Torrens title - Knowledge

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State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions Therewith". Both laws established openness cadastre and registry information, and assigned to a single organization responsible for their management - Rosreestr . Entry in the Unified State Register of real property rights is a necessary and sufficient condition for the emergence of property rights to real estate. For information about the property, contained in the cadastre and registry, sufficiently detailed and structured cover most essential information about an object runs open cadastral map. With a fairly simple web forms can be found and read a part of the information on any object property. These laws are not, however, establish an immediate full liability of the state for the correctness of the information contained in databases. In 2015, the State Duma has been registered a bill that covers public access to information about the owners of the property. The bill was supported by the Government. According to some experts, the restriction of information openness reduces the chances of identifying the public cases of illegal enrichment and increases business risks.

1244:) into which the southern part of the Northwest Territories was divided. British Columbia uses a modified Torrens system. Since 1885, Ontario has used an English system, which is not a Torrens system, but it has similar purposes. In Ontario, electronic registration led to this version covering almost all land, but the past deeds registration still governs some issues. For properties still under deeds registration, a 40-year rule governed title, but the government converted them under a streamlined process. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia converted from a Deeds registration system to a Torrens title system in the 2000s, with the expense of the changeover charged to the purchaser. The only provinces in Canada which do not have Torrens titles include 997:

beyond that record. He or she does not need even to examine the Certificate of Title, the register information being paramount. This contrasts with a common law title, which is based on the principle that a vendor cannot transfer to a purchaser a greater interest than he or she owns. As with a chain, the seller's title is as good as the weakest link of the chain of title. Accordingly, if a vendor's common law title were defective in any way, so would be the purchaser's title. Hence, it is incumbent on the purchaser to ensure that the vendor's title is beyond question. This may involve both inquiries and an examination of the chain of title, which can be a protracted and costly exercise each time there is a dealing in the property.

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agency, and records both freehold and leasehold titles, along with easements/profits-a-prendre, mortgages, and any other charges over land. It is compulsory to create a folio in the land registry if land is sold/transferred/subdivided, multi-storey buildings are erected, or a new lease (over five years) is created. The vast majority of land in Ireland (by acreage) is held under Torrens title as compulsory registration in the land registry upon sale has been a requirement in rural areas for many years. Compulsory registration was extended to the (more urban) counties of Cork, Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Waterford in 2010, thus extending mandatory Torrens title to every part of the Republic of Ireland.

44: 752: 1014: 929: 824: 739:") was to give the instrument registered "priority" over all instruments that are either unregistered or not registered until later. The recording of the deed served to give notice to the world of the conveyance of title to the grantee named in the deed. The basic difference between the deeds registration and Torrens systems is that the former involves registration of instruments while the latter involves registration of title. 1582:

by federal tax liens, federal bankruptcy proceedings, or from incompetency, divorce, or probate proceedings affecting the seller. Since the system had been adopted by initiative, the legislature had no authority to correct those deficiencies. By an initiative adopted in 1954, the legislature was given authority to amend or repeal the system, and, in 1955, it was repealed.

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California adopted the Torrens System in 1914 pursuant to an initiative statute. Although participation in the system was voluntary, once an owner had registered his land, he could not withdraw from the system. The Torrens System, as adopted in California, did not protect buyers from defects caused

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A transfer of ownership of a parcel of land is effected by a change of the record on the register. The registrar has a duty to ensure that only legally valid changes are made to the register. To this end, the registrar will indicate what documentation he or she will require to be satisfied that there

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Russia adopted the Torrens system soon after the founding of the Soviet Union. Currently, the accounting and registration system for rights to immovable property in Russia is governed by two federal laws, which have adopted some of the elements and principles of the Torrens system. Accounting for

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Ireland first began to operate a Torrens Title system in 1892. So-called registered land (i.e. land held under a Torrens title) is recorded in the Republic of Ireland using a system of numbered county-level folios. The land registry is operated by the Property Registration Authority, a government

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system but applied only to land grants effected after the introduction of the Torrens system in the jurisdiction and to land that was voluntarily registered under the relevant Act. In Australia most land is now held under the Torrens system, although remnants of the old system of land title still

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Mirror principle – the register reflects (mirrors) accurately and completely the current facts about title to each registered lot. This means that each dealing affecting a lot (such as a transfer of title, a mortgage or discharge of same, a lease, an easement or a covenant) must be entered on the

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under federal law of 2007 No. 221-FZ "On State Real Estate Cadastre". Transactions by the account holder of these facilities is recorded in another database: “the Unified State Register of rights to immovable property and transactions with them” on the basis of federal law of 1997 No. 122-FZ "On

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and a Torrens title is that a member of the general community, acting in good faith, can rely on the information on the land register as to the rights and interests of parties recorded there, and act on the basis of that information. A prospective purchaser, for example, is not required to look

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estate to P1, but retained the title deeds and fraudulently purported to convey the fee-simple estate to P2. The latter could receive only the title retained by the vendor—in short, nothing. However, the case was ultimately decided in favor of P2, over P1. The courts of equity could not bring

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The Dominican Republic has been using the Torrens Title System since 1920. All of commercial property and most real estate within the main cities are registered and thus guaranteed under the system. An acceleration of registration for land in the rural areas is underway in the 21st century, to

1078:(Vic). Upon registration of an interest and subsequent recording on title of the interest, the registered owner's claim to that interest is superior to all other claims other than those listed in s.42 of that Act, which provides that the title of the registered interest holder is subject to, 1852:

Registration of title to land throughout the empire. A treatise on the law relating to warranty of title to land by registration and transactions with registered land in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, England, Ireland, West Indies, Malaya. &c. : a sequel to "The Australian Torrens

691:" or the "chain of title". This event may have occurred hundreds of years prior and could have had dozens of intervened changes in the land's ownership. A person's ownership over land could also be challenged, potentially causing great legal expense to land owners and hindering development. 661:

Curtain principle – one does not need to go behind the Certificate of Title as it contains all the information about the title. This means that ownership need not be proved by long complicated documents that are kept by the owner, as in the Private Conveyancing system. All of the necessary

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On the first registration of land under the system, the land is given a unique number (called a volume-folio number) which identifies the land by reference to a registered plan. The folio records the dimensions of the land and its boundaries, the name of the registered owner, and any

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The common-law position has been changed in minor respects by legislation designed to minimize the searches that should be undertaken by a prospective purchaser. In some jurisdictions, a limitation has been placed on the period of commencement of title a purchaser may require.

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Moreover, though a register of who owned what land was maintained, it was unreliable and could be challenged in the courts at any time. The limits of the deeds-registration system meant that transfers of land were slow, expensive, and often unable to create certain title.

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with the government taking over ownership of land its occupants cannot prove ownership of and the high possibility of fraud, lack of recognition of Certificate of Title issued under the Bim Saviya program and the lack of provisions for co-ownership.

593:. The Registrar provides a Certificate of Title to the new proprietor, which is merely a copy of the related folio of the register. The main benefit of the system is to enhance certainty of title to land and to simplify dealings involving land. 1375:. The 2017 Act introduces a judicial discretion to cancel an owner's registration of title in cases of "manifest injustice", which arguably frustrates the certainty of title considered fundamental to the principle of immediate indefeasibility. 647:, tracing title back in time through a series of documents). The State guarantees title, and the system is usually supported by a compensation scheme for those who lose their title due to private fraud or error in the State's operation. 1589:

is now the only form of land title registration in Virginia. Washington had voluntary Torrens registration until June 2022, at which time new registrations were discontinued. Existing registrations were terminated on 1 July 2023.

781:, lobbied for many years for a new title system to improve the currently cumbersome, slow and expensive system of land transfer. He was largely responsible for shepherding the new Bill through Parliament, enacted in 1858 as the 2658: 638:

The Torrens title system operates on the principle of "title by registration" (granting the high indefeasibility of a registered ownership) rather than "registration of title". The system does away with the need for proving a

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The register of titles is said to confer “indefeasibility of title” to the person or persons registered on the register as proprietor or joint proprietors of land. Although the concept of indefeasibility is similar to that of

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had started the process of surveying government and private own land for the entry into the Bim Saviya registration. As of date the process has not finished in land surveying and converting land owners original deeds into

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decided that a registered owner will obtain an indefeasible title to an interest or estate as soon as they become the registered owner of the interest or estate (the principle of immediate indefeasibility).

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brought most of the remaining land in the country under the Torrens system and by 1951 the register was considered complete, although small remnants of land may still exist under the deeds system. The

1337:, this is enacted in the Land Ordinance (Sabah Chapter 68). Unlike the National Land Code and the Sarawak Land Code, the Land Ordinance (Sabah Chapter 68) does not provide any indefeasibility of title. 1361:

further implemented the Torrens system. In the 20th century, academics and judges disagreed about whether to interpret indefeasibility as "deferred" or "immediate". In 1967, the Privy Council in

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The State guarantees the accuracy of the register and undertakes to compensate those whose rights are adversely affected by an administrative error. Claims for compensation are very rare.

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that affect title to the land. To change the boundaries of a parcel of land, a revised plan must be prepared and registered. Once registered, the land cannot be withdrawn from the system.

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Giblin, R.W. . "Royal Survey Work.". In Wright, Arnold; Breakspear, Oliver T. 'Twentieth century impressions of Siam' (Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company, London, 2008) pp. 121–127

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volunteer, where the registering party acquires the interest for no consideration (e.g. bequeathed in a will). By contrast, in New South Wales volunteers are entitled to indefeasibility.

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The registered proprietor of Torrens land is said to have an indefeasible title, which means that his or her title can be challenged only in very limited circumstances (see following).

912:, can also be noted on the register. There are legal rules which regulate the rights and powers of each of these interests in relation to each other and in relation to third parties. 1688:

The Law Reports : Equity Cases, Including Bankruptcy Cases, Before the Master of the Rolls, the Vice-chancellors, and the Chief Judge in Bankruptcy, Volume 11, 1870-71, 34 Vic, p.52

618:, a German lawyer living in South Australia. The system has been adopted by many countries and has been adapted to cover other interests, including credit interests (such as 2599:"A Game of Titles: The effectiveness of the Implementation of the current Land Title Registration programme under the Registration of Titles Act No. 21 of 1998 in Sri Lanka" 1094:

where the land is included by wrong description on the part of the Registrar and the proprietor is not or has not derived title from a purchaser ‘for value’ (s.42(1)(b),

787:. The system laid out in this bill became known as the Torrens title system, and was based on a central registry of all the land in the jurisdiction of South Australia. 908:, to name only the most common ways that ownership may change. Similarly, any interest which affects or limits the ownership rights of the registered owner, such as a 904:

has in fact been a change of ownership. A change of ownership may come about because of a sale of the land, or the death of the registered owner, or as a result of a

2743: 1180: 1931: 2393:"Федеральный закон "О государственной регистрации прав на недвижимое имущество и сделок с ним" от 21.07.1997 N 122-ФЗ (последняя редакция) / КонсультантПлюс" 2714: 1136: 2088: 1300:, and has continued in use since Israel's foundation in 1948. As of 2016, about 4% of the country's land area is still registered under a pre-Torrens, 2120: 2798: 2510: 2575: 2218: 884:. Ownership of the land is established by virtue of the owner's name being recorded in the government's register. The Torrens title also records 1440:

adopted a version of the Torrens system beginning in 1960 with the Land Titles Act, Chapter 157. Conversion of all titles was completed in 2001.

1097:“paramount interests” (s.42(2)(a)-(f)) – these interests, although even possibly unregistered, are 'superior' to interests that are registered. 2769: 683:, the vendor of land needs to show his or her ownership of the land by tracing the chain of ownership back to the earliest grant of land by 880:, in which all dealings with land are recorded. The register may be a bound paper record, but today most registers are typically kept in a 2523: 2624: 1578:, but the system was allowed to expire on 1 January 1992, after it was found to be unpopular with lenders and other institutions. 704:("no one gives what he does not have") and the ever-present possibility of undetected outstanding interests. For example, in the UK 2937: 2356: 17: 2203:

McRae, J.A.; Baldwin, A.J. (1997). "Title to land: its origins and development of the land transfer system". In Baldwin, J (ed.).

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The adoption of the Torrens title registry throughout the British Commonwealth, and its legal context, was covered in depth by

554: 2770:"Their Family Bought Land One Generation After Slavery. The Reels Brothers Spent Eight Years in Jail for Refusing to Leave It" 2920: 2753: 2323: 1071:, in practice there are some limitations to indefeasibility, and different jurisdictions have different laws and provisions. 665:

Indemnity principle – provides for compensation of loss caused by private fraud or by errors made by the Registrar of Titles.

128: 2981: 2991: 2071: 2045: 1184:), all Australian colonies introduced the Torrens system between 1858 and 1875. Since then, each colony, and since 1901, 453: 2826: 1585:

Virginia enacted a Torrens system option. However, it never became popular and the Torrens Act was abolished in 2019.

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introduced a Torrens system in 2002 with The Realty in Kind Registration Law, issued by Royal Decree No. 6 on 9/21423H

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of the person recorded on the register as the proprietor (owner), and of all other interests recorded on the register.

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Article, Possessory Title Registration: An Improvement of the Torrens System, 11 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 825, 828 (1985).

1504:, which is the survey of specific land parcels to define ownership for land registration, and for equitable taxation. 1114:

judicial action, where it can be shown that there was some contractual promise or undertaking by the registered party

579: 2955: 2187: 1965: 1904: 1053: 976: 863: 958: 2986: 2033: 1646: 756: 423: 1960:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press for the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. pp. 31 seq., 221. 1738:"A Comparison of the Australian ('Torrens') System of Land Registration of 58 and the Law of Hamburg in the 1850s" 574:

and land transfer system, in which a state creates and maintains a register of land holdings, which serves as the

1404:, "The Land Registration Act", which was virtually identical to the Real Property Act of Massachusetts of 1898. 2996: 1460: 1291: 1035: 1031: 954: 950: 845: 841: 337: 2375:"Федеральный закон "О кадастровой деятельности" от 24.07.2007 N 221-ФЗ (последняя редакция) / КонсультантПлюс" 614:, the first version of Torrens title enacted in the world. Torrens based his proposal on many of the ideas of 2095: 435: 1516:

industry. The high initial cost of Torrens registration is another barrier to the system's implementation.

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J.V. Brown II, Yes Virginia - There Is a Torrens Act, University of Richmond Law Review 9:301-303 (1975).

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of the chain of title would not give the purchaser complete security, largely because of the principle,

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to its first owner. The documents relating to transactions with the land are collectively known as the "

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Proposals to implement Torrens title systems in the United States have been strenuously opposed by the

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https://www.tamimi.com/law-update-articles/overview-of-saudi-real-estate-laws-and-practice/%7COverview

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O’Connor, P. (2005). Registration of Invalid Dispositions: Who Gets the Property? In Cooke, E (Ed.),

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Additionally, there are other exceptions or circumstances that can defeat indefeasibility, such as:

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Pilcher v Rawlins (1872) 7 Ch App 259, Court of Appeal, from Bradbrook, MacCallum and Moore, 2007,

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Ownership of land is transferred by registration of a transfer of title, instead of by the use of

2550: 2442: 1837: 1813: 1185: 1158: 1148: 1024: 943: 834: 736: 700: 446: 310: 43: 1896: 1874: 1358: 1174: 1152: 783: 768: 764: 606: 597: 387: 356: 1737: 1468:. The program has become highly controversial, with claims that it mirrors the reclamation of 1400:

The Torrens system was established in the Philippines on 6 November 1902, by the enactment of

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fraud committed by the registered interest holder . See, for example, the New Zealand case of

1877:, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5, Melbourne University Press, 1974, pp 301-302. 1571: 1229: 540: 428: 1805: 1536: 1249: 281: 1829: 1074:

For example, in the Australian state of Victoria, the Torrens system is manifested in the

802:, a German lawyer living in South Australia at that time, who had expert knowledge of the 8: 2465: 1611:, an enhancement of Torrens Title intended for apartment buildings and house-typed units. 1570:

was the first state to adopt a Torrens Title Act, which used a limited Torrens system in

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The second Torrens jurisdiction in the world was established in 1861 in the then-British

371: 242: 2392: 2374: 2360: 1252:, and Quebec, which is a civil rather than common law jurisdiction and instead uses the 1228:. Canada, through the federal Parliament in 1886, implemented the Torrens system in the 1980:

An Act respecting Real Property in the Territories, S.C. 1886, c.26; R.S.C. 1886, c.51.

1889: 1575: 1560: 1301: 1201: 732: 261: 118: 103: 72: 2006:. The compensation section is based on the now superseded sections 144 and 145 of the 2749: 2504: 2319: 2183: 2153: 1961: 1900: 1540: 1273:

promote a more efficient and effective real estate market in the Dominican Republic.

897: 791: 710: 705: 571: 204: 187: 113: 67: 2487:Дмитрий Коптюбенко, Елена Малышева, Яна Милюкова, Светлана Бочарова (10 July 2015). 1544: 1501: 1388:(native title) is recognised as a separate form of ownership. Some land remains as 1384: 1225: 1116: 993: 650:

In most jurisdictions, there will be parcels of land which are still unregistered.

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Understanding Electronic Registration: Rights of Way and Property Rights Generally

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Learning from the Past, Adapting for the Future: Regulatory Reform in New Zealand

1856: 1513: 1363: 1169: 397: 300: 197: 192: 2879:

California Ballot Publicity Pamphlet (General Election of 2 November 1954), p. 7

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Houghton, J. (2018). Immediate Indefeasibility with Transactional Uncertainty.

1548: 1473: 640: 517: 413: 366: 166: 157: 133: 2049: 1891:

Living in South Australia: A Social History Volume 1: From Before 1836 to 1914

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inconsistent legislation (in which case the most recent legislation prevails),

2970: 2604:. 1 General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Kandawala Road, Ratmalana 1528: 1493: 877: 77: 1860: 1563:

implemented it, however the system has since been repealed in these states.

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themselves to decide against a totally innocent (without notice) purchaser.

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land, buildings and natural sites is recorded in a database of real estate

1237: 889: 695: 627: 512: 276: 256: 233: 35: 2443:"ФСБ предлагает засекретить информацию о владельцах недвижимости в России" 751: 1382:

system, although remnants of the old system of land title still remain.

1346: 905: 418: 392: 286: 224: 219: 182: 1650: 794:

in the United Kingdom, experience gained from his years of working as a

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Va.Acts 1916, pp. 70, 558; Va. Code 1919, § 5225; Va. Code § 55.1-611;

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Torrens vs. Title Insurance: An Economic Analysis of Land Title Systems

1469: 1389: 1209: 1192: 1080: 1038: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 990: 848: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 715: 688: 680: 530: 499: 479: 171: 98: 52: 1500:, a Special Services Group of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, engaged in 1157:

The first sale of land registered under the system was to pastoralist

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official. He also used many of the ideas incorporated in the Act from

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Galaty, Fillmore W.; Allaway, Wellington J.; Kyle, Robert C. (2017).

1524: 1448: 1437: 684: 623: 503: 464: 271: 2825:

Lucas, Scott M.; Redford, Shaun D.; Rubi, Jackie (2 December 2015).

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https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170638/https://egrnreestr.ru/map

1478:

Prevention of Encroachments upon Crown Lands Ordinance No 12 of 1840

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is recognised as a separate form of ownership. Some land remains as

1013: 928: 823: 2576:"District Bim Saviya offices asked to report issues to main office" 1599: 1567: 1556: 1532: 1489: 1414: 1312: 1253: 1241: 909: 885: 881: 773:

Sir Robert Richard Torrens, Registrar-General and Treasurer of the

619: 489: 361: 351: 176: 138: 2748:(9th ed.). U.S.: Dearborn Real Estate Education. p. 90. 2219:"Chapter 5 - Regulatory Reform and Property Rights in New Zealand" 2526:

of Saudi Real Estate Laws and Practice| Retrieved 28 January 2018

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https://web.archive.org/web/20210209145845/https://egrnreestr.ru/

1327: 1233: 807: 795: 291: 143: 2938:""Washington Repeals Torrens Real Property Registration System"" 2715:"Recorded Land and Registered Land in Massachusetts | Deeds.com" 2625:"Sri Lanka's Land Rights: Bim Saviya & entry of Technology" 1958:

The Law of the Land: The Advent of the Torrens System in Canada

1678:. Sydney: Law Book Company of Australasia Pty Ltd. p. 106. 1330:, this is enacted in the Sarawak Land Code, Chapter 81 of 1958. 1200:

is leasehold (effectively Torrens freehold), while much of the

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information regarding ownership is on the Certificate of Title.

2426:Справочная информация по объектам недвижимости в режиме online 1232:. It has continued to be used by the three Prairie provinces ( 2409: 2342:. Department of Agrarian Reform, Republic of the Philippines. 1334: 803: 1826:

Bursill Enterprises Pty Ltd v Berger Bros Trading Co Pty Ltd

1323:, this is enacted in the National Land Code, Act 56 of 1965. 1644: 1552: 1520: 590: 494: 346: 108: 2425: 1355:

Land Transfer (Compulsory Registration of Titles) Act 1924

600:(1812–1884), who designed, lobbied for and introduced the 2207:. University of Otago/New Zealand Institute of Surveyors. 1296:

A Torrens title system was implemented by the British in

526: 1451:

has introduced a version of the Torrens system known as

1188:, has maintained its own land titles register of land. 2489:"ФСБ поможет чиновникам засекретить свою недвижимость" 2034:

lians.ca: "LAND TITLES - THE NEW BRUNSWICK INITIATIVE"

1264:

Fiji's Torrens statute is the Land Transfer Act 1971.

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those claiming the land on a prior folio (s.42(1)(a)),

1936:

Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping

1519:

The Torrens system is used in the U.S. territory of

2154:"Land ownership: Provincial administration of land" 1196:remain, called “General law land”. All land in the 1108:

Efstratiou, Glantschnig, and Petrovic v Glantschnig

1888: 1315:has adopted three versions of the Torrens system: 2741: 2968: 2824: 2357:"Основные проблемы гражданского права, глава 11" 2180:The New Zealand Torrens System Centennial Essays 1918:(Join archive.org and borrow to see whole text.) 1895:. South Australian Government Printer. pp. 1698:COURT OF APPEAL IN CHANCERY - PILCHER v. RAWLINS 876:The central aspect of the Torrens system is the 2834:Minnesota & Wisconsin Real Estate Attorneys 1767:Real Property Amendment (Compensation) Act 2000 1523:. States with a limited implementation include 2463: 2359:. Петроград, «Право», 1917 год. Archived from 1492:adopted the Torrens system in 1901 after King 1178:(which was later repealed and replaced by the 653:The Torrens system works on three principles: 1349:adopted a similar system from 1870 under the 548: 2509:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2352: 2202: 1711:Australian Property Law: Cases and Materials 2276:. New Zealand. Parliamentary Counsel Office 1378:In New Zealand most land is held under the 1003: 957:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 555: 541: 27:Land registration and land transfer system 2737: 2735: 2346: 2196: 1675:An Englishman looks at the Torrens system 1054:Learn how and when to remove this message 977:Learn how and when to remove this message 918: 864:Learn how and when to remove this message 2480: 2435: 2158:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1875:'Mortlock, William Ranson (1821 - 1884)' 1735: 1457:Registration of Title Act No. 21 of 1998 750: 2457: 2151: 1932:"Systems Of Ownership And Registration" 1926: 1924: 1602:, the equivalent concept in the French 1224:, now part of the Canadian province of 1191:The Torrens system did not replace the 14: 2969: 2732: 2657:Thomas J. Miceli & C.F. Sirmans, " 2410:Публичная кадастровая карта Росреестра 2301: 2004:The Land Transfer Acts, 1875 and 1897) 1989:Thom: "Canadian Torrens System" (1912) 1955: 1949: 1867: 1726:, G.J. Göschen, Leipzig 1907, page 121 790:Torrens drew ideas from the system of 658:register and so be viewable by anyone. 2796: 2537:"Singapore Statutes Online - Results" 2177: 2089:"National Land Code (Act 56 of 1965)" 2023:, Carswell, (2014) 38 R.P.R. (5th) 4. 2019:On the conversion, see John R. Wood, 1781:"Torrens Title:Compensation for Loss" 1691: 1671: 1474:British colonial government of Ceylon 1267: 731:The effect of registration under the 726: 129:Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property 2797:Perry, Shaun Watchie (August 2005). 2596: 2551:"Singapore Land Authority > News" 2010:of the Australian state of Victoria. 1921: 1886: 1849: 1843: 1682: 1392:(i.e. in New Zealand, public land). 1036:adding citations to reliable sources 1007: 955:adding citations to reliable sources 922: 846:adding citations to reliable sources 817: 2790: 2745:Modern Real Estate Practice in Ohio 2296:New Zealand Universities Law Review 1742:Australian Journal of Legal History 1371:The 1952 Act was superseded by the 755:Under the system many maps showing 24: 2960:Real Estate Institute of Australia 2948: 2836:. Olson & Lucas, PA. p. 3 2622: 2466:"Секретность коррупцию не задавит" 2307: 1855:. Toronto: Carswell. p. 773. 1790:. NSW Law Reform Commission. 1996. 1722:Hoffmann Karl Bernhard Edler von, 1163:South Australian House of Assembly 888:and the creation and discharge of 25: 3008: 2464:Павел Чернышов (6 October 2015). 2152:McAloon, Jim (24 November 2008). 1645:Land & Property Information. 2121:"State of Sabah: land ordinance" 1507: 1012: 927: 822: 813: 714:(1872), the vendor conveyed the 42: 2930: 2913: 2904: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2848: 2818: 2776: 2762: 2707: 2689: 2668: 2651: 2642: 2616: 2590: 2568: 2543: 2529: 2517: 2419: 2403: 2385: 2367: 2332: 2288: 2262: 2250: 2237: 2211: 2171: 2145: 2113: 2081: 2064: 2038: 2026: 2013: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1880: 1819: 1795: 1773: 1421: 1023:needs additional citations for 833:needs additional citations for 2245:Modern Studies in Property Law 2000:English Land Transfer Act 1875 1759: 1729: 1716: 1703: 1665: 1638: 1622: 1461:Survey Department of Sri Lanka 1395: 1341: 1292:Israeli land and property laws 989:The main difference between a 792:registration of merchant ships 757:Australian property boundaries 13: 1: 2860:tribunedigital-chicagotribune 2432:">Archived 9 February 2021 2416:">Archived 20 January 2021 1672:Ruoff, Theodore B.F. (1957). 1615: 674: 669: 436:Lateral and subjacent support 2856:"The Torrens System Expires" 2799:"Outline of the Torrens Act" 2182:. Wellington: Butterworths. 2002:(see Brickdale and Sheldon, 1498:Royal Thai Survey Department 1443: 1432: 1198:Australian Capital Territory 1142: 403:Practicing without a license 7: 2982:Property law of New Zealand 2663:Illinois Real Estate Letter 2311:Philippines Property Primer 2046:"Nova Scotia Land Registry" 1850:Hogg, James Edward (1920). 1593: 1484: 1307: 1204:is held under Crown lease. 1130: 746: 633: 612:province of South Australia 10: 3013: 2992:History of South Australia 2247:. Oregon: Hart Publishing. 1736:Esposito, Antonio (2003). 1289: 1276: 1222:colony of Vancouver Island 1146: 1088:those listed on the title, 777:and later a member of the 762: 598:Sir Robert Richard Torrens 329:Doctrine of worthier title 2956:"Torrens Title Explained" 2784:"Virginia Law LIS 55-112" 2178:Hinde, G.W., ed. (1971). 2008:Transfer of Land Act 1866 1407: 1285: 1246:Newfoundland and Labrador 1215: 1076:Transfer of Land Act 1958 775:colony of South Australia 733:deeds registration system 604:which was enacted as the 460:Conflict of property laws 316:Rule against perpetuities 2804:American Bar Association 2270:"Land Transfer Act 2017" 1887:Kwan, Elizabeth (1987). 1004:Indefeasibility of title 18:Indefeasibility of title 2987:Australian property law 2680:, 2021 Guam 1 ¶¶ 11-14" 2274:New Zealand legislation 1724:Deutsches Kolonialrecht 1351:Land Transfer Act, 1870 1259: 1159:William Ransom Mortlock 1149:Australian property law 1120:the unregistered party, 806:registration system in 701:nemo dat quod non habet 311:Restraint on alienation 2827:"A Torrens Law Primer" 2072:"Guzman Ariza Lawyers" 1629:Real Property Act 1900 1373:Land Transfer Act 2017 1359:Land Transfer Act 1952 1181:Real Property Act 1886 1175:Real Property Act 1858 1161:(later elected to the 1153:Real Property Act 1858 919:Effect of registration 784:Real Property Act 1858 769:Real Property Act 1858 765:Robert Richard Torrens 760: 607:Real Property Act 1858 596:Its name derives from 338:Nonpossessory interest 2997:Australian inventions 2697:"Ch. 508 MN Statutes" 1956:Taylor, Greg (2008). 1806:[2007] HCA 31 1466:Certificate of Titles 1385:Māori customary title 1230:Northwest Territories 1165:) on 25 August 1858. 754: 602:private member's bill 287:Action to quiet title 2314:. Lulu.com. p. 1998:It was based on the 1830:[1971] HCA 9 1755:– via austlii. 1250:Prince Edward Island 1032:improve this article 951:improve this section 842:improve this article 282:Equitable conversion 2921:""House Bill 1376"" 2445:. РБК. 10 July 2015 2363:on 12 October 2016. 2133:on 26 December 2017 2101:on 22 December 2014 2052:on 27 February 2017 1321:Peninsular Malaysia 1298:Mandatory Palestine 1069:conclusive evidence 694:Even an exhaustive 576:conclusive evidence 424:prior appropriation 372:Equitable servitude 2910:2019 Va. Acts 326. 2701:www.revisor.mn.gov 1713:, Lawbook Co., NSW 1576:Great Chicago Fire 1302:deeds registration 1268:Dominican Republic 1202:Northern Territory 1186:state or territory 761: 727:Deeds registration 454:Quicquid plantatur 262:Deeds registration 104:Adverse possession 73:Community property 2977:Real property law 2755:978-1-4754-3375-3 2623:Waduge, Shenali. 2397:www.consultant.ru 2379:www.consultant.ru 2325:978-0-9806346-5-5 2205:Law For Surveyors 1333:For the state of 1326:For the state of 1137:James Edward Hogg 1064: 1063: 1056: 987: 986: 979: 874: 873: 866: 779:House of Assembly 711:Pilcher v Rawlins 706:Court of Chancery 572:land registration 565: 564: 205:Concurrent estate 188:Defeasible estate 68:Personal property 16:(Redirected from 3004: 2963: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2678:Unpingo v. Derry 2672: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2597:FERNANDO, WASM. 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2439: 2433: 2423: 2417: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2354:Покровский И. А. 2350: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2305: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2126:. Archived from 2125: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2094:. Archived from 2093: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2048:. Archived from 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2017: 2011: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1894: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1847: 1841: 1823: 1817: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1777: 1771: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1649:. Archived from 1642: 1636: 1626: 1502:Cadastral survey 1496:established The 1226:British Columbia 1059: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1016: 1008: 982: 975: 971: 968: 962: 931: 923: 869: 862: 858: 855: 849: 826: 818: 759:need to be kept. 735:(also known as " 557: 550: 543: 524:Higher category: 470:Security deposit 267:Estoppel by deed 210:Leasehold estate 83:Unowned property 46: 32: 31: 21: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2967: 2966: 2954: 2951: 2949:Further reading 2946: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2772:. 15 July 2019. 2768: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2740: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2424: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2308:Gamsby, Perry. 2306: 2302: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2257:Frazer v Walker 2255: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2014: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1848: 1844: 1824: 1820: 1802:Black v Garnock 1800: 1796: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1653:on 9 April 2013 1643: 1639: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1596: 1514:title insurance 1510: 1487: 1446: 1435: 1424: 1410: 1398: 1364:Frazer v Walker 1344: 1310: 1294: 1288: 1279: 1270: 1262: 1218: 1170:South Australia 1155: 1147:Main articles: 1145: 1133: 1060: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1029: 1017: 1006: 983: 972: 966: 963: 948: 932: 921: 898:legal interests 870: 859: 853: 850: 839: 827: 816: 771: 763:Main articles: 749: 729: 677: 672: 636: 580:indefeasibility 561: 522: 409:Property rights 407: 255: 193:Future interest 181: 158:Estates in land 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3010: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2965: 2964: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940:. 9 June 2022. 2929: 2912: 2903: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2847: 2817: 2789: 2775: 2761: 2754: 2731: 2706: 2688: 2667: 2650: 2641: 2615: 2589: 2578:. Daily Mirror 2567: 2555:www.sla.gov.sg 2542: 2528: 2516: 2479: 2456: 2434: 2418: 2402: 2384: 2366: 2345: 2331: 2324: 2300: 2298:, 28, 261–292. 2287: 2261: 2259:NZLR 1069 (PC) 2249: 2236: 2210: 2195: 2188: 2170: 2144: 2112: 2080: 2063: 2037: 2025: 2012: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1966: 1948: 1920: 1905: 1879: 1866: 1842: 1818: 1812:438 at p 461, 1794: 1772: 1758: 1728: 1715: 1702: 1690: 1681: 1664: 1637: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1595: 1592: 1555:. Previously, 1549:North Carolina 1509: 1506: 1486: 1483: 1445: 1442: 1434: 1431: 1423: 1420: 1409: 1406: 1397: 1394: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1309: 1306: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1217: 1214: 1144: 1141: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1112: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1062: 1061: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1005: 1002: 985: 984: 935: 933: 926: 920: 917: 872: 871: 830: 828: 821: 815: 812: 748: 745: 728: 725: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 666: 663: 659: 641:chain of title 635: 632: 563: 562: 560: 559: 552: 545: 537: 534: 533: 521: 520: 515: 510: 497: 492: 484: 483: 475: 474: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 450: 443: 438: 433: 432: 431: 426: 416: 414:Mineral rights 411: 405: 400: 395: 390: 382: 381: 380:Related topics 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 341: 340: 334: 333: 332: 331: 326: 323:Shelley's Case 318: 313: 305: 304: 297: 296: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 272:Quitclaim deed 269: 264: 259: 253: 248: 237: 236: 230: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 201: 200: 190: 185: 179: 174: 169: 167:Allodial title 161: 160: 154: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 134:Treasure trove 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 93: 92: 88: 87: 86: 85: 80: 75: 70: 62: 61: 57: 56: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3009: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2939: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2900: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2736: 2720: 2719:www.deeds.com 2716: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2645: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2600: 2593: 2577: 2571: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2506: 2490: 2483: 2467: 2460: 2444: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2412:|archive-url= 2411: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2340:"Act No. 496" 2335: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2189:0-409-63580-4 2185: 2181: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2097: 2090: 2084: 2073: 2067: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1969: 1967:9780802099136 1963: 1959: 1952: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1908: 1906:9780724365005 1902: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1832:, (1971) 124 1831: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1811: 1808:, (2007) 230 1807: 1803: 1798: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1677: 1676: 1668: 1652: 1648: 1647:"Land titles" 1641: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566:The state of 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:Massachusetts 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1508:United States 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:Chulalongkorn 1491: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1419: 1416: 1405: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380:Torrens Title 1376: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1283: 1274: 1265: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1058: 1055: 1047: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1021:This section 1019: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 981: 978: 970: 960: 956: 952: 946: 945: 941: 936:This section 934: 930: 925: 924: 916: 913: 911: 907: 901: 899: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:land register 868: 865: 857: 847: 843: 837: 836: 831:This section 829: 825: 820: 819: 814:Land register 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 785: 780: 776: 770: 766: 758: 753: 744: 740: 738: 734: 724: 720: 717: 713: 712: 707: 703: 702: 697: 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Retrieved 1890: 1882: 1869: 1851: 1845: 1840:(Australia). 1825: 1821: 1816:(Australia). 1801: 1797: 1787: 1775: 1770:(NSW) s 129. 1765: 1761: 1749:. Retrieved 1745: 1741: 1731: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1705: 1693: 1684: 1674: 1667: 1655:. 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Газета.Ру 2280:16 February 2137:26 December 2056:27 February 1941:14 November 1912:14 November 1792:Appendix B. 1751:14 November 1572:Cook County 1402:Act No. 496 1396:Philippines 1347:New Zealand 1342:New Zealand 906:court order 689:title deeds 225:Land tenure 220:Real estate 183:Life estate 91:Acquisition 2971:Categories 2724:9 December 2472:10 October 2229:3 December 2163:3 November 2105:12 January 1873:H. 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