1377:
2681:
279:
562:) started negotiations on the future democratic political dispensation of the country, the drafting of the Interim Constitution, the Local Government Transition Act and the establishment of the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act (the IBA Act). The IBA Act was designed to provide, among other things, for the licensing of commercial and community broadcasters (these were not allowed under the apartheid government) and for the transformation of the
2691:
2670:
2701:
583:'s telecommunications reform process culminated in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The key aspect of this act was the establishment of an independent regulator, SATRA, to regulate the telecommunications sector. Telkom was also granted exclusivity to provide basic telecommunications services for a period of five years with an option for a further year of exclusivity should it meet its roll-out targets.
200:
Department of
Communications (DoC). It was initially composed of seven Council members. The ICASA amendment Act of 2006 included the Postal services, previously regulated by the Postal Authority into ICASA's mandate. It increased the Council members from seven to nine to accommodate the new members from the Postal Authority.
878:
ICASA is under the DoC with a council composed of nine members, the chairman and eight councilors appointed by the minister with the recommendations from the
National Assembly. Initially, the number of council members was seven and it was increased to nine as per the ICASA amendment Act of 2005 when
593:
In 2001, the second wave of re-regulation of the telecommunications industry took place with the passage of the
Telecommunications Amendment Act of 2001. This Act introduced some far-reaching changes to the existing regime, for an example, the provision for the Second Network Operator (SNO) as of 7
1000:
shares raised a number of questions regarding the role and independence of ICASA as the sector regulator. Vodacom exercised its right as granted by the
Electronic Communications Network Services license issued by ICASA to unilaterally sell its shares without the involvement of ICASA or Minister of
992:
The conversion of the VANS licenses issued through the repealed
Telecommunications Act to the new ECNS or ECS licenses provisioned in the EC Act resulted in a court interdict where Altech challenged ICASA on its decision to exclude it on the list of the new ECNS licensees. Altech's claim was that
622:
In 2013, the ICASA led a state-wide campaign to encourage consumers to turn in their illegally-bought cordless phones, which were responsible for clogging the telecommunication networks with improper data properties. The ICASA was also criticized for undermining the issue of high rates of mobile
638:
In July 2016, the ICASA launched the 700 MHz, 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz spectrum licences but the North
Gauteng High Court blocked this auction after Cell C requested further reviews of the process. In March 2021, the High court of Pretoria ordered the ICASA to stop the biddings on the
613:
In 2002, two new pieces of telecommunications-related legislation were passed, the
Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (ECT Act) of 2000 and the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act (Interception Act). The ECA of 2005 was
797:
PAJA binds ICASA in its deciding functions and the
Complaints and Compliance in their exercise of their administrative and judicial functions. According to Mr Paris Mashile (9 January 2007, p. 5) "...ICASA has been entrusted, full consultation and transparency are governing principles as
199:
Telecommunications
Regulatory Authority (SATRA). Rapid technological developments have led to the convergence of broadcasting and telecommunications services. This also had an influence on the convergence of regulation resulting in the merging of the IBA and SATRA. ICASA functions under the
846:
receives and addresses complaints from consumers and members of the public regarding communication services and products. The department intervenes or escalates these complaints to operators for resolution or to the
Complaints & Compliance Committee (CCC) for
578:
After the 1994 elections, the National Telecommunications Forum (NTF), including government, business, labour, user groups and civic organizations was established as the key stake-holder forum which debated the Telecommunications Green and White Papers.
753:
The primary object of this Act was to provide for the regulation and control of telecommunication matters in the public interest. It sought, among others, to promote the universal and affordable provision of telecommunication services (Chpt
718:(SA) places a duty on Parliament to establish an independent regulatory institution which is required to provide for the regulation of broadcasting in the public interest, and to ensure fairness and a diversity of views broadly representing
854:
is responsible for protecting consumers from unfair business practices, ensuring access to safe and good quality products, and protecting the interests of people with disabilities in relation to the provision of communications and postal
744:
The Act called for a new Broadcasting Policy that will, among others, contribute to democracy, development of society, gender equality, nation building, provision of education and strengthening the spiritual and moral fibre of
203:
The ICASA approved label found on internationally manufactured products implies the products meet, along with the approved stipulated frequency, the strict Radio Frequency Interference standards stipulated by ICASA.
1596:
566:
from a state to a public broadcaster. However, telecommunications reform remained unaddressed at the negotiations and in 1993 the apartheid government proceeded to license two mobile cellular operators
1607:
786:
The Competition Commission and Competition Tribunal plays a complementary role or co-jurisdiction role with ICASA on competition matters within the electronic communications environment (s82 (1)).
1041:
White, Justine (September 2006). "Introduction: An overview of the South African Legal system and the history of Liberalisation and re-regulation of the South African Telecommunications Sector".
825:
is made up of the frequency spectrum and the radio monitoring departments. The main responsibilities include frequency and station license allocations, issuing of certificates and authorizations.
639:
auction of the 5G spectrum that started in October 2020, after Telkom and Etv obtained an interdict in a separate case. In October 2021, the ICASA reset the auction's deadline to March 2022.
722:
society. Parliament has deemed it fit to add the regulation of electronic communications and postal services to this function." (ICASA, Mr Paris Mashile, 9 January 2007)(S192) <link>
993:
all the VANS licensees be granted the ECNS licenses as per the EC Act. The High Court judgment ruled in favour of Altech resulting in all the VANS licensees being granted ECNS licenses.
977:
as a winning bidder of the third mobile cellular network operator. NextCom, one of the losing bidders, engaged ICASA in a number of court interdicts alleging that the decision to award
1005:, which challenged the decision made by ICASA to clear the Vodacom share transaction. This transaction resulted in ICASA's independence status being questioned as it was influenced by
594:
May 2002. In August 2001, the Minister of Communications issued policy directions which were amended in April 2002, setting out the process in relation to the licensing of the SNO (
38:
839:
is responsible for promoting competition, innovation and investment in services and facilities provided in the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal services sectors.
789:
The Competition Commission holds an ex post jurisdiction over competition related matters. ICASA holds an ex ante and ex post jurisdiction over competition related matters.
1408:
590:(ICASA) was established. It was established as a single electronic communications regulator in the country in terms of the ICASA Act of 2000 merging SATRA with the IBA.
1058:
341:
985:
to continue its operations. Vodacom and MTN threatened to go to court to claim the use of the 1800 MHz frequency band which GSM 1800 license was issued only to
635:) was refused by the ICASA. In April 2013, the ICASA allowed TopTV to broadcast between 8pm and 5am in April 2013 and then backtracked on its decision in July 2013.
832:
is responsible for developing policy, issuing licenses and ensuring compliance in relation to the provision of broadcasting, telecommunications and postal services.
1568:
221:, the first radio and television broadcasts were done in 1923 and 1976 respectively. The first Broadcasting Act was promulgated in 1936 and it established the
17:
1478:
1418:
981:
was not fair and was influenced by the National Executive. In June 2001, NextCom withdrew from a judicial review that was ordered by the High Court allowing
602:. On 19 August 2002, ICASA issued new national Mobile Cellular Telephone Service (MCTS) licenses in terms of section 37(1) of the Telecommunications Act to
1945:
1483:
655:) and postal services in the public interest. It derives its mandate from the following primary pieces of legislation (and subsequent amendments thereto):
1365:
113:
241:. These broadcasting services (like Radio Bop, Bop TV, Capital Radio and Radio 702) partially overlapped from the Bantustan areas into certain parts of
1428:
623:
calls, and for not handling the monopolistic hold of MTN and Vodacom on the SA mobile market (91% of market shares). In 2012, the broadcast request of
1448:
1438:
1159:
251:
was provided and regulated by a monopoly parastatal, the South African Post and Telecommunications (SAPT). In the late 1980s, certain aspects of the
2740:
536:
initiated a process of internal restructuring. The restructuring was aided by the Jabulani! Freedom of Airwaves Conference which took place in the
1586:
1528:
1508:
1314:
1548:
1513:
1381:
2745:
2725:
2653:
2625:
2620:
1645:
1591:
778:
ICASA strives to create a conducive and predictable regulatory environment to achieve the stated objects of EC Act of 2005, section 2 (S2).
191:
Traditionally, telecommunications and broadcasting services operated separately and so has the regulation of the sectors. Broadcasting in
1463:
1192:
1493:
1143:
725:
ICASA is a licensing body, a regulator and a quasi judicial body because it licenses, regulates, adjudicates and issues sanctions.(S34)
1468:
519:
1523:
731:"The work of ICASA is aimed at the protection of democracy and ensuring free and open airwaves and access to accommodation." (S16)
2735:
1358:
769:
The substantive regulatory function of ICASA is pertaining to broadcasting, postal services and electronic communications sector.
2647:
1558:
1533:
222:
233:
acted as a state broadcaster and was used as a political propaganda instrument of the government to support its policies. The
2642:
2632:
2612:
2414:
1055:
775:
The Code and mechanism of the National Association of Broadcasters on content regulation has been approved by ICASA (S54(2)).
1543:
1538:
1518:
1433:
1423:
1779:
2755:
2730:
2704:
2637:
2483:
1498:
1458:
1443:
1127:
1176:
2750:
2409:
1563:
1351:
1094:
2503:
1553:
488:
1272:
2288:
1836:
1638:
1503:
1453:
1251:
1001:
Communications as it was the case in the previous licensing regime. This was not well received by the Trade Union,
229:) solely for radio broadcasting. In 1976, the Broadcasting Act was amended to include television broadcasting. The
2399:
1488:
1473:
1078:
2394:
707:
Below are some of the relevant sections from the legislations highlighting ICASA's mandate and purpose :-
326:
195:
was regulated by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), whereas telecommunications was regulated by the
2419:
1602:
1413:
532:
In 1990 the Viljoen Task Group was appointed to investigate the future of broadcasting. At the same time the
512:
431:
2694:
2455:
2352:
1895:
1690:
1662:
237:
had monopoly over the airwaves even though there were some free-to-air broadcasting services in the former
682:
To license broadcasters, signal distributors, providers of telecommunication services and postal services;
2684:
2191:
1631:
761:
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, and this regulator shall be independent and impartial(Chpt II ).
1343:
2543:
2465:
2404:
2111:
741:
The Act amended the IBA Act of 1993, and sought to clarify the powers of the Minister and the regulator
360:
295:
177:
2315:
2276:
2121:
2021:
1950:
1883:
1710:
1392:
598:) in broad terms. The third mobile cellular telephone operator license was issued on 22 June 2001 to
2674:
1916:
1851:
1804:
1764:
1111:
505:
82:
2513:
2498:
2342:
2293:
2216:
2116:
1794:
1680:
1675:
1612:
772:
ICASA plays a concurrent function with Competition Commission of competition matters(Chapter 10).
2435:
2221:
2036:
1981:
1976:
1789:
1754:
405:
1026:
Woolman, S; T Roux; M Bishop. "Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA)".
2337:
2141:
2106:
2026:
2006:
1928:
1816:
1737:
493:
1670:
2251:
2211:
2181:
1938:
1873:
1695:
750:
The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Act of 2006 (ICASA Amendment Act)
448:
443:
331:
8:
2261:
2201:
1960:
1922:
1720:
1705:
973:
In February 2000, a little less than five months before ICASA was formed, SATRA declared
869:
is responsible for the Authority's corporate communications and international relations.
2488:
2445:
2376:
2246:
2176:
2151:
2086:
1933:
1654:
662:
The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Act No 13 of 2000 (ICASA Act);
652:
548:
467:
389:
252:
248:
181:
2528:
2450:
2364:
2347:
2310:
2156:
1986:
1955:
1821:
1715:
544:
453:
438:
321:
309:
2196:
2533:
2493:
2473:
2440:
2369:
2327:
2241:
2096:
2081:
2056:
2031:
1991:
1841:
1700:
1685:
540:
in 1991. This conference made recommendations that set the terms of public debate.
462:
416:
412:
314:
2161:
2016:
1784:
1759:
1747:
1062:
421:
400:
346:
270:
259:) and Value-added Network Service (VANS) markets were opened up to competition.
2359:
2231:
2206:
2166:
2136:
2011:
1846:
1799:
1774:
1732:
369:
351:
1315:"Icasa won't oppose Vodacom ruling, independence questioned, Engineering News"
2719:
2508:
2281:
2271:
2186:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2046:
1868:
1727:
1293:
632:
458:
426:
109:
2386:
2226:
2171:
2101:
2066:
2001:
1900:
1890:
1742:
955:
Rotation of acting appointments between Councillors (July 2015 - June 2016)
758:
719:
715:
648:
587:
580:
552:
472:
385:
336:
242:
218:
196:
192:
185:
174:
1252:"ICASA files answering affidavit in third cell phone court case, Cellular"
943:
Dr Keabetswe Modimoeng (acting Chairperson) (25 March 2019 - 10 June 2020)
671:
The Electronic Communications and Transaction Act No 25 of 2002 (ECT Act);
2586:
2236:
2146:
2131:
2091:
2051:
1910:
1373:
1009:
to rescind its initial decision allowing Vodacom to unbundle its shares.
537:
395:
16:"Icasa" redirects here. For the Brazilian association football club, see
940:
Adv Dimakatso Qocha (acting Chairperson) (11 June 2020 - 23 August 2020)
2591:
2298:
1996:
1905:
1861:
1831:
1809:
1376:
628:
547:(Telkom) was established as a parastatal to undertake the provision of
238:
2576:
2041:
1856:
1623:
607:
572:
374:
304:
278:
92:
817:
ICASA is subdivided into various divisions with some listed below:-
691:
To plan, assign, control, enforce and manage the frequency spectrum;
2571:
2561:
2478:
2303:
2126:
949:
Paris Mashile (acting Chairperson) (September 2017 - November 2017)
882:
558:
In the beginning of 1992, the Congress of Democratic South Africa (
300:
934:
Dr Charley Lewis (acting Chairperson)(16 July 2022 - 3 April 2023)
798:
prescribed by PAJA and the law dictates of administrative justice.
2566:
2551:
1769:
997:
952:
Rubben Mohlaloga (acting Chairperson)(June 2016 - September 2017)
728:
ICASA is also an organ of state bound by the Bill of Rights (S8).
603:
568:
96:
674:
The Promotion of Administration Justice Act No 3 of 2000 (PAJA).
555:. It separated from SAPT, which acted as an industry regulator.
255:
market were liberalised. The Private Automatic Branch Exchange (
2596:
2556:
1878:
1006:
1002:
986:
982:
978:
974:
931:
Yolisa Kedama (acting Chairperson)(4 April 2023 - 3 April 2024)
928:
Catherine Mushi (acting Chairperson)(4 April 2024 - 1 May 2024)
794:
The Promotion of Administration Justice Act of 2000 (PAJA) and
647:
ICASA's mandate is to regulate electronic communications (i.e.
599:
595:
559:
380:
2581:
2518:
1826:
1231:"Independent Communications Authority of South Africa, ICASA"
624:
67:
South African Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (SATRA)
37:
1338:
586:
On 1 July 2000, the Independent Communications Authority of
180:, established in 2000 by the ICASA Act to regulate both the
157:
2523:
1230:
563:
533:
256:
234:
230:
226:
1209:
1273:"Cellphone License Saga Ends With Cash Payout, Cellular"
862:
is responsible for the litigation of regulatory matters.
1160:
SA court backs blocking of R12 billion broadband tender
1144:
Icasa to auction off spectrum for R12 billion – minimum
937:
Dr Keabetswe Modimoeng (24 August 2020 - 15 July 2022)
1294:"Implications of Altech ruling, South Africa Connect"
665:
The Electronic Communications Act No 36 of 2005 (ECA)
167:
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
26:
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
114:
Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies
1193:Icasa announces new deadlines for spectrum auction
1056:The issue of illegal mobile phones in South Africa
946:Rubben Mohlaloga (1 December 2017 - 24 March 2019)
925:Mothibi Ramusi (Chairperson)(2 May 2024 - current)
694:To ensure international and regional co-operation;
678:Some of functions of ICASA include the following:
1025:
711:The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
659:The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa;
18:Associação Desportiva Recreativa e Cultural Icasa
2717:
883:Current Chairperson, Councillors and Secretariat
766:The Electronic Communications Act of 2005 (ECA)
1587:Government Communication and Information System
968:
958:Dr Stephen Sipho Mncube (July 2010 – July 2015)
1409:Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development
1043:Global Telecommunications Law and Practice. 13
879:the postal services were integrated to ICASA.
1639:
1382:Departments of the Government of South Africa
1359:
1307:
614:passed and came into effect on 19 July 2006.
513:
1592:Independent Police Investigative Directorate
1286:
1244:
2654:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
697:To consult with Ministry of Communications;
173:) is an independent regulatory body of the
2690:
1646:
1632:
1569:Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities
1366:
1352:
1265:
961:Paris Mashile (1 July 2005 – 30 June 2010)
807:
520:
506:
1223:
1202:
1128:Why Icasa backtracked on porn TV decision
1079:Icasa berated over high cellphone charges
964:Mandla Langa (1 July 2000 – 30 June 2005)
700:To give effect to the EC Act of 2005; and
481:Enforcement authorities and organizations
919:
70:Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA)
2741:Government agencies established in 2000
1479:International Relations and Cooperation
1419:Communications and Digital Technologies
738:The Broadcasting Amentment Act of 2002
627:(broadcaster of adult content channels
2718:
1653:
1484:Justice and Constitutional Development
1177:ICASA ordered to halt spectrum auction
1028:The Constitutional Law of South Africa
915:Nicholous Mabilane (Company Secretary)
642:
223:South African Broadcasting Corporation
1627:
1347:
1040:
714:"The constitution of the Republic of
2700:
900:Adv. Luthando Mkumatela (Councillor)
823:Engineering and Technology Division
2746:Government agencies of South Africa
2726:2000 establishments in South Africa
1449:Environment, Forestry and Fisheries
146:Complaints and Compliance Committee
13:
668:The Broadcasting Act No 4 of 1999;
277:
132:Ms. Tshiamo Maluleka-Disemelo, CEO
14:
2767:
1509:Public Service and Administration
1332:
906:Nompucuko Nontombana (Councillor)
830:Licensing and Compliance Division
489:International Competition Network
2699:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2289:Free-space optical communication
1375:
837:Markets and Competition Division
703:Ultimately decide on complaints.
188:sectors in the public interest.
36:
1549:Trade, Industry and Competition
1514:Public Works and Infrastructure
1186:
1169:
803:The Postal Services Act of 1998
2736:Communications in South Africa
1153:
1137:
1121:
1112:Icasa about-turn on TopTV porn
1104:
1088:
1072:
1049:
1034:
1019:
996:The listing and unbundling of
897:Dr. Charley Lewis (Councillor)
494:List of competition regulators
1:
1597:National School of Government
1464:Higher Education and Training
1012:
909:Ntombiza Sithole (Councillor)
688:To impose license conditions;
617:
2675:Telecommunication portal
2456:Telecommunications equipment
1494:Mineral Resources and Energy
1095:Why ICASA blocked TopTV porn
969:Highlights and Controversies
903:Catherine Mushi (Councillor)
888:Mothibi Ramusi (Chairperson)
812:
783:The Competition Act of 1998
262:
212:
7:
2192:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
129:Mothibi Ramusi, Chairperson
10:
2772:
2756:Regulation in South Africa
2731:Communications authorities
1896:Telecommunications history
1524:Small Business Development
891:Yolisa Kedama (Councillor)
873:
361:Anti-competitive practices
327:Herfindahl–Hirschman index
296:History of competition law
207:
15:
2751:Chapter nine institutions
2663:
2605:
2542:
2504:Public Switched Telephone
2464:
2428:
2385:
2326:
2316:telecommunication circuit
2277:Fiber-optic communication
2260:
2022:Francis Blake (telephone)
1969:
1817:Optical telecommunication
1661:
1608:Public Service Commission
1577:
1401:
1388:
894:Thabisa Faye (Councillor)
852:Consumer Affairs Division
153:
139:
122:
102:
88:
77:
60:
52:
47:
35:
30:
2415:Orbital angular-momentum
1852:Satellite communications
1691:Communications satellite
1534:Sports, Arts and Culture
1061:14 February 2022 at the
912:Peter Zimri (Councillor)
757:The Act established the
83:Republic of South Africa
2294:Molecular communication
2117:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1946:Undersea telegraph line
1681:Cable protection system
1613:Statistics South Africa
867:Communications Division
808:Structure and functions
2436:Communication protocol
2222:Charles Sumner Tainter
2037:Walter Houser Brattain
1982:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1790:Information revolution
1519:Science and Innovation
1424:Cooperative Governance
406:Occupational licensing
282:
2410:Polarization-division
2142:Narinder Singh Kapany
2107:Erna Schneider Hoover
2027:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2007:Alexander Graham Bell
1738:online video platform
1444:Employment and Labour
1429:Correctional Services
920:Previous Chairpersons
281:
2252:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2212:Almon Brown Strowger
2182:Charles Grafton Page
1837:Prepaid mobile phone
1765:Electrical telegraph
1564:Water and Sanitation
1439:Economic Development
685:To make regulations;
449:Occupational closure
444:Dividing territories
432:Essential facilities
332:Market concentration
103:Minister responsible
2202:Johann Philipp Reis
1961:Wireless revolution
1923:The Telephone Cases
1780:Hydraulic telegraph
1554:Traditional Affairs
1166:, 30 September 2016
1067:Developerz.software
844:Complaints Division
643:Mandate and purpose
27:
2400:Frequency-division
2377:Telephone exchange
2247:Charles Wheatstone
2177:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2152:Innocenzo Manzetti
2087:Reginald Fessenden
1822:Optical telegraphy
1655:Telecommunications
1529:Social Development
1504:Public Enterprises
1164:Businesstech.co.za
1148:Businesstech.co.za
1132:Businesstech.co.za
653:telecommunications
549:telecommunications
468:Regulatory capture
283:
253:telecommunications
249:Telecommunications
182:telecommunications
81:Government of the
61:Preceding agencies
25:
2713:
2712:
2451:Store and forward
2446:Data transmission
2360:Network switching
2311:Transmission line
2157:Guglielmo Marconi
2122:Internet pioneers
1987:Mohamed M. Atalla
1956:Whistled language
1621:
1620:
1580:department status
1489:Military Veterans
1474:Human Settlements
1181:Capacitymedia.com
1116:Techcentral.co.za
1099:Mybroadband.co.za
545:Telkom SA Limited
530:
529:
459:Misuse of patents
454:Predatory pricing
439:Exclusive dealing
322:Barriers to entry
310:Coercive monopoly
163:
162:
123:Agency executives
2763:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2544:Notable networks
2534:Wireless network
2474:Cellular network
2466:Types of network
2441:Computer network
2328:Network topology
2242:Thomas A. Watson
2097:Oliver Heaviside
2082:Philo Farnsworth
2057:Daniel Davis Jr.
2032:Charles Bourseul
1992:John Logie Baird
1701:Data compression
1696:Computer network
1648:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1339:Official website
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1199:, 1 October 2021
1190:
1184:
1175:Melanie Mingas,
1173:
1167:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1023:
631:, Desire TV and
522:
515:
508:
413:Product bundling
315:Natural monopoly
267:
266:
40:
28:
24:
2771:
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2669:
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2601:
2538:
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2330:
2322:
2263:
2256:
2162:Robert Metcalfe
2017:Tim Berners-Lee
1965:
1785:Information Age
1657:
1652:
1622:
1617:
1579:
1573:
1414:Basic Education
1397:
1384:
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1122:
1118:, 24 April 2013
1109:
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1093:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1069:, 20 March 2021
1063:Wayback Machine
1054:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1030:: 24E–1–24E–16.
1024:
1020:
1015:
971:
922:
885:
876:
815:
810:
645:
620:
526:
422:Refusal to deal
401:Tacit collusion
347:Relevant market
271:Competition law
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149:
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118:
73:
48:Agency overview
43:
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2395:Space-division
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2239:
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2232:Camille Tissot
2229:
2224:
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2209:
2207:Claude Shannon
2204:
2199:
2197:Tivadar Puskás
2194:
2189:
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2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Antonio Meucci
2164:
2159:
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2139:
2137:Charles K. Kao
2134:
2129:
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2112:Harold Hopkins
2109:
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2019:
2014:
2012:Emile Berliner
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
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1951:Videotelephony
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1733:Internet video
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1601:Office of the
1599:
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1539:State Security
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1399:
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1395:
1393:The Presidency
1389:
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1385:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1333:External links
1331:
1328:
1327:
1306:
1285:
1264:
1243:
1222:
1210:"ICASA, ICASA"
1201:
1185:
1183:, 9 March 2021
1168:
1152:
1150:, 15 July 2016
1136:
1134:, 30 July 2013
1120:
1110:Craig Wilson,
1103:
1101:, 8 March 2012
1087:
1085:, 31 July 2013
1071:
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860:Legal Division
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370:Monopolization
364:
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352:Merger control
349:
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288:Basic concepts
285:
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214:
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2768:
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2449:
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2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2420:Code-division
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Time-division
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
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2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:and switching
2329:
2325:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:optical fiber
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Coaxial cable
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Radia Perlman
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Lee de Forest
2075:
2073:
2072:Thomas Edison
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Donald Davies
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Claude Chappe
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
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1920:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Smoke signals
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:Semiconductor
1867:
1863:
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1728:Digital media
1726:
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1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Chief Justice
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:Agencies with
1576:
1570:
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1562:
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927:
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923:
914:
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902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
886:
880:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:adjudication.
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
818:
802:
796:
795:
793:
788:
785:
784:
782:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
765:
760:
759:South African
756:
752:
751:
749:
743:
740:
739:
737:
736:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:South African
717:
713:
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710:
709:
708:
702:
699:
696:
693:
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687:
684:
681:
680:
679:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
657:
656:
654:
650:
640:
636:
634:
633:Private Spice
630:
626:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
591:
589:
584:
582:
576:
574:
570:
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541:
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535:
523:
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466:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
433:
430:
428:
427:Group boycott
425:
424:
423:
420:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:Formation of
378:
377:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
359:
358:
353:
350:
348:
345:
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260:
258:
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232:
228:
224:
220:
205:
201:
198:
197:South African
194:
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187:
183:
179:
176:
175:South African
172:
168:
159:
156:
152:
145:
144:
142:
138:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
115:
111:
110:Solly Malatsi
108:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
69:
66:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
23:
19:
2387:Multiplexing
2262:Transmission
2227:Nikola Tesla
2217:Henry Sutton
2172:Samuel Morse
2102:Robert Hooke
2067:Amos Dolbear
2002:John Bardeen
1921:
1901:Telautograph
1805:Mobile phone
1760:Edholm's law
1743:social media
1676:Broadcasting
1469:Home Affairs
1318:. Retrieved
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1051:
1045:: 5201–5288.
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
995:
991:
972:
877:
866:
859:
851:
843:
836:
829:
822:
816:
716:South Africa
706:
677:
649:broadcasting
646:
637:
621:
612:
592:
588:South Africa
585:
581:South Africa
577:
557:
553:South Africa
551:services in
542:
531:
473:Rent-seeking
386:Price fixing
337:Market power
247:
243:South Africa
219:South Africa
216:
202:
193:South Africa
190:
186:broadcasting
170:
166:
164:
140:Child agency
89:Headquarters
78:Jurisdiction
22:
2587:NPL network
2299:Radio waves
2237:Alfred Vail
2147:Hedy Lamarr
2132:Dawon Kahng
2092:Elisha Gray
2052:Yogen Dalal
1977:Nasir Ahmed
1911:Teleprinter
1775:Heliographs
1402:Departments
538:Netherlands
396:Bid rigging
56:1 July 2000
2720:Categories
2633:Antarctica
2592:Toasternet
2514:Television
1997:Paul Baran
1929:Television
1913:(teletype)
1906:Telegraphy
1884:transistor
1862:Phryctoria
1832:Photophone
1810:Smartphone
1800:Mass media
1197:News24.com
1013:References
629:Playboy TV
618:Since 2007
463:copyrights
342:SSNIP test
239:Bantustans
178:government
2617:Americas
2606:Locations
2577:Internet2
2338:Bandwidth
2042:Vint Cerf
1939:streaming
1917:Telephone
1857:Semaphore
1748:streaming
1559:Transport
855:services.
813:Divisions
543:In 1991,
375:Collusion
305:oligopoly
263:1990–2006
213:1923–1989
93:Centurion
2685:Category
2572:Internet
2562:CYCLADES
2479:Ethernet
2429:Concepts
2353:terminal
2304:wireless
2127:Bob Kahn
1970:Pioneers
1795:Internet
1686:Cable TV
1083:Mg.co.za
1059:Archived
745:society.
301:Monopoly
2705:Commons
2695:Outline
2648:Oceania
2567:FidoNet
2552:ARPANET
2365:circuit
1934:digital
1663:History
1544:Tourism
1454:Finance
1434:Defence
1320:22 June
1299:22 June
1278:21 June
1257:21 June
1236:21 June
1215:21 June
998:Vodacom
874:Council
604:Vodacom
569:Vodacom
381:cartels
208:History
154:Website
97:Gauteng
2643:Europe
2613:Africa
2597:Usenet
2557:BITNET
2494:Mobile
2370:packet
1879:MOSFET
1874:device
1671:Beacon
1499:Police
1459:Health
1007:COSATU
1003:COSATU
987:Cell C
983:Cell C
979:Cell C
975:Cell C
600:Cell C
596:Neotel
560:CODESA
53:Formed
2626:South
2621:North
2582:JANET
2519:Telex
2509:Radio
2348:Nodes
2343:Links
2264:media
1842:Radio
1827:Pager
1755:Drums
1721:video
1716:image
1706:audio
625:TopTV
417:tying
390:cases
171:ICASA
158:ICASA
31:ICASA
2638:Asia
2524:UUCP
2484:ISDN
1322:2009
1301:2009
1280:2009
1259:2009
1238:2009
1217:2009
865:The
858:The
850:The
842:The
835:The
828:The
821:The
651:and
606:and
571:and
564:SABC
534:SABC
461:and
415:and
303:and
257:PABX
235:SABC
231:SABC
227:SABC
184:and
165:The
42:logo
2529:WAN
2499:NGN
2489:LAN
1770:Fax
1711:DCT
754:1).
608:MTN
575:).
573:MTN
217:In
2722::
1195:,
1179:,
1162:,
1146:,
1130:,
1114:,
1097:,
1081:,
1065:,
989:.
610:.
245:.
112:,
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20:.
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