vessel and also with that of the similar sinuses flanking the trabeculae
849:
B cells acquire antigen directly from the afferent lymph. If a B cell binds its cognate antigen it will be activated. Some B cells will immediately develop into antibody secreting plasma cells, and secrete IgM. Other B cells will internalize the antigen and present it to follicular helper T cells on
817:, that it can bind to. These circulate throughout the bloodstream and if they find this target, the antibodies bind to it and stimulate an immune response. Each B cell produces different antibodies, and this process is driven in lymph nodes. B cells enter the bloodstream as "naive" cells produced in
1137:
are the larger secondary lymphoid organs that serve somewhat similar functions to lymph nodes, though the spleen filters blood cells rather than lymph. The tonsils are sometimes erroneously referred to as lymph nodes. Although the tonsils and lymph nodes do share certain characteristics, there are
808:
The primary function of lymph nodes is the filtering of lymph to identify and fight infection. In order to do this, lymph nodes contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which includes B cells and T cells. These circulate through the bloodstream and enter and reside in lymph nodes. B cells
1121:. It can also be caused by some parasitic infections. Affected tissues are at a great risk of infection. Management of lymphedema may include advice to lose weight, exercise, keep the affected limb moist, and compress the affected area. Sometimes surgical management is also considered.
325:
Lymph nodes are present throughout the body, are more concentrated near and within the trunk, and are divided into groups. There are about 450 lymph nodes in the adult. Some lymph nodes can be felt when enlarged (and occasionally when not), such as the
1097:
to determine if there is evidence of cells that appear cancerous (i.e. have metastasized into the node). The staging of the cancer, and therefore the treatment approach and prognosis, is predicated on the presence of node metastases.
821:. After entering a lymph node, they then enter a lymphoid follicle, where they multiply and divide, each producing a different antibody. If a cell is stimulated, it will go on to produce more antibodies (a plasma cell) or act as a
718:
and within the cortex. These vessels are smaller and do not allow the passage of macrophages so that they remain contained to function within a lymph node. In the course of the lymph, lymphocytes may be activated as part of the
846:, such as dendritic cells. These antigen presenting cells enter the lymph system and then lymph nodes. They present the antigen to T cells and, if there is a T cell with the appropriate T cell receptor, it will be activated.
710:) underneath the capsule called the subcapsular sinus. From here, lymph flows into sinuses within the cortex. After passing through the cortex, lymph then collects in medullary sinuses. All of these sinuses drain into the
311:, then into cortical sinuses. After passing through the cortex, lymph then collects in medullary sinuses. All of these sinuses drain into the efferent lymph vessels to exit the node at the hilum on the concave side.
1904:"Spatial and molecular organization of lymph node T cell cortex: a labyrinthine cavity bounded by an epithelium-like monolayer of fibroblastic reticular cells anchored to basement membrane-like extracellular matrix"
662:
in the T cell cortex. The reticular network provides structural support and a surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It also allows exchange of material with blood through the
563:(or lobules), each consisting of a region of cortex with combined follicle B cells, a paracortex of T cells, and a part of the nodule in the medulla. The substance of a lymph node is divided into the outer
1058:. Cancer of lymph nodes can cause a wide range of symptoms from painless long-term slowly growing swelling to sudden, rapid enlargement over days or weeks, with symptoms depending on the
1693:
Sharma, Amita; Fidias, Panos; Hayman, L. Anne; Loomis, Susanne L.; Taber, Katherine H.; Aquino, Suzanne L. (2004). "Patterns of
Lymphadenopathy in Thoracic Malignancies".
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also many important differences between them, such as their location, structure and size. Furthermore, the tonsils filter tissue fluid whereas lymph nodes filter lymph.
307:
and from there flows into a series of sinuses. After entering the lymph node from afferent lymphatic vessels, lymph flows into a space underneath the capsule called the
1441:
Dupont G, Schmidt C, Yilmaz E, Oskouian RJ, Macchi V, de Caro R, Tubbs RS (January 2019). "Our current understanding of the lymphatics of the brain and spinal cord".
571:. The cortex of a lymph node is the outer portion of the node, underneath the capsule and the subcapsular sinus. It has an outer part and a deeper part known as the
861:
of macrophages, which act to trap foreign particles and filter the lymph. The medullary sinuses converge at the hilum and lymph then leaves the lymph node via the
842:, chemical substances secreted from bacteria, or sometimes even molecules present in body tissue itself. These are taken up by cells throughout the body called
144:
3219:
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The medulla contains large blood vessels, sinuses and medullary cords that contain antibody-secreting plasma cells. There are fewer cells in the medulla.
970:. Rarely, depending on location, lymph node enlargement may cause problems such as difficulty breathing, or compression of a blood vessel (for example,
2394:
1401:
1093:
for cancer, lymph nodes may be imaged or even surgically removed. If removed, the lymph node will be stained and examined under a microscope by a
993:
such as fevers or weight loss. For example, a tumour of the breast may result in swelling of the lymph nodes under the arms and weight loss and
1360:
575:. The outer cortex consists of groups of mainly inactivated B cells called follicles. When activated, these may develop into what is called a
120:
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of lymph tissue, and secondary cancers affecting other parts of the body. Primary cancers of lymph tissue are called lymphomas and include
1848:"A novel reticular stromal structure in lymph node cortex: an immuno-platform for interactions among dendritic cells, T cells and B cells"
1757:
Dorfman, R E; Alpern, M B; Gross, B H; Sandler, M A (1991). "Upper abdominal lymph nodes: criteria for normal size determined with CT".
1541:
Schmidt JĂşnior, Aurelino
Fernandes; Rodrigues, Olavo Ribeiro; Matheus, Roberto Storte; Kim, Jorge Du Ub; Jatene, Fábio Biscegli (2007).
278:
Lymph nodes are kidney or oval shaped and range in size from 2 mm to 25 mm on their long axis, with an average of 15 mm.
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Lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node through multiple afferent lymphatic vessels, which form a network of lymphatic vessels (
894:, increasing the chance of T cell activation. Both B and T lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from circulating blood through specialized
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contains lymphoid tissue and is therefore believed to play a role not only in the digestive system, but also in the immune system.
2387:
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346:. The lymphatic drainage patterns are different from person to person and even asymmetrical on each side of the same body.
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near the groin crease. Most lymph nodes lie within the trunk adjacent to other major structures in the body - such as the
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is an indent on the concave surface of the lymph node where lymphatic vessels leave and blood vessels enter and leave.
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into the node. Lymph node involvement is often a key part in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, acting as "
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with white blood cells enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwork are known as
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Local cancer in many parts of the body can cause lymph nodes to enlarge because of tumorous cells that have
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and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells.
227:. A lymph node is enclosed in a fibrous capsule and is made up of an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
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There is usually only one efferent vessel though sometimes there may be two. Medullary sinuses contain
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1543:"Distribuição, tamanho e número dos linfonodos mediastinais: definições por meio de estudo anatômico"
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There are fewer cells in the medulla than the cortex. The medulla contains plasma cells, as well as
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1974:. illustrated by Richard E. M. Moo re (Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785.
1601:
Torabi M, Aquino SL, Harisinghani MG (September 2004). "Current concepts in lymph node imaging".
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Each lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, which extends inside a lymph node to form
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Cross-section of a lymph node with sections labelled.1) Capsule; 2) Subcapsular sinus; 3)
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that are enlarged or swollen. When inflamed or enlarged, lymph nodes can be firm or tender.
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to help the body fight future infection. If a cell is not stimulated, it will undergo
51:, and are present in most parts of the body, and connected by small lymphatic vessels.
42:
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The T cells migrate to the deep cortex. This is a region of a lymph node called the
629:. B cells are mainly found in the outer cortex where they are clustered together as
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towards either a more central lymph node or ultimately for drainage into a central
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form a supporting meshwork inside the node. The lymph node capsule is composed of
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may point to the cause, such as the speed of onset of swelling, pain, and other
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An overview of Normal Lymph Nodes and
Swollen lymph nodes and their evaluation
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of the tumour. Most lymphomas are tumours of B-cells. Lymphoma is managed by
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A lymph node contains lymphoid tissue, i.e., a meshwork or fibers called
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Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te Velde AA (October 2016).
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that immediately surrounds the medulla. Because both naive T cells and
802:
745:
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645:
614:
197:
2271:
2256:"The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature"
1846:
Katakai T, Hara T, Lee JH, Gonda H, Sugai M, Shimizu A (August 2004).
916:
A still image from a 3D medical animation showing enlarged lymph nodes
912:
192:. A large number of lymph nodes are linked throughout the body by the
157:
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858:
839:
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In the lymphatic system, a lymph node is a secondary lymphoid organ.
282:
247:
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2499:
2081:"Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis"
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1978:
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Kaldjian EP, Gretz JE, Anderson AO, Shi Y, Shaw S (October 2001).
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Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
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or enlarged in various diseases, which may range from trivial
208:. Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the
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2509:
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2123:
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2019:
1402:"Historical review of lymphatic studies in the head and neck"
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Lymph is present throughout the body, and circulates through
680:
300:
255:
83:
1880:
246:, which decides the treatment to be used and determines the
2903:
2638:
2514:
2432:
1440:
887:
408:
1807:"Normal structure, function, and histology of lymph nodes"
1534:
1279:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 209–210.
756:
285:. The substance of a lymph node is divided into the outer
2938:
2755:
2519:
1970:
Warwick R, Williams PL (1973) . "Angiology (Chapter 6)".
1756:
2253:
2230:"What is the Difference Between Tonsils and Lymph Nodes"
1901:
1692:
1600:
1226:(Second ed.). J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 3.
1016:
and scans may be needed to further examine the cause. A
679:
Labeled diagram of human lymph node showing the flow of
403:
10 mm for ovoid lymph nodes, 8 mm for rounded
303:
enters the convex side of a lymph node through multiple
2079:
Gaddey, Heidi L.; Riegel, Angela M. (1 December 2016).
1277:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
1274:
2354: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
2307:
Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP (2018).
875:
The B cells migrate to the nodular cortex and medulla.
813:. Each antibody has a single predetermined target, an
2164:
Maclellan RA, Greene AK (August 2014). "Lymphedema".
1942:
1752:
1750:
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242:. The condition of lymph nodes is very important in
212:, acting as filters for foreign particles including
1845:
1688:
1686:
1477:
714:to exit the node at the hilum on the concave side.
3317:
2192:
1327:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). "Lymphoid tissues".
1737:
890:, they are drawn into the paracortex by the same
559:A lymph node is divided into compartments called
3592:
2159:
2157:
2155:
1943:Henrikson RC, Mazurkiewicz JE (1 January 1997).
1683:
1483:
1326:
977:Enlarged lymph nodes might be felt as part of a
930:. Swelling may be due to many causes, including
648:which are present within the medullary sinuses.
555:, showing dark, light, mantle and marginal zones
2325:
2163:
2054:
2013:
2001:
1984:
1969:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1270:
926:Lymph node enlargement or swelling is known as
579:. The deeper paracortex mainly consists of the
2330:(7th ed.). West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
2309:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2306:
2146:
2134:
2117:
2066:
2042:
1889:
1484:Ganeshalingam, Skandadas; Koh, Dow-Mu (2009).
1331:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 73–4.
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1376:"Lymphatic Anatomy and Clinical Implications"
2402:
2078:
1804:
1793:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1046:Lymph nodes can be affected by both primary
729:(immobile macrophages) and reticular cells.
651:As part of the reticular network, there are
1656:
1654:
1652:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
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997:may suggest a malignancy such as lymphoma.
597:are cords of lymphatic tissue, and include
223:In the lymphatic system, a lymph node is a
35:Diagram showing major parts of a lymph node
3310:
3296:
3220:
3206:
2395:
2381:
1583:
1359:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1124:
1117:or from other damaging treatments such as
1089:systems. As part of the investigations or
609:In the lymphatic system a lymph node is a
464:Superior mediastinum and high paratracheal
353:, which is separated from the body by the
41:
29:
2279:
1919:
1863:
1822:
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1649:
1646:Last updated: Last updated: Feb 16, 2017
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583:. Here the T-cells mainly interact with
546:
265:
1839:
1399:
1219:
633:in lymphoid follicles, and T cells and
3593:
1373:
1275:Young B, O'Dowd G, Woodford P (2013).
1188:
1081:" of local disease, incorporated into
587:, and the reticular network is dense.
3291:
3227:
3201:
2376:
2227:
2223:
2221:
1963:
1949:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1667:Image Principles, Neck, and the Brain
1434:
1400:Pan, Wei-Ren; Wang, De-Guang (2013).
321:List of lymph nodes of the human body
274:; 4) Lymphoid nodule; 5) Trabeculae
2260:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1020:of a lymph node may also be needed.
760:Lymph node tissue showing trabeculae
1374:Themes, U. F. O. (6 January 2018).
13:
2218:
744:. It is lined by reticular cells,
439:Lateral retropharyngeal: 5 mm
14:
3622:
2345:
2328:Hoffbrand's essential haematology
774:dense irregular connective tissue
293:. These are rich with cells. The
2178:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.07.004
1805:Willard-Mack CL (25 June 2016).
1547:Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
1155:
801:Diagram of a lymph node showing
349:There are no lymph nodes in the
3431:Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths
2300:
2247:
2072:
1936:
1771:10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068292
1629:"Assessment of lymphadenopathy"
1621:
1560:10.1590/S1806-37132007000200006
621:, and are primarily made up of
542:
472:Low paratracheal and subcarinal
415:Generally (non-retropharyngeal)
1393:
1367:
1213:
1109:is the condition of swelling (
972:superior vena cava obstruction
869:venous subclavian blood vessel
377:of lymph node sizes in adults
1:
2326:Hoffbrand V, Moss PA (2016).
2166:Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
1415:. WoundsGroup. Archived from
1181:
1101:
690:Afferent and efferent vessels
670:
334:of the head and neck and the
47:Lymph nodes form part of the
16:Organ of the lymphatic system
601:, macrophages, and B cells.
344:tracheobronchial lymph nodes
261:
7:
2311:(23rd ed.). Elsevier.
1603:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1502:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0017
1196:"Swollen glands NHS inform"
1148:
907:
783:
770:reticular connective tissue
655:in the B cell follicle and
424:Jugulodigastric lymph nodes
359:meningeal lymphatic vessels
314:
10:
3627:
1220:Ioachim, Harry L. (1994).
919:
787:
751:
712:efferent lymphatic vessels
702:) and flows into a space (
653:follicular dendritic cells
318:
305:afferent lymphatic vessels
196:. They are major sites of
3556:
3504:
3496:Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
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2414:
2352:Histology image: 07101loa
2228:Lakna (31 January 2019).
2085:American Family Physician
1921:10.1093/intimm/13.10.1243
1824:10.1080/01926230600867727
1023:
864:efferent lymphatic vessel
479:
445:
407:
363:deep cervical lymph nodes
361:in the CNS drains to the
150:
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61:
56:
40:
28:
23:
3524:High endothelial venules
1908:International Immunology
1852:International Immunology
898:found in the paracortex.
896:high endothelial venules
844:antigen-presenting cells
720:adaptive immune response
665:high endothelial venules
637:are mainly found in the
611:secondary lymphoid organ
604:
225:secondary lymphoid organ
3345:Hematopoietic stem cell
1125:Similar lymphoid organs
991:constitutional symptoms
835:are molecules found on
748:and fixed macrophages.
533:Lower paraaortic region
509:Upper paraaortic region
368:
2847:Lymphoid immune system
2416:Musculoskeletal system
1409:Journal of Lymphoedema
1043:
917:
805:
761:
707:
699:
691:
683:
613:. Lymph nodes contain
556:
551:Histology of a normal
501:Gastrohepatic ligament
351:central nervous system
340:paraaortic lymph nodes
275:
190:adaptive immune system
152:Anatomical terminology
2835:Myeloid immune system
2621:Cardiovascular system
1865:10.1093/intimm/dxh113
1811:Toxicologic Pathology
1115:breast cancer surgery
1037:mesenteric lymph node
1031:
915:
903:Clinical significance
800:
759:
689:
678:
550:
269:
3363:Hassall's corpuscles
3187:Islets of Langerhans
3047:Genitourinary system
2783:Integumentary system
2363:Lymph Nodes Drainage
1707:10.1148/rg.242035075
1223:Lymph Node Pathology
1056:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1006:medical practitioner
336:inguinal lymph nodes
332:cervical lymph nodes
328:axillary lymph nodes
238:to life-threatening
93:); nodi lymphatici (
3446:Trabecular arteries
3077:Reproductive system
2796:Subcutaneous tissue
2565:Cartilaginous joint
2206:. 18 September 2019
979:medical examination
946:, diseases such as
892:chemotactic factors
428:11mm or 15 mm
378:
355:blood–brain barrier
330:under the arm, the
230:Lymph nodes become
89:nodus lymphaticus (
2859:Respiratory system
2612:Circulatory system
1987:, p. 103,110.
1665:Luca Saba (2016).
1200:www.nhsinform.scot
1044:
985:. Features of the
940:autoimmune disease
918:
806:
778:collagenous fibers
762:
692:
684:
631:follicular B cells
557:
373:
276:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3414:Cords of Billroth
3371:
3370:
3285:
3284:
3195:
3194:
2718:
2717:
2708:Glymphatic system
2606:
2605:
2337:978-1-1184-0867-4
2318:978-0-7020-7028-0
2272:10.1111/cei.12821
1634:BMJ Best Practice
1000:In addition to a
855:lymphatic vessels
553:lymphoid follicle
540:
539:
485:Retrocrural space
357:. Lymph from the
309:subcapsular sinus
236:throat infections
194:lymphatic vessels
166:
165:
161:
3618:
3601:Lymphatic system
3514:Lymphatic vessel
3491:Tonsillar crypts
3451:Trabecular veins
3382:
3381:
3377:Secondary organs
3333:
3332:
3320:lymphatic system
3312:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3251:Lymphatic vessel
3222:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3154:Endocrine system
2916:Digestive system
2661:Lymphatic system
2644:Lymphatic vessel
2617:
2616:
2421:
2420:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2341:
2322:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2055:Hoffbrand's 2016
2052:
2046:
2040:
2017:
2014:Hoffbrand's 2016
2011:
2005:
2002:Hoffbrand's 2016
1999:
1988:
1985:Hoffbrand's 2016
1982:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1754:
1735:
1734:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1658:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1455:10.1002/ca.23308
1443:Clinical Anatomy
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1324:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1192:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1052:Hodgkin lymphoma
954:, or because of
790:Lymphatic system
776:with some plain
766:reticular fibers
619:white blood cell
517:Portacaval space
480:Upper abdominal
393:10 – 20 mm
379:
372:
186:lymphatic system
158:edit on Wikidata
155:
68:Lymphatic system
49:lymphatic system
45:
33:
21:
20:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3576:Germinal center
3552:
3536:Germinal center
3500:
3457:
3436:Germinal center
3367:
3349:
3322:
3316:
3286:
3281:
3255:
3246:Lymph capillary
3232:
3226:
3196:
3191:
3148:
3110:Seminal vesicle
3071:
3033:
2983:Small intestine
2910:
2853:
2812:
2777:
2714:
2655:
2602:
2580:Muscular system
2574:
2546:
2425:Skeletal system
2410:
2401:
2348:
2338:
2319:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2226:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2162:
2153:
2149:, p. 1324.
2147:Davidson's 2018
2145:
2141:
2135:Davidson's 2018
2133:
2124:
2118:Davidson's 2018
2116:
2112:
2091:(11): 896–903.
2077:
2073:
2069:, p. 1326.
2067:Davidson's 2018
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2043:Davidson's 2018
2041:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1941:
1937:
1914:(10): 1243–53.
1900:
1896:
1890:Davidson's 2018
1888:
1881:
1844:
1840:
1803:
1794:
1755:
1738:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1659:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1599:
1584:
1539:
1535:
1486:"Nodal staging"
1482:
1478:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1422:on 30 July 2021
1419:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1325:
1294:
1287:
1273:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1163:Medicine portal
1161:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1127:
1104:
1026:
987:medical history
983:medical imaging
928:lymphadenopathy
924:
922:Lymphadenopathy
910:
905:
884:dendritic cells
792:
786:
768:(reticulin) of
754:
742:
736:
673:
660:reticular cells
635:dendritic cells
607:
595:medullary cords
585:dendritic cells
577:germinal centre
545:
433:Retropharyngeal
371:
323:
317:
272:Germinal centre
264:
252:Lymphadenopathy
162:
52:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3611:Lymphoid organ
3608:
3603:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3442:Blood vessels
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3330:
3328:Primary organs
3324:
3323:
3318:Organs of the
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3039:Urinary system
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Laryngopharynx
2958:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Salivary gland
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2822:immune systems
2818:Haematopoietic
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:Somatic system
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2751:Sensory system
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2724:Nervous system
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2703:CNS equivalent
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2570:Synovial joint
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2346:External links
2344:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2246:
2217:
2204:MayoClinic.org
2191:
2151:
2139:
2137:, p. 961.
2122:
2120:, p. 913.
2110:
2071:
2059:
2057:, p. 114.
2047:
2045:, p. 927.
2018:
2016:, p. 109.
2006:
2004:, p. 111.
1989:
1977:
1972:Gray's anatomy
1962:
1955:
1935:
1894:
1879:
1858:(8): 1133–42.
1838:
1792:
1765:(2): 319–322.
1736:
1701:(2): 419–434.
1682:
1675:
1648:
1620:
1609:(9): 1509–18.
1582:
1553:(2): 134–140.
1533:
1496:(1): 104–111.
1490:Cancer Imaging
1476:
1449:(1): 117–121.
1433:
1392:
1366:
1337:
1292:
1285:
1246:
1232:
1212:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1150:
1147:
1126:
1123:
1103:
1100:
1087:cancer staging
1064:haematologists
1041:adenocarcinoma
1025:
1022:
981:, or found on
944:drug reactions
920:Main article:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
876:
788:Main article:
785:
782:
753:
750:
740:
734:
672:
669:
606:
603:
567:and the inner
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
522:
521:
518:
514:
513:
510:
506:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
482:
481:
477:
476:
473:
469:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
450:
449:
443:
442:
441:
440:
434:
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
370:
367:
316:
313:
289:and the inner
263:
260:
244:cancer staging
218:detoxification
216:, but have no
164:
163:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
70:, part of the
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3623:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Immune system
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Peyer's patch
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3546:Marginal zone
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:Marginal zone
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Biliary tract
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2806:Mammary gland
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Fibrous joint
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:Human systems
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
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69:
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2327:
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2301:Bibliography
2263:
2259:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2208:. Retrieved
2203:
2200:"Lymphedema"
2194:
2172:(4): 191–7.
2169:
2165:
2142:
2113:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2009:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1945:
1938:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1814:
1810:
1762:
1758:
1698:
1694:
1666:
1638:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1606:
1602:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1426:21 September
1424:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1412:
1408:
1395:
1385:21 September
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1328:
1276:
1237:. Retrieved
1222:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1140:
1128:
1105:
1075:metastasised
1072:
1045:
1012:may include
1002:medical exam
999:
995:night sweats
976:
925:
879:
862:
852:
848:
831:
807:
793:
763:
739:
733:
731:
724:
716:
693:
657:fibroblastic
650:
643:
638:
617:, a type of
608:
599:plasma cells
594:
592:
589:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
543:Subdivisions
348:
324:
308:
299:
290:
286:
280:
277:
229:
222:
214:cancer cells
173:
169:
167:
121:A13.2.03.001
88:
18:
3541:Mantle zone
3506:Lymph nodes
3337:Bone marrow
3277:Lymphangion
3267:Lymph trunk
3177:Parathyroid
2877:Nasopharynx
2739:Spinal cord
2674:Bone marrow
2443:Collar bone
2358:Lymph Nodes
2239:14 December
2210:17 November
1095:pathologist
1083:TNM staging
1068:oncologists
1014:blood tests
952:sarcoidosis
948:amyloidosis
823:memory cell
819:bone marrow
803:lymphocytes
746:fibroblasts
741:lymph sinus
727:histiocytes
646:macrophages
615:lymphocytes
536:11 mm
520:10 mm
493:Paracardiac
475:11 mm
459:10 mm
456:, generally
454:Mediastinum
447:Mediastinum
418:10 mm
385:10 mm
375:Upper limit
198:lymphocytes
174:lymph gland
78:Identifiers
3595:Categories
3481:Pharyngeal
3426:White pulp
3402:Trabeculae
2956:Oropharynx
2696:Lymph node
2629:peripheral
2475:Metatarsus
2470:Metacarpus
2449:Thigh bone
2445:(clavicle)
2266:(1): 1–9.
2234:Pediaa.Com
1239:17 October
1182:References
1176:Lymph sacs
1107:Lymphedema
1102:Lymphedema
1085:and other
1033:Micrograph
932:infections
880:paracortex
859:pseudopods
840:cell walls
811:antibodies
671:Lymph flow
639:paracortex
573:paracortex
528:7 mm
512:9 mm
504:8 mm
496:8 mm
488:6 mm
436:8 mm
319:See also:
283:trabeculae
254:refers to
220:function.
170:lymph node
24:Lymph node
3229:Lymphatic
3162:Pituitary
3011:accessory
2966:Esophagus
2686:secondary
2598:Diaphragm
2542:Cartilage
2490:Phalanges
2097:1532-0650
1946:Histology
1779:0033-8419
1759:Radiology
1715:0271-5333
1569:1806-3713
1510:1470-7330
1355:cite book
1347:920806541
1119:radiation
1079:sentinels
968:leukaemia
837:bacterial
829:and die.
827:apoptosis
735:reticulum
382:Generally
262:Structure
248:prognosis
3471:Palatine
3409:Red pulp
3142:Placenta
3105:Testicle
3100:Prostate
3027:Pancreas
2988:Appendix
2978:lower GI
2951:upper GI
2899:Bronchus
2842:Lymphoid
2525:Vertebra
2480:Ossicles
2465:Mandible
2290:27271818
2186:25241097
2105:27929264
1930:11581169
1874:15237106
1833:17067937
1723:15026591
1661:Page 432
1615:15347718
1577:17724531
1528:20080453
1471:53102520
1463:30362622
1380:Ento Key
1149:See also
1143:appendix
1133:and the
964:lymphoma
960:leukemia
956:lymphoma
908:Swelling
886:express
833:Antigens
809:produce
784:Function
390:Inguinal
342:and the
315:Location
232:inflamed
188:and the
180:-shaped
91:singular
3531:B cells
3519:T cells
3476:Lingual
3463:Tonsils
3231:vessels
3182:Adrenal
3172:Thyroid
3090:Scrotum
3067:Urethra
3062:Bladder
2971:Stomach
2894:Trachea
2830:Myeloid
2669:primary
2535:Sternum
2485:Patella
2460:Humerus
2451:(femur)
2281:5011360
1787:2068292
1731:7434544
1640:4 March
1519:2821588
1205:4 April
1135:tonsils
1048:cancers
815:antigen
752:Capsule
627:T cells
623:B cells
581:T cells
569:medulla
561:nodules
291:medulla
240:cancers
206:T cells
184:of the
176:, is a
109:D008198
57:Details
3393:Parts
3386:Spleen
3355:Thymus
3167:Pineal
3127:Vagina
3122:Uterus
3117:Female
3057:Ureter
3052:Kidney
2998:Rectum
2934:Tongue
2882:Larynx
2801:Breast
2773:Tissue
2691:Spleen
2679:Thymus
2634:Artery
2593:Tendon
2588:Muscle
2552:Joints
2530:Pelvis
2505:Tarsus
2495:Radius
2455:Fibula
2438:Carpus
2408:organs
2334:
2315:
2288:
2278:
2184:
2103:
2095:
1953:
1928:
1872:
1831:
1785:
1777:
1729:
1721:
1713:
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1613:
1575:
1567:
1526:
1516:
1508:
1469:
1461:
1345:
1335:
1283:
1230:
1131:spleen
1091:workup
1024:Cancer
1018:biopsy
936:tumors
700:plexus
565:cortex
399:Pelvis
287:cortex
256:glands
178:kidney
95:plural
63:System
3486:Tubal
3397:Hilum
3272:Lymph
3260:Other
3238:Nodal
3137:Ovary
3132:Vulva
3095:Penis
3017:Liver
2993:Colon
2944:Tooth
2924:Mouth
2889:Lower
2867:Upper
2744:Nerve
2734:Brain
2651:Heart
2510:Tibia
2500:Skull
1727:S2CID
1467:S2CID
1420:(PDF)
1405:(PDF)
1111:edema
1060:grade
1039:with
1035:of a
1004:by a
764:Thin
708:sinus
704:Latin
696:Latin
681:lymph
605:Cells
301:Lymph
295:hilum
182:organ
172:, or
156:[
84:Latin
3566:GALT
3558:MALT
3085:Male
3003:Anus
2904:Lung
2872:Nose
2820:and
2791:Skin
2639:Vein
2515:Ulna
2433:Bone
2406:and
2332:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2286:PMID
2241:2019
2212:2022
2182:PMID
2101:PMID
2093:ISSN
1951:ISBN
1926:PMID
1870:PMID
1829:PMID
1783:PMID
1775:ISSN
1719:PMID
1711:ISSN
1671:ISBN
1663:in:
1642:2017
1611:PMID
1573:PMID
1565:ISSN
1524:PMID
1506:ISSN
1459:PMID
1428:2020
1387:2020
1361:link
1343:OCLC
1333:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1241:2022
1228:ISBN
1207:2020
1141:The
1129:The
1066:and
1054:and
950:and
888:CCR7
625:and
593:The
467:7mm
409:Neck
369:Size
204:and
145:5034
133:5192
116:TA98
104:MeSH
2939:Lip
2761:Eye
2756:Ear
2520:Rib
2276:PMC
2268:doi
2264:186
2174:doi
1916:doi
1860:doi
1819:doi
1767:doi
1763:180
1703:doi
1555:doi
1514:PMC
1498:doi
1451:doi
974:).
966:or
958:or
140:FMA
128:TA2
3597::
2284:.
2274:.
2262:.
2258:.
2232:.
2220:^
2202:.
2180:.
2170:23
2168:.
2154:^
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2089:94
2087:.
2083:.
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1992:^
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1912:13
1910:.
1906:.
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1868:.
1856:16
1854:.
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1827:.
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1781:.
1773:.
1761:.
1739:^
1725:.
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1709:.
1699:24
1697:.
1685:^
1651:^
1631:.
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1571:.
1563:.
1551:33
1549:.
1545:.
1522:.
1512:.
1504:.
1492:.
1488:.
1465:.
1457:.
1447:32
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1411:.
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1378:.
1357:}}
1353:{{
1341:.
1295:^
1249:^
1198:.
1070:.
1008:,
942:,
938:,
934:,
871:.
722:.
706::
698::
641:.
365:.
250:.
168:A
3311:e
3304:t
3297:v
3221:e
3214:t
3207:v
2396:e
2389:t
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2340:.
2321:.
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2243:.
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1959:.
1932:.
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1876:.
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202:B
160:]
97:)
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