1282:
preserved in a letter to the Sacred
Congregation written in March/April 1701 from Surat, he travelled through Spain to Portugal, and took ship from Lisbon to Goa and Surat. In Surat he met the Capuchin Francesco Maria, who had been his confessor years earlier in Amid, and received a letter signed by 30 priests and 10 deacons of the Malabar Chaldeans, imploring him to come to them and offering to pay his travelling expenses. The end of the letter is lost, and in the final paragraph to survive he mentioned that the Capuchins had wished to send him to the French territory of Pondicherry, but he had finally persuaded them to send Father Francesco with him to Malabar. Shemʿon went on to play an important part in the struggle between the Vatican and the Portuguese authorities over ecclesiastical privilege in India. On 22 May 1701 he consecrated the superior of the Chaldean seminary of Verapoly, the Carmelite Ange-François de Sainte-Thérèse, apostolic vicar of the Chaldeans of Malabar. The Latin bishops had refused to consecrate him, and it may have been specifically with this aim in mind that the Sacred Congregation had sent Shemʿon to India. Shemʿon appears to have remained in India for several years, and died on 16 August 1720.
3633:
1213:
the Indian experience that unless he secured a nomination from him it would be difficult to establish himself in
Malabar. Patriarch Abdisho IV, who re-consecrated Mar Abraham as bishop of Chaldean Catholic Church and sent him to Rome. But all the orders which he had received had been conferred in the independent Eastern church, and were therefore from the strict Roman point of view invalid. In order to set all doubts at rest, Pope Pius IV arranged for all the orders up to and including the episcopate to be quietly conferred on Mar Abraham. The Latin Patriarch of San Severino had ordered Mar Abraham at Venice, from tonsure to priesthood. Thus for the third time consecrated as bishop. IV. However, Abraham succeeded also in obtaining his nomination and creation as Archbishop of
267:
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1449:
church to be labeled, erroneously, as
Nestorian. This view held that Christ has both two natures and two persons. A moderated form of dyophysitism, according to which Christ has two natures and one person, was adopted by Chalcedonian Christians. East Syrian Dyophysite Syriac Church that has historically been centered in Persia, with missionary activity in Greater Iran, Arabia, Central Asia, China, and India. The East Syrian Church developed into the modern Church of the East. Polemical writings and older scholarship sometimes called the East Syrian Church "Nestorian," but this is now recognized as pejorative.
2506:
22:
1295:
When he arrived in India he was obliged to make a further profession of faith and to swear a solemn pledge of allegiance to the
Portuguese ecclesiastical authorities. Ignoring these undertakings, Gabriel proceeded to offer a lively opposition to the Jacobite metropolitan Thomas IV. Forty-two churches came over to him, leaving the Jacobites with only twenty-five. Thomas appealed to the Jacobite patriarch at Antioch for help, but without response. The Jacobites only fully recovered their hold on the Malabar church after Gabriel's death in 1739.
115:
1227:
until his death. Meanwhile, the
Nestorian patriarch who discovered that Mar Abraham had switched allegiance to the Chaldean side, sent another metropolitan, Mar Simon to Malabar. Mar Simon worked in Malabar for eight years but was captured by the Portuguese in 1584 and sent to Lisbon where he died in 1599. Although the Diocese of Kochi was established in 1553 and placed under the Archdiocese of Goa, the Saint Thomas Christians continued with the Archdiocese of Angamaly under the leadership of Mar Abraham. Mar Abraham died in 1597.
1183:, which resulted in there being two rival Patriarchs, one of whom entered communion with the Catholic Church. Both patriarchs - the Nestorian patriarch and Chaldean Catholic patriarch - began sending bishops to India. Apparently the first bishop came to Malabar was Mar Abraham sent by the traditionalist Nestorian patriarch. It is not known exactly when Abraham reached Malabar, but he must have been there already in 1556. Approximately at the same time, the Chaldean Patriarch
1258:
1048:(714–28) created metropolitan provinces for Herat, Samarqand, India and China. If ʿAbdishoʿ is right, India's status as a metropolitan province must have lapsed shortly after it was created by Ishoʿyahb III. An alternative, and perhaps more likely, possibility, is that Sliba-zkha consecrated a metropolitan for India, perhaps in response to an appeal from the Indian Christians, to fill the place of the bishop sent there by Ishoʿyahb half a century earlier.
1065:, definitively detached India from the province of Fars and made it a separate metropolitan province. There is also a tradition in the Indian church that two 'Syrian' bishops, Shapur and Peroz, were sent to Quilon from Mesopotamia in 823, the year of Timothy's death. They were accompanied by 'the famous man Sabrishoʿ', perhaps a metropolitan consecrated by Timothy for India. This tradition was recorded by Mattai Veticutel in the following words:
3432:
1075:
The catholicus thereupon consecrated a metropolitan named
Yohannan for India, and two suffragan bishops, one of whom, 'Mar Dua', was appointed to the island of Soqotra, and the other, Thomas, to 'Masin', traditionally identified with southern China. Yohannan fixed his metropolitan seat at Cranganore. These events seem to have taken place around 880, perhaps during the patriarchate of
896:, communication with the church's heartland was often spotty, and the province was frequently without a bishop. An eleventh-century reference states that the metropolitan province of India had been 'suppressed', due to communication difficulties. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Indian Church was again dependent on the
1021:, which also claimed Saint Thomas as its founder. Cosmas noted that the Christians of Calliana had a bishop appointed from Fars, while the Christians of the Malabar coast and Ceylon had priests and deacons but not bishops. The connection with Fars went back at least as far as the late 5th century, when the metropolitan
1922:
Both the
Patriarch and the Pope, having joined together in sendingMar Abraham to India, gave him authority to divide the sphere of Thomas Christians—the foothills and uplands of the Eastern Ghats known as the Serra—between himself and Mar Joseph. But Mar Joseph, having already again been arrested and
1294:
was sent to India in 1704 by the
Nestorian patriarch Eliya XI Marogin (1700–22). Doubtless appreciating the difficulties he was likely to encounter as a Nestorian, Gabriel made a Catholic profession of faith in the presence of the Chaldean patriarch Joseph I at Amid before he set off on his journey.
1243:
in 1599, which implemented various liturgical and structural reforms in the Indian Church. The diocese of
Angamaly, which was now formally placed under the Portuguese Padroado and made suffragan to the archdiocese of Goa. The east syriac bishop was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced
1198:
Mar Joseph was sent to India with letters of introduction from the Pope to the
Portuguese authorities; he was besides accompanied by Bishop Ambrose, a Dominican and papal commissary to the first patriarch, by his socius Father Anthony, and by Mar Elias Hormaz, Archbishop of Diarbekir. They arrived at
1069:
In the year 823, East Syriac fathers again came, Mar Shapur and Mar Peroz, accompanied by the famous man Sabrishoʿ. They came to the town of Quilon, went to the king Shakirbirti, and asked for lands. The king gave them as much land as they wished. So they too built a church and town in the country
1226:
Mar Abraham reached Goa in 1568. In spite of the express approbation by pope, he was not welcomed by the Portuguese viceroy in India and was arrested a second time. Mar Abraham was detained in a convent, but escaped and entered Malabar and there he directed his faithful in defiance of the Portuguese
1217:
from the pope. The Pope wanted Mar Abraham to reign jointly with Mar Joseph and he requested patriarch Abdisho to divide the diocese between Mar Joseph and Mar Abraham. Both the Patriarch and the Pope, having joined together in sending Mar Abraham to India, gave him authority to divide the sphere of
1212:
Faced with a schism, Mar Joseph turned to the Portuguese for help. The Portuguese arrested Mar Abraham and shipped him to Europe. But on the way he succeeded in escaping at Mozambique, found his way back to Mesopotamia, and went straight to Mar Abdisho IV the Chaldean Patriarch, having realized from
1161:
to petition the Nestorian patriarch to consecrate a bishop for their church. Two monks of the monastery of Mar Awgin were consecrated bishops and were sent to India. The patriarch Eliya V (1503–4) consecrated three more bishops for India in April 1503. These bishops sent a report to the patriarch
1448:
DYOPHYSITE Broadly, a Christological viewpoint that holds that Christ has two natures, one human and one divine. The East Syrian Church subscribed to a type of dyophysitism attributed to Nestorius and held in attenuated ways by both Greek and Syriac theologians. In the end, this association led the
1799:
although consecrated in 1555 or 1556, Mar Joseph could not reach India before the end of 1556, nor Malabar before 1558, when the Portuguese were finally alerted by the presence of Mar Abraham and allowed Mar Joseph, accompanied by another Chaldaean bishop, Mar Eliah, to - very briefly - occupy his
1074:
A few decades later, according to the sixteenth-century Portuguese writer Diogo do Couto, the Malabar church sent a delegation to Mesopotamia to ask for new bishops to be sent out to them. Their old bishops (perhaps Shapur and Peroz) were dead, and their church had now only one deacon surviving.
1203:
in November 1556, and were detained at Goa for eighteen months before being allowed to enter the diocese. when the Portuguese were finally alerted by the presence of Mar Abraham and allowed Mar Joseph to occupy his see. Proceeding to Cochin they lost Bishop Ambrose; the others travelled through
2031:
The local patriarch—representing the Assyrian Church of the East, to which ancient Christians in India had looked for ecclesiastical authority—was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced by a Portuguese bishop; the East Syrian liturgy of Addai and Mari was "purified from error"; and
1771:
The ecclesiastical authorities in Goa had already reached a firm determination to bring the Thomas Christians under the sole jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome; the civil authorities were one with them in this intention, and took the view that no Chaldaean bishops were in any circumstances to be
1056:
After several centuries of intermittent dependence on the Persian-speaking metropolitans of Fars, who also boasted of their descent from the apostle Thomas, the Saint Thomas Christians of India were again brought under the authority of the patriarchs of Seleucia-Ctesiphon towards the end of the
1281:
The Chaldean metropolitan Shemʿon of ʿAda, who had been consecrated by the Amid patriarch Joseph I for the Catholics of the Urmia plain, travelled from Rome to India in 1700, with the approval of the Vatican authorities, to minister to the Chaldeans of Malabar. According to his own account,
1837:
Later the Portuguese captured him and sent him to Portugal, but en route he escaped at Mozambique, found his way back to Mesopotamia, and went straight to Mar Abed Jesu the Chaldean Patriarch, having realized from the Indian experience that unless he secured a nomination from him it would be
1248:
bishop; the East Syriac liturgy of Addai and Mari was “purified from error”; and Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions. Any attempts of Thomas Christians to contact bishops — even Chaldian Catholic ones — in the Middle East were foiled.
1041:. A number of letters from Ishoʿyahb to Shemʿon have survived, in one of which Ishoʿyahb complained that Shemʿon had refused to consecrate a bishop for 'Kalnah' (the 'Calliana' of Cosmas Indicopleustes), because the Indian Christians had offended him in some way.
1204:
Malabar for two and a half years on foot, visiting every church and detached settlement. Mar Elias returned to his own archbishopric of Diarbekir in Mesopotamia. In this way, nominally there were two rival East Syrian bishops in Malabar until 1558.
912:. Even in times when there were multiple foreign bishops, there was only one archdeacon for entire Saint Thomas Community. As such, the Indian church was largely autonomous in operation, though the authority of the Patriarch was always respected.
1086:. Eliya's list contains very few errors, and it is possible that neither province had a metropolitan at this period. This is certainly likely in the case of China, in the wake of the expulsion of Christians from the capital
2259:
1114:
At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Indian church was again dependent upon the Church of the East. The dating formula in the colophon to a manuscript copied in June 1301 in the church of Mar Quriaqos in
1564:
Documents address him as the Jathikku Karthavyan , that is, the head of the Thomas Christians.....even when there were more than one foreign bishop, there was only one Archdeacon for entire St.Thomas Community"
1123:(whom it curiously describes as Yahballaha V), and the metropolitan Yaʿqob of India. Cranganore, described in this manuscript as 'the royal city', was doubtless the metropolitan seat for India at this time.
919:. Initially, the relationship between native Saint Thomas Christians and the Portuguese were friendly. But gradually, the ritual diversities widened and the relationship deteriorated. After a section of the
1218:
Thomas Christians between himself and Mar Joseph (But this arrangement was never carried into effect, since Mar Joseph having already again been arrested and exiled for a third time, died in Rome in 1569.)
1005:, who visited the Christians of India around the middle of the 6th century, mentioned three distinct areas of Christian settlement in India: in northwest India, around the trading port of Calliana near
1106:, a detailed list in Arabic of ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses of the Church of the East, the metropolitan province of India had been suppressed 'because it has become impossible to reach it'.
1290:
The Mosul patriarchs also attempted to reassert their control over the Syriac Christians of India around the beginning of the eighteenth century. The metropolitan Gabriel of the Urmia diocese of
881:, in accordance with theology of the Church of the East. It is unclear when the relation between Saint Thomas Christian and the Church of the East was established. Initially, they belonged to the
1179:
One of the bishops consecrated in 1503, Mar Yaʿqob, worked alongside the Portuguese ecclesiastical hierarchy in India until his death in 1553. After the death of Metropolitan Mar Yaʿqob and of a
1082:
Neither India (Beth Hindaye) nor China (Beth Sinaye) are listed as metropolitan provinces of the Church of the East in the detailed list of metropolitan provinces and dioceses drawn up in 893 by
1891:....and Abraham succeeded also in obtaining his nomination and creation as Archbishop Angamale from the pope, with letters to the Archbishop of Goa, and to the Bishop Cochin dated 27 Feb 1565.
1315:
to India to restore their former jurisdiction there. These attempts were spoiled by the pope by excommunicating the bishops and threatening excommunication on the Chaldean Patriarch.
2282:
1536:: Although India was supplied with bishops (and from Timotheos’s time, metropolitans) from the Middle East, the effective control lay in the hands of the indigenous Archdeacon.
2440:
3632:
421:
3814:
809:
1273:. Nevertheless, sporadic attempts were made from time to time to restore the traditional ties between the Saint Thomas Christians and the Church of the East.
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935:
Churches intermittently attempted to regain their old influence in India by sending their bishops to the Malabar Christians. In 1565, the Chaldean Catholic
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900:. Although India was supplied with bishops from the Middle East, the effective control lay in the hands of an indigenous priest known as
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1166:. Eliya had already died by the time this letter arrived in Mesopotamia, and it was received by his successor, Shemʿon VI (1504–38).
3460:
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1389:
1376:
1037:(649–59) raised India to the status of a metropolitan province, probably because of the unsatisfactory oversight of the metropolitan
4039:
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1070:
of Quilon. Thereafter East Syriac bishops and metropolitans came more often by order of the catholicus, who used to send them.
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1998:
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supported the claims of Catholic bishops from the Chaldean Church. However, the Portuguese ascendancy was formalised at the
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431:
893:
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is the continuation of the East Syriac ecclesiastical province in the Indian subcontinent, being an archdiocese of the
299:
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from India in 1504, describing the condition of the Nestorian church in India and reporting the recent arrival of the
2408:
2387:
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2208:
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2104:
1915:
1884:
1830:
1557:
1441:
1017:(Sielediva). By the end of the Sassanian period the Christians of India had accepted the leadership of the church of
303:
73:
449:
44:
3960:
2656:
2305:"Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction"
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admitted, especially as such bishops, whatever their professions, might be suspected of being crypto-Nestorians.
1428:
Michael Philip Penn; Scott Fitzgerald Johnson; Christine Shepardson; Charles M. Stang, eds. (22 February 2022).
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1859:
1792:
1764:
1739:
1427:
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1137:
India was listed as one of the Church of the East's 'provinces of the exterior' by the historian ʿAmr in 1348.
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757:
416:
250:
2226:
Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina
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sent copies of his Syriac translations of Greek devotional works to India for the use of the Indian clergy.
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1965:
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395:
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951:, the former seat of the East Syriac metropolitan diocese, was downgraded to a suffragan diocese of the
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3308:
340:
1811:
Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines, Volume 4 By Charles George Herbermann page 1180,1181
1038:
3559:
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is the continuation of the East Syriac ecclesiastical province in India, being an archdiocese of the
1154:
885:, but were detached from that province in the 7th century, and again in the 8th, and given their own
592:
462:
326:
307:
34:
1470:
The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 287–289.
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38:
30:
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Samir, K., 'La Relation du Voyage en Inde en 1701 du Métropolite chaldéen Simon (†16 Août 1720)',
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praised the achievement of the Church of the East in converting 'the Indians, Chinese and Turks'.
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in 1599, which effectively suppressed the historic East Syriac metropolitan province of India.
874:
869:, the traditional liturgical rite of the Church of the East. They also adopted some aspects of
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55:
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Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux
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Bishops from traditional and Chaldean Patriarchates and clashes with the Portuguese, 1503–99
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Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus
2166:
1265:
Since 1665 most of the Syrian Rite Christians along the Malabar coast of India were either
770:
617:
258:
1403:
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in southern India 'in the land called Male, where the pepper grows'; and in the island of
939:
was established to provide jurisdiction for the Chaldean Church in India. On occasion the
8:
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for bishops to be sent out to them. In 1490 (or more probably, as has been suggested by
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783:
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677:
311:
119:
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Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions.
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2250:. Trivandrum: The Superintendent of Government Presses, Government Press: 128, 131–144.
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Language of Religion, Language of the People: Medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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114:
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Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 415-436
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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900
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1611:
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1471:
1437:
1236:
1083:
854:
672:
295:
281:
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2316:
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2014:
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2149:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
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According to the fourteenth-century writer ʿAbdishoʿ of Nisibis, the patriarch
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842:
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Dauvillier, J., 'Les provinces chaldéennes "de l'extérieur" au Moyen Âge', in
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Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
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1140:
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3497:
2090:
1610:. Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center. 1979. p. 53.
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972:
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1239:, started his efforts to bring Angamaly under Goa. Menezes convened the
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1045:
632:
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1436:(22-Feb-2022 ed.). University of California Press. p. 409.
1291:
841:, at least nominally, from the seventh to the sixteenth century. The
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637:
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203:
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The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913
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1214:
1163:
1087:
952:
948:
940:
622:
557:
1207:
1009:, from which brass, sisam logs and cloth were exported; along the
861:. The community traces its origins to the evangelical activity of
3769:
3431:
1158:
667:
865:
in the 1st century. The Christian communities in India used the
1467:
Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
1298:
1014:
1006:
846:
1285:
1253:
18th and 19th century Nestorian and Chaldean missions to India
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1852:
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A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707
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850:
712:
2188:
Histoire et institutions des Églises orientales au Moyen Âge
1800:
see, before the Inquisition also sent him to Lisbon in 1562.
3890:
3318:
1877:
Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines, Volume 4
1823:
Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines, Volume 4
1061:, who was determined to break the power of the bishops of
1936:"Tomb of State's last Persian Chaldean bishop discovered"
1805:
1499:
1276:
1200:
422:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia
2400:
The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East
405:
Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic
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1235:
After the death of Mar Abraham, the Archbishop of Goa,
1141:
Appointment of East Syriac bishops for India, 1490–1503
1126:
In the 1320s the anonymous biographer of the patriarch
2448:
2042:
2040:
1408:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
1175:
Rival bishops Abraham and Joseph Sulaqa reaching India
973:
India-Persia Church relations from 3rd to 14th Century
892:
Due to the distance between India and the seat of the
442:
P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches
1307:, in the nineteenth century, sent two Metropolitans,
1094:
in 845, though perhaps less so in the case of India.
2172:
Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens
1990:
Christianity in India From Beginnings to the Present
1908:
Christianity in India From Beginnings to the Present
1230:
2037:
1489:
1487:
1318:
2325:. The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 653–697.
4016:
1954:
1484:
1157:, 1499), two Christians from Malabar arrived in
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1434:Invitation to Syriac Christianity: An Anthology
1388:Cathedral of St. Quriaqos, Shengala (in 1301);
1375:Cathedral of St. Quriaqos, Shengala (in 1301);
1208:Bishop Abraham joining in Chaldean Patriarchate
412:Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)
2403:. London: East & West Publishing Limited.
2303:(2013). Peter Bruns; Heinz Otto Luthe (eds.).
1868:
1814:
1574:
1572:
1191:, the brother of the first Chaldean patriarch
3461:
2496:Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552
2491:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552
2434:
1923:exiled for a third time, died in Rome (1569).
1901:
1899:
1777:
1602:
1600:
1549:Christianity in India: The Anti-Colonial Turn
998:280–315), left his seat to evangelise India.
803:
1299:The mission of Thoma Rokkos and Elias Mellus
130:) - the last Metropolitan of the Archdiocese
4035:Dioceses of the Assyrian Church of the East
2260:"The Early Spread of Christianity in India"
2113:
1910:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
1854:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
1759:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
1734:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
1569:
1286:The mission of Gabriel of Ardishai, 1704–39
3468:
3454:
2548:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2486:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318
2441:
2427:
2396:
2375:
2084:Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana
1986:
1905:
1896:
1874:
1838:difficult to establish himself in Malabar.
1820:
1787:. Wilhelm Fink Verlag. 2006. p. 400.
1597:
1460:
1395:
1222:Bishop Abraham as Metropolitan of Angamaly
810:
796:
2124:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2099:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
3475:
1993:. Oxford University Press. p. 134.
1928:
1401:
1322:
1256:
1145:At the end of the fifteenth century the
2315:
2299:
2254:
2046:
1578:
1505:
4017:
2165:
2077:Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum
1545:
1516:
1514:
1402:Brock, Sebastian P; Coakley, James F.
1277:The mission of Shemʿon of Ada, 1701–20
455:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
3449:
2422:
2361:Tisserant, E., 'Église nestorienne',
2248:Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam
2238:
2141:
2127:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon.
2089:
1843:
1748:
1723:
1539:
1533:
1493:
1358:Indo-Persian ecclesiastical relations
1348:. It has around 15,000 communicants.
969:. It has around 15,000 communicants.
408:Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia
2363:Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique
2356:Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique
2267:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
2193:
1962:"St.George Basilica Church Angamaly"
1879:. Cosmo Publications. p. 1181.
1849:
1825:. Cosmo Publications. p. 1181.
1754:
1729:
1720:MSS Vat Syr 204a and Paris BN Syr 25
1583:. Gracewing Publishing. p. 84.
990:285, during the reign of the bishop
450:Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism
432:Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church
15:
2244:"Portuguese and the Malabar Church"
1875:Herbermann, Charles George (2005).
1821:Herbermann, Charles George (2005).
1511:
977:
894:Patriarch of the Church of the East
13:
4030:Dioceses of the Church of the East
2354:Tisserant, E., 'Église malabare',
2075:Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J.,
1430:"Appendix C: Glossary: DYOPHYSITE"
1102:According to the eleventh-century
14:
4051:
2311:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
2190:(Variorum Reprints, London, 1983)
1231:Synod of Diamper and latinisation
1051:
1028:
908:. He was the community leader of
877:, often inaccurately referred as
853:had long been home to a thriving
401:Believers Eastern Church of India
3631:
3430:
2504:
1987:Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2008).
1906:Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2008).
1181:schism in the Church of the East
1109:
1097:
265:
113:
20:
3787:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
3579:Independent Churches/Communions
2767:Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye
2382:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
2186:(Toulouse, 1948), reprinted in
2052:
2007:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1636:
1624:
1390:Cathedral of Mar Hormizd Rabban
1377:Cathedral of Mar Hormizd Rabban
1336:Chaldean Syrian Church of India
1319:Chaldean Syrian Church of India
963:Chaldean Syrian Church of India
837:ecclesiastical province of the
4040:History of Eastern Catholicism
3811:Moscow–Constantinople schisms
2178:. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
1527:
1454:
1421:
1382:
1369:
1149:responded to a request by the
1057:eighth century. The patriarch
1:
1363:
883:metropolitan province of Fars
417:Evangelical Church of Romania
3961:Essence–energies distinction
3782:Christianization of Bulgaria
3344:Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy)
3216:Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur)
2322:Syriac Christianity in India
923:became Catholic (modern day
90:Metropolitanate of All India
7:
4025:Church of the East in India
3765:Antiochian Greek Christians
3663:Christianization of Georgia
3658:Christianization of Armenia
3565:Assyrian Church of the East
3339:Erbil (East Syriac diocese)
3320:
3310:
3238:
3227:
3172:
3116:
3040:
2999:
2703:
2468:Assyrian Church of the East
2462:Hierarchy divided into the
2319:(2018). Daniel King (ed.).
2203:. Beirut: Orient-Institut.
1681:MS Vat Syr 22; Wilmshurst,
1546:Joseph, Clara. A.B (2019).
1351:
1346:Assyrian Church of the East
967:Assyrian Church of the East
917:Portuguese arrived in India
427:Evangelical Orthodox Church
396:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
391:Assyrian Evangelical Church
386:Armenian Evangelical Church
10:
4056:
3815:15th–16th centuries schism
3739:Oriental Orthodox Churches
3570:Ancient Church of the East
3555:Oriental Orthodox Churches
3263:dioceses from 1318 to 1552
2397:Wilmshurst, David (2011).
2376:Wilmshurst, David (2000).
2068:
1333:
459:St. Valentine's Fellowship
446:Russian Evangelical Church
3974:
3878:
3837:
3648:
3629:
3609:
3578:
3560:Eastern Catholic Churches
3540:
3529:
3483:
3427:
3255:
2692:Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf)
2644:
2556:
2513:
2502:
2478:
2460:
2021:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1155:Heleen Murre-van den Berg
915:In the 15th century, the
766:Index of related articles
753:Eastern Christian history
463:Ukrainian Lutheran Church
234:
226:
216:
201:
191:
186:
176:
168:
158:
150:
140:
135:
112:
108:
103:
99:
88:
2464:Chaldean Catholic Church
2370:The Monks of Kublai Khan
1696:The Monks of Kublai Khan
1552:. Taylor & Francis.
1379:in Angamaly (since 1577)
1305:Chaldean Catholic Church
925:Chaldean Catholic Church
857:community, known as the
823:Metropolitanate of India
538:Eastern Catholic liturgy
475:Eastern liturgical rites
29:This article includes a
3797:Eastern Orthodox Church
3751:Saint Thomas Christians
3550:Eastern Orthodox Church
3437:Christianity portal
2652:Abiward and Shahr Piroz
2086:(4 vols, Rome, 1719–28)
2062:, 9 (1979/80), 277–303.
1187:also sent out a bishop
1151:Saint Thomas Christians
1119:mentions the patriarch
994:of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (
937:Archdiocese of Angamaly
910:Saint Thomas Christians
859:Saint Thomas Christians
437:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
196:Saint Thomas Christians
160:Ecclesiastical province
58:more precise citations.
3596:True Orthodox churches
3591:Spiritual Christianity
2358:, 14 (1934), 3,089–162
1850:Neil, Stephen (1984).
1755:Neil, Stephen (1984).
1730:Neil, Stephen (1984).
1579:Haffner, Paul (2007).
1342:Chaldean Syrian Church
1331:
1328:Marth Mariam Cathedral
1262:
1072:
875:Theodore of Mopsuestia
355:Independent communions
3619:Eastern Protestantism
3492:that developed since
3038:Niffar, Nil and al-Nu
2867:Harran and Callinicus
2557:Exterior metropolitan
2514:Interior metropolitan
2368:Wallis Budge, E. A.,
2345:Patrologia Orientalis
2167:Chabot, Jean-Baptiste
2079:(3 vols, Paris, 1877)
1581:Mystery of the Church
1326:
1260:
1067:
1023:Maʿna of Rev Ardashir
1003:Cosmas Indicopleustes
643:Eastern Protestantism
379:Eastern Protestantism
276:Mainstream communions
3744:Council of Chalcedon
3490:Christian traditions
3477:Eastern Christianity
3165:Shenna d'Beth Ramman
2747:Beth Mazunaye (Oman)
2611:Kashgar and Nevaketh
2571:Beth Tuptaye (Tibet)
2365:, 11 (1931), 157–323
1404:"Church of the East"
982:The bishop David of
927:) in 1553, both the
771:Western Christianity
259:Eastern Christianity
120:Metropolitan Abraham
3520:, and parts of the
3268:dioceses after 1552
2992:Mashmahig (Bahrain)
2782:Bih Shabur (Kazrun)
2712:Badisi and Qadistan
2566:Beth Sinaye (China)
2279:10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7
2240:Menon, A. Sreedhara
2147:"Thomas Christians"
2143:Brock, Sebastian P.
2119:Winkler, Dietmar W.
1942:. 20 September 2015
1261:Gabriel of Ardishai
1001:The Nestorian monk
887:metropolitan bishop
784:Christianity portal
738:Christian mysticism
551:Major controversies
327:Eastern Catholicism
172:From 8th century AD
3717:Church of the East
3687:Ecumenical council
3638:Christ Pantocrator
3494:Early Christianity
3256:Post-1318 dioceses
3145:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2927:Karka d'Beth Slokh
2606:Islands of the Sea
2454:Church of the East
2233:Oriens Christianus
2195:Fiey, Jean Maurice
2184:Mélanges Cavallera
2060:Parole de l’Orient
2015:"Synod of Diamper"
1968:on 1 February 2012
1633:(ed. Scher), i. 26
1631:Chronicle of Seert
1608:World Christianity
1508:, p. 662–663.
1332:
1330:in Thrissur, India
1263:
1147:Church of the East
956:Archdiocese of Goa
921:Church of the East
898:Church of the East
863:Thomas the Apostle
839:Church of the East
332:Church of the East
287:Oriental Orthodoxy
211:Church of the East
31:list of references
4010:
4009:
3982:Sign of the cross
3792:Turkic Christians
3627:
3626:
3443:
3442:
3272:
3084:Qasr and Nahrawan
2559:provinces to 1318
2516:provinces to 1318
2256:Mingana, Alphonse
2082:Assemani, J. S.,
2000:978-0-19-154419-4
1617:978-0-912552-33-0
1590:978-0-85244-133-6
1477:978-0-88-141056-3
1271:Malankara Syrians
1237:Aleixo de Menezes
1084:Eliya of Damascus
986:, who flourished
855:Eastern Christian
820:
819:
366:Spiritual Russian
323:
296:Orthodox Tewahedo
282:Eastern Orthodoxy
244:
243:
84:
83:
76:
4047:
3802:East–West Schism
3755:Malankara Church
3672:Byzantine Empire
3640:(circa 1261) in
3635:
3538:
3537:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3435:
3434:
3323:
3313:
3258:
3241:
3230:
3175:
3170:Shigar and Beth
3119:
3079:Qarta and Adarma
3043:
3003:altha and Hnitha
3002:
2987:Mashkena d'Qurdu
2897:Hormizd Ardashir
2802:Dasqarta d'Malka
2706:
2645:dioceses to 1318
2508:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2393:
2336:
2312:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2281:. Archived from
2264:
2251:
2214:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2138:
2110:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1964:. Archived from
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1462:Meyendorff, John
1458:
1452:
1451:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1267:Syrian Catholics
1241:Synod of Diamper
1132:Rabban Bar Sauma
978:Sassanian period
945:Synod of Diamper
867:East Syriac Rite
812:
805:
798:
698:Antiochian Greek
344:
289:
269:
246:
245:
221:East Syriac Rite
146:
129:
127:
117:
86:
85:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
54:this article by
45:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4006:
3970:
3901:Filioque clause
3874:
3833:
3760:Arab Christians
3682:Proto-orthodoxy
3644:
3636:
3623:
3605:
3574:
3532:
3525:
3479:
3474:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3423:
3304:Atel and Bohtan
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3064:Prath d'Maishan
2962:Mahoze d'Arewan
2937:Karka d'Maishan
2682:Aoustan d'Arzun
2640:
2558:
2552:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2474:
2456:
2447:
2417:
2411:
2390:
2333:
2317:Perczel, István
2301:Perczel, István
2291:
2289:
2285:
2262:
2211:
2175:
2156:
2154:
2153:. Gorgias Press
2135:
2107:
2071:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1918:
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1897:
1887:
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1869:
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1815:
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1606:
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1598:
1591:
1577:
1570:
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1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1338:
1321:
1301:
1288:
1279:
1255:
1233:
1224:
1210:
1193:Yohannan Sulaqa
1177:
1172:
1143:
1130:and his friend
1112:
1100:
1090:by the emperor
1054:
1039:Shemʿon of Fars
1031:
980:
975:
816:
776:
775:
762:
732:
724:
723:
722:
692:
684:
683:
682:
657:
649:
648:
647:
552:
544:
543:
542:
476:
468:
467:
381:
371:
370:
356:
348:
347:
334:
277:
154:India and China
144:
131:
125:
123:
95:
92:
91:
80:
69:
63:
60:
49:
35:related reading
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Divine Liturgy
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3665:
3660:
3654:
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3646:
3645:
3630:
3628:
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3622:
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3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
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3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3502:Eastern Europe
3484:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3236:Yemen and Sana
3233:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Shahpur Khwast
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
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2929:
2924:
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2899:
2894:
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2874:
2869:
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2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
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2273:(2): 435–514.
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2288:on 2021-01-24
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17:
4012:
3916:Nestorianism
3911:Dyophysitism
3906:Miaphysitism
3896:Apophaticism
3860:Deuterocanon
3726:
3705:Paulicianism
3695:Nestorianism
3668:Roman Empire
3642:Hagia Sophia
3637:
3259:
3094:Qube d'Arzun
3059:Piroz Shabur
2887:Hesna d'Kifa
2762:Beth Rahimaï
2757:Beth Nuhadra
2752:Beth Moksaye
2600:
2479:Time periods
2399:
2378:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2351:, 5.2 (1910)
2343:
2340:Scher, Addai
2321:
2308:
2290:. Retrieved
2283:the original
2270:
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2247:
2232:
2228:(Rome, 1899)
2225:
2221:(Rome, 1896)
2218:
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2157:22 September
2155:. Retrieved
2150:
2123:
2095:
2091:Bayly, Susan
2083:
2076:
2059:
2054:
2047:Perczel 2013
2030:
2023:. Retrieved
2018:
2009:
1989:
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1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
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1944:. Retrieved
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1659:, ii. 1275–6
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1506:Perczel 2018
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1411:. Retrieved
1407:
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1392:(since 1577)
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981:
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928:
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879:Nestorianism
871:Dyophysitism
831:Beth Hindaye
830:
822:
821:
731:Other topics
628:Paulicianism
613:Dyothelitism
598:Monoenergism
578:Dyophysitism
573:Miaphysitism
563:Nestorianism
238:
202:
192:Denomination
180:
177:Headquarters
169:Metropolitan
70:
61:
50:Please help
42:
3992:Iconography
3966:Metousiosis
3825:2018 schism
3820:1996 schism
3518:South India
3510:East Africa
3498:Middle East
3104:Ram Hormizd
2902:Hrbath Glal
2777:Beth Zabdaï
2732:Beth Daraye
2533:Beth Huzaye
2528:Beth Garmaï
1672:, ii. 485–9
1340:Today, the
961:Today, the
835:East Syriac
758:Monasticism
743:Christology
608:Dyoenergism
526:East Syriac
504:West Syriac
482:Alexandrian
227:Established
187:Information
56:introducing
4019:Categories
4002:Omophorion
3997:Asceticism
3951:Hypostasis
3936:Philokalia
3865:Septuagint
3838:Scriptures
3775:Ghassanids
3710:Bogomilism
3700:Iconoclasm
3601:Tolstoyans
3542:Communions
3514:Asia Minor
3260:(See also:
3008:Merw i-Rud
2772:Beth Waziq
2742:Beth Lapat
2737:Beth Dasen
2727:Beth Bgash
2657:Adarbaigan
2470:after the
2349:4.3 (1908)
2292:2022-06-23
1861:0521243513
1794:3770542819
1766:0521243513
1741:0521243513
1668:Assemani,
1655:Le Quien,
1646:, ii. 1275
1642:Le Quien,
1534:Brock 2011
1494:Brock 2011
1364:References
1185:Abdisho IV
1164:Portuguese
1117:Cranganore
1046:Sliba-zkha
906:Archdeacon
656:Traditions
633:Bogomilism
618:Iconoclasm
499:Antiochene
3946:Theotokos
3886:Hesychasm
3691:Heresies
3533:divisions
3155:Shahrgard
2982:Masabadan
2917:Jerusalem
2797:Darabgard
2707:Aïn Sipne
2677:Al-Rustaq
2662:Al-Bariya
2631:Samarqand
1972:7 January
1940:The Hindu
1104:Mukhtasar
1059:Timothy I
929:Nestorian
833:) was an
718:Maronites
638:Hesychasm
583:Henotikon
521:Byzantine
509:Malankara
300:Ethiopian
235:Cathedral
204:Sui iuris
151:Territory
104:Bishopric
64:June 2022
3931:Phronema
3879:Theology
3870:Peshitta
3522:Far East
3404:Shemsdin
3299:Ardishai
3181:Shushter
3160:Shahrzur
3140:Segestan
3049:Nihawand
3033:Nahargur
2977:Marmadit
2952:Khanijar
2672:Al-Qabba
2581:Damascus
2523:Adiabene
2466:and the
2450:Dioceses
2258:(1926).
2242:(1965).
2197:(1993).
2169:(1902).
2145:(2011).
2121:(2003).
2093:(2004).
1464:(1989).
1352:See also
1292:Ardishai
1215:Angamaly
1088:Chang'an
953:Padroado
949:Angamaly
933:Chaldean
708:Assyrian
623:Filioque
558:Arianism
516:Armenian
337:Assyrian
308:Armenian
304:Eritrean
251:a series
249:Part of
136:Location
3975:Worship
3926:Theoria
3921:Theosis
3770:Melkite
3732:Mongols
3650:History
3496:in the
3384:Nisibis
3359:Hakkari
3354:Gazarta
3329:Berwari
3314:Amadiya
3206:Tamanon
3196:Taimana
3186:Soqotra
3176:Arabaye
3109:Ramonin
3054:Nineveh
3013:Meskene
2947:Kashkar
2912:Istakhr
2907:Ispahan
2857:Hamadan
2847:Haditha
2837:Gubeans
2812:Dinawar
2807:Delasar
2787:Dabarin
2687:Armenia
2543:Nisibis
2538:Maishan
2452:of the
2069:Sources
2025:11 July
1946:10 July
1698:, 122–3
1413:27 June
1159:Gazarta
984:Maishan
941:Vatican
673:Russian
668:Melkite
531:Malabar
341:Ancient
312:Cilicia
239:several
230:AD 50s
181:several
141:Country
124: (
94:ܒܬ ܗܙܕܐ
52:improve
3941:Praxis
3807:Raskol
3414:Tuleki
3389:Salmas
3374:Mardin
3369:Kirkuk
3334:Cyprus
3284:Alqosh
3231:Ukbara
3211:Tirhan
3135:Salmas
3130:Salakh
3099:Radani
3074:Qaimar
3069:Pusang
3044:maniya
2967:Mardin
2957:Lashom
2942:Karman
2877:Hebton
2842:Gurgan
2832:Gawkaï
2827:Eshnuq
2792:Dairin
2722:Barhis
2667:Al-Kuj
2636:Tangut
2596:Hulwan
2576:Dailam
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1997:
1914:
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1474:
1440:
1092:Wuzong
1015:Ceylon
1007:Mumbai
847:Kerala
827:Syriac
691:Groups
678:Syriac
487:Coptic
320:Indian
316:Syriac
292:Coptic
207:church
3956:Ousia
3845:Canon
3727:India
3722:China
3677:Copts
3531:Main
3506:North
3419:Zakho
3399:Sehna
3394:Seert
3379:Mosul
3349:Gawar
3294:Anzel
3279:Ahwaz
3201:Tahal
3028:Muqan
3023:Mosul
2972:Marga
2892:Hirta
2882:Herat
2872:Hatta
2862:Hamir
2852:Hagar
2822:Erbil
2817:Egypt
2717:Balad
2697:Arzun
2601:India
2591:Herat
2286:(PDF)
2263:(PDF)
2176:(PDF)
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1077:Enosh
851:India
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713:Copts
663:Greek
492:Ge'ez
164:India
145:India
122:(1597
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3891:Icon
3508:and
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3266:and
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3221:Urmi
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3125:Rima
3120:aïna
3114:Resh
3089:Qish
2922:Jews
2621:Merv
2586:Fars
2405:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2159:2016
2129:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2027:2022
1995:ISBN
1974:2012
1948:2022
1912:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1709:EOCE
1683:EOCE
1612:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1554:ISBN
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1522:POCN
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