Persian language in the Indian subcontinent

3051: 201: 3008: 3077: 832: 3123: 1194: 471:) was carried along with them. This set a precedent for Persian's further growth in the subcontinent. The Turkic and Mongol dynasties that subsequently arrived in South Asia emulated this Persianised high culture since it had become the predominant courtly culture in Western and Central Asia. Similar developments in other regions of Asia led to the establishment of Persian as literary and official language in a region stretching from "China to the Balkans, and from Siberia to southern India", by the 15th century. The arrival of Persian in the Indian subcontinent was hence no isolated event, and eventually positioned the region within a much larger Persian-speaking world. 3105: 3165: 2989: 648: 3147: 3024: 1069: 2884:. The most significant and lasting impact of the linguistic divide has been the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as two separate literary registers of Hindustani, both of which are recognised on national levels. Conscious attempts to alter language on such a basis have also been observed in other languages that have both Hindu and Muslim speech communities, such as Punjabi. Urdu has been undergoing further Persianisation in Pakistan, due to a need for new words and coinages to suit modern times. 1537:

Persian loans began to permeate the Indic languages on a broader level. Kuczkiewicz-Fraś identifies poets and Sufis as highly conducive to this process; these groups knew both Persian and local languages, facilitating contact between them and dispersing the same into their followers. The prestige status that Persian later attained under the Mughals resulted in Persian vocabulary being integrated more consciously (rather than out of necessity) into the Indo-Aryan languages.

566:, as many Persian elite sought refuge in North India. Hence the Persian language established itself in court and literature, but also through a sizeable population often associated with Islamic nobility. The Delhi Sultanate was largely the impetus for the spread of Persian, since its borders stretched deep into the subcontinent. In the wake of its gradual disintegration, the various outgrowths of the empire in regions as far as the 1337:(Indian style) among other names. It was characterised by an ornate, flowery poetic style, and the presence of Indian vocabulary, phrases, and themes. For example, the monsoon season was romanticised in Indo-Persian poetry, something that had no parallel in the native Irani style. Due to these differences, Iranian poets considered the style "alien" and often expressed a derisive attitude towards 2821:

Persianate world. The most prominent difference is seen in the vowel system: in Iran, the language underwent some isolated developments to reach its present form, by which the eight-vowel system transformed into a six-vowel one. Indian Persian has continued to use the older system, and has hence has been called a "petrification" of Classical Persian. This is apparent in words like

1481:). Even in its vernacular form, Hindustani contains the most Persian influence of all the Indo-Aryan languages, and many Persian words are used commonly in speech by those identifying as "Hindi" and "Urdu" speakers alike. These words have been assimilated into the language to the extent they are not recognised as "foreign" influences. This is due to the fact that Hindustani's 1180:, and in this era Persian's impact was much more profound. Mughal rule brought a highly Persianised court and administration to Bengal, as well as an influx of Iranians and northern Indians. This established Persian as a language of public affairs and courtly circles, and an indispensable tool of social mobility. The Persian language became entrenched in the 778:'s death, Persian began to fall into decline, being displaced by Urdu in the Mughal court. The arrival and strengthening of British political power added a growing influence of English as well. However, for a long time Persian was still the dominant language of the subcontinent, used in education, Muslim rule, the judiciary, and literature. While the 3076: 698:, for example, was more proficient in Persian than Turkic). Under Akbar, Persian was made the official language of the Mughal Empire, a policy it would retain till its demise. His pluralist rule resulted in many natives becoming more open to learning the language, and educational reforms were introduced in 2879:

Language has always been a dimension of Hindu-Muslim tension in the Indian subcontinent, and the Perso-Arabic elements in Indo-Aryan languages have played a part in this. In 19th-century British India, divisions on religious lines led to Hindu groups advocating to de-Persianise language, and Muslims

1536:

As the initial contact points of Persianate rule, administration and urban life provided the earliest types of loans in the Indo-Aryan languages. In this initial period, Persian words were often borrowed out of necessity, to describe newly-introduced foreign objects and concepts. Eventually however,

1504:

The following Persian features are hence shared by many Indic languages but vary in the manner described above, with Hindustani and particularly its register Urdu bearing Persian's mark the most. It is also worth noting that due to the politicisation of language in the subcontinent, Persian features

693:

developed these ties by granting these Iranians positions in the imperial service. He also undertook generous efforts to attract many Persian literati from Iran. Akbar's actions established Persian as the language of the Mughal court, transitioning the royal family out of the ancestral language (his

2408:

To a lesser extent, Turkic words also entered through Persian. In general it is unclear which Turkic words are Persian-mediated, and which direct, since Turkic was used (albeit to a limited extent) in the early medieval period of the subcontinent. Additionally, there is the reverse possibility that

786:

Through the early 1800s, though the East India Company continued to use Persian and Hindustani officially, it increasingly began to favour vernacular languages over Persian in the administration and adjudication of the Indian population. This was due to the fact that Persian was no longer as widely

561:

produced much of his Persian work under their patronage. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the Turkic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate encouraged the flow of eminent Persian-speaking personalities (such as poets, scribes, and holy people) into the subcontinent, granting them land to settle in rural

1417:

As a prestige language and lingua franca over a period of 800 years in the Indian subcontinent, Classical Persian exerted a vast influence over numerous Indic languages, which includes non-Indo-Aryan languages. Generally speaking, the degree of impact is seen to increase the more one moves towards

997:

Persian enjoyed a superior position in the valley as prestige language from its early days. It retained its political and literary status for the next 500 years under the Mughals, Afghans, and Sikhs. Poetry, histories and biographies were among some of the works produced over these years, and many

2375:

The Persian, Arabic, and Turkic languages that arrived in the subcontinent shared a sizeable amount of vocabulary due to historical factors surrounding Iran and Central Asia. However it is generally agreed that Persian, with its vast dominance in the Indian subcontinent, was the primary medium of

2657:

The same is seen in formal contexts among those speakers of Punjabi, Bengali etc. that draw from Perso-Arabic elements, such as Muslims. Additionally, the sound /ʃ/, or "sh" appears in the Indo-Aryan languages largely due to the entry of Persian vocabulary (although it also appears in loans from

1201:

Although considerably distanced from North India, the Deccan was also a recipient of Persian's linguistic impact. Persianate culture was brought to the Deccan fleetingly through the efforts of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century. Persian finally gained a foothold in the region with the

1184:

upper class, remaining into the 19th century. The imposition of Mughal administration on the region also meant that the general populace came into contact with officers that did not know Bengali. This led to a diffusion process, as locals learned the Persian language in order to communicate with

795:

dropped Persian from their administration in 1832, and in 1837, Act No. 29 mandated the abandonment of Persian in official proceedings throughout India in favour of vernacular languages. English eventually replaced Persian in education as well, and the British actively promoted Hindustani as the

581:. Many Sufi missionaries to the subcontinent had Persian roots, and although they used local Indic languages to reach their followers, they used Persian to converse amongst each other and write literature. This resulted in a diffusion process among the local followers of the faith. Sufi centres ( 782:

used English in the higher levels of administration, it acknowledged the importance of Persian as a "language of command", and used it as the language of provincial governments and courts. Hence many British officials arriving in India learned Persian in colleges established by the Company. The

1168:

However, Persian was not the sole language of governance; the majority of official documents were written in Arabic, as were most inscriptions. Coins were minted with Arabic text. Notably, there is no evidence of significant Persian literary patronage under the Bengal Sultans; court poetry and

814:

asserts that the advent of printing technology in 19th-century British India also played a part in Persian's decline. While the printing press enabled the highest Persian textual output in the subcontinent's history, it also greatly amplified more widely spoken languages such as Hindustani and

739:

Under the Mughals, Persian took prominence as the language of culture, education, and prestige. Their policies resulted in a process of "Persianisation" by which many Indian communities increasingly adopted the language for social purposes. Professions requiring Persian proficiency, previously

3050: 2820:

Indian Persian is linguistically the same as Modern Persian. However, when compared to modern Iranian Persian, it differs significantly in pronunciation. This is because the Persian spoken in the subcontinent is still the Classical Persian historically used as a lingua franca throughout the

308:

in the Indian subcontinent. However Persian historically played the role of an overarching, often non-sectarian language connecting the diverse people of the region. It also helped construct a Persian identity, incorporating the Indian subcontinent into the transnational world of

1206:

in 1347, which used the language for official purposes. The dynasty had a great interest in Persian culture, and several members were proficient in the language, producing their own literature. Literati from Northern India found themselves welcome at the court, and scholars from

1324:), panegyrics (often in praise of patron kings), epics, histories, biographies, and scientific treatises. These were written by members of all faiths, not just Muslims. Persian also was used for religious expression in the subcontinent, the most prominent example of which is 796:

means of common communication. Additionally, nationalistic movements in the subcontinent led to various communities embracing vernacular languages over Persian. Still, Persian was not fully supplanted, and remained the language of "intercultural communication". Famed poet

874:

was made the second capital of the Ghaznavids, it played host to great poets in the court, and was settled by many Persian-speakers from the West. The first Indian-born Persian poet was from Lahore, as were the earliest notable figures in Indo-Persian literature,

2688:

They inherit the same meaning as Persian, but are generally used in more formal, literary contexts. They appear in multiple impacted languages, but to varying extents, with the most usage occurring in the Hindustani register Urdu. Additionally, the conjunction

455:

in their military, which exposed them to a Persianate culture. These warriors were able to rise up the ranks and gain political power; they began the synthesis of a Turco-Persian tradition, wherein Turkic rulers patronised the Persian language and culture.

2860:

The situation is summarised by Matthews, who says that Persian in the Indian subcontinent is usually pronounced as if it were Urdu (Hindustani). Recently, there have been efforts in the subcontinent to switch to using Persian as it is pronounced in Iran.

3007: 1060:(under British suzerainty) in 1849 led to the decline of Persian in Kashmir. Although they inherited and used a Persian administrative system, social changes brought by them led to Urdu being instituted as the language of administration in 1889. 610:

gained control in the north of the subcontinent, and although Afghans at the time were a part of the Persianate world, these rulers were not well-acquainted with the language. In this era, empires all over the subcontinent began to employ

1446:

have seen a low level of influence from Persian. They still feature loans from the language, some of which are direct, and some through Deccani (the southern variety of Hindustani), due to the Islamic rulers of the Deccan.

3122: 1540:

Today, Persian loans are found in almost all spheres of usage, and nouns make up the largest portion of them. Many are used commonly in everyday speech. They often have an altered pronunciation when compared to modern

754:

alongside masters of the language from Iran. Moreover, the complete Persianisation of the Mughal administrative system meant that the language reached both urban centres as well as villages, and a larger audience for

467:, expanded outwards in search of new opportunities. Immediately adjacent to the lands of the Persians and Turks, the Indian subcontinent became a target for the Ghaznavid Empire, and New Persian (also referred to as 2887:

In the modern era, though Persian is in disuse, Persian loanwords have continued to move into regional languages through Hindustani. A notable example is that of Pakistan, where the imposition of Urdu as

1243:, which were also Persianate in culture. They used Persian as a courtly language, as well as for official and administrative purposes. The language received literary patronage; for example, Persian poet 948:

Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in Punjab through the early 19th century, and dominated most literary spheres. It served finally as the official state language of the

200: 963:

and the decline of Persian in South Asia. Persian-medium schools in the Punjab lasted until the 1890s. Muhammad Iqbal, a Punjabi, was one of the last prolific writers of Persian in the subcontinent.

823:

This section gives a closer look at the use of Persian in selected regions, specifically those outside Central-Northern India, which was often the centre of Islamic power in the Indian subcontinent.

631:) as a language of the court. Work in Persian was however still produced, and Persian still featured in official documents. Notably, the Delhi Sultanate's official language was declared Persian by 1312:

was produced by inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent. Prior to the 19th century, the region produced more Persian literature than Iran. This consisted of several types of works: poetry (such as

6020: 5506: 5885: 1236:

writes that Persian was much less widely understood in the Deccan region than vernacular languages, and contrasts this situation with the Persian proficiency in the north of the subcontinent.

1376:" into Persian). A vast number of Sanskrit works were rendered into Persian, especially under Akbar, in order to transfer indigenous knowledge; these included religious texts such as the 1169:

creative texts were composed in the Bengali language instead. Persian literature mostly came from outside the court, such as the works of Sufism and the "popular literature" created by

2379:

The majority of Arabic words present in Indic languages entered through Persian; for example, the terms listed under "law" above are of Arabic origin, as are miscellaneous words like

1111:, having diffused into the elite population (Muslim and non-Muslim) through the administration. This led to a growing audience for Persian literature, indicated by famed Persian poet 1553:

is also responsible for the differences in pronunciation, and is determined by the particular recipient language. One nativisation common to many languages is the elongation of the

2841:

also retains this old system. There have also been some changes in Indian Persian due to nativisation. Nasal vowels, which are not observed in Modern Persian, occur in the endings

1418:

the north-west of the subcontinent, i.e. the Indo-Iranian frontier. For example, the Indo-Aryan languages have the most impact from Persian; this ranges from a high appearance in

1043:. Some of the earliest Persian literature of the region in fact constituted such translations of Sanskrit works; under the Shah Mirs the monumental Sanskrit history of Kashmir 661:, written in Persian. Hindus employed in the Mughal finance department were known to excel at writing these documents, which were used as exemplars in educational institutions. 978:

literature, the language was in decline from the 13th century, due to internal social factors. Persian was introduced to the region in the 14th century, spreading through the

3023: 537:

Virtually every Islamic power thereafter followed the Ghaznavids' practice of using Persian as a courtly language. Delhi became a major centre of Persian literary culture in

1021:, who adopted Persian in place of their ancestral language Sanskrit, in order to make Hindu teachings more accessible to the population. They translated texts such as the 921:

in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries, as the region came under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. The language of the

766:

contends that it neared the status of a first language. By the 18th century, many Indians in the north of the subcontinent had a "native speaker's competence in Persian".

3104: 2794:

offer Persian as a course of study. Commenting on the state of the field in 2008, Abidi and Gargesh wrote that there was a "general lack of interest" in Persian studies.

3164: 518:, and other places of the Persianate world. This flow would stay largely uninterrupted for the next few centuries. Notable Persian poets of this early period include 1331:

This extended presence and interaction with native elements led to the Persian prose and poetry of the region developing a distinct, Indian touch, referred to as

5872: 2727:

Note that Urdu here refers to a formal register of Hindustani, and hence such Persianised diction appears in the news, education etc. rather than common speech.

704:

to improve Persian learning. The Mughal association with the Persian language continued with Akbar's successors; the literary environment created under them led

2988: 3146: 1485:

was characterised by a Persianisation process, through patronage at Islamic courts over the centuries. Hindustani's Persian register Urdu in particular has an

1274:(the southern variety of Hindustani), at times even using them in administration. For example, Alam writes that Telugu was the language of the sultan for the 2724:

Due to the presence of such grammatical elements as well as an extensive repository of Perso-Arabic vocabulary, Urdu is able to admit fully Persian phrases.

1099:

in the 14th century. During their rule, the language was spoken in the court and employed in administration. It was used primarily in urban centres such as

2922:

speaks a dialect of Gujarati which has been influenced by their ancestral language of Persian. In 1932, the first ever sound film in the Persian language,

2774:

The Persian language is now largely defunct in the Indian subcontinent. However, it still lingers in some scholarly and literary circles; for example, the

433:

had laid claim to. In the process, Persian adopted Arabic script and incorporated many Arabic words into its vocabulary, evolving into a new form known as

2797:

Though Arabic largely dominates the realm of Islamic liturgy and theology in the Indian subcontinent, Persian can be seen in some religious spheres: the

2387:. This is due to the fact that a vast number of Arabic words had already been assimilated into Persian before it arrived in the Indian subcontinent (see 4693: 2409:

Turkic may have contributed some Persian words, since it itself had earlier been Persianised in a similar process to that of the Indic languages (see

1545:; this is partly because the Indic languages took in the older pronunciations of Classical Persian used by Persian speakers in the subcontinent (see 639:

for the first time began to learn the language for purposes of employment, and there is evidence of them even teaching the language in this period.

6192: 1364:

Translations from other literary languages greatly contributed to the Indo-Persian literary corpus. Arabic works made their way into Persian (e.g.

800:

lived during this transitional era, and produced many works in the language. As late as the 1930s, Persian was still a favoured college degree for

787:

understood in India. By the 1830s, the Company came to view Persian as an "impediment to good governance", culminating in a series of reforms; the

4396:; Schwarze, Sabine; Gil, Alberto; Rothmund, Elisabeth; Frenk, Joachim; Zieliński, Bogusław; Kończal, Kornelia; Schwarz, Wolfgang F. (2015-08-04), 783:

teachers in these colleges were often Indian. In some cases, Britishers even took over as Persian professors, sidelining the role of the Indians.

6225: 5593: 5544: 4943: 4397: 2755:

calligraphic hand popularised by Persian is the main style used for writing Urdu and the main style used for writing Punjabi in Pakistan.

808:

prolific Persian work, produced during the turn of the 20th century, is considered the last great instance of the Indo-Persian tradition.

5480: 484: 297: 3965: 5470: 5139: 4213: 2391:). The largest impact of Arabic in the Indic lexicon is religious terminology (not listed), and many of even these are through Persian. 2421:

Persian has also contributed compound formations in Indic languages, wherein Persian words and affixes are combined with Indic roots:

2401:

For these reasons Persian linguistic influence is often termed 'Perso-Arabic'. It is however important to note that Persian being the

831: 3669:

Kachru, Braj B (2008). "Introduction: languages, contexts, and constructs". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.).

2970: 5057:

D'Hubert, Thibaut (2019), Green, Nile (ed.), "Persian at the Court or in the Village? The Elusive Presence of Persian in Bengal",

5561: 5496: 285:

etc. Initially it was used by Muslim dynasties of India but later started being used by Non-Muslim empires too, For example the

421:, new Iranian-Islamic empires emerged, reviving Persian culture in a new Islamic context. This period is sometimes termed the 6869: 6864: 6187: 5004: 4780: 4329: 4223: 4040: 3725: 1528:

has been the seepage of a vast and varied Persian vocabulary into the Indic lexicon, particularly the Indo-Aryan languages.

6218: 5501: 2394:

The influence of Persian mediation is observed in the semantic shift of Arabic words in the Indic lexicon; for example,

6849: 5475: 4002: 991: 598:

The language had a brief dormant period in the late 15th to early 16th century after the Delhi Sultanate was sacked by

3283: 1513:

This section is about the general impact of Persian on the Indic vocabulary. For examples specific to Hindi-Urdu, see

5086: 5066: 5048: 5022: 4479: 4449: 3959: 3906: 3819: 3502: 3455: 3407: 3359: 3354:. Robert L. Canfield, School of American Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 8 & 12. 3334: 1596:

A categorised list of Persian vocabulary found in the Indic languages is provided below, and is far from exhaustive:

257:

and was preserved and patronized by Local Indian dynasties from the 11th century onwards, notable of which were the

6844: 6272: 5537: 866:

dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under

2405:

vehicle for Arabic in the Indian subcontinent is not a surety, and direct loans from Arabic cannot be ruled out.

2398:

means 'opportunity' in Arabic, but the Indic languages have inherited the Persian-altered meaning 'leisure time'.

960: 563: 4117: 3450:. Robert L. Canfield, School of American Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 15–20. 3402:. Robert L. Canfield, School of American Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 13–14. 6613: 6211: 5132: 4974: 4965:

Alam, Muzaffar (2003), Pollock, Sheldon (ed.), "The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan",

3678: 108: 17: 289:, Persian held official status in the court and the administration within these empires. It largely replaced 245:

of the Indian subcontinent and a widely used official language in North India. The language was brought into

5101:

Chopra, R. M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, Iran Culture House, New Delhi, 2012.

2696:

In addition to the above features, Urdu in particular has inherited many prepositions from Persian, such as

1453:

is a notable exception to this geographic trend. It is an Indo-Aryan lingua franca spoken widely across the

6798: 6177: 5164: 3606: 3225: 3992: 1589:

below). Outside of these differences, some loans may still appear strange to modern Persian either due to

851:

has had a long association with the Persian language. The name of the region is itself a Persian coinage (

6172: 5530: 5172: 4393: 426: 317:. Persian's historical role and functions in the subcontinent have caused the language to be compared to 1193: 669:(1526–1857), under whom the language reached its zenith in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughals were of 4804: 3479: 3431: 3383: 2870: 2751:. Their alphabets differ slightly to accommodate unique sounds not found in Persian. Additionally, the 2666:

A lesser but notable impact of Persian is the transfer of simple grammatical structures. These are the

2140: 990:

shortly after saw Persian become the official language of administration. Some of its members, chiefly

5031:

Chatterjee, Kumkum (2009), "Mapping Early Modern Bengal: Polity, Culture, and the Literary Universe",

1493:(houses for sale). It freely uses its historical Persian elements, and looks towards the language for 577:

Apart from courtly influence, Persian also spread through religion, particularly the Islamic faith of

6854: 6748: 6630: 5449: 5233: 5125: 2942: 929:) incorporated Persian, and some of their works were done entirely in the language; examples are the 530:

expanded this territory, shifting Perso-Islamic influence further into the subcontinent and claiming

418: 103: 4245: 4098: 3841: 6182: 4752:

Bashir, Elena (2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptations for South Asian languages". In Bashir, Elena (ed.)

677:, and had been Persianised to an extent. However, the early Mughal court preferred their ancestral 425:, spanning the 9th to 10th centuries, and reestablished in the Persian language the refinement and 5040: 4056:

Pollock, Sheldon (2003), Pollock, Sheldon (ed.), "Sanskrit Literary Culture from the Inside Out",

5423: 5288: 3925: 2913: 2618:

However, the original sounds are considered valid in these languages, with the original forms of

1053:

and the efforts of the Pandits added Hindu astronomical and medical treatises to the literature.

983: 954: 408: 88: 4079: 4022: 740:

occupied by Iranians and Turks, came to be shared with Indians. For example, groups such as the

6859: 6706: 6530: 5738: 5223: 5180: 3994:

The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire

3812:

Conflicting Meanings of Persianate Culture: An Intimate Example from Colonial India and Britain

3192:

to refer to the Indian subcontinent; this is not to be confused with the modern-day country of

2803:

sessions of Sufism often employ Persian poetry in song, and the Sufi devotional music genre of

1076: 546: 93: 3716:

Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.),

1294:, was one of the last important niches of Persian cultivation in the Indian subcontinent. The 494:

The Ghaznavid conquests of the 11th century introduced Persian to the Indian subcontinent. As

6701: 6321: 6306: 6234: 5616: 5598: 5396: 5243: 3949: 2893: 2814: 2775: 1518: 1482: 1155: 647: 1117: 6783: 6743: 6625: 6095: 5990: 5156: 3154: 2954: 1514: 1298:

used Persian as its official language until 1884, when it was phased out in favour of Urdu.

1252: 1216: 887: 876: 523: 480: 360: 293:

as the language of politics, literature, education, and social status in the subcontinent.

5033:

The Cultures of History in Early Modern India: Persianization and Mughal Culture in Bengal

1368:). Turkic, the older language of Islamic nobility, also saw translations (such as that of 1358: 8: 6696: 6550: 6455: 6040: 5411: 4846: 2874: 1450: 1443: 1291: 1279: 1096: 1080: 612: 595:; Abidi and Gargesh speculate that this could have further introduced Persian to locals. 498:

established a power base in India, the centre of Persian literary patronage shifted from

392: 364: 329: 318: 301: 206: 71: 2716:(afterwards). Urdu also displays the Persian practice of pluralising nouns by suffixing 6505: 6422: 5995: 5955: 5848: 5553: 5444: 5333: 4881: 4798: 4662: 4233: 3829: 3473: 3425: 3377: 3014: 2881: 2744: 1309: 1002:

received an education in Persian for careers as accountants and scribes in government.

930: 779: 756: 422: 349: 4924: 4409: 1442:. The largest foreign element in the Indo-Aryan languages is Persian. Conversely, the 510:. This began a steady influx of Persian-speaking soldiers, settlers and literati from 6823: 6813: 6793: 6683: 6678: 6445: 6354: 6301: 6258: 6252: 6150: 5945: 5930: 5925: 5833: 5733: 5651: 5641: 5626: 5606: 5350: 5228: 5082: 5076: 5062: 5044: 5018: 5000: 4970: 4873: 4832: 4818: 4786: 4776: 4699: 4654: 4475: 4445: 4335: 4325: 4219: 4036: 3998: 3955: 3902: 3876: 3815: 3792: 3721: 3674: 3498: 3461: 3451: 3413: 3403: 3365: 3355: 3330: 2889: 2769: 2748: 1431: 1427: 1369: 1278:, and that Persian was removed from the Bijapur Sultanate's administrative system by 1256: 1240: 1223: 1203: 1017:

The historical prevalence of Persian in the region is illustrated by the case of the

880: 792: 788: 519: 468: 384: 380: 278: 187: 98: 974:

was another region impacted heavily by Persian. Though it had long been a centre of

587:) served as focal points for this cultural interaction. Sufism also interacted with 6788: 6723: 6658: 6620: 6608: 6593: 6588: 6565: 6540: 6535: 6485: 6435: 6392: 6374: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6105: 5975: 5960: 5940: 5920: 5900: 5818: 5783: 5773: 5692: 5682: 5667: 5646: 5611: 5454: 5406: 5317: 5273: 5251: 5148: 5114:- Online research and publishing project on Indo-Persian treatises and translations 5036: 4992: 4405: 4028: 3868: 3784: 3137: 1525: 1505:

make an even stronger appearance among the Muslim speakers of the above languages.

1486: 1439: 1435: 1419: 1412: 1271: 1267: 1233: 1228: 1100: 1092: 1073: 987: 979: 681:

language. This linguistic situation began to change when the second Mughal Emperor

678: 627: 515: 495: 438: 388: 376: 368: 348:

authority grew in the Indian subcontinent. Persian lost its official status in the

341: 282: 238: 158: 113: 4984: 729:

There is not in the Persian land the requisite material for the perfection of art,

6763: 6753: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6673: 6668: 6603: 6598: 6555: 6545: 6520: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6475: 6470: 6450: 6440: 6397: 6334: 6311: 6296: 6155: 6120: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6010: 5985: 5980: 5895: 5858: 5853: 5843: 5803: 5793: 5788: 5763: 5748: 5707: 5697: 5672: 5661: 5428: 5401: 5366: 5312: 5307: 5283: 5256: 4996: 4862:"Arabic in India: A Survey and Classification of Its Uses, Compared with Persian" 4643:"Arabic in India: A Survey and Classification of Its Uses, Compared with Persian" 2892:

and its widespread use has led to a growing Perso-Arabic influence on Pakistan's

1748: 1542: 1466: 1423: 1400: 1325: 1287: 1263: 1244: 1170: 1018: 670: 592: 554: 542: 413:

Persian's arrival in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a larger trend in

372: 266: 211: 80: 4260: 359:

Persian's linguistic legacy in the region is apparent through its impact on the

6663: 6653: 6578: 6573: 6510: 6460: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6382: 6291: 6135: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6085: 6060: 6055: 5970: 5950: 5935: 5915: 5905: 5838: 5823: 5808: 5798: 5768: 5702: 5621: 5583: 5418: 5266: 5196: 3872: 3788: 3189: 3067: 2964: 2332: 2122: 1590: 1392:, but also more technical works on topics like medicine and astronomy, such as 1295: 1239:

During the turn of the 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the

1068: 911: 891: 847:

As the primary entry point and frontier region of the Indian subcontinent, the

805: 550: 527: 460: 449: 345: 274: 270: 262: 250: 151: 122: 4215:

Mughal Culture and Persianization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Bengal

4032: 3094: 2937:

in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious persecution in

6838: 6688: 6145: 6140: 6130: 6100: 6090: 6065: 6000: 5828: 5813: 5743: 5677: 5380: 5343: 5338: 5293: 5278: 4877: 4790: 4703: 4658: 4339: 3880: 3856: 3796: 3772: 2938: 2934: 2909: 2740: 2217: 1226:, who wrote the first Persian history of the Muslim conquest of India titled 1181: 1104: 1057: 1045: 907: 763: 674: 666: 632: 396: 325: 242: 49: 4284: 3465: 3417: 3369: 1473:(which uses the Perso-Arabic alphabet) and the de-Persianised, Sanskritised 815:

Bengali, exacerbating the shift towards vernacular languages in the region.

6648: 6283: 6030: 4772: 3951:

The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab

3133: 3092:

itself was a 14th century translation to Persian drawing from the Sanskrit

2880:

embracing the Perso-Arabic element. Such tensions later contributed to the

2736: 2230: 2203: 1585:

respectively). Nativisation has also resulted in phonological changes (see

1550: 1354: 1346: 1333: 1275: 1177: 1028: 797: 748:

came to dominate the Mughal finance departments; Indians taught Persian in

686: 607: 558: 414: 310: 222: 4766: 4507: 2693:

used extensively in these languages to mean "that" is drawn from Persian.

1176:

In the 16th century, the Bengal region came under the Mughals to form the

762:

In this way, Persian became a second language to many across North India;

6738: 6480: 5753: 5204: 5188: 3445: 3397: 3349: 2998: 2838: 2238: 1377: 950: 926: 863: 840: 836: 442: 434: 353: 286: 234: 53: 6203: 4885: 4861: 4666: 4642: 3170:

Verses of the Beloved - love poetry by Munshi Ram, Bengal, 18th century.

1262:

However, the sultans simultaneously promoted regional languages such as

6430: 6387: 5758: 5507:

List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language

3041: 2791: 2627: 1478: 1454: 1365: 936: 922: 867: 811: 709: 603: 464: 258: 246: 4609: 4607: 4605: 2626:

occurring very commonly. Scripts have also accommodated these sounds;

945:

has since retained many Persian elements in its religious vocabulary.

5656: 5522: 5298: 3112: 3058: 2303: 2134: 1494: 1462: 1373: 1108: 999: 775: 658: 557:

sponsored many pieces of literature in the language; celebrated poet

538: 176: 1314: 5778: 5687: 5117: 4819:"University of Dhaka Department of Persian Language and Literature" 4673: 4602: 4554: 4322:

A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives

3084: 3038: 2959: 2924: 2779: 2752: 2739:

script being adopted for several languages, such as Hindustani (as

2128: 1458: 1385: 1381: 1023: 1003: 975: 918: 750: 741: 705: 700: 695: 588: 290: 218: 162: 57: 5372: 4375: 4373: 3515: 3513: 2933:

by Parsi Indians. There is also a small population of Zoroastrian

2668: 2180: 1399:

This provided Hindus access to ancient texts that previously only

6364: 5965: 5910: 5636: 4518: 4024:

The Antipodes of "Progress": A Journey to the End of Indo-Persian

3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3063: 2805: 1820: 1007: 971: 942: 804:

students, despite the consolidation of English-medium education.

745: 682: 621: 583: 254: 6803: 6583: 6525: 6515: 6465: 6359: 5728: 5111: 5078:

Perso-Arabic Loanwords in Hindustani, Part II: Linguistic Study

5059:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

4892: 4722: 4619: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4370: 3899:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

3510: 3495:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

3327:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

3034: 2930: 2919: 2905: 1624: 1319: 1088: 1039: 899: 898:, was conducive to Persian literary activity at the centres of 871: 848: 653: 636: 578: 571: 567: 507: 503: 499: 452: 430: 324:

Persian began to decline with the gradual deterioration of the

4910:

Bashir, Elena (2016). "The Northwest". In Bashir, Elena (ed.)

4530: 4300: 4298: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3573: 3571: 689:, ushering many Iranians into the subcontinent. His successor 6817: 6640: 6005: 5631: 5578: 4967:

Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia

4847:"Maulana Azad National Urdu University Department of Persian" 4391: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4058:

Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia

3718:

Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia

3617: 3193: 2799: 2787: 2653:

to a greater degree, regarding them as proper pronunciation (

2632: 2254: 2185: 1810: 1804: 1741: 1734: 1634: 1474: 1389: 1350: 1112: 1034: 895: 801: 690: 599: 541:

from the 13th century onwards, with the establishment of the

531: 333: 305: 214: 61: 3294: 635:, which began a diffusion process outside Islamic nobility; 399:

also have a considerable amount of loan words from Persian.

6758: 6248: 5712: 5261: 4991:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–120, 4775:, George Cardona. London: Routledge. 2007. pp. 58–59. 4734: 4710: 4542: 4295: 4193: 4181: 4157: 3972: 3730: 3629: 3568: 3544: 2834: 1798: 1470: 1208: 511: 337: 314: 226: 118: 4169: 4140: 3700: 3698: 3588: 3586: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3306: 2809:

also uses Persian in parallel with local languages. Famed

2636:) under the native letters to indicate the Persian loan ( 1762:(Hyderabad, Pakistan, Hazratganj, Arambagh, Mughalsarai) 1593:

or because the inherited word is now archaic in Persian.

1489:, going as far as to admit fully Persian phrases such as 1394: 903: 2599:

into many Indic languages. These have been nativised to

1406: 1215:

were built over the expanse of the kingdom, such as the

4912:

The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia, Chapter 2.

4754:

The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia, Chapter 9.

4346: 4128: 3695: 3683: 3646: 3583: 3556: 3525: 3188:

This article uses the terms 'India' and 'Indian' in a

3110:

Page from the Persian translation of Babur's memoirs,

2376:

transferring vocabulary from the other two languages.

1282:

in favour of Marathi; these are corroborated by Eaton.

1010:, and the region was known in the Persianate world as 2587:

Through loanwords, Persian has introduced the sounds

665:

Persian experienced a revival with the advent of the

3814:. University of California Press. pp. 226–228. 1197:

A Persian poem produced in the Deccan. 17th century.

437:. These developments were centred in the regions of 352:

in 1837, and fell out of currency in the subsequent

4421: 4358: 4261:"Persian Muslim Elements in the History of Bengal" 3954:. University of California Press. pp. 35–36. 3901:, University of California Press, pp. 48–49, 3236: 1679:Khan Bahadur, Rai Bahadur, Yavar Jung, Salaar Jung 1465:linguistic base with Persian elements. It has two 1160:has been cast on the historicity of such a claim. 3329:, University of California Press, pp. 9–12, 3088:. While this copy was commissioned by Akbar, the 2782:has been publishing the Persian-language journal 731:Until henna came to India it acquired no colour. 363:. It played a formative role in the emergence of 6836: 5074: 4898: 4728: 4679: 4613: 4596: 4560: 4536: 4524: 4324:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–144. 3758: 1142:All the parrots of India started crushing sugar 3861:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 3777:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 3182: 2735:The prevalence of Persian also resulted in the 1549:section on the nature of this Indian Persian). 1072:A Sharaf-Nama manuscript that was owned by the 4474:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–73. 3997:. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 239. 3810:Fisher, Michael H. (2019). Green, Nile (ed.). 2786:since 1969. Some colleges and universities in 221:. Between the 10th and 19th centuries, Indian 6219: 5538: 5133: 4833:"University of Karachi Department of Persian" 3497:, University of California Press, p. 1, 1222:A notable poet patronised by the Bahmans was 953:, under which Persian literature such as the 722:tā nīamad suiye hindustān hinā rangīn nashud 37: 5056: 4982: 4740: 4716: 4625: 4584: 4572: 4548: 4439: 4379: 4304: 4199: 4175: 4163: 4151: 3978: 3739: 3640: 3577: 3519: 3312: 3013:Marriage certificate of last Mughal emperor 2712:(in), as well as prepositional phrases like 1524:The most significant result of Indo-Persian 1152:—This verse is often partially attributed to 1115:, who referenced Bengal in a verse from his 712:-era poet at the Mughal court, to comment: 526:, both born in the Indian subcontinent. The 506:, especially at the empire's second capital 459:The resulting Turkic dynasties, such as the 5481:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature 4983:Abidi, S. A. H.; Gargesh, Ravinder (2008), 4444:. Cambridge University Press. p. 478. 4402:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online 2637: 1497:. This is especially true in Pakistan (see 564:Mongol conquests of the Perso-Islamic world 485:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 367:, and had a relatively strong influence on 296:The spread of Persian closely followed the 6226: 6212: 5545: 5531: 5471:Academy of Persian Language and Literature 5140: 5126: 5030: 4691: 4218:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–10. 4187: 4134: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3550: 1144:of this Persian candy that goes to Bengal. 994:, patronised various kinds of literature. 6233: 5041:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001 4859: 4695:Turkic in India and its elements in Hindi 4640: 1461:, best described as an amalgamation of a 210:, a monumental dictionary compiled under 4866:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4647:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4285:"DECCAN: POLITICAL AND LITERARY HISTORY" 2971:Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments 1192: 1067: 835:Persian military manual written for the 830: 720:nīst dar irān zamīn sāmāne tahsile kamāl 646: 199: 5497:List of English words of Persian origin 4941: 4259:Eaton, Richard M. (December 15, 1989). 4055: 3936: 3857:"Imperial policy, provincial practices" 3773:"Imperial policy, provincial practices" 3673:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5-6. 2899: 1134:zīn qand-e Pārsī ke ba Bangāla mē-ravad 1130:Šakkar-šakan šavand hama tūtīyān-e Hend 1083:sharing his throne with Queen Nushabah. 14: 6837: 5552: 5012: 4469: 4315: 4313: 4118:"Kashmir: Persian Language in Kashmir" 4016: 4014: 3990: 3919: 3917: 3809: 3447:Turko-Persia in historical perspective 3399:Turko-Persia in historical perspective 3351:Turko-Persia in historical perspective 1577:(in modern Iranian Persian, these are 562:areas. This flow was increased by the 344:overshadowed Persian in importance as 6207: 5526: 5121: 4692:Agnieszka., Kuczkiewicz-Fraś (2001). 4636: 4634: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4319: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4258: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4020: 3968:from the original on 9 February 2018. 3896: 3892: 3890: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3492: 3324: 3284:"Persian Elements in Indian Language" 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 1434:, to more moderate representation in 1407:Influence on subcontinental languages 489: 5147: 5075:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś, Agnieszka (2012), 4964: 4944:"What sets Zoroastrian Iranis apart" 4505: 4427: 4364: 4352: 3704: 3689: 3652: 3623: 3592: 3562: 3538: 3300: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 1123: 1033:, even composing hymns in praise of 890:declared himself independent of the 714: 225:output consistently dwarfed that of 5502:List of French loanwords in Persian 4942:Shastri, Padmaja (March 21, 2004). 4310: 4011: 3947: 3923: 3914: 3854: 3770: 3486: 3281: 3152:Folio from a copy of Amir Khusro's 3056:Page from a Persian translation of 1219:at Bidar, where Persian was taught. 856: 38: 24: 5476:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan 5095: 5061:, University of California Press, 4969:, University of California Press, 4631: 4488: 4458: 4271: 4090: 4064: 3887: 3658: 3318: 3223: 2730: 685:reconquered India with the aid of 25: 6881: 5105: 4440:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). 4410:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_027842 4282: 4115: 4096: 4077: 3248: 3210: 2763: 2370: 1546: 1498: 3604: 3163: 3145: 3121: 3103: 3075: 3049: 3022: 3006: 2987: 2967:, Perso-Arab-influenced Gujarati 2864: 1487:even greater degree of influence 4958: 4935: 4917: 4904: 4853: 4839: 4825: 4811: 4759: 4756:De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803-804. 4746: 4685: 4433: 4385: 4252: 4205: 4109: 4049: 3984: 3848: 3803: 3764: 3710: 3598: 3438: 3226:"INDIA xiv. Persian Literature" 2758: 2410: 2388: 2363:Sources in order of importance: 862:). Following the defeat of the 818: 602:. Afghan dynasties such as the 5512:Persian language in South Asia 5017:, Cambridge University Press, 3390: 3342: 1586: 986:. The emergence of the native 13: 1: 6193:Scheduled languages in states 3607:"Indo-Persian Historiography" 3203: 1699:(nail, of fingers and toes), 1508: 1303: 982:by early Sufi saints such as 574:resultantly adopted Persian. 402: 6870:Persian language in Pakistan 6865:Cultural history of Pakistan 4997:10.1017/cbo9780511619069.007 3136:), itself an extract of the 2582: 2416: 2172:Religion (non-Arabic terms) 1531: 1403:, higher castes could read. 1251:, was a prominent figure at 1087:Persian was introduced into 657:issued under Mughal Emperor 7: 4914:De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 284. 4212:Chatterjee, Kumkum (2009). 3140:. Commissioned under Akbar. 2997:issued under Mughal Prince 2948: 2829:in Iran) and rōz (day, now 2817:sang sometimes in Persian. 2674:Salām-ē-Ishq, Shēr-ē-Bangla 2533:(without, original Persian 1341:. Notable practitioners of 10: 6886: 5424:Romanized Persian alphabet 4860:Qutbuddin, Tahera (2007). 4641:Qutbuddin, Tahera (2007). 4320:Eaton, Richard M. (2008). 4021:Green, Nile (2018-10-30). 3873:10.1177/001946460604300401 3789:10.1177/001946460604300401 3037:hits the fish-eye target, 2977: 2903: 2868: 2767: 2661: 1512: 1410: 966: 769: 478: 474: 417:. In the aftermath of the 406: 321:in the modern-day region. 6850:Cultural history of India 6776: 6639: 6564: 6421: 6373: 6320: 6282: 6267: 6241: 6168: 6019: 5884: 5871: 5721: 5592: 5571: 5560: 5489: 5463: 5450:Middle Persian literature 5437: 5389: 5359: 5326: 5242: 5234:Western Iranian languages 5216: 5155: 5013:Masica, Colin P. (1991), 4470:Masica, Colin P. (1991). 4099:"Kashmir: Administration" 4033:10.1163/9789004387287_010 3991:Fenech, Louis E. (2013). 2638: 2573: 2565:(without understanding), 2428: 2361: 2297: 1611: 1188: 1063: 1012:Iran-e-saghir/ایران صغیر, 956:Zafarnamah-e-Ranjit Singh 826: 642: 419:Muslim conquest of Persia 186: 174: 169: 148: 77: 67: 45: 36: 31: 5015:The Indo-Aryan Languages 4768:The Indo-Aryan languages 4741:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 4717:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 4626:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 4585:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 4573:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 4549:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 4472:The Indo-Aryan Languages 4392:Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen; 4380:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 4305:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 3979:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 3740:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 3641:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 3626:, p. 149 & 162. 3578:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 3520:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 3313:Abidi & Gargesh 2008 3303:, p. 134 & 188. 3175: 3082:Page from a copy of the 1561:Hence Classical Persian 1491:"makānāt barā-ē farōḵht" 959:was produced, preceding 615:'s emerging predecessor 6845:Languages of South Asia 6799:Pakistani Sign Language 4985:"Persian in South Asia" 4442:The Dravidian Languages 4080:"Kashmir: Introduction" 2914:Zoroastrianism in India 984:Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani 980:Islamisation of Kashmir 409:Turco-Persian tradition 387:. Other languages like 5244:Dialects and varieties 5224:Indo-Iranian languages 4989:Language in South Asia 4803:: CS1 maint: others ( 4027:. Brill. p. 217. 3924:Shackle, Christopher. 3671:Language in South Asia 3478:: CS1 maint: others ( 3430:: CS1 maint: others ( 3382:: CS1 maint: others ( 3282:Shackle, Christopher. 2871:Hindi–Urdu controversy 2511:(with the quality of) 1253:Ibrahim Adil Shah II's 1211:were invited as well. 1198: 1140: 1127: 1084: 1077:Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah 1037:through the medium of 844: 727: 718: 694:own son and successor 662: 230: 6235:Languages of Pakistan 5599:Constitution of India 5397:Old Persian cuneiform 5200:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE) 4899:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4729:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4680:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4614:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4597:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4561:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4537:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4525:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 4512:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4289:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4265:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4122:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4103:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4084:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3930:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3759:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś 2012 3611:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3288:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3230:Encyclopaedia Iranica 2815:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan 2776:University of Kashmir 2768:Further information: 2314:(surely/definitely), 1519:Hindustani vocabulary 1202:establishment of the 1196: 1156:Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah 1095:, established by the 1071: 1014:means "Little Iran". 886:In the 13th century, 834: 650: 479:Further information: 448:The empires employed 203: 6784:Indo-Aryan languages 4398:"Language, literary" 3948:Mir, Farina (2010). 3897:Green, Nile (2019), 3855:Mir, Farina (2006). 3771:Mir, Farina (2006). 3493:Green, Nile (2019), 3325:Green, Nile (2019), 3128:Page from a copy of 2955:Indo-Persian culture 2900:Zoroastrian Persians 2894:indigenous languages 2429:Compound formations 1515:Hindustani etymology 1232:. In spite of this, 1217:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa 1049:was translated into 894:. His dominion, the 860: 'five waters' 481:Indo-Persian culture 361:Indo-Aryan languages 235:British colonisation 6273:administrative unit 6021:100,000 – 1 million 5412:Persian calligraphy 5165:Proto-Indo-European 2983:Persian manuscripts 2875:Hindustani language 2720:or, less commonly, 2603:respectively (e.g. 2425: 2326:(free/independent) 1600: 1444:Dravidian languages 1292:Nizams of Hyderabad 1280:Ibrahim Adil Shah I 1097:Ilyas Shahi dynasty 793:Bombay Presidencies 545:by the post-Ghurid 207:Farhang-i-Jahangiri 72:Indian subcontinent 6423:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 6242:Official languages 6173:Linguistic history 5554:Languages of India 5445:Persian literature 5192:(c. 525 – 300 BCE) 5173:Proto-Indo-Iranian 4948:The Times of India 4682:, p. 236-237. 4628:, p. 115-116. 4616:, p. 235-236. 4587:, p. 115-118. 4575:, p. 117-118. 4563:, p. 153-154. 4382:, p. 109-110. 4355:, p. 142-143. 4116:Weber, Siegfried. 4097:Weber, Siegfried. 4078:Weber, Siegfried. 3707:, p. 166-167. 3692:, p. 165-166. 3655:, p. 159-163. 3595:, p. 157-158. 3565:, p. 147-148. 3541:, p. 133-134. 3522:, p. 103-104. 3015:Bahadur Shah Zafar 3001:, dated 1649-1650. 2882:Partition of India 2639:क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, फ़ 2424: 1685:Parts of the body 1650:Non-Muslim names: 1599: 1469:, the Persianised 1397:-e-Mohammed-Shahi. 1310:Persian literature 1308:A large corpus of 1199: 1085: 1056:The advent of the 1006:often migrated to 888:Nasiruddin Qabacha 845: 780:East India Company 757:Persian literature 673:origin; they were 663: 490:Arrival and Growth 423:Iranian Intermezzo 350:East India Company 231: 6832: 6831: 6772: 6771: 6201: 6200: 6164: 6163: 5867: 5866: 5520: 5519: 5375: 5327:Language features 5229:Iranian languages 5217:Language families 5209: 5201: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5169: 5006:978-0-511-61906-9 4782:978-1-135-79711-9 4506:Matthews, David. 4394:Reichmuth, Stefan 4331:978-0-521-71627-7 4225:978-0-19-569880-0 4042:978-90-04-38728-7 3726:978-0-520-22821-4 3605:Dale, Stephen F. 3196:and its citizens. 2890:national language 2855:mardāṅ, dīṅ, chūṅ 2770:Persian phonology 2580: 2579: 2368: 2367: 2184:(ritual prayer), 2138:(tax collector), 1241:Deccan Sultanates 1204:Bahmani Sultanate 1166: 1165: 881:Abu-al-Faraj Runi 877:Masud Sa'd Salman 737: 736: 549:. The successive 524:Masud Sa'd Salman 520:Abu-al-Faraj Runi 469:Classical Persian 279:Gujarat Sultanate 198: 197: 16:(Redirected from 6877: 6855:Persian language 6794:Iranic languages 6789:Dardic languages 6604:Pothwari Punjabi 6375:Gilgit-Baltistan 6280: 6279: 6276: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6205: 6204: 5882: 5881: 5722:State-level only 5569: 5568: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5455:Tajik literature 5407:Persian alphabet 5371: 5252:Standard Persian 5207: 5199: 5191: 5183: 5175: 5167: 5149:Persian language 5142: 5135: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5091: 5071: 5053: 5027: 5009: 4979: 4952: 4951: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4794: 4763: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4638: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4527:, p. 40-45. 4522: 4516: 4515: 4503: 4486: 4485: 4467: 4456: 4455: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4317: 4308: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4280: 4269: 4268: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4190:, p. 17-18. 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4075: 4062: 4061: 4060:, pp. 92–94 4053: 4047: 4046: 4018: 4009: 4008: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3945: 3934: 3933: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3667: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3553:, p. 16-17. 3548: 3542: 3536: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3469: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3421: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3373: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3221: 3197: 3190:historical sense 3186: 3167: 3158:, dated 1597–98. 3149: 3138:Jami al-Tawarikh 3125: 3107: 3079: 3068:Mount Govardhana 3053: 3026: 3010: 2991: 2929:was produced in 2790:, Pakistan, and 2642:). Urdu retains 2641: 2640: 2491:(fruitbearing), 2477:(one who knows) 2426: 2423: 1851:(inner, lining) 1601: 1598: 1573:(mirror) became 1526:language contact 1467:formal registers 1413:Persian and Urdu 1247:, author of the 1229:Futuh-us-Salatin 1124: 1093:Bengal Sultanate 1074:Sultan of Bengal 1019:Kashmiri Pandits 988:Shah Mir dynasty 961:British conquest 861: 858: 806:Muhammad Iqbal's 715: 496:Mahmud of Ghazni 283:Bengal sultanate 239:Persian language 204:A page from the 194: 179: 159:Persian alphabet 154: 83: 41: 40: 29: 28: 21: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6814:Pakistani Hindi 6768: 6635: 6560: 6501:Kohistani Shina 6471:Indus Kohistani 6417: 6369: 6316: 6312:Pahari-Pothwari 6270: 6269: 6268:Other languages 6263: 6237: 6232: 6202: 6197: 6183:Multilingualism 6160: 6022: 6015: 5887: 5876: 5874: 5863: 5717: 5597: 5588: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5521: 5516: 5485: 5459: 5433: 5429:Persian Braille 5402:Pahlavi scripts 5385: 5367:Persian grammar 5355: 5322: 5284:Kuwaiti Persian 5238: 5212: 5151: 5146: 5108: 5098: 5096:Further reading 5089: 5081:, Archeobooks, 5069: 5051: 5025: 5007: 4977: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4940: 4936: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4858: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4504: 4489: 4482: 4468: 4459: 4452: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4412: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4332: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4296: 4283:Ernst, Carl W. 4281: 4272: 4257: 4253: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4188:Chatterjee 2009 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4141: 4135:Chatterjee 2009 4133: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4095: 4091: 4076: 4065: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3962: 3946: 3937: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3895: 3888: 3853: 3849: 3837: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3808: 3804: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3746: 3738: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3668: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3551:Chatterjee 2009 3549: 3545: 3537: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3491: 3487: 3471: 3470: 3458: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3375: 3374: 3362: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3280: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3224:Casari, Mario. 3222: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3080: 3071: 3054: 3045: 3027: 3018: 3011: 3002: 2992: 2980: 2951: 2920:Parsi community 2916: 2904:Main articles: 2902: 2877: 2869:Main articles: 2867: 2833:. Notably, the 2772: 2766: 2761: 2733: 2731:Writing systems 2664: 2601:k, kh, g, j, ph 2585: 2419: 2373: 2118:Administration 2032:(greengrocer), 2001:(nightingale), 1951:(sweet potato) 1916:(pomegranate), 1818:(minced meat), 1565:(fresh) became 1543:Iranian Persian 1534: 1522: 1511: 1415: 1409: 1370:Chagatai Turkic 1326:Sufi literature 1306: 1290:, ruled by the 1288:Hyderabad State 1245:Muhammad Zuhuri 1191: 1171:Bengali Muslims 1159: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1066: 969: 859: 829: 821: 772: 733: 730: 724: 721: 667:Mughal emperors 645: 619:(also known as 593:Bhakti movement 543:Delhi Sultanate 492: 487: 477: 411: 405: 267:Tughlaq dynasty 212:Mughal Emperors 192: 175: 155: 150: 144: 84: 81:Language family 79: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6883: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6777:Related topics 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6277: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5886:Over 1 million 5879: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5566: 5558: 5557: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5419:Tajik alphabet 5416: 5415: 5414: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5390:Writing system 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5197:Middle Persian 5194: 5186: 5178: 5170: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5106:External links 5104: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5072: 5067: 5054: 5049: 5028: 5023: 5010: 5005: 4980: 4975: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4934: 4916: 4903: 4901:, p. 125. 4891: 4852: 4838: 4824: 4810: 4781: 4758: 4745: 4743:, p. 119. 4733: 4731:, p. 148. 4721: 4719:, p. 117. 4709: 4684: 4672: 4630: 4618: 4601: 4599:, p. 237. 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4551:, p. 118. 4541: 4529: 4517: 4487: 4480: 4457: 4450: 4432: 4430:, p. 142. 4420: 4384: 4369: 4367:, p. 178. 4357: 4345: 4330: 4309: 4307:, p. 109. 4294: 4270: 4251: 4224: 4204: 4202:, p. 107. 4192: 4180: 4168: 4166:, p. 100. 4156: 4139: 4127: 4108: 4089: 4063: 4048: 4041: 4010: 4004:978-0199931453 4003: 3983: 3981:, p. 104. 3971: 3960: 3935: 3913: 3907: 3886: 3867:(4): 398–405. 3847: 3820: 3802: 3763: 3744: 3742:, p. 107. 3729: 3709: 3694: 3682: 3657: 3645: 3643:, p. 105. 3628: 3616: 3597: 3582: 3580:, p. 106. 3567: 3555: 3543: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3485: 3456: 3437: 3408: 3389: 3360: 3341: 3335: 3317: 3315:, p. 103. 3305: 3293: 3247: 3245:, p. 149. 3235: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3012: 3005: 3003: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2965:Lisan ud-Dawat 2962: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2901: 2898: 2866: 2863: 2765: 2764:Indian Persian 2762: 2760: 2757: 2732: 2729: 2663: 2660: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2553: 2552: 2538: 2527: 2526: 2521:(kite-flier), 2512: 2505: 2504: 2486: 2479: 2478: 2473:(journalist), 2464: 2457: 2456: 2455:(post office) 2446: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2418: 2415: 2372: 2371:Indirect loans 2369: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2336: 2333:function words 2328: 2327: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2276: 2275:Miscellaneous 2272: 2271: 2262:(gun/cannon), 2251: 2247: 2246: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2208:(Sufi master) 2173: 2169: 2168: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2015: 2011: 2010: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978:(water lily), 1962:(plane tree), 1957: 1953: 1952: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1796:(vegetables), 1791: 1787: 1786: 1773:(son-in-law), 1768: 1767:Kinship terms 1764: 1763: 1732: 1725: 1724: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1622:Muslim names: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604:Loan category 1591:semantic shift 1557:in Persian to 1555:haa-e-mukhtafi 1533: 1530: 1510: 1507: 1408: 1405: 1305: 1302: 1296:princely state 1190: 1187: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1149: 1148: 1138: 1065: 1062: 1051:Bahr al-asmar, 992:Zain-ul-Abidin 968: 965: 912:Lubab ul-Albab 828: 825: 820: 817: 771: 768: 735: 734: 725: 644: 641: 491: 488: 476: 473: 453:slave warriors 407:Main article: 404: 401: 275:Mughal Dynasty 271:Khilji dynasty 263:Sayyid Dynasty 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 180: 172: 171: 170:Language codes 167: 166: 156: 152:Writing system 149: 146: 145: 143: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 87: 85: 78: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 47: 46:Native to 43: 42: 34: 33: 18:Indian Persian 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6882: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Mughal Empire 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5739:Chhattisgarhi 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464:Organizations 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5381:Tajik grammar 5379: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5294:Judeo-Persian 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5184:(c. 1500 BCE) 5182: 5181:Proto-Iranian 5179: 5176:(c. 2000 BCE) 5174: 5171: 5168:(c. 3000 BCE) 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5090: 5088:9788376382944 5084: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068:9780520972100 5064: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5050:9780195698800 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5024:9780521299442 5020: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4539:, p. 51. 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4483: 4481:0-521-23420-4 4477: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4451:9781139435338 4447: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4235: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4201: 4200:D'Hubert 2019 4196: 4189: 4184: 4178:, p. 94. 4177: 4176:D'Hubert 2019 4172: 4165: 4164:D'Hubert 2019 4160: 4154:, p. 95. 4153: 4152:D'Hubert 2019 4148: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3961:9780520262690 3957: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3910: 3908:9780520300927 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3831: 3823: 3821:9780520300927 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3761:, p. 54. 3760: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3504:9780520300927 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3457:0-521-52291-9 3453: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3409:0-521-52291-9 3405: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3361:0-521-52291-9 3357: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3336:9780520300927 3332: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3155:Hasht-Bihisht 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3062:, describing 3061: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029:Scene from a 3025: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2925:Dokhtar-e-Lor 2921: 2915: 2911: 2910:Irani (India) 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2865:Sociopolitics 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543:(care-free), 2542: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105:(plaintiff), 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924:(tangerine), 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1889:(ornaments), 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868:bāwarchīkhānā 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1619:Proper names 1618: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:#Contemporary 1544: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1499:#Contemporary 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1388:and the four 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1234:Richard Eaton 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1195: 1186: 1183: 1182:Bengali Hindu 1179: 1174: 1172: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1058:Dogra dynasty 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1046:Rajatarangini 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 964: 962: 958: 957: 952: 946: 944: 940: 939: 934: 933: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908:Muhammad Aufi 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 873: 869: 865: 854: 850: 842: 838: 833: 824: 816: 813: 809: 807: 803: 799: 794: 790: 784: 781: 777: 767: 765: 764:Muzaffar Alam 760: 758: 753: 752: 747: 743: 732: 726: 723: 717: 716: 713: 711: 707: 703: 702: 697: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:Turco-Mongols 672: 668: 660: 656: 655: 649: 640: 638: 634: 633:Sikandar Lodi 630: 629: 624: 623: 618: 614: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 585: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 486: 482: 472: 470: 466: 462: 457: 454: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 410: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326:Mughal Empire 322: 320: 316: 312: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 243:lingua franca 240: 236: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 208: 202: 191: 189: 185: 181: 178: 173: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 147: 129: 126: 125: 124: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 95: 92: 91: 90: 89:Indo-European 86: 82: 76: 73: 70: 66: 63: 59: 55: 51: 50:Mughal Empire 48: 44: 35: 30: 27: 19: 6808: 6307:Kundal Shahi 6284:Azad Kashmir 5594:8th schedule 5511: 5490:Other topics 5300: 5112:Perso-Indica 5077: 5058: 5032: 5014: 4988: 4966: 4959:Bibliography 4947: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4894: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4841: 4827: 4813: 4773:Dhanesh Jain 4767: 4761: 4753: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4694: 4687: 4675: 4650: 4646: 4621: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4511: 4471: 4441: 4435: 4423: 4413:, retrieved 4401: 4387: 4360: 4348: 4321: 4288: 4264: 4254: 4214: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4137:, p. 2. 4130: 4121: 4111: 4102: 4092: 4083: 4057: 4051: 4023: 3993: 3986: 3974: 3950: 3929: 3898: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3811: 3805: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3717: 3712: 3685: 3670: 3648: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3558: 3546: 3494: 3488: 3446: 3440: 3398: 3392: 3350: 3344: 3326: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3287: 3238: 3229: 3184: 3153: 3130:Chingiz Nama 3129: 3111: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3057: 3033:manuscript: 3030: 2994: 2943:Dari dialect 2941:and speak a 2923: 2917: 2886: 2878: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835:Dari Persian 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2783: 2773: 2759:Contemporary 2737:Perso-Arabic 2734: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2631: 2630:adds a dot ( 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612:ulām → gulām 2609: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2551:(shameless) 2548: 2547:(helpless), 2544: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2420: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2362: 2357:(well done) 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2270:(artillery) 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2242: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213:Measurement 2204: 2199: 2198:(Paradise), 2195: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2064: 2060: 2059:(watering), 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041:Agriculture 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014:Professions 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1898: 1897:(bracelet), 1894: 1893:(necklace), 1890: 1886: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:(bathroom), 1859: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1728:Place names 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1652:Bahadur Shah 1651: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1612: 1595: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:Nativisation 1539: 1535: 1523: 1503: 1490: 1477:(which uses 1449: 1416: 1401:Sanskritised 1393: 1363: 1347:Urfi Shirazi 1343:sabk-e-Hindi 1342: 1339:sabk-e-Hindi 1338: 1334:sabk-e-Hindi 1332: 1330: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1299: 1286: 1283: 1276:Qutub Shahis 1260: 1248: 1238: 1227: 1220: 1212: 1200: 1178:Bengal Subah 1175: 1167: 1141: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1116: 1091:through the 1086: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1029: 1022: 1016: 1011: 996: 970: 955: 947: 937: 931: 917:Employed by 916: 885: 870:rule. After 852: 846: 822: 819:Regional use 810: 798:Mirza Ghalib 785: 773: 761: 749: 738: 728: 719: 699: 687:Safavid Iran 664: 652: 626: 620: 616: 597: 591:through the 582: 576: 559:Amir Khusrow 536: 493: 458: 447: 415:Greater Iran 412: 358: 323: 311:Greater Iran 295: 232: 223:lexicography 205: 128:Indo-Persian 127: 109:Southwestern 94:Indo-Iranian 32:Indo-Persian 26: 6481:Kalasha-mun 6322:Balochistan 5572:Union-level 5299:Judeo-Tat ( 5205:New Persian 5189:Old Persian 4242:|work= 3838:|work= 3095:Śukasaptati 3066:holding up 2999:Dara Shikoh 2839:Afghanistan 2825:(lion, now 2658:Sanskrit). 2608:ud → khud, 2525:(deceiver) 2517:(schemer), 2434:Word/Affix 2411:#Background 2389:#Background 2341:(oneself), 2258:(soldier), 2194:(Prophet), 2178:(fasting), 2144:(district) 2132:(emperor), 1947:(pumpkin), 1937:Vegetables 1870:(kitchen), 1839:(pyjamas), 1781:(husband), 1730:(Suffixes) 1664:Lal Bahadur 1660:Iqbal Singh 1378:Mahabharata 1224:Abdul Isami 1158:, but doubt 1079:. It shows 1030:Shivapurana 951:Sikh Empire 927:Sant Bhasha 864:Hindu Shahi 843:, ca.1830's 841:Sikh Empire 837:Fauj-i-Khas 759:developed. 443:Transoxiana 435:New Persian 354:British Raj 287:Sikh empire 249:by various 54:British Raj 6839:Categories 6744:Rajasthani 6626:Rajasthani 6456:Gawar-Bati 6431:Burushaski 6388:Burushaski 6188:Endangered 5991:Rajasthani 5875:unofficial 5834:Rajbangshi 5759:Kamatapuri 5664:(Manipuri) 5438:Literature 5334:Vocabulary 5208:(from 800) 4976:0520228219 4872:(3): 320. 4653:(3): 328. 4415:2022-03-26 3783:(4): 402. 3720:, p. 849, 3679:1139465503 3204:References 3042:swayamvara 3039:Draupadi's 2939:Qajar Iran 2792:Bangladesh 2682:rōz-o-shab 2655:talaffuz). 2628:Devanagari 2569:(jobless) 2503:(partner) 2499:(debtor), 2469:(artist), 2289:(friend), 2281:(mirror), 2266:(gunner), 2225:(a mile), 2192:paighambar 2159:(inkpot), 2109:(lawyer), 2055:(autumn), 2051:(spring), 2024:(barber), 2020:(tailor), 2005:(falcon), 1997:(rabbit), 1982:(jasmine) 1943:(turnip), 1928:(almond), 1920:(grapes), 1883:Ornaments 1866:(toilet), 1860:gusalkhānā 1847:(pocket), 1824:(roasted) 1785:(brother) 1777:(father), 1719:(tongue), 1668:Roshan Lal 1656:Chaman Lal 1587:#Phonology 1509:Vocabulary 1495:neologisms 1479:Devanagari 1455:Hindi Belt 1451:Hindustani 1411:See also: 1366:Chach Nama 1304:Literature 923:Sikh gurus 910:wrote the 812:Nile Green 774:Following 710:Shah Jahan 613:Hindustani 465:Ghaznavids 403:Background 393:Rajasthani 365:Hindustani 330:Hindustani 304:growth of 259:Ghaznavids 247:South Asia 6506:Mankiyali 6178:Classical 5996:Surjapuri 5956:Khandeshi 5926:Dhundhari 5877:languages 5849:Sikkimese 5657:Malayalam 5564:languages 5351:Phonology 4929:Glottolog 4878:0003-0279 4799:cite book 4791:648298147 4704:998228783 4659:0003-0279 4428:Alam 2003 4404:, Brill, 4365:Alam 2003 4353:Alam 2003 4340:226973152 4244:ignored ( 4234:cite book 3926:"Punjabi" 3881:0019-4646 3840:ignored ( 3830:cite book 3797:0019-4646 3705:Alam 2003 3690:Alam 2003 3653:Alam 2003 3624:Alam 2003 3593:Alam 2003 3563:Alam 2003 3539:Alam 2003 3474:cite book 3426:cite book 3378:cite book 3301:Alam 2003 3243:Alam 2003 3132:(Book of 3113:Baburnama 3059:Harivamsa 2714:ba'd azan 2583:Phonology 2519:patangbāz 2485:(having) 2437:Examples 2417:Compounds 2403:exclusive 2322:(fresh), 2304:Modifiers 2250:Military 2245:(square) 2135:tehsīldār 2126:(court), 2113:(client) 2097:(court), 2063:(canal), 2009:(pigeon) 1970:(pansy), 1966:(henna), 1949:sakarqand 1932:(raisin) 1912:(apple), 1901:(anklet) 1843:(shirt), 1835:(dress), 1829:Clothing 1802:(bread), 1723:(throat) 1707:(heart), 1703:(chest), 1695:(blood), 1643:Shah Bano 1607:Examples 1532:Loanwords 1483:emergence 1463:Khariboli 1374:Baburnama 1255:court in 1249:Sāqīnāmah 1109:Sonargaon 1081:Alexander 1000:Kashmiris 938:Hikāyatān 932:Zafarnama 868:Ghaznavid 776:Aurangzeb 742:Kayasthas 659:Aurangzeb 539:Hindustan 302:religious 298:political 177:ISO 639-3 39:فارسی هند 6824:Chagatai 6707:Wadiyara 6684:Jandavra 6679:Gujarati 6614:dialects 6536:Shekhani 6446:Chilisso 6355:Khetrani 6345:Hazaragi 6302:Kashmiri 6253:national 6151:Tangkhul 6023:speakers 5946:Haryanvi 5931:Garhwali 5888:speakers 5779:Kokborok 5734:Bhojpuri 5688:Sanskrit 5652:Maithili 5642:Kashmiri 5627:Gujarati 5607:Assamese 5562:Official 5274:Hazaragi 4886:20297278 4667:20297278 3966:Archived 3466:49737740 3418:49737740 3370:49737740 3090:Tutinama 3085:Tutinama 3031:Razmnama 2960:Dobhashi 2949:See also 2780:Srinagar 2753:Nastaliq 2749:Kashmiri 2700:(from), 2575:Sources: 2563:nāsamajh 2549:besharam 2523:daghābāz 2501:bhāgīdār 2495:(rich), 2471:patrakār 2453:dākkhānā 2451:(jail), 2449:jelkhānā 2445:(house) 2396:"fursat" 2353:(alas), 2285:(market) 2268:topkhānā 2221:(yard), 2202:(Hell), 2167:(paper) 2149:Writing 2082:(year), 2047:(crop), 2034:khānsāmā 1995:khargosh 1993:(lion), 1974:(rose), 1968:banafshā 1930:kishmish 1895:dastband 1874:(door), 1814:(meat), 1808:(curry) 1715:(neck), 1711:(face), 1691:(body), 1459:Pakistan 1432:Gujarati 1428:Kashmiri 1386:Ramayana 1382:Razmnama 1213:Madrasas 1024:Ramayana 1004:Persians 976:Sanskrit 935:and the 919:Punjabis 906:, where 751:madrasas 701:madrasas 696:Jahangir 589:Hinduism 555:Tughluqs 516:Khorasan 439:Khorasan 427:prestige 385:Kashmiri 381:Gujarati 291:Sanskrit 241:was the 219:Jahangir 163:Nastaliq 58:Pakistan 6809:Persian 6724:Marwari 6702:Parkari 6659:Bengali 6621:Saraiki 6609:Punjabi 6594:Marwari 6589:Kabutra 6541:Torwali 6491:Kamviri 6486:Kalkoti 6436:Badeshi 6393:Dawoodi 6365:Wanetsi 6350:Jadgali 6340:Dehwari 6330:Balochi 6259:English 6106:Ladakhi 6011:Varhadi 5976:Marwari 5966:Lambadi 5961:Kumaoni 5941:Harauti 5921:Bundeli 5911:Bajjika 5901:Bagheli 5819:Mundari 5784:Kurmali 5774:Khortha 5693:Santali 5683:Punjabi 5668:Marathi 5647:Konkani 5637:Kannada 5612:Bengali 5584:English 5360:Grammar 5318:Dehwari 5313:Sistani 5308:Bukhori 5257:Iranian 5157:History 4925:"Parsi" 3134:Genghis 3064:Krishna 3017:, 1840. 2978:Gallery 2813:singer 2811:qawwali 2806:qawwali 2745:Punjabi 2662:Grammar 2545:bechara 2489:phaldār 2467:kalākār 2463:(doer) 2385:"qalam" 2381:"lekin" 2355:shabāsh 2349:(but), 2345:(but), 2318:(hot), 2293:(city) 2243:murabbā 2196:bihisht 2190:(God), 2163:(ink), 2155:(pen), 2129:pādshah 2101:(law), 2078:(day), 2067:(land) 2057:ābpashī 2036:(cook) 2007:kabutar 1976:nīlofar 1941:shalgam 1922:nārangī 1906:Fruits 1891:gulband 1878:(wall) 1872:darwāzā 1864:pākhānā 1833:paushāk 1821:tandūri 1783:birādar 1779:shauhar 1675:Titles 1640:Dilshad 1440:Marathi 1436:Bengali 1420:Punjabi 1321:qasidah 1272:Deccani 1268:Marathi 1257:Bijapur 1154:Sultan 1008:Kashmir 972:Kashmir 967:Kashmir 943:Sikhism 892:Ghurids 857:transl. 853:panj-āb 839:of the 770:Decline 746:Khatris 683:Humayun 671:Timurid 628:Deccani 622:Dehlavi 617:Hindavi 584:Khanqah 551:Khiljis 547:Mamluks 528:Ghurids 502:to the 475:History 461:Seljuks 389:Marathi 377:Bengali 369:Punjabi 346:British 342:English 319:English 255:Afghans 251:Turkics 233:Before 114:Persian 104:Western 99:Iranian 6804:Arabic 6764:Vaghri 6754:Sindhi 6749:Rangri 6734:Mewari 6729:Memoni 6719:Loarki 6714:Kutchi 6674:Goaria 6669:Dhatki 6631:Rangri 6599:Mewari 6584:Hindko 6566:Punjab 6556:Yidgha 6546:Ushoji 6526:Pashto 6521:Palula 6516:Ormuri 6496:Khowar 6476:Kalami 6466:Hindko 6451:Dameli 6441:Bateri 6398:Khowar 6360:Pashto 6335:Brahui 6297:Gujari 6156:Thadou 6121:Mising 6081:Konyak 6076:Kolami 6071:Kodava 6066:Khotta 6051:Dimasa 6046:Badaga 6036:Angami 5986:Nimadi 5981:Mewari 5951:Kangri 5896:Awadhi 5859:Tamang 5854:Sunwar 5844:Sherpa 5824:Newari 5804:Magahi 5794:Lepcha 5789:Kurukh 5764:Kharia 5749:Gurung 5729:Angika 5708:Telugu 5698:Sindhi 5673:Nepali 5662:Meitei 5596:to the 5301:Juhuri 5262:Afghan 5085: 5065: 5047: 5021: 5003: 4973: 4884: 4876: 4789: 4779: 4702: 4665: 4657: 4508:"Urdu" 4478: 4448: 4338: 4328: 4222: 4039: 4001: 3958: 3905: 3879: 3818: 3795: 3724: 3677: 3501: 3464: 3454: 3416: 3406: 3368: 3358: 3333: 3035:Arjuna 2995:Firman 2973:(book) 2935:Iranis 2931:Bombay 2912:, and 2906:Parsis 2849:, and 2784:Dānish 2747:, and 2708:(on), 2704:(to), 2676:) and 2597:, z, f 2567:nākārā 2559:(non) 2541:befikr 2515:cālbāz 2497:dendār 2493:māldār 2475:jānkār 2443:-khānā 2331:Other 2312:bilkul 2298:Other 2291:shehar 2287:, dōst 2264:topchī 2255:sipāhī 2123:darbār 2111:muakil 2103:muddai 2095:adālat 2086:(era) 2084:zamānā 2053:khārīf 2030:farosh 2022:hajjām 1999:bulbul 1987:Fauna 1980:yāsmīn 1956:Flora 1856:House 1837:pajāmā 1713:gardan 1709:chehrā 1697:nākhūn 1647:Zarina 1625:Akhtar 1430:, and 1424:Sindhi 1357:, and 1315:rubaʿi 1270:, and 1264:Telugu 1189:Deccan 1185:them. 1107:, and 1105:Pandua 1089:Bengal 1064:Bengal 1040:ghazal 900:Multan 872:Lahore 849:Punjab 827:Punjab 789:Madras 679:Turkic 654:firman 643:Height 637:Hindus 579:Sufism 572:Bengal 568:Deccan 508:Lahore 504:Punjab 500:Ghazna 450:Turkic 431:Arabic 395:, and 383:, and 373:Sindhi 340:) and 237:, the 193:fa-034 68:Region 6818:Hindi 6697:Kachi 6693:Koli 6664:Bhaya 6654:Bagri 6641:Sindh 6579:Dogri 6574:Bagri 6551:Wazir 6511:Munji 6461:Gowro 6413:Wakhi 6408:Shina 6403:Purgi 6383:Balti 6292:Dogri 6136:Rabha 6126:Nishi 6116:Malto 6111:Lotha 6086:Korku 6061:Karbi 6056:Halbi 6006:Wagdi 5971:Malvi 5936:Gondi 5916:Bhili 5906:Bagri 5873:Major 5839:Sadri 5809:Magar 5799:Limbu 5769:Khasi 5703:Tamil 5632:Hindi 5622:Dogri 5579:Hindi 5373:Ezāfe 5344:Verbs 5339:Nouns 5279:Aimaq 5267:Tajik 4882:JSTOR 4663:JSTOR 3194:India 3176:Notes 2800:dhikr 2788:India 2691:ki/ke 2669:ezāfe 2633:nuqta 2351:afsōs 2347:lekin 2343:magar 2283:bāzār 2231:mound 2200:dozax 2187:khudā 2181:namāz 2165:kāgaz 2161:syāhi 2157:dawāt 2153:qalam 2107:vakīl 2099:qānūn 2072:Time 2065:zamīn 2061:nahar 2026:sabzī 2018:darzī 1972:gulāb 1960:cinār 1945:qaddū 1926:bādām 1918:angūr 1899:pazeb 1887:zewar 1876:diwār 1849:astar 1841:kamīz 1811:gōsht 1805:kormā 1794:sabzī 1790:Food 1771:dāmād 1760:sarāi 1721:halaq 1717:zabān 1635:Aftab 1630:Nawaz 1613:Nouns 1583:āineh 1579:tāzeh 1571:āinah 1563:tāzah 1475:Hindi 1390:Vedas 1359:Bedil 1355:Sa'ib 1351:Faizi 1345:were 1118:Diwan 1113:Hafez 1035:Shiva 896:Sindh 802:Hindu 706:Sa'ib 691:Akbar 608:Lodis 604:Suris 600:Timur 532:Delhi 429:that 334:Hindi 313:, or 306:Islam 215:Akbar 123:Tajik 62:India 6759:Urdu 6689:Jogi 6531:Sawi 6271:(by 6249:Urdu 6146:Sora 6141:Sema 6131:Phom 6101:Kuvi 6091:Koya 6001:Tulu 5814:Mizo 5744:Garo 5713:Urdu 5678:Odia 5617:Bodo 5083:ISBN 5063:ISBN 5045:ISBN 5019:ISBN 5001:ISBN 4971:ISBN 4874:ISSN 4805:link 4787:OCLC 4777:ISBN 4700:OCLC 4655:ISSN 4476:ISBN 4446:ISBN 4336:OCLC 4326:ISBN 4246:help 4220:ISBN 4037:ISBN 3999:ISBN 3956:ISBN 3903:ISBN 3877:ISSN 3842:help 3816:ISBN 3793:ISSN 3722:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3499:ISBN 3480:link 3462:OCLC 3452:ISBN 3432:link 3414:OCLC 3404:ISBN 3384:link 3366:OCLC 3356:ISBN 3331:ISBN 2918:The 2873:and 2831:rūz) 2827:shīr 2823:sher 2741:Urdu 2722:-hā. 2622:and 2509:-bāz 2483:-dār 2461:-kār 2383:and 2339:khud 2324:āzād 2320:tāzā 2316:garm 2279:āinā 2239:seer 2176:rōza 2141:zila 2091:Law 2049:rabi 2045:fasl 1991:sher 1964:hinā 1914:anār 1816:kīmā 1775:bābā 1756:bagh 1751:ganj 1744:stan 1737:ābād 1701:sīnā 1693:khūn 1689:jism 1581:and 1575:āinā 1567:tāzā 1517:and 1471:Urdu 1457:and 1438:and 1209:Iran 1101:Gaur 1027:and 902:and 879:and 791:and 744:and 708:, a 606:and 570:and 553:and 522:and 512:Iran 483:and 463:and 441:and 397:Odia 338:Urdu 315:Ajam 300:and 253:and 227:Iran 217:and 188:IETF 119:Dari 6649:Aer 6096:Kui 6031:Adi 5829:Rai 5289:Tat 5037:doi 4993:doi 4870:127 4651:127 4406:doi 4029:doi 3869:doi 3785:doi 2857:). 2851:-ūn 2847:-īn 2843:-ān 2837:of 2778:in 2743:), 2718:-ān 2710:dar 2706:bar 2678:-o- 2644:q, 2589:q, 2557:nā- 2531:be- 2413:). 2260:top 2241:), 2237:(a 2235:ser 2233:), 2229:(a 2227:man 2223:mīl 2218:gaz 2205:pīr 2080:sāl 2076:rōz 2003:bāz 1910:seb 1845:jeb 1799:nān 1758:, - 1754:, - 1705:dil 1501:). 1395:Zij 1384:), 1328:. 904:Uch 625:or 121:or 6841:: 6739:Od 6041:Ao 5754:Ho 5043:, 5035:, 4999:, 4987:, 4946:. 4927:. 4880:. 4868:. 4864:. 4801:}} 4797:{{ 4785:. 4771:. 4698:. 4661:. 4649:. 4645:. 4633:^ 4604:^ 4510:. 4490:^ 4460:^ 4400:, 4372:^ 4334:. 4312:^ 4297:^ 4287:. 4273:^ 4263:. 4238:: 4236:}} 4232:{{ 4142:^ 4120:. 4101:. 4082:. 4066:^ 4035:. 4013:^ 3964:. 3938:^ 3928:. 3916:^ 3889:^ 3875:. 3865:43 3863:. 3859:. 3834:: 3832:}} 3828:{{ 3791:. 3781:43 3779:. 3775:. 3747:^ 3732:^ 3697:^ 3660:^ 3631:^ 3609:. 3585:^ 3570:^ 3527:^ 3512:^ 3476:}} 3472:{{ 3460:. 3428:}} 3424:{{ 3412:. 3380:}} 3376:{{ 3364:. 3286:. 3250:^ 3228:. 3212:^ 2945:. 2908:, 2896:. 2845:, 2702:ba 2698:az 2650:gh 2648:, 2646:kh 2610:gh 2606:kh 2595:gh 2593:, 2591:kh 2537:) 2535:bī 2335:: 1747:, 1740:, 1666:, 1662:, 1658:, 1654:, 1645:, 1638:, 1632:, 1628:, 1569:, 1559:ā. 1426:, 1422:, 1361:. 1353:, 1349:, 1318:, 1266:, 1173:. 1103:, 941:. 914:. 883:. 855:, 651:A 534:. 514:, 445:. 391:, 379:, 375:, 371:, 356:. 328:. 281:, 277:, 273:, 269:, 265:, 261:, 60:, 56:, 52:, 6820:) 6816:( 6275:) 6255:) 6251:( 6227:e 6220:t 6213:v 5546:e 5539:t 5532:v 5303:) 5141:e 5134:t 5127:v 5039:: 4995:: 4950:. 4931:. 4888:. 4849:. 4835:. 4821:. 4807:) 4793:. 4706:. 4669:. 4514:. 4484:. 4454:. 4408:: 4342:. 4291:. 4267:. 4248:) 4228:. 4124:. 4105:. 4086:. 4045:. 4031:: 4007:. 3932:. 3883:. 3871:: 3844:) 3824:. 3799:. 3787:: 3613:. 3482:) 3468:. 3434:) 3420:. 3386:) 3372:. 3290:. 3232:. 3116:. 3098:. 3070:. 3044:. 2927:, 2853:( 2686:. 2684:) 2680:( 2672:( 2624:f 2620:z 2616:. 2614:) 2307:: 2028:- 1749:- 1742:- 1735:- 1521:. 1380:( 1372:" 1259:. 1120:: 925:( 336:- 332:( 229:. 182:– 165:) 161:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Persian language in the Indian subcontinent

Index