578:...;and, secondly, that as Great Britain possesses such vast territories in Asia, colonies in Africa and the West Indies, and is now cultivating extensive connections with both North and South America, (not to mention the entire possession of that extensive and interesting country New Holland), a fine opportunity is afforded for forming Collections of rare and beautiful Insects, as well as enriching those already made; and especially as these objects of Natural History are admitted into this country free of all duty. Many persons, therefore, who have been hitherto deterred from consigning to their friends valuable Collections of Insects, may now gratify them at a trifling cost; and we would anxiously impress upon our readers who may visit or reside in foreign countries, the great importance of attending to this subject, as we are persuaded that some of the choicest Collections in England have received their most rare and novel specimens from such well-timed and pleasing donations.
732:...But, above all, Mr. Hume brought together, chiefly in about ten years (from 1872 to 1882), a collection of Indian birds from all parts of the country far superior to any ever before accumulated; indeed it is doubtful whether an equally complete collection has ever before been made, from a similar area, in any branch of Zoology or Botany. The whole of this collection, amounting to 60,000 skins, besides a very large number of nests and eggs, has now been presented by Mr. Hume to the British Museum; and as the same building contains the collections of Colonel Sykes, the Marquis of Tweeddale (Viscount Walden), Mr. Gould, and, above all, of Mr. Hodgson, the opportunities now offered for the study of Indian birds in London are far superior to those that have ever been presented to students in India.
446:, shot many arrows at it and finally brought it down. The rhinoceros did not make a good set at any person or any horse. They afterwards killed another rhinoceros. I had often amused myself by conjecturing how an elephant and rhinoceros would behave it brought to face each other; on this occasion the elephant keepers brought out the elephants so that one elephant fell right in with the rhinoceros. As soon as the drivers put their beasts in motion, the rhinoceros would not come up but immediately ran off in another direction.
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river. When we had gone a short way, a man came after us with notice that a rhinoceros had entered a little wood near Bekram and that they had surrounded the wood and were waiting lot us. We immediately proceeded towards the wood at full gallop and east a ring round it. Instantly on our raising the shout the rhinoceros issued out into the plain. Humayun and those who had come from the same quarter (i.e. from
Turkestan) never having seen a rhinoceros before, were greatly amused. They followed it for nearly a
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970:, that mammalogy in India began in real earnest. He was initially interested in Hymenoptera, especially ants and later scorpions. His interest in scorpions led him to R. I. Pocock. At the time, Pocock was in charge of the Arachnida although he was interested in mammals. Attempts to start a large scale collection effort did not take off. In 1904 Captain Glen Liston of the Indian Medical Service read a paper on
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abundantly in Burmah, and thence through the
Malayan peninsula to Java and Borneo. Several have been killed quite recently within a few miles of Calcutta. One of these species formerly existed on the banks of the Indus, where it was hunted by the Emperor Baber. Individuals of this species are not unfrequently taken about the country as a show.
1377:. Even today, vast tracts of Indian forests are covered with teak plantations, low in biodiversity and seasonally ravaged by forest fires. The first foresters in India were highly influenced by forest management in Germany and many forest officers in India were trained in the German school of thought brought into India by
1425:. Another area of interest was the introduction of plants of economic importance to India. Many of these introductions were tried in botanical gardens at Sibpur, Poona, Madras and Saharanpur. The Chinese monopoly on tea was ended when tea was introduced in Darjeeling and Sri Lanka through the work of
1356:
were some of the richest resources in the
British colonies. The value of forests was realised very early and forest management was introduced early on the sub-continent. The links between water, climate and forest cover were noted particularly early and warnings on deforestation were sounded as early
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in which he noted the lack of information on rodents. Another paper by Dr
Hossack of the plague department appeared. This interest in plague suddenly enabled the BNHS to raise funds for collection of small mammals. While hunters sent in many specimens for identification, there were a few who studied
441:
We continued our march till we came near Bekram (Peshawar) and then halted. Next morning we continued halting in the same station, and I went out to hunt the
Rhinoceros. We crossed the Siah-Ab (i.e. Black River perhaps another name tor the Bara) in front of Bekram, and formed our ring lower down the
325:
However, the edicts of Ashoka and the contents of
Arthashastra reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events; the mention of a 100 'panas' fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. The legal restrictions conflicted with the freedoms exercised by the
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to wet paddy fields. These landscapes were named after specific species of plants, named after their flowers (Strobilanthes spp., Jasminus spp., Lagerstroemia reginae, Wrightia tinctoria and
Nymphaea. The Tamils also designated specific faunal assemblages for each of these 5 landscapes. Unlike most
1327:
The study of fish in India was also initially restricted to that which was of commercial value. Sport fishing was also popular but restricted to major hill areas. Not much is documented of the sport fishing beyond record catches reported in the
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Notable
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The Moghul emperors not only led a leisurely life but also pursued gardening and art. They decorated their gardens with their private zoos and hired artists to paint many subjects including plants and animals. Hunting and falconry were also extensively practised. They also employed scribes and were
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setting itself apart on hereditary lines; one assertion of which was the right to eat certain animals. The treatises espoused rules as to when, and who could or could not eat flesh of particular animals; for example, the flesh of the lion and tiger were to be consumed solely by regents and that too
604:
The Indian Civil
Services, whose selection procedure included tests in the knowledge of botany, zoology and geology, brought many British naturalists to India. Some collected species on behalf of British and other European naturalists and museums, while others carried out their studies entirely on
697:
The study of birds in India during the colonial period began with hunting and it was only later that more careful observations were made. Many civil servants and army officers took an interest in hunting for sport and often made notes on the birds that they shot while some of the more interesting
588:
With cabinets of curiosity already popular in
European homes, trade and movement of natural history specimens around the world grew with the growth of shipping. The East India Company was quick to note the interest in natural curiosities and set up the first museum in London. The collections grew
492:
The Emperor Jehangir mentions that one day he was hunting the rhinoceros from an elephant in the Kul Nuh Ban (Forest) in the neighbourhood of Aligarh. He says 'A rhinoceros appeared and I struck it with a bullet on the face (mana) near the lobe of the year. The bullet penetrated for about a span.
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Several comprehensive works were written by Jerdon, Hume, Marshall and E. C. S. Baker. Popular works were also written by Frank Finn, Douglas Dewar and Hugh Whistler. Those who joined the Indian Civil Services in later years had access to these works and this period was mostly dominated by their
54:
Although the growth of modern natural history in India can be attributed to British colonialism and the growth of natural history in Britain, there is considerable evidence to suggest that India with its diverse landscapes, fauna and flora along with other tropical colonies helped in creating an
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in the latter part of his reign and brought about significant changes in his style of governance. He provided protection to fauna and even relinquished the royal hunt. He was perhaps the first ruler to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts. The
423:
The Lesser Rhinoceros is found at present in the Bengal Sunderbuns, and a very few individuals are stated to occur in the forest tract along the Mahanuddy river, and extending northwards towards Midnapore; and also on the northern edge of the Rajmahal hills near the Ganges. It occurs also more
1930:
who was a pioneering black-and-white wildlife photographer and artist wrote articles on various aspects of natural history in Tamil and English. His articles were well illustrated with his photographs and artwork. He wrote in a humorous style much like that of EHA before him. Professor
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On the border of the forest, he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters. The Superintendent should with the help of guards...protect the elephants whether along on the mountain, along a river, along lakes or in marshy tracts...They should kill anyone slaying an
294:
The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them. They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation. They employed some of them, the food-gatherers or
1179:(1863β1948) and Charles B. Antram (1864β1955). However entomology beyond butterfly collection gained importance due to the growing economic importance of agriculture. The position of an Imperial Entomologist was created at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (later the
1080:
The study of reptiles and amphibians were not as advanced as those of the mammals and birds. Only the poisonous reptiles were of some interest to the British army and the attached physicians. Major contributions to the study of species and their distributions were made by
1918:, the British scientist who encouraged field biology in India on the basis that it was useful while at the same time requiring low investment unlike other branches of science. He was among the first to popularise quantitative approaches to biology in India.
1560:
Hunting was a way of life in colonial India and people from different walks of life wrote about their hunts and their observations in the wild. Many of them were talented writers who left behind their hunting lore in various publications. These include
1010:. Two rhinoceroses were sent from Chittagong in 1872 at the cost of Β£1,250. The Indian aristocracy who maintained their own menageries became contributors to such collections. Rajah Rajendra Mullick of Calcutta was made a Corresponding Member of the
243:
The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as a resource. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants; these played a role in the defeat of
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of the natural history information in Indian poetry, the Sangam poems contain realistic descriptions of morphology, behaviour and ecology of various species, besides astonishing comparison of flora (or floral parts) with fauna (or their parts).
1302:
There was also considerable interest in molluscs partly due to their importance in palaeontology and also due to the economic importance of the damage they caused to ships. Work on these areas was carried out by several malacologists including
1957:
Now, twenty-five years after independence, the delightful Bulletin for Birdwatchers, produced each month by Zafar Futehally is mainly written by Indian ornithologists: and the western names that appear among its contributors are not all
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Mehta, Nanalal C. 1926. "Some floral studies." In: Studies in Indian painting: A survey of some new material ranging from the commencement of the VIIth century to circa 1870 A.D., pp. 75β84. Bombay, D. B. Taraporevala Sons &
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White, J. J. and Farole, A. M. (1994) Natural history paintings from Rajasthan Catalogue of an exhibition 17 November 1994 to 24 February 1995. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
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The large and widespread collection efforts of ornithologists spread around the region were deposited in the British Museum and in 1889, Blanford commented on the importance of the collection for Indian ornithology:
1846:
The tradition of entomology started in the colonial era continued with numerous entomologists especially specialising on economically important insects (mostly pests). Notable entomologists of this era include
497:) good shots with the bow, have shot 20 or 30 arrows at them and not killed.' This took place about the year 1622 AD. It has been stated that the animal was a wolf, but this is obviously incorrect. In Persian
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represent some of the oldest historical records available (1500 β 500 BC) and they list the names of nearly 250 kinds of birds besides many other notes on various other fauna and flora. In the vedic texts,
1998:(1904β1968) who worked on the Indian Board of Wildlife. In later times, large numbers of people became involved in conservation and its various aspects β scientific, social, legal and political. (See also
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who was in charge of the garden from 1871 was instrumental in the creation of a herbarium at the garden and founded the Botanical Survey of India in 1890. Later botanical workers include the paleobotanist
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to work on the Jurassic beds of Kutch. The work of this generation of geologists led to globally significant discoveries including support for continental drift and the idea of a Gondwana supercontinent.
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around 1860. In 1901 His Highness Sir Prabhu Narani Singh, Bahadur, G.C.I.E., Maharajah of Benares, who promised a supply of Indian elephants when required was elected an Honorary Member of the Society.
473:
also kept detailed records of his hunts. From the ages of 12 (1580) to 48, 28,532 animals had been hunted with 17,167 by himself. These included 86 tigers (and lions), 9 bears, leopards, foxes, otters (
1914:
A large number of scientists from various other fields contributed to the study of plants and animals in India. Among these were some who worked in interdisciplinary areas. Foremost among these was
55:
increased interest in natural history in Britain and elsewhere in the world. Natural history in India was also enriched by older traditions of conservation, folklore, nature study and the arts.
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in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. The first empire to provide a unified political entity in India, the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests, its denizens and fauna in general is of interest.
1597:
along with Colonel R. C. Morris, later became involved in conservation and participated in the early discussions of the Indian Board for Wildlife. There were also much travelled hunters like
650:
During this era many Indian princes also took to large scale hunting and together with British hunters, many species of wildlife were hunted to near extinction while some species such as the
1263:(1880β1949), who is better known for his entomology textbook that continues with new revisions to remain a standard reference. Other entomologists associated with forest entomology included
662:
The study of geology was of great interest during the colonial period. Rich coal bearing seams, gold and other minerals became much sought after resources. This led to the formation of the
192:
mention wildlife from the point of view of the meats the forests yielded and their associated attributes. The stratification of Hindu society into the caste system saw the warrior caste or
39:. These studies would today be considered under field of ecology but in former times, such research was undertaken mainly by amateurs, often physicians, civil servants and army officers.
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Noltie, H. J. (2002) The Dapuri drawings: Alexander Gibson and The Bombay Botanic Gardens. The Antique Collectors Club in association with the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 240pp.
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in Calcutta. There were also many who worked in the British Museum in London and received specimens collected from India. They made significant contributions by their publications.
109:
was found in Mehrgarh in Baluchistan till 300 BC and probably became locally extinct due to over-hunting and loss of riverine habitat to cultivation. A species of wild cattle,
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350:, a treatise on mammals and birds written in the 13th century by a Jain poet, Hamsadeva. The accuracy of the content has however been critiqued by many including Salim Ali.
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rapidly. With the establishment of colonies in India, there were also attempts to set up menageries in India. An early attempt was the Barrackpore menagerie established by
1822:
to produce what is still the most comprehensive handbook of Indian ornithology. Another major contribution was the introduction of field ornithology and pioneers included
1601:(1878β1967) who contributed to various other fields such as ornithology. Numerous other hunters wrote to the BNHS journal and not all of their observations were accurate.
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their own. Historians have linked the birth of museums to colonialism. These massive collections and their documentation led to the production of numerous works including
1609:
India was on the route for explorers and travellers in the region and many collectors from different countries travelled through India. These include such naturalists as
71:, before 1700 BC have been studied to date. A large number of animal bones have been found at these sites; one-fifth of these comprising bones of wild fauna, such as the
1994:
In the post-independence era the urgent need to preserve the little remaining wildlife was realised by the politicians of the time. Conservationists of fame included
1645:
There were a few naturalists who were especially gifted writers and made the study of natural history immensely more popular. The foremost among these writers was
1594:
622:(1755β1835), a military officer in India who hired local artists to produce a huge collection of illustrations of Indian animals. This was subsequently studied by
1341:
2018:
Schiebinger, Londa and Claudia Swan (Eds.) 2004 Colonial Botany Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World. 352 pages. University of Pennsylvania
1361:. This was to lead to forest conservation measures although the later policies of forest management were aimed at the production of commercial products such as
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Grove, Richard. 1995 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600β1860. Cambridge University Press.
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256:. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was more cost and time-effective to catch, tame and train wild elephants than raise them.
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Barringer, T. and Flynn, T. (eds) (1988) Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum, Museum Meaning Series, London: Routledge.
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to guard borders and trap animals. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire.
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with a List of the Birds of Borabhum and Dholbum (Journal. Asiat. Society, 1833). Most of the identification work was however done back in England.
2379:
Noltie, H..J. (1999) Indian botanical drawings 1793β1868 from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh: Edinburgh. 100pp.
1949:
started the first birdwatchers' newsletter in the 1950s and this helped network the birdwatcher community spread across India. Of this newsletter,
1880:
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Wildlife photography has also helped in popularizing natural history. Numerous photographers have contributed to this and prominent names include
1979:
1506:
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The study of insects in India was initially restricted to the butterflies thanks to the collection craze back in England. An early example being
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Sharma, Jayeeta (2006) British science, Chinese skill and Assam tea: Making empire's garden. Indian Economic and Social History Review 43; 429
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Bates, R. S. P., & E. H. N. Lowther. 1952. The history of bird photography in India. Journal, Bombay natural history society 50:779β784
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was another well studied wild animal and the capture, training and maintenance of elephants was documented in the 2000-year-old text
1255:(1836β1923). With forests being of major economic value, there was an interest in forest entomology. Forest entomology started with
2331:
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The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers, for skins. Elsewhere the
1664:
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contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft, but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the
125:, possibly due to inter-breeding with domestic cattle and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.
2757:
2742:
720:(1829β1912) who established a network of ornithologists in India, with the help of an ornithological journal for the region,
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for any part of the world and was published in India in the 18th century by the Dutch East India Company through the work of
165:; at others times, it included lands to the South. A notable piece of information mentioned in the Vedas is the knowledge of
2034:(1955) Natural history paintings. In Indian painting for the British 1770β1880, pp. 91β98. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
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edicts proclaim that many followed the king's example in giving up the slaughter of animals; one of them proudly states:
2717:
1935:
was another writer who popularised the study of birds in Kerala by writing books and articles in Malayalam. Others like
98:
document many species of now locally extinct wildlife including rhinoceros and elephant. A tiger seal has been found in
2243:
Delme-Radcliffe, Lt. Col. E. (1871) Notes on the Falconidae used in India in Falconry. (Reprint) Standfast Press, 1971.
999:
worked with the Geological survey of India and his primary focus during the period was on the fossil mammals of India.
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The fauna and flora of those times are richly represented in the clay pottery and tablets excavated from these sites.
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or Descriptions of Indian Plants by William Roxburgh, William Carey. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 51(3):442β443
966:, a forest officer who began a concerted study of the small mammals of India through the network of members of the
2219:
1574:
1082:
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Like the birds, the study of mammals was largely driven by hunters and for a while it was largely restricted to
967:
634:
91:. Most seeds found in the dwellings of some western Indian sites are of wild plants now extinct in the region.
633:
A large and growing number of naturalists with an interest in sharing observations led to the founding of the
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Barton, Gregory Allen (2002) Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism. Cambridge University Press
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895:
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Rao, BR Subba (1998) History of entomology in India. Institution of Agricultural Technologists, Bangalore.
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also worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle.
1926:
Natural history in India was made more popular through publications in the mass media. In southern India
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1498:
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also worked alongside from other civil services and they were assisted by professional botanists such as
1390:
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1275:(1857β1932) established the link between mosquitoes and malaria during his researches when positioned at
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who worked with the Bombay Natural History Society. Salim Ali worked with American collaborators like
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From the bullet it fell and gave up its life. It has often happened in my presence that powerful men (
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among the first to document their observations of nature in India. The foremost of the observers were
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short notes in journals published by organisations such as the BNHS, Asiatic Society and the BOU.
27:
going back to the Vedic era. Natural history research in early times included the broad fields of
1871:
a biogeographical hypothesis based on his observations on the adaptations of hill stream fishes.
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1478:
1224:
1200:
871:
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Ustad Mansur, a 17th-century court artist of Jehangir, was the first man to accurately paint the
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Illustrations of Indian zoology: chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke
1879:
worked on marine fishes of the Western Coastal Plains. Other prominent ichthyologists included
1772:
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Early studies were made by Major Franklin in 1831 (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831) followed by Colonel
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1995:
1815:
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1340:(1762β1829). Some works on sport fishing were also published with several notable works by
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988:
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Frome, N F. (1922β1969) Notes on birds seen in India, in the British Isles, and elsewhere.
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was created and this term was related to the patches of forests that they managed, called
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and significant work in captive breeding was done by the first superintendent of the zoo,
975:
the habits of species in the wild. A major study of the rodents and bats was conducted by
724:, in which he described new species and edited notes from contributors across the region.
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for instance indicate the former distribution of the rhinoceros as far west as the Indus:
8:
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Bennett, T. (1995) The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London: Routledge.
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1291:(1873β1978) pioneered in the study of mosquitoes and was involved in the creation of the
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Verma, S. P. 1999. Mughal Painter of Flora and Fauna Ustad Mansur. Abhinav Publications.
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The famous names in the ornithology of the Indian subcontinent during this era include
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676:, he took considerable interest in the palaeontological aspects of India. He recruited
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Kramrisch, S. The representation of nature in early Buddhist sculpture. Rupam 8. 1921.
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Some of the other prominent names associated with botany and forests of India include
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Ali, S. (1927). "The Moghul emperors of India as naturalists and sportsmen. Part 1".
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were created during this time and one of the largest and still surviving ones is the
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for instance made a small collection of 65 butterfly species during a short stint in
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1027:
800:
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1429:(1812β1880). The botanical garden at Sibpur in Calcutta was started in 1787 by Col.
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Guha, Ramachandra 2003. Churchill in Bangalore. The Hindu, Sunday 21 December 2003.
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Live animals were sent from India to collections in Britain. The famous rhinoceros
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Wood, J. Duncan (2003). Horace Alexander: Birds and Binoculars. Sessions of York.
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1948. The Mughal painters of natural history. Burlington magazine 90 (539): 49β50.
1723:(1882β1957) worked at the BNHS. Other notable museum curators and workers include
1719:(1876β1924) made great contributions working out of the Asiatic Society while Sir
979:(1848β1895) a medical doctor by profession. Other notable mammalologists included
136:, mount in war, status symbol, work animal, and an elevated platform for hunting.
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wrote about the wilderness, the hills and the wildlife in a more romantic style.
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1521:(1799β1858). Naturalists associated with the Bombay Natural History Society like
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with a Catalogue of the Birds of the Bombay Deccan (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832) and
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177:(384 β 322 BC). This is possibly because both the Indian koel and its host the
88:
1974:. They followed in the footsteps of the early pioneers of photography such as
1397:
in the Indian Forest service added information on the flora of India. Several
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was a widespread disease and studies on mosquitoes gained special importance.
2731:
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2141:
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1486:
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species were skinned and sent back to museums in England for identification.
670:(1816β1878). With his interest in fossils, especially after his discovery of
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in 1801 through the Institution for Promoting the Natural History of India.
253:
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a rhinoceros. A wolf certainly would not require 20 or 30 arrows to kill it.
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period, depicts a classification of land into 5 eco-types; ranging from the
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2435:
2123:"Nature in Ancient Tamil Poetry β Research Methodologies and Researchers"
2031:
1940:
1578:
1502:
1494:
1329:
1272:
1216:
326:
common people in hunting, felling, fishing and setting fires in forests.
95:
2438:. Biology under the Raj. New Scientist. (22 September 1983) pp. 857β867
1752:
1744:
1430:
1280:
178:
170:
84:
68:
2370:
Irwin, John. 1952. A note on the two reproductions . Marg 5 (4): 35β36
2622:
1545:
1276:
1164:
404:
388:
380:
236:
The protection of animals became serious business by the time of the
174:
158:
1525:(1864β1952) helped popularise the study of trees with books such as
537:
672:
518:
470:
396:
370:
339:
307:
257:
189:
162:
99:
2667:"The history of Indian mammalogy and ornithology. Part II. Birds"
1663:
helped build organisations like the BNHS and museums such as the
1268:
651:
358:
185:
129:
32:
1796:
1069:
640:
569:
209:
1830:
also conducted its own collection surveys and they were led by
1143:
596:
303:
80:
72:
36:
1649:(1851β1909) who wrote under the pen name of Eha. The novelist
481:. Salim Ali suggests that the mhaka must refer to swamp deer.
2130:
Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities
1834:. Eastern India and Burma was covered by ornithologists like
1315:
554:
455:
416:
400:
362:
154:
145:
122:
118:
2447:
376:
1939:
wrote in English in the local newspapers. Some others like
1707:
Several museums were started in India including one at the
1362:
689:
514:
460:
334:
Arguably, the best treatise on hunting in Sanskrit was the
114:
76:
486:
The Moghul emperors of India and naturalists and sportsmen
157:, was considered to be co-terminous with the range of the
2513:"The history of Indian Mammalogy and Ornithology. Part 1"
1019:
522:
1855:. The latter contributed greatly to Indian arachnology.
1604:
128:
The first recorded domestication of the elephant was in
2304:
Das, A.K. 1974. "Ustad Mansur", Lalit, 17, 1974. p. 37.
2204:
Mriga Pakshi Shastra by Hamsadeva (English translation)
1906:
studied various aspects of the reptile fauna of India.
1653:(1865β1936) also captured the imagination of many with
2313:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, p. 19.
2295:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 14.
2191:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 13.
1018:
Some work was also done on captive animals in the few
740:
The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma
608:
The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma
161:. Sometimes, these referred to the lands North of the
132:
times and the animal ultimately went on to serve as a
2182:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 8.
2168:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 7.
2102:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 3.
2093:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 2.
2059:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 6.
2050:
Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 4.
1533:). Similar attempts were made by civil servants like
1909:
2534:Lydekker, R. (1886). "The Fauna of Kurnool Caves".
2077:
Bird study in India: its history and its importance
1473:(Conservator of Forests in the Central Provinces),
1357:as 1840 by surgeons in the East India Company like
1517:(1817β1878), J. E. Winterbottom, W. Moorcroft and
1259:(1870β1960) and he was followed by many including
1171:(?β1897) who took an interest in the Hesperiidae,
437:Salim Ali provides more details of this incident:
2200:
1328:publications on the fishes of India were made by
2729:
2623:"Catalogue of Wight drawings and type specimens"
2217:
1786:
477:) and hyaenas, 889 β blue bulls (nilgai) and 35
2552:
1863:One of the foremost ichthyologist of India was
1806:Post independence ornithology was dominated by
1581:(1875β1955) in the foothills of the Himalayas,
1022:of the time. The foremost among these zoos was
583:Preface in Samouelle's 1826 guide to collection
2510:
1006:came from Assam through the Nawab of Dhaka to
2661:
2517:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2423:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2270:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2533:
2263:
2261:
58:
2120:
2492:Jerdon, T. C. 1864. Birds of India. Vol. 1
2156:"Treatment of Nature in Sangam Literature"
2121:Constantine, Godwin R. (20 January 2018).
1064:
626:(1800β1875) and led to the publication of
2258:
1295:. Others involved in this field included
1183:). Entomologists who left a mark include
2546:
1795:
1314:
1142:
1073:Cover of book on venomous snakes by Sir
1068:
743:. Birds, volume 1, by E. W. Oates, 1889
716:(1811β1872) in southern India and later
712:Local systematic ornithology began with
688:
666:, the first superintendent of which was
639:
595:
568:
536:
454:
375:
357:
117:vanished early on from its range in the
41:
2267:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2073:
1898:worked on the frogs of southern India.
1665:Prince of Wales Museum of Western India
2730:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1181:Indian Agricultural Research Institute
600:Taxidermy services advertisement, 1888
532:
525:and an unsigned painting of it in the
2448:Patrick N. Wyse Jackson (2005β2006).
2089:
2087:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2021:
1605:Travelling naturalists and collectors
1593:in central India. Lieutenant Colonel
1555:
2428:
2307:
2289:
2185:
2171:
2162:
1619:Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour
1347:
630:and consisted of 202 colour plates.
614:The earliest effort to document the
517:was brought to Jehangir's court via
346:. Another work from this period was
231:
2324:"Science, civilization and society"
2096:
2053:
2037:
1989:
13:
2084:
2062:
1157:An epitome of the insects of India
564:
329:
14:
2769:
2711:
1921:
1910:Scientists from other disciplines
1890:
1858:
1791:
1702:
1539:Flowering plants of Western India
1043:Walter Samuel Millard (1864β1952)
737:W. T. Blanford in the preface to
342:, the 12th century rulers of the
315:Our king killed very few animals.
268:Protector of the Elephant Forests
181:were common and easy to observe.
2556:The Zoological Society of London
2419:Some new books of Indian Zoology
1841:
1687:
1672:
1138:
1124:
1110:
1049:
1035:
693:A timeline of Indian ornithology
353:
2698:
2681:
2655:
2646:
2633:
2615:
2599:
2583:
2574:
2563:
2527:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2441:
2411:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2316:
2298:
2280:
2246:
2237:
2211:
2194:
2148:
1640:
1569:(1818β1892) in southern India,
1383:the father of tropical forestry
657:
573:Instructions for tiger skinning
139:
2536:Palaeontologia Indica Series C
2114:
2105:
2012:
1577:(1887β1966) in the Himalayas,
1385:. Numerous officers including
968:Bombay Natural History Society
635:Bombay Natural History Society
484:Salim Ali in his 1927 article
173:, a habit known well ahead of
1:
2005:
1787:Post-Independence (1947β1970)
338:composed in the times of the
63:Over a thousand sites of the
2758:History of forestry in India
2743:Nature conservation in India
2639:Bole, P. V. 1976. Review of
1012:Zoological Society of London
7:
1527:Some Beautiful Indian Trees
1505:(1857β1944), J. F. Duthie,
1249:Edwin Felix Thomas Atkinson
1173:Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth
1118:Patrick Russell (1726β1805)
450:
23:has a long heritage with a
10:
2774:
2201:Sundaracharya, H. (1927).
1828:Zoological Survey of India
1193:Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher
1167:. Lepidopterists include
1087:father of Indian ophiology
1024:Alipore Zoological Gardens
953:
931:Bertram Beresford Osmaston
664:Geological Survey of India
550:Hortus indicus malabaricus
2218:Shankar, Darshan (2009).
1661:H. M. Phipson (1850β1936)
1375:biodiversity conservation
1373:, and was not related to
1338:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
1147:T. R. D. Bell (1863β1948)
985:Robert Armitage Sterndale
645:Thomas Oldham (1816β1878)
529:is attributed to Mansur.
306:(304 β 232 BC), embraced
184:The medical treatises of
111:Bos primegenius nomadicus
65:Indus Valley civilisation
59:Indus Valley Civilization
2738:Natural history of India
2671:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
2553:Scherren, Henry (1905).
1757:Charles McFarlane Inglis
1695:Herbert Musgrave Phipson
1185:William Stephen Atkinson
684:
553:was the oldest regional
432:, 1874. Mammals of India
410:
102:dating back to 3000 BC.
2511:Kinnear, N. B. (1951).
1749:Albert C. L. G. GΓΌnther
1733:George Albert Boulenger
1479:Henry Thomas Colebrooke
1435:George King (1840β1904)
1423:Father of Indian Botany
1310:
1293:Malaria Survey of India
1065:Reptiles and amphibians
2723:Botanical art in India
2220:"Mriga-Pakshi-Shastra"
1960:
1803:
1773:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
1741:Frederic Henry Gravely
1680:Edward Hamilton Aitken
1647:Edward Hamilton Aitken
1573:(1882β1967) and Major
1493:(1877β1947), Lt. Col.
1365:timber. The post of a
1324:
1289:Sir S. R. Christophers
1245:Ronald A. Senior-White
1213:William Monad Crawford
1148:
1132:Frank Wall (1868β1950)
1077:
993:Brian Houghton Hodgson
972:Plague, Rats and Fleas
962:. It was perhaps when
925:Arthur Edward Osmaston
746:
694:
647:
601:
586:
574:
545:
507:
467:
448:
435:
403:(1483β1530) (See also
391:
373:
323:
285:
51:
2000:Conservation movement
1955:
1801:Salim Ali (1896β1987)
1799:
1769:Reginald Innes Pocock
1725:Alfred William Alcock
1599:Richard Meinertzhagen
1395:Hugh Francis Cleghorn
1342:Henry Sullivan Thomas
1332:(1829β1889), Captain
1318:
1229:Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
1207:(1891β1983), Colonel
1169:Edward Yerbury Watson
1161:Sir Winston Churchill
1146:
1072:
1008:Jan_Albert_Sichterman
730:
692:
643:
599:
576:
572:
540:
490:
458:
439:
421:
379:
361:
320:Edict on Fifth Pillar
313:
272:
45:
2748:Environment of India
2627:rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk
1816:Sidney Dillon Ripley
1587:Biligirirangan Hills
1535:Alexander Kyd Nairne
1471:A. A. Dunbar-Brander
1403:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1221:Michael Lloyd Ferrar
989:Stanley Henry Prater
977:George Edward Dobson
765:Edward Arthur Butler
618:was perhaps that of
348:Mriga Pakshi Shastra
302:The Mauryan emperor
289:Protector of Animals
2559:. Cassell & Co.
2434:Newton, Paul &
2417:Sinclair WF (1890)
2334:on 10 February 2009
1836:Bertram E. Smythies
1820:Walter Norman Koelz
1721:Norman Boyd Kinnear
1591:George P. Sanderson
1585:(1894β1977) in the
1491:Philip Furley Fyson
1334:Robert Cecil Beavan
1323:by H S Thomas, 1897
1241:Lionel de NicΓ©ville
860:Ferdinand Stoliczka
789:H. H. Godwin-Austen
718:Allan Octavian Hume
678:Ferdinand Stoliczka
533:Pre-colonial period
252:'s governor of the
197:on rare occasions.
46:Rock painting from
21:Indian subcontinent
2718:Saharanpur gardens
2080:. ICCR, New Delhi.
1970:, M. Krishnan and
1869:Satpura hypothesis
1804:
1761:Stanley Wells Kemp
1635:Frank Kingdon-Ward
1556:Hunter-naturalists
1463:Sir Harry Champion
1407:John Gerard Koenig
1387:James Sykes Gamble
1325:
1197:Sir George Hampson
1149:
1078:
819:Henry Edwin Barnes
813:E. C. Stuart Baker
753:Andrew Leith Adams
695:
648:
602:
575:
559:Hendrik van Rheede
546:
543:Hortus Malabaricus
468:
392:
374:
153:, the land of the
121:basin and western
105:The swamp deer or
67:across north west
52:
2753:Forestry in India
2328:www.incois.gov.in
1968:E. Hanumantha Rao
1933:K. K. Neelakantan
1896:C. R. Narayan Rao
1867:, famous for his
1781:Nathaniel Wallich
1631:Victor Jacquemont
1575:R. W. G. Hingston
1550:Blatter Herbarium
1531:Ethelbert Blatter
1529:(coauthored with
1501:(1810β1845), Sir
1475:Sir Walter Elliot
1455:Ethelbert Blatter
1449:(1761β1834), Sir
1433:(1746β1793). Sir
1421:(1751β1815), the
1415:Nathaniel Wallich
1348:Flora and forests
1237:Samarendra Maulik
1085:(1726β1805), the
1057:Ram Brahma Sanyal
1028:Ram Brahma Sanyal
902:G. F. L. Marshall
896:C. H. T. Marshall
843:Margaret Cockburn
591:Richard Wellesley
232:The Maurya period
2765:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2603:
2597:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2474:on 15 March 2012
2473:
2467:. Archived from
2454:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2330:. Archived from
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2074:Ali, S. (1979).
2071:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2025:
2019:
2016:
1990:Conservationists
1976:E. H. N. Lowther
1972:T. N. A. Perumal
1951:Horace Alexander
1916:J. B. S. Haldane
1900:Romulus Whitaker
1824:Horace Alexander
1812:Humayun Abdulali
1779:(1875β1958) and
1777:Malcolm A. Smith
1765:James Wood-Mason
1717:Nelson Annandale
1715:(1810β1873) and
1691:
1676:
1633:(1801β1832) and
1611:Jean de ThΓ©venot
1567:Douglas Hamilton
1565:(1910β1974) and
1563:Kenneth Anderson
1511:Richard Strachey
1499:William Griffith
1465:and his brother
1459:T. F. Bourdillon
1419:William Roxburgh
1417:(1786β1854) and
1391:Alexander Gibson
1379:Dietrich Brandis
1354:forests of India
1336:(1841β1870) and
1251:(1840β1890) and
1128:
1114:
1101:(1824β1907) and
1053:
1039:
997:Richard Lydekker
991:(1890β1960) and
981:Richard Lydekker
795:Col. W. H. Sykes
744:
714:Thomas C. Jerdon
654:became extinct.
624:John Edward Gray
620:Thomas Hardwicke
584:
527:Hermitage Museum
433:
430:Thomas C. Jerdon
399:(1569β1627) and
321:
283:
217:Tamil literature
167:brood parasitism
25:recorded history
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2728:
2727:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2686:
2682:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2452:
2450:"Thomas Oldham"
2446:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2259:
2253:Blunt, Wilfrid.
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2227:Current Science
2222:
2216:
2212:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2038:
2028:Archer, Mildred
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
1992:
1947:Zafar Futehally
1924:
1912:
1893:
1861:
1844:
1832:Biswamoy Biswas
1810:and his cousin
1794:
1789:
1709:Asiatic Society
1705:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1656:The Jungle Book
1651:Rudyard Kipling
1643:
1627:William Doherty
1623:Alfred Duvaucel
1615:Pierre Sonnerat
1607:
1558:
1367:conservationist
1350:
1330:Sir Francis Day
1313:
1265:C. F. C. Beeson
1253:Charles Swinhoe
1141:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1083:Patrick Russell
1067:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1040:
964:R. C. Wroughton
956:
920:Satya Churn Law
884:Charles Swinhoe
849:James A. Murray
745:
736:
687:
660:
585:
582:
567:
565:Colonial period
535:
453:
434:
428:
413:
356:
332:
330:Chalukya period
322:
319:
284:
279:
234:
208:written in the
142:
61:
17:Natural history
12:
11:
5:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2712:External links
2710:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2680:
2654:
2645:
2632:
2614:
2598:
2582:
2573:
2562:
2545:
2526:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2440:
2427:
2425:5(2β3):176β184
2410:
2400:
2391:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2257:
2245:
2236:
2210:
2193:
2184:
2170:
2161:
2147:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2083:
2061:
2052:
2036:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1988:
1984:F. W. Champion
1923:
1920:
1911:
1908:
1892:
1891:Herpetologists
1889:
1881:C. V. Kulkarni
1865:Sunderlal Hora
1860:
1859:Ichthyologists
1857:
1843:
1840:
1793:
1792:Ornithologists
1790:
1788:
1785:
1704:
1703:Museum workers
1701:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1659:. Others like
1642:
1639:
1606:
1603:
1557:
1554:
1515:Thomas Thomson
1489:( 1808β1865),
1483:Charles McCann
1467:F. W. Champion
1427:Robert Fortune
1359:Edward Balfour
1349:
1346:
1312:
1309:
1257:E. P. Stebbing
1247:( 1891β1954),
1233:Frederic Moore
1201:H. E. Andrewes
1153:Edward Donovan
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1103:H. S. Ferguson
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1034:
960:trophy hunting
955:
952:
947:
946:
943:Samuel Tickell
940:
937:Wardlaw Ramsay
934:
928:
922:
917:
914:James Franklin
911:
908:R. S. P. Bates
905:
899:
893:
890:Robert Swinhoe
887:
881:
878:J. K. Stanford
875:
872:W. T. Blanford
869:
866:Valentine Ball
863:
857:
851:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
734:
722:Stray Feathers
707:Samuel Tickell
686:
683:
659:
656:
616:fauna of India
580:
566:
563:
534:
531:
511:Siberian crane
501:is a wolf and
463:attributed to
459:Painting of a
452:
449:
426:
412:
409:
355:
352:
331:
328:
317:
277:
238:Maurya dynasty
233:
230:
141:
138:
60:
57:
50:showing a hunt
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2770:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2701:
2694:
2693:1-85072-289-7
2690:
2684:
2677:(1): 104β110.
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Kinnear, N.B.
2658:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2611:0-521-81417-0
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:0-521-56513-8
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:ES2K Magazine
2451:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2276:(4): 833β861.
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:O. C. Edwards
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1853:B. K. Tikader
1850:
1842:Entomologists
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1784:
1783:(1786β1854).
1782:
1778:
1775:(1847β1909),
1774:
1771:(1863β1947),
1770:
1767:(1846β1893),
1766:
1763:(1882β1945),
1762:
1759:(1870β1954),
1758:
1755:(1868β1932),
1754:
1751:(1830β1914),
1750:
1747:(1804β1881),
1746:
1742:
1739:(1845β1922),
1738:
1737:W. L. Distant
1735:(1858β1937),
1734:
1731:(1833β1900),
1730:
1729:John Anderson
1727:(1859β1933),
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1637:(1885β1958).
1636:
1632:
1629:(1857β1901),
1628:
1625:(1793β1825),
1624:
1621:(1773β1826),
1620:
1617:(1748β1814),
1616:
1613:(1633β1667),
1612:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:W. S. Millard
1520:
1516:
1513:(1817β1908),
1512:
1508:
1507:P. D. Stracey
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Hugh Falconer
1485:(1899β1980),
1484:
1481:(1765β1837),
1480:
1477:(1803β1887),
1476:
1472:
1469:(1893β1970),
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:(1877β1934),
1456:
1453:(1836β1901),
1452:
1451:Henry Collett
1448:
1447:William Carey
1443:
1442:(1891β1949).
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:(1796β1872),
1412:
1409:(1728β1785),
1408:
1405:(1817β1911),
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:(1847β1925),
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:conservancies
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1319:Cover of the
1317:
1308:
1306:
1305:Baini Prashad
1300:
1299:(1884β1956).
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:(1852β1901),
1242:
1239:(1881β1950),
1238:
1235:(1830β1907),
1234:
1231:(1877β1925),
1230:
1227:(1880β1963),
1226:
1222:
1219:(1876β1956),
1218:
1215:(1872β1941),
1214:
1211:(1848β1908),
1210:
1209:C. T. Bingham
1206:
1203:(1863β1950),
1202:
1199:(1860β1936),
1198:
1195:(1878β1950),
1194:
1191:(1862β1927),
1190:
1187:(1820β1876),
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:(1906β1963),
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1139:Invertebrates
1133:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:(1852β1921).
1104:
1100:
1099:Joseph Fayrer
1097:(1868β1950),
1096:
1093:(1830β1911),
1092:
1091:R. H. Beddome
1088:
1084:
1076:
1075:Joseph Fayrer
1071:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:(1858β1908).
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
995:(1800β1894).
994:
990:
986:
983:(1849β1915),
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
951:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:Hugh Whistler
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:Douglas Dewar
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
749:
742:
741:
733:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
699:
691:
682:
679:
675:
674:
669:
668:Thomas Oldham
665:
655:
653:
646:
642:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:
598:
594:
592:
579:
571:
562:
561:(1636β1691).
560:
556:
552:
551:
544:
539:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
489:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
466:
462:
457:
447:
445:
438:
431:
425:
420:
418:
415:The notes of
408:
406:
402:
398:
390:
386:
383:hunting with
382:
378:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:Mughal period
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
316:
312:
309:
305:
300:
298:
292:
290:
282:
276:
271:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
241:
239:
229:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
137:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
49:
44:
40:
38:
34:
30:
29:palaeontology
26:
22:
18:
2700:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2657:
2648:
2641:Flora Indica
2640:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2601:
2585:
2576:
2565:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2456:
2443:
2430:
2422:
2413:
2403:
2394:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2164:
2150:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2076:
2055:
2023:
2014:
1993:
1964:Loke Wan Tho
1961:
1956:
1945:
1937:Harry Miller
1925:
1922:Popularizers
1913:
1904:J. C. Daniel
1894:
1868:
1862:
1845:
1805:
1713:Edward Blyth
1706:
1654:
1644:
1641:Popularizers
1608:
1595:R. W. Burton
1583:R. C. Morris
1571:F. M. Bailey
1559:
1543:
1538:
1526:
1444:
1440:Birbal Sahni
1422:
1411:Robert Wight
1398:
1382:
1381:(1824β1907)-
1374:
1370:
1366:
1351:
1326:
1321:Rod in India
1320:
1301:
1297:J. A. Sinton
1292:
1285:Secunderabad
1225:F. C. Fraser
1156:
1150:
1086:
1079:
1017:
1001:
971:
957:
948:
945:(1811β1875).
837:W. E. Brooks
807:Frank Ludlow
801:C. M. Inglis
779:(1899β1982),
773:(1875β1957),
767:(1843β1916),
761:(1810β1873),
759:Edward Blyth
755:(1827β1882),
747:
738:
731:
726:
721:
711:
700:
696:
671:
661:
658:Paleontology
649:
632:
627:
613:
606:
603:
587:
577:
548:
547:
508:
502:
498:
494:
491:
485:
483:
478:
474:
469:
465:Ustad Mansur
443:
440:
436:
422:
414:
393:
347:
335:
333:
324:
314:
301:
296:
293:
288:
286:
281:Arthashastra
273:
267:
263:Arthashastra
261:
242:
235:
220:
214:
205:
199:
193:
183:
150:
143:
140:Vedic period
134:siege engine
127:
110:
106:
104:
96:Clay tablets
93:
62:
53:
16:
15:
2542:(2): 23β58.
2436:Matt Ridley
2338:14 December
2032:W.G. Archer
1941:Ruskin Bond
1928:M. Krishnan
1885:S. B. Setna
1873:P. R. Awati
1697:(1850β1936)
1682:(1851β1909)
1579:Jim Corbett
1503:David Prain
1495:Heber Drury
1273:Ronald Ross
1217:W. H. Evans
1205:G. M. Henry
1189:E. Brunetti
1059:(1858β1908)
939:(1852β1921)
933:(1868β1961)
927:(1885β1961)
916:(1783β1834)
910:(1897β1961)
904:(1843β1934)
898:(1841β1927)
892:(1836β1877)
886:(1836β1923)
880:(1892β1971)
874:(1832β1905)
868:(1843β1894)
862:(1838β1874)
856:(1845β1911)
854:E. W. Oates
845:(1829β1928)
839:(1828β1899)
833:(1869-1949)
831:H. R. Baker
827:(1906β1973)
825:F. N. Betts
821:(1848β1896)
815:(1864β1944)
809:(1885β1972)
803:(1870β1954)
797:(1790β1872)
791:(1834β1923)
785:(1889β1943)
777:N. F. Frome
703:W. H. Sykes
521:controlled
336:Manasollasa
206:Gajashastra
171:Indian koel
2732:Categories
2523:: 766β778.
2478:19 October
2459:(12): 12.
2006:References
1849:M. S. Mani
1753:Frank Finn
1745:John Gould
1743:(1885β?),
1519:J.F. Royle
1431:Robert Kyd
1281:Ootacamund
1261:A. D. Imms
1177:T. R. Bell
1095:Frank Wall
1089:, Colonel
519:Portuguese
179:house crow
107:barasingha
85:rhinoceros
69:South Asia
2465:1473-4184
2233:(2): 292.
2142:2321-788X
1996:E. P. Gee
1877:D. V. Bal
1808:Salim Ali
1277:Bangalore
1165:Bangalore
637:in 1883.
541:Cover of
405:Baburnama
389:Akbarnama
387:from the
381:Blackbuck
340:Chalukyas
275:elephant.
250:Alexander
194:kshatriya
175:Aristotle
159:blackbuck
151:Aryavarta
48:Bhimbetka
2665:(1952).
1958:British.
1546:herbaria
1544:Several
1541:(1894).
1399:amateurs
735:β
673:Oldhamia
611:series.
581:β
471:Jahangir
451:Jahangir
427:β
397:Jehangir
385:cheetahs
371:Peshawar
365:hunting
318:β
308:Buddhism
297:aranyaca
278:β
258:Kautilya
246:Seleucus
225:littoral
212:script.
202:elephant
190:Sushruta
163:Vindhyas
130:Harappan
100:Harrappa
89:elephant
2158:. 1969.
1953:wrote:
1537:in his
1269:Malaria
954:Mammals
652:Cheetah
495:jawanan
488:notes:
475:ubdilao
219:of the
186:Charaka
169:in the
113:or the
33:zoology
19:in the
2691:
2609:
2593:
2463:
2140:
2030:&
1826:. The
513:. The
344:Deccan
304:Ashoka
254:Punjab
221:Sangam
155:Aryans
81:chital
73:jackal
37:botany
2472:(PDF)
2453:(PDF)
2389:43pp.
2223:(PDF)
2136:(3).
2126:(PDF)
1004:Clara
685:Birds
555:flora
479:mhaka
417:Babur
411:Babur
401:Babur
369:near
367:rhino
363:Babur
146:Vedas
123:India
119:Indus
2689:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2480:2012
2461:ISSN
2340:2007
2138:ISSN
1982:and
1902:and
1883:and
1875:and
1851:and
1818:and
1589:and
1393:and
1363:teak
1352:The
1311:Fish
1283:and
1020:zoos
515:dodo
503:Kurg
499:Gurg
461:dodo
215:The
210:PΔli
200:The
188:and
144:The
115:zebu
87:and
77:hare
35:and
2408:Co.
1155:'s
523:Goa
444:kos
407:).
260:'s
2734::
2675:51
2673:.
2669:.
2625:.
2538:.
2521:50
2519:.
2515:.
2455:.
2421:.
2326:.
2274:31
2272:.
2260:^
2231:96
2229:.
2225:.
2173:^
2132:.
2128:.
2086:^
2064:^
2039:^
2002:)
1986:.
1978:,
1966:,
1887:.
1838:.
1667:.
1552:.
1509:,
1497:,
1461:,
1344:.
1307:.
1287:.
1279:,
1267:.
1223:,
987:,
270::
248:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
31:,
2695:.
2629:.
2540:4
2482:.
2342:.
2207:.
2144:.
2134:5
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
