1027:
3046:
1038:
2719:
349:
592:
1399:
92:
80:
610:
66:
2766:
1376:
576:
374:
1343:
3347:
1046:
2709:
600:
2088:
620:
895:. The members of the council were chosen by the wealthier class; this custom led to the establishment of a circle of "eligibles", to which the artisan class was strongly opposed since it excluded them politically. With the increasing importance of handicraft, a spirit of independence developed among the artisans, and they determined to have a voice in the city government. In 1349 the members of the
1791:") alone – responsible, amongst other things, for the land of the former Nuremberger monasteries – managed around 1790 properties in over 500 locations. In 1497, excluding the exclaves, the Old District available to Nuremberg, there were over 28,000 people, living in 5780 households in 780 towns. These tenants owed to the Imperial city allegiance, obedience, military service and tax obligations.
1110:, Grundherr, Gugel, Harsdörffer (Harsdorf), Hirschvogel, Holzschuher, Koler, Kress von Kressenstein, Löffelholz von Kolberg, Muffel, Nützel, Oelhafen, Paumgartner, Peller, Pfinzing, Pirckheimer, Pömer, Rieter, Rummel, Scheurl, Schürstab, Stromer, Volckamer. Many of these wealthy families became important patrons of art. At that time, many notable artists lived and worked in Nuremberg, such as
977:
520:
931:, the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle were purchased by the city (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders; The castle had been ceded to the city by Emperor Sigismund in 1422, on the sole condition that the Imperial suite of rooms be reserved for the Emperor's use. Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory.
1492:
income of the burgeoning urban middle classes; and the growing need for cities to secure an adequate supply of food for its inhabitants, raw materials for its craftsmen, and military self-protection. Before the end of the 18th century, with
Bavarian and Prussian annexation of Nuremberger territory, the city territory was as described below:
712:) from 1173/74. This castellan not only administered the imperial lands surrounding Nuremberg, but levied taxes and constituted the highest judicial court in matters relating to poaching and forestry; he also was the appointed protector of the various ecclesiastical establishments, churches and monasteries, even of the
1491:
The territorial expansion of imperial cities since the mid-14th century had several general causes, all found in the case of
Nuremberg – the weakness of imperial power and an inability to maintain law and order; the debt crisis of neighbouring landed and knightly nobles in comparison with the capital
1260:
soldiers, war-contributions, demands for arms, semi-compulsory presents to commanders of the warring armies and the cessation of trade, caused irreparable damage to the city. The population, which in 1620 had been over 45,000, sank to 25,000. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the city, occupied
934:
In 1431, the population was about 22,800 including 7146 persons qualified to bear arms, 381 secular and regular priests, 744 Jews and non-citizens. As an emerging regional power, however
Nuremberg soon came into conflict with the old dynasty, the former burgraves, who had brought large areas of the
909:
in the dispute over the German kingship between Louis's
Bavarian heirs and the patricians, who sided with Emperor Charles. The result of this uprising was a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were then
1105:
of 1521, the circle of councilable families was finally established and the patriciate of then forty-two families was closed. Later, only very few further families were admitted. Among the ruling patricians were also the Behaim, Ebner von
Eschenbach, FĂĽrer von Haimendorf, Geuder von
2240:
and were now occupied, which led to corresponding tax losses for
Nuremberg; protests to the Emperor and the Empire were in vain, due to the military-political situation at the time. The power-play over the Nuremberger legacy saw the Electorate providing goodwill and support to
1314:, appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the Landshut War of succession, to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia claimed and occupied part of the territory in 1796. Realising its weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but
814:
river. Jews had been settled in that flood-prone area, but as the city leaders realised, this center of town was crucial to its future development. Hence, they decided that the Jewish population had to be removed. This area is now the place of the city market, the
716:. The privileges of this castellanship were transferred to the city during the late-14th and early-15th centuries. The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellan finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city.
1232:, the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Bamberg affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved.
1633:, was held by the burgraves and, thus, was acquired by Nuremberg in 1427 when it purchased the burgravial holdings, including the castle and, importantly, the right of high justice. Whilst this was later disputed by the Hohenzollern margraves, the
918:
and successfully defended its extensive trade against the burgraves. Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. After the castle had been destroyed by fire in 1420 during a feud between
745:
were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. The increasing demands of the royal court and the increasing importance of the city attracted increased trade and commerce to
Nuremberg, supported by the Hohenstaufen emperors.
890:
Until the mid-13th century, the Lesser, reigning, Council consisted of 13 magistrates and 13 councillors; towards the end of the century 8 members of the practically unimportant Great
Council were added, and, from 1370, 8 representatives of
1098:
from
Augsburg, and others, while newer families were also successful in trading. By the 15th century, more than half of the older families had extinguished and 22 new families were admitted to the "inner council". With the enactment of the
1273:. The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial center. Even after the Thirty Years' War, however, there was a late flowering of architecture and culture – secular
1247:
of Africa and the territorial fragmentation in the Empire led to a decline in trade and, thus, the city's affluence. The ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade; under
1731:) that were indirect estates and possessions of Nuremberg citizens and of former religious institutions (such as the monasteries secularised by the city in the 16th century) and charitable institutions (in particular the
2676:
913:
Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the princes of the empire. The city protected itself from hostile attacks by a
640:
400 BC. The area of the city of
Nuremberg itself – and especially today's old town – has detectable traces of a settlement as early as the 9th century. At that time, present-day Nuremberg was on the border between the
91:
490:. Increased trade routes elsewhere and the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new
1720:
1590:
1443:
1424:
1381:
699:
406:
1330:
on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September; its population was then 25,200 and its public debt totalled 12.5 million guilder, with Bavaria guaranteeing their
866:(reigned 1411–37) granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently in Nuremberg in 1423. These remained in Nuremberg until 1796, when the advance of French troops required their removal to
1063:("Nuremberg trinkets go all through the land") and Nuremberg's wealth was known as "the Imperial Treasure Chest". The city's revenues were said to have been greater than those of the whole
2706:
3008:
658:. Nuremberg was probably founded around the turn of the 11th century, according to the first documentary mention of the city in 1050, as the location of an Imperial castle between the
2999:
2277:) over the Old District in 1796, Nuremberg was all but restricted to the territory circumscribed by town walls; Nuremberg retained the right of high justice only over the reduced
1252:(reigned 1658–1705) the patriciate was converted to a hereditary corporation, leading the merchant class to appeal to the Imperial counsellor, albeit unsuccessfully. During the
1196:
led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (65 km), becoming the largest Imperial city in the Empire, acquisitions confirmed by
2461:
877:
Charles IV had strong ties to Nuremberg, staying within its city walls 52 times and thereby strengthening its reputation amongst German cities. Charles was the patron of the
2021:
of the New District were demarcated with stones showing the limits of the city's judicial, financial and administrative powers exercised by the district. Only in the
1488:; in this territory, the city had full sovereignty. In 1790, around 25,000 lived with city walls and a further 35,000 in the extramural territories of the city.
2376:
3680:
165:
1283:, destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century and considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia.
1205:
3675:
3038:
1225:
697:
emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (
1406:
The Imperial City comprised some 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi), making it one of the largest imperial cities territories; after the
79:
2765:
3030:
2039:
and extending into parts of the Imperial forests, did the margraviate deny high justice to the city authorities; the self-government of cities
905:("Craftsmen's Uprising"), supported by merchants and some councillors. This uprising was mainly political, with the agitators siding with the
948:
155:
1702:. At the time, the high courts held jurisdiction over the Nuremberg farmers' courts, the forest courts of the two Imperial forests and the
2364:
1057:. The years between 1470 and 1530 are generally regarded as the city's heyday. Nuremberg traded in virtually all of the then-known world:
2698:
1599:
1228:, one of the leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without declaring war and forced the conclusion of a disadvantageous peace. At the
681:
and the first administration and courts over the surrounding Imperial territories. The first burgraves were from the Austrian House of
17:
806:. Behind the massacre in 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the
1286:
After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for the
1026:
3621:
2154:, the city's territory and its population were violently affected by quartering of troops, looting, troop movements and disease.
2293:
In 1972, most of the former territories of Nuremberg – particularly those in the New District – were reunited into the Bavarian
1277:
is exemplified in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of the
685:
but, with the extinction of their male line around 1190, the burgraviate was inherited by the last count's son-in-law, of the
2964:
2162:
1311:
998:
541:
1734:
3607:
920:
708:
2513:
65:
3023:
2261:(1750–1822), had been trying to create an integral Prussian Province of Franconia. When Prussia, in the course of her
2667:
2648:
2612:
2205:
2000:
1485:
1193:
728:
454:
446:
249:
3387:
1456:), was a conglomeration of lordships and possessions of Nuremberg burghers, monasteries and social facilities. That
671:. From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes.
1197:
936:
747:
2745:
2691:
2580:
2348:
1367:
1315:
1037:
99:
2755:
850:
must hold their first Imperial Diet, making Nuremberg one of the three highest cities of the Empire, along with
1287:
1256:
it did not always succeed in preserving its policy of neutrality. Frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and
839:
476:
3670:
3177:
3016:
2250:
1484:– was a source of constant conflict. The New District is made up of the territory gained by Nuremberg in the
1249:
1213:
1079:
863:
632:
First evidence of a settlement in the Nuremberg area can be detected as early as the year 1050 BC. Later the
1298:. Restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures, especially in
3072:
835:
2708:
591:
2740:
2287:
1262:
713:
1452:
471:, Nuremberg became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time. The
3665:
2684:
2256:
1327:
1185:
774:
policy, almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves. Nuremberg soon became, with
495:
2111:
in 1805, with Nuremberg just south of center, showing most of the city's erstwhile possessions now in
1326:. At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the
3292:
1557:
1398:
483:
must hold their first Imperial Diet, making Nuremberg one of the three highest cities of the Empire.
2507:
2372:
3257:
2989:
2925:
2787:
2575:
2343:
2135:
1473:
1270:
1257:
826:
570:
434:
354:
2204:
for judicial and tax purposes. In 1790/91, the Electorate used its historic claim from before the
842:(reigned 1346–78) expanding the city's powers and granting improved customs privileges. Charles's
2848:
2782:
2126:
1529:
1154:
1041:
Print of The Angel with the Key of the Bottomless Pit. Made by Albrecht DĂĽrer in Nuremberg, 1498.
1002:
924:
818:
690:
545:
3307:
2935:
1822:
1422:
had anything like the same amount of land. The area was divided into the Old and New Districts (
960:
3132:
2876:
2813:
2750:
1839:
1748:
1509:
1468:
1091:
1083:
1053:
The cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made it the center of the
940:
486:
The cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made it the center of the
3363:
3197:
3187:
3087:
2805:
1956:
3267:
3217:
2446:
2158:
2114:
2046:
1972:
1411:
1307:
1177:(1494–1576) provides at least one major literary figure who lived at this time in Nuremberg.
798:
686:
674:
613:
609:
3492:
2960:
2151:
2106:
1996:
1967:) was successively acquired, in 1347 by Nuremberger families and in 1536 by the city itself
1884:
1481:
1390:
1299:
1274:
1253:
1236:
906:
663:
503:
449:, it grew to become one of the largest and most important Imperial cities, the 'unofficial
278:
3577:
1184:
at the Diet of Augsburg on 2 July 1500. At the beginning of the 16th century, siding with
1070:
8:
3557:
3332:
3127:
2166:
2147:
2098:
1912:
1848:
1715:
1636:
1477:
1323:
1291:
1217:
843:
583:
472:
236:
3297:
963:
in 1437 and the First Margrave War had reduced the city's population to 20,800 by 1450.
3660:
3477:
3365:
3039:
2985:
2972:
2912:
2843:
2792:
2495:
2281:
2246:
2208:
to occupy Nuremberger territories in what became known as the Bavarian Sequestrations (
2196:
2143:
2092:
1303:
1266:
1064:
1054:
944:
928:
761:
682:
655:
491:
487:
418:
367:
282:
3272:
2304:
1811:
992:
3050:
3045:
2981:
2871:
2838:
2724:
2712:
2663:
2644:
2608:
2242:
1894:
1583:
1229:
1181:
1082:
families who had an exclusive access to the "inner city council", such as the famous
794:
742:
724:
468:
426:
3167:
2440:
1111:
1030:
575:
3601:
3137:
2894:
2518:
2170:
1928:
1375:
1349:
1244:
1212:
gained important concessions, was signed there. During the 1552 revolution against
847:
790:
738:
642:
603:
480:
464:
442:
438:
3392:
3382:
3107:
2977:
2952:
1946:
1776:
1724:
1594:
1447:
1428:
1407:
1385:
1331:
1240:
1006:
986:
809:
757:
703:
549:
535:
529:
499:
410:
129:
47:
910:
dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a free city.
3532:
3327:
3302:
3097:
2956:
1742:
1319:
1189:
915:
139:
3117:
2346:[Political and Social Development of the Imperial City of Nuremberg].
2249:, to whom the two Franconian margraviates had fallen in 1791. Since then, the
3654:
3636:
3623:
3322:
2940:
2732:
1875:
1342:
1220:, Nuremberg endeavoured to purchase its neutrality by the payment of 100,000
1164:
1123:
1115:
1101:
1087:
3407:
3346:
3287:
3222:
3207:
1005:
to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by
548:
to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by
3517:
3512:
3487:
3402:
2268:
2190:
1754:
1537:
1457:
1170:
1135:
1131:
1045:
956:
884:
720:
694:
659:
450:
3572:
3437:
3317:
3277:
3237:
2930:
2902:
2367:[Sensational discovery: Nuremberg 100 years older than thought].
1902:
1831:
1679:
1462:
1209:
1201:
1107:
599:
265:
220:
175:
3595:
3522:
2087:
1067:. Nuremberg cities maintained trade offices in many cities, such as the
858:, where Emperors were crowned and which had been the capital of the old
3542:
3507:
3502:
3422:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3172:
3142:
3102:
1419:
1174:
1161:
1460–1529). Only literature was not as dominant as the other arts, but
1142:
1138:
867:
651:
422:
96:
Territory of the Imperial City, with modern district borders in yellow.
1641:("Imperial Chamber Court") confirmed these rights to Nuremberg in the
887:), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg.
3552:
3537:
3232:
3202:
3182:
3162:
3092:
2884:
2853:
2797:
2296:
1937:
1866:
1857:
1808:
1714:. Within but especially outside of the Old District, there were also
1703:
851:
479:(reigned 1346–1378), named Nuremberg as the city where newly elected
430:
119:
3447:
3427:
3412:
3262:
3212:
3122:
3082:
2889:
2861:
2169:
in 1777, the Electorate began to claim Nuremberg's exclaves in the
2015:
as an intermediate authority. In contrast to the Old District, the
1568:, over which Nuremberg gained jurisdiction in 1427) as well as the
775:
678:
143:
3417:
2774:
2662:(in German). Hersbruck: Karl Pfeiffer's Buchdruckerei und Verlag.
3567:
3497:
3482:
3462:
3432:
3397:
3312:
3157:
3147:
3112:
2182:
1981:
1920:
1770:
1762:
1521:
1517:
1310:, eastern and northern Europe. In 1790/91, the Bavarian elector,
1295:
1221:
1150:
859:
771:
693:(1254–73), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the
392:
150:
2439:
1609:) Imperial forest was jointly held by the Nuremberg families of
955:, tried in vain to restore his former rights over the city. The
619:
498:
in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the
3562:
3452:
3442:
3282:
3192:
3152:
1709:
1588:; the forests were territory directly belonging to the Empire (
1095:
871:
855:
834:
The largest gains for Nuremberg were in the 14th century, with
1548:
family of Nuremberg, since 1477 a Nuremberg protectorate) and
719:
Nuremberg is often referred to as having been the 'unofficial
3527:
3467:
3457:
3377:
3077:
2621:
1402:
Nuremberger coat of arms at the entrance to Lichtenau castle.
1119:
896:
892:
779:
633:
1078:
The city government was exclusively run by about 50 wealthy
3547:
3472:
2830:
2826:
2598:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2344:"NĂĽrnberg, Reichsstadt: Politische und soziale Entwicklung"
1653:
1647:
in 1583, though it remained a constant source of friction.
1441:). The Old District, which also included Imperial forests (
786:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
862:. The royal and Imperial connection was strengthened when
2866:
1415:
2630:] (in German). Munich: Bayerischer Schulbuch-Verlag.
2601:
Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts
1180:
Nuremberg was one of the founding 27 territories of the
883:, built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely
84:
Nuremberg, shown within the Holy Roman Empire as at 1648
2605:
The history of Franconia to the end of the 18th century
2578:[Territory of the Imperial City of Nuremberg].
2525:
2319:
2003:
office structure prior to 1504. In 1513, the Nuremberg
1346:
The Imperial City of Nuremberg as at 1789, with modern
778:, one of the two great trade centers on the route from
2365:"Sensationsfund: Nürnberg 100 Jahre älter als gedacht"
1739:). These territories extended geographically from the
899:
unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in the
2643:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Kröner.
2157:
After the ducal line of Bavaria fell extinct and the
1200:
in 1505. In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the Protestant
2290:, also diminished by annexation by the Electorate.
1226:
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
770:), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent
3368:or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792
2082:
935:region around the city under their control as the
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
3652:
2607:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Munich: Beck.
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
1500:The Old District was located mostly between the
1379:The inner courtyard of the castle at Lichtenau (
1235:The state of affairs in the early 16th century,
846:named Nuremberg as the city where newly elected
2267:, had already claimed the margravial rights of
756:("Great Letter of Freedom") in 1219, including
453:' of the Empire, particularly because numerous
2657:
2634:
1995:resembles the administrative structure of the
3681:States and territories disestablished in 1806
3024:
2692:
2485:
2390:
2362:
2599:Sigmund Benker; Andreas Kraus, eds. (1997).
2302:
2294:
2278:
2272:
2262:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2209:
2198:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1990:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1900:
1892:
1881:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1740:
1732:
1707:
1697:
1696:of the fortress with the judicial office of
1691:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1436:
1347:
1278:
1162:
1068:
1058:
900:
878:
824:
816:
807:
799:
765:
751:
732:
665:
644:
623:
458:
218:
201:
39:
2079:remained under Nuremberger administration.
467:between 1211 and 1543. Because of the many
27:Free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire
3676:States and territories established in 1219
3031:
3017:
2699:
2685:
2437:
90:
78:
1658:and seigneurial rights for both woodland
2622:Max Spindler; Gertrud Diepolder (1969).
2462:"De Engel met de sleutel van de afgrond"
2086:
1397:
1374:
1341:
1134:. Also notable from this period are the
1044:
1036:
1025:
618:
608:
598:
590:
574:
1799:In 1504/05, the New District comprised
1476:– and subsequently the margraviates of
433:gained piecemeal independence from the
14:
3653:
1294:, the former amounting to 6.5 million
943:. This conflict came to a head in the
797:and 698 were slain in one of the many
3362:
3061:
3012:
2680:
1542:(since 1342 a burgravial fief of the
1414:in 1353, only the Imperial Cities of
307:1.200 km (0.463 sq mi)
2576:"NĂĽrnberg, Reichsstadt: Territorium"
2450:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2009:were placed under the newly created
1805:in the following places, all now in
1615:(acquired by Nuremberg in 1396) and
1318:refused, fearing to offend Austria,
1060:NĂĽrnberger Tand geht durch alle Land
970:
689:. From the late 12th century to the
513:
1370:between Nuremberg and another state
966:
789:of the town were accused of having
24:
1621:(acquired in 1372); the northern (
25:
3692:
2438:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
3345:
3044:
2764:
2717:
2707:
2637:Lexikon der deutschen Geschichte
2514:History of the City of Nuremberg
1650:Before 1790, Nuremberg held the
1603:). The fiefdom in the southern (
1269:by the army of Imperial general
975:
937:Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
854:, where kings were elected, and
518:
441:and considerable territory from
372:
347:
64:
2488:Einige Nachrichten von NĂĽrnberg
2363:Hartmut Voigt (11 March 2015).
2083:Gradual mediatisation from 1790
1989:The structure of the Nuremberg
1794:
1495:
1239:discovery of the New World and
874:, where they found a new home.
636:settled in the Nuremberg area,
595:Old fortifications of Nuremberg
402:Free Imperial City of Nuremberg
36:Free Imperial City of Nuremberg
2479:
2454:
2356:
1775:in the west to the arc of the
1751:in the north to the region of
1288:War of the Austrian Succession
1130:1485–1542) produced the first
750:(reigned 1212–50) granted the
509:
13:
1:
2312:
2251:Minister President of Prussia
1534:. It included the suburbs of
1360: Nuremberger territories
1204:, and in 1532, the religious
1158:
1149:1460–1508/09) and the master
1146:
1127:
961:recurrence of the Black Death
637:
3352:Free Imperial Cities by 1792
2581:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
2349:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
2286:and the exclaves within the
1977:, purchased in 1406, now in
1337:
1173:), playwright and shoemaker
1118:(1459–1507) built the first
604:Imperial Castle at Nuremberg
7:
3606:Member or associate of the
3062:
2624:Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas
2288:Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
1263:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
989:the scope of other articles
714:Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
532:the scope of other articles
98:City lands in darker pink,
10:
3697:
2592:
2257:Karl August von Hardenberg
2211:Bayerische Sequestrationen
2206:Landshut War of Succession
2167:Count Palatine of Sulzbach
1486:Landshut War of Succession
1472:) was administered by the
1328:Confederation of the Rhine
1194:Landshut War of Succession
1141:(1447–1533), the sculptor
993:Nuremberg#Early modern age
568:
496:Confederation of the Rhine
447:Landshut War of Succession
415:Freie Reichsstadt NĂĽrnberg
215:• Burgraviate sold to
41:Freie Reichsstadt NĂĽrnberg
18:Imperial City of Nuremberg
3590:
3373:
3358:
3343:
3068:
3057:
2965:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
2949:
2911:
2825:
2773:
2762:
2731:
2641:Lexicon of German History
2628:Atlas of Bavarian History
2142:In both Margraves' Wars (
2045:(from 1575 including the
1907:, bought in 1505 and 1511
1782:NĂĽrnberger Landalmosenamt
1676:in the Old District, the
1580:Imperial forests and the
502:in a period known as the
388:
326:
316:
311:
301:
296:
292:
275:
262:
246:
233:
213:
198:
185:
181:
171:
161:
149:
135:
125:
115:
107:
89:
77:
61:
56:
34:
2490:(in German). p. 89.
2173:as well as counting the
1880:, bought in 1503 now in
1816:except where indicated:
1627:) forest, including the
1554:(part of the burgravial
1271:Albrecht von Wallenstein
953:, Elector of Brandenburg
571:Burgraviate of Nuremberg
435:Burgraviate of Nuremberg
355:Burgraviate of Nuremberg
187:• First documentary
3000:Unencircled territories
2658:Rudolf Seufert (1993).
2635:Gerhard Taddey (1998).
1785:("Nuremberg rural alms
1155:Peter Vischer the Elder
925:margrave of Brandenburg
864:Sigismund of Luxembourg
727:, particularly because
126:Official languages
2373:NĂĽrnberger Nachrichten
2303:
2295:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2199:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2139:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1991:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1893:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1749:Franconian Switzerland
1741:
1733:
1728:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1451:
1437:
1432:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1372:
1348:
1279:
1163:
1069:
1059:
1050:
1049:Map of Nuremberg, 1648
1042:
1034:
941:Elector of Brandenburg
901:
893:artisans' associations
879:
838:(reigned 1314–47) and
825:
817:
808:
800:
766:
752:
733:
707:
666:
645:
629:
624:
616:
606:
596:
588:
494:on the signing of the
459:
414:
219:
202:
40:
2814:Schwarzenberg-Gimborn
2447:Catholic Encyclopedia
2264:Revindikationspolitik
2159:Electorate of Bavaria
2090:
2047:University of Altdorf
1506:("border waters") of
1453:NĂĽrnberger Reichswald
1412:Old Swiss Confederacy
1408:Imperial City of Bern
1401:
1378:
1345:
1048:
1040:
1029:
1007:splitting the content
1001:and help introduce a
753:GroĂźen Freiheitsbrief
687:House of Hohenzollern
622:
612:
602:
594:
578:
550:splitting the content
544:and help introduce a
536:Nuremberg#Middle Ages
203:GroĂźen Freiheitsbrief
3671:Free imperial cities
3308:WeiĂźenburg in Bayern
3040:Free imperial cities
2798:Hohenlohe-Waldenburg
2788:Brandenburg-Kulmbach
2245:in competition with
2243:Revolutionary France
2136:Province of Bayreuth
1997:Electoral Palatinate
1482:Brandenburg-Bayreuth
1316:Frederick William II
1275:Baroque architecture
782:to Northern Europe.
737:) and courts met at
628:of the old city hall
504:German mediatisation
463:) and courts met at
318:• 1648 estimate
3633: /
3573:WeiĂźenburg in ElsaĂź
2976:Circles est. 1512:
2951:Circles est. 1500:
2806:Löwenstein-Wertheim
2783:Brandenburg-Ansbach
2715:(1500–1806) of the
2486:Friedrich Nicolai.
2217:Large parts of the
2197:County Palatine of
2127:Province of Ansbach
1767:in the south, from
1735:Heilig-Geist-Spital
1637:Reichskammergericht
1478:Brandenburg-Ansbach
1218:Second Margrave War
1009:into a new article.
844:Golden Bull of 1356
584:Nuremberg Chronicle
552:into a new article.
473:Golden Bull of 1356
166:Oligarchic republic
3366:imperial immediacy
2997:
2993:
2377:NĂĽrnberger Zeitung
2140:
2001:duchies of Bavaria
1973:Pflegamt Lichtenau
1510:Erlanger Schwabach
1404:
1396:
1373:
1206:Peace of Nuremberg
1094:, a branch of the
1065:kingdom of Bohemia
1055:German Renaissance
1051:
1043:
1035:
999:discuss this issue
945:First Margrave War
929:Bavaria-Ingolstadt
927:) and the duke of
902:Handwerkeraufstand
836:Louis the Bavarian
762:Imperial immediacy
743:Diets of Nuremberg
630:
617:
607:
597:
589:
542:discuss this issue
492:Kingdom of Bavaria
488:German Renaissance
477:Emperor Charles IV
469:Diets of Nuremberg
419:free imperial city
368:Kingdom of Bavaria
111:Free Imperial City
3666:Franconian Circle
3637:49.450°N 11.083°E
3616:
3615:
3608:Swiss Confederacy
3586:
3585:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3051:Holy Roman Empire
3006:
3005:
2990:Electoral Rhenish
2899:
2881:
2858:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2725:Holy Roman Empire
2713:Franconian Circle
2441:"Nuremberg"
2161:was inherited by
2152:Thirty Years' War
1779:in the east. The
1410:left to join the
1391:Festung Lichtenau
1261:by the forces of
1254:Thirty Years' War
1230:Peace of Augsburg
1182:Franconian Circle
1024:
1023:
947:in 1449–50, when
725:Holy Roman Empire
662:and the Bavarian
614:St. Lorenz Church
579:Nuremberg in 1493
567:
566:
427:Holy Roman Empire
398:
397:
384:
383:
380:
379:
360:
359:
16:(Redirected from
3688:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3602:Hanseatic League
3360:
3359:
3351:
3349:
3268:Schwäbisch Gmünd
3059:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2994:
2897:
2879:
2856:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2768:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2711:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2654:
2631:
2618:
2586:
2585:
2572:
2523:
2519:German Knowledge
2512:, referenced in
2511:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2308:
2300:
2285:
2276:
2266:
2260:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2213:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2171:Upper Palatinate
2163:Charles Theodore
2133:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1906:
1898:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1835:
1826:
1815:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1746:
1738:
1723:
1713:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1513:
1505:
1446:
1440:
1427:
1384:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1350:Regierungsbezirk
1312:Charles Theodore
1292:Seven Years' War
1282:
1245:circumnavigation
1168:
1160:
1148:
1129:
1074:
1062:
1019:
1016:
1010:
979:
978:
971:
967:Early modern age
904:
882:
848:kings of Germany
830:
822:
813:
803:
769:
755:
739:Nuremberg Castle
736:
709:ReichsschultheiĂź
702:
669:
648:
639:
627:
562:
559:
553:
522:
521:
514:
481:kings of Germany
465:Nuremberg Castle
462:
439:High Middle Ages
409:
376:
375:
364:
363:
351:
350:
344:
343:
328:
327:
224:
205:
94:
82:
68:
51:
43:
32:
31:
21:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3651:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3582:
3369:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3273:Schwäbisch Hall
3064:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2975:
2945:
2907:
2857:(until 1744/64)
2821:
2769:
2760:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2670:
2660:NĂĽrnberger Land
2651:
2615:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2574:
2573:
2526:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2436:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2361:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2320:
2315:
2305:NĂĽrnberger Land
2138:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2085:
1947:Amberg-Sulzbach
1812:NĂĽrnberger Land
1797:
1777:Franconian Jura
1719:
1589:
1498:
1442:
1438:Neue Landschaft
1433:Alte Landschaft
1423:
1380:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:borders shown.
1340:
1208:, by which the
1020:
1014:
1011:
996:
991:, specifically
980:
976:
969:
860:Frankish Empire
698:
675:King Conrad III
580:
573:
563:
557:
554:
539:
534:, specifically
523:
519:
512:
500:Napoleonic Wars
405:
373:
348:
319:
304:
285:
268:
257:
254:
251:
250:Landshut War of
239:
228:
225:
216:
206:
193:
190:
188:
103:
97:
85:
73:
72:
69:
52:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3642:49.450; 11.083
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3600:Member of the
3598:
3594:Member of the
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2801:(from 1744/64)
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2733:Ecclesiastical
2729:
2728:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2655:
2649:
2632:
2619:
2613:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2524:
2478:
2453:
2389:
2355:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2130:
2121:
2084:
2081:
1987:
1986:
1968:
1951:
1933:
1908:
1890:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1827:
1796:
1793:
1644:Fraischprozess
1630:Knoblauchsland
1584:Knoblauchsland
1497:
1494:
1362:
1356:
1339:
1336:
1190:Bavaria-Munich
1112:Albrecht DĂĽrer
1075:in Frankfurt.
1071:NĂĽrnberger Hof
1031:Albrecht DĂĽrer
1022:
1021:
983:
981:
974:
968:
965:
870:and thence to
767:Reichsfreiheit
729:Imperial Diets
677:established a
625:Wolffscher Bau
565:
564:
526:
524:
517:
511:
508:
455:Imperial Diets
421:– independent
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
370:
361:
358:
357:
352:
340:
339:
334:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
276:
273:
272:
269:
263:
260:
259:
255:
247:
244:
243:
240:
234:
231:
230:
226:
214:
211:
210:
207:
199:
196:
195:
191:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
172:Historical era
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
140:Roman Catholic
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
102:in paler pink.
95:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
70:
63:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3693:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2973:(Lower) Saxon
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:Upper Rhenish
2958:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2877:Schwarzenberg
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2671:
2669:3-9800386-5-3
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2650:3-520-81303-3
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2614:3-406-39451-5
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:NordBayern.de
2366:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2274:Fraischbezirk
2270:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2225:Hiltpoltstein
2221:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2150:) and in the
2149:
2145:
2137:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2095:provinces of
2094:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:Lkr Forchheim
1959:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1876:Hiltpoltstein
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1803:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1280:Egidienkirche
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:meistersinger
1156:
1153:and sculptor
1152:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1124:Peter Henlein
1121:
1117:
1116:Martin Behaim
1114:(1471–1528),
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:dance statute
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1015:November 2018
1008:
1004:
1003:summary style
1000:
994:
990:
988:
984:This section
982:
973:
972:
964:
962:
958:
954:
952:
946:
942:
938:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
911:
908:
903:
898:
894:
888:
886:
881:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
829:
828:
821:
820:
812:
811:
805:
802:
796:
792:
788:
785:In 1298, the
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
754:
749:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
710:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
670:
668:
664:March of the
661:
657:
653:
649:
647:
635:
626:
621:
615:
611:
605:
601:
593:
586:
585:
577:
572:
561:
558:November 2018
551:
547:
546:summary style
543:
537:
533:
531:
527:This section
525:
516:
515:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:– within the
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
394:
391:
389:Today part of
387:
371:
369:
366:
365:
362:
356:
353:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
321:
315:
310:
306:
300:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
274:
270:
267:
261:
256:
253:
245:
241:
238:
232:
227:
223:
222:
212:
208:
204:
197:
192:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
93:
88:
81:
76:
67:
60:
55:
49:
42:
33:
30:
19:
3618:
3523:Schlettstadt
3518:Schmalkalden
3513:Schaffhausen
3488:Pfeddersheim
3403:Diessenhofen
3227:
2968:
2920:
2898:(until 1711)
2880:(until 1671)
2867:Reichelsberg
2659:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2604:
2600:
2584:(in German).
2579:
2517:
2487:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2466:lib.ugent.be
2465:
2456:
2445:
2380:. Retrieved
2368:
2358:
2352:(in German).
2347:
2292:
2269:high justice
2216:
2191:Hilpoltstein
2156:
2141:
2115:Hohenzollern
2012:Landpflegamt
1988:
1798:
1795:New District
1755:Gunzenhausen
1706:' courts in
1649:
1503:Grenzwässern
1499:
1496:Old District
1490:
1467:
1461:
1458:high justice
1405:
1368:Condominiums
1332:amortisation
1285:
1234:
1198:Maximilian I
1179:
1132:pocket watch
1100:
1077:
1052:
1012:
985:
957:Hussite Wars
950:
933:
923:(since 1417
921:Frederick IV
912:
907:Wittelsbachs
889:
885:Peter Parler
880:Frauenkirche
876:
833:
819:Frauenkirche
784:
748:Frederick II
718:
673:
631:
582:
555:
528:
485:
475:, issued by
401:
399:
337:Succeeded by
336:
331:
303:• Total
142:, from 1525
100:condominiums
71:Coat of arms
29:
3640: /
3493:Rheinfelden
3438:Kaysersberg
3278:Schweinfurt
3238:Pfullendorf
3118:DinkelsbĂĽhl
2986:Upper Saxon
2931:Schweinfurt
2903:Wiesentheid
2817:(from 1671)
2809:(from 1711)
2504:|work=
2070:Betzenstein
1832:Betzenstein
1802:Pflegämtern
1743:Steigerwald
1729:Straubesitz
1612:Waldstromer
1545:Waldstromer
1474:burgraviate
1469:Freigericht
1463:Zentgericht
1202:Reformation
1108:Heroldsberg
949:Albert III
801:Rintfleisch
758:town rights
691:Interregnum
679:burgraviate
660:East Franks
510:Middle Ages
332:Preceded by
266:Reformation
237:Golden Bull
221:Blutgericht
217:city, exc.
176:Middle Ages
156:Nuremberger
3655:Categories
3508:Sarrebourg
3503:St. Gallen
3423:Gelnhausen
3408:Donauwörth
3288:Ăśberlingen
3258:Rothenburg
3253:Reutlingen
3248:Regensburg
3243:Ravensburg
3223:Nördlingen
3218:Nordhausen
3208:MĂĽhlhausen
3173:Kaufbeuren
3143:Gengenbach
2982:Burgundian
2969:Franconian
2936:WeiĂźenburg
2926:Rothenburg
2313:References
2231:Gräfenberg
2220:Pflegämter
2076:Gräfenberg
2024:Pflegämter
2018:Pflegämter
2006:Pflegämter
1992:Pflegämter
1957:Gräfenberg
1921:Reicheneck
1903:Wildenfels
1895:Hohenstein
1704:beekeepers
1530:Schwarzach
1420:Strasbourg
1237:Columbus's
1188:, Duke of
1175:Hans Sachs
1171:lyric poet
1143:Adam Kraft
1139:Veit Stoss
1136:woodcarver
987:duplicates
868:Regensburg
840:Charles IV
791:desecrated
734:Reichstage
652:stem duchy
581:(from the
569:See also:
530:duplicates
460:Reichstage
423:city-state
312:Population
252:Succession
162:Government
151:Demonym(s)
3661:Nuremberg
3553:Turckheim
3543:StraĂźburg
3538:Solothurn
3323:Windsheim
3233:Offenburg
3228:Nuremberg
3213:MĂĽlhausen
3203:Memmingen
3188:Leutkirch
3183:Kessenich
3163:Heilbronn
3138:Friedberg
3133:Frankfurt
3093:Bopfingen
2941:Windsheim
2921:Nuremberg
2885:Seinsheim
2854:Hohenlohe
2793:Henneberg
2751:Franconia
2746:Eichstätt
2506:ignored (
2496:cite book
2471:31 August
2297:Landkreis
2282:Lichtenau
2280:Pflegamt
2195:into the
2058:Hersbruck
1955:Pflegamt
1942:, now in
1885:Forchheim
1867:Hersbruck
1858:Engelthal
1844:, now in
1840:Stierberg
1809:Landkreis
1721:‹See Tfd›
1687:Gostenhof
1606:St Lorenz
1600:Reichsgut
1591:‹See Tfd›
1577:St Lorenz
1538:Gostenhof
1444:‹See Tfd›
1425:‹See Tfd›
1382:‹See Tfd›
1338:Territory
1250:Leopold I
1214:Charles V
1210:Lutherans
1192:, in the
1186:Albert IV
1080:patrician
852:Frankfurt
804:massacres
723:' of the
700:‹See Tfd›
656:Franconia
643:Bavarian
431:Nuremberg
407:‹See Tfd›
136:Religion
120:Nuremberg
57:1219–1806
3596:DĂ©capole
3448:Konstanz
3413:Duisburg
3388:Besançon
3263:Rottweil
3128:EĂźlingen
3123:Dortmund
3108:Buchhorn
3088:Biberach
3083:Augsburg
2978:Austrian
2953:Bavarian
2895:Wertheim
2890:Welzheim
2756:WĂĽrzburg
2107:Bayreuth
2093:Prussian
1999:and the
1961:(now in
1849:Bayreuth
1716:exclaves
1690:and the
1680:Pflegamt
1673:Laurenzi
1290:and the
1267:besieged
1033:'s House
951:Achilles
823:and the
776:Augsburg
650:and the
429:. After
417:) was a
189:mention
144:Lutheran
3625:49°27′N
3568:Warburg
3498:Rosheim
3483:Obernai
3478:Munster
3463:Lucerne
3433:Herford
3428:Hagenau
3398:Cambrai
3318:Wimpfen
3313:Wetzlar
3178:Kempten
3158:Hamburg
3148:Giengen
3113:Cologne
3063:By 1792
3042:of the
2957:Swabian
2872:Rieneck
2862:Limpurg
2839:Castell
2775:Secular
2741:Bamberg
2593:Sources
2516:on the
2247:Prussia
2200:Neuburg
2183:Heideck
2148:1552–54
2144:1449/50
2119:hands.
2099:Ansbach
2042:Altdorf
2030:Altdorf
1982:Ansbach
1938:Hauseck
1823:Altdorf
1771:Ansbach
1763:Greding
1667:Sebaldi
1522:Rednitz
1518:Regnitz
1308:Bavaria
1304:Prussia
1300:Austria
1296:guilder
1222:guilder
1216:in the
1151:founder
1096:Welsers
997:Please
827:Rathaus
810:Pegnitz
772:customs
721:capital
695:Staufen
667:Nordgau
646:Nordgau
540:Please
451:capital
445:in the
443:Bavaria
437:in the
393:Germany
283:Bavaria
279:Annexed
277:•
264:•
258:1503–05
248:•
235:•
200:•
116:Capital
3628:11°5′E
3578:ZĂĽrich
3563:Verdun
3558:Verden
3453:Landau
3443:Kolmar
3393:Brakel
3298:Wangen
3283:Speyer
3198:LĂĽbeck
3193:Lindau
3153:Goslar
3103:Buchau
3098:Bremen
3073:Aachen
2913:Cities
2849:Hausen
2844:Erbach
2827:Counts
2722:
2666:
2647:
2611:
2382:21 May
2237:Velden
2134:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2064:Velden
1929:Velden
1725:German
1710:Feucht
1624:Sebald
1595:German
1571:Sebald
1448:German
1429:German
1386:German
1366:
1364:
1358:
1324:France
1320:Russia
1265:, was
1258:League
1224:; but
1092:Haller
1088:Imhoff
1084:Tucher
897:guilds
872:Vienna
856:Aachen
741:. The
704:German
411:German
322:25,000
130:German
108:Status
48:German
44:
3533:Soest
3528:Seltz
3468:Mainz
3458:Lemgo
3418:DĂĽren
3378:Basel
3364:Lost
3328:Worms
3078:Aalen
2831:Lords
2639:[
2626:[
2603:[
2176:Ă„mter
1836:with
1699:Wöhrd
1661:Ă„mter
1618:Koler
1565:Veste
1551:Wöhrd
1120:globe
780:Italy
634:Celts
3548:Toul
3473:Metz
3383:Bern
3333:Zell
3303:Weil
3168:Isny
2664:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2508:help
2473:2020
2384:2015
2375:and
2234:and
2187:and
2146:and
2103:and
2091:The
2073:and
2052:Lauf
2036:Lauf
2033:and
1980:Lkr
1945:Lkr
1925:and
1913:Lauf
1899:and
1883:Lkr
1847:Lkr
1759:and
1747:and
1670:and
1654:Vogt
1574:and
1526:and
1480:and
1466:and
1435:and
1418:and
1322:and
1306:and
1241:Dias
1122:and
1090:and
939:and
916:wall
795:host
793:the
787:Jews
683:Raab
400:The
297:Area
288:1806
271:1525
242:1356
229:1427
209:1219
194:1050
3293:Ulm
2301:of
2214:).
2179:of
2049:),
2027:of
1788:Amt
1693:Amt
1684:of
1664:of
1562:of
1558:Amt
1416:Ulm
1243:'s
654:of
281:by
3657::
2995:·
2988:,
2984:,
2980:,
2971:,
2967:,
2963:,
2959:,
2955:,
2829:/
2527:^
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