1075:
International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation, Eighth Edition, Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated
208:
Although the connecting terms mentioned above to indicate rank, such as "var.", are the recommended ones, the ICN allows for other connecting terms in validly published infraspecific taxa. It specifically mentions that Greek letters α, β, γ, etc. can be used in this way in the original document and
358:
There is no requirement for a species to be divided into infraspecific taxa, of whatever rank; in other words, a species does not have to have subspecies, varieties, forms, etc. However, if infraspecific ranks are created, then the name of the type of the species must repeat the specific epithet as
355:, although there are other kinds of type. Like other names, an infraspecific name is attached to a type. Whether a plant should be given a particular infraspecific name can then be decided by comparing it to the type.
510:
When indicating authors for infraspecific names, it is possible to show either just the author(s) of the final, infraspecific epithet, or the authors of both the specific and the infraspecific epithets. Examples:
451:
The same epithet can be used again within a species, at whatever level, only if the names with the re-used epithet are attached to the same type. Thus there can be a form called
75:
209:
further ranks may be added without limit. Names which use these connecting terms are now deprecated (though still legal), but they have an importance because they can be
1100:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017
679:
635:
96:
Names below the rank of species of cultivated kinds of plants and of animals are regulated by different codes of nomenclature and are formed somewhat differently.
35:
344:
For a proposed infraspecific name to be legitimate it must be in accordance with all the rules of the ICN. Only some of the main points are described here.
79:(ICN). This specifies a three part name for infraspecific taxa, plus a connecting term to indicate the rank of the name. An example of such a name is
1072:
Brickell, C.D.; Alexander, C.; David, J.C.; Hetterscheid, W.L.A.; Leslie, A.C.; Malecot, V.; Jin, X.; Editorial committee; Cubey, J.J. (2009).
73:. A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name. The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the
672:
576:
249:. The ICN allows the possibility that a validly published name could have no defined rank and uses "" as the connecting term in such cases.
359:
its infraspecific epithet. The type acquires this name automatically as soon as any infraspecific rank is created. As an example, consider
646:
name may be attached to any scientific name at the genus level or below. The minimum requirement is to specify a genus name. For example,
17:
1135:
104:
Article 24 of the ICN describes how infraspecific names are constructed. The order of the three parts of an infraspecific name is:
601:
was split from the ICN in 1975. This nomenclature only governs one infraspecific rank, the subspecies, but allows a number of
257:
Like specific epithets, infraspecific epithets cannot be used in isolation as names. Thus the name of a particular species of
108:
genus name, specific epithet, connecting term indicating the rank (not part of the name, but required), infraspecific epithet.
1029:
Oren, Aharon; Arahal, David R.; Göker, Markus; Moore, Edward R. B.; Rossello-Mora, Ramon; Sutcliffe, Iain C. (1 May 2023).
1539:
1524:
1103:, vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154 (electronic ed.), Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy
525:
This identifies de Wilde as the author who published this name for the subspecies (i.e. who created the epithet
1128:
1534:
633:, i.e. plants specifically created for use in agriculture or horticulture. Such names are regulated by the
265:
30:
This article is about the scientific names of plants and fungi. For the equivalent naming of animals, see
995:
112:
It is customary to italicize all three parts of such a name, but not the connecting term. For example:
870:
837:
498:
If two infraspecific taxa which have different types are accidentally given the same epithet, then a
305:
404:(whose type specimen is also in the Wisconsin State Herbarium), thereby making the type specimen of
1121:
1082:. International Association for Plant Taxonomy and International Society for Horticultural Science.
502:
has been created. The earliest published name is the legitimate one and the other must be changed.
1529:
583:
or 'trinomial name'. No connecting term is required as there is only one rank below species, the
89:
710:, an informal naming system for parasites that is included in the botanical code of nomenclature
180:- recommended abbreviation: subsp. (but "ssp." is also in use although not recognised by Art 26)
1375:
166:, connecting term = subvar. (short for "subvarietas" or subvariety), infraspecific epithet =
304:
Sometimes more than three parts will be given; strictly speaking, this is not a name, but a
213:
of current species. The commonest cases use "β" and "b"; examples mentioned in the ICN are
1071:
8:
955:, Appendix I Glossary of terms used and defined in this Code, entry for "legitimate name"
545:
1304:
1248:
1233:
1215:
1365:
1319:
1314:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1031:"International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Code (2022 Revision)"
700:
499:
297:
where the context makes the species clear. The variety cannot be referred to as just
62:
1483:
1440:
1392:
1381:
1181:
1171:
1160:
1052:
1042:
690:
597:
273:
where the context makes the genus clear. The species cannot be referred to as just
184:
136:
1465:
1451:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1073:
706:
259:
58:
50:
396:" was automatically created (it is an "autonym"). Soreng created the subspecies
1144:
695:
348:
230:
1518:
1494:
351:. In many cases the type will be a particular preserved specimen stored in a
198:
642:
Although logically below the rank of species (and hence "infraspecific"), a
579:, names of taxa below species rank are formed somewhat differently, using a
483:(in other words, if there is a single type specimen whose classification is
1098:
1047:
1030:
529:). Note that here it was decided not to indicate authority for the species.
361:
1057:
1477:
584:
191:
177:
1387:
1258:
1253:
1244:
352:
1434:
1413:
713:
685:
643:
630:
580:
210:
31:
1113:
1471:
1035:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
659:
560:); Franco is the author who reduced the taxon to a subspecies of
1226:
1210:
552:; Dunal is the author who was the first to publish the epithet
76:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
42:
1428:
54:
605:
to be used. The authorship is to be specified in the form "
590:
368:, whose type specimen is in the Wisconsin State Herbarium.
173:
The recommended abbreviations for ranks below species are:
570:
680:
636:
36:
435:. The type specimen would then have the classification
277:. In the same way, the name of a particular variety of
229:
whilst other examples (coming from the fungus database
997:
Wisconsin
Botanical Information System: Type Specimens
252:
99:
629:
does not regulate the names of cultivated plants, of
544:
Here, J.F.Arnold is the author who gave the species,
204:
subforma (subform) - recommended abbreviation: subf.
1028:
1000:, Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin
135:, connecting term = var. (short for "varietas" or
617:1999.", i.e. with only the infraspecific author.
339:
1516:
427:would automatically become the type specimen of
419:If in addition to the subspecies any variety of
654:'Arnold Sentinel' is a cultivar of the species
775:, Art. 4; abbreviations from Recommendation 5A
423:were to be created, then the type specimen of
347:A key concept in botanical names is that of a
1129:
673:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
27:Name of a taxon, at a rank lower than species
1136:
1122:
87:, the name of a subvariety of the species
34:. For the names of cultivated plants, see
1097:Turland, N.J.; et al., eds. (2017),
1056:
1046:
975:
973:
716:, a system for naming parasitic bacteria
591:Difference from prokaryotic nomenclature
380:immediately became the type specimen of
1096:
1016:
979:
964:
952:
940:
928:
922:
902:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
747:
743:
741:
733:
571:Difference from zoological nomenclature
376:was created, then the type specimen of
14:
1517:
1010:
990:
988:
970:
802:
778:
658:(which is propagated vegetatively, by
467:if, and only if, the type specimen of
194:) - recommended abbreviation: subvar.
1117:
790:
505:
1153:
896:
738:
620:
475:is the same as the type specimen of
1143:
985:
863:
814:
328:; the name of the subform would be
253:Abbreviation of infraspecific names
100:Construction of infraspecific names
24:
830:
727:
187:) - recommended abbreviation: var.
25:
1551:
201:) - recommended abbreviation: f.
1173:
1162:
1367:
1306:
1090:
1065:
1022:
958:
946:
934:
556:for this taxon (as the species
308:. The ICN gives the example of
1496:
1485:
1453:
1442:
1235:
1217:
766:
753:
650:'Cerise Queen' is a cultivar;
340:Legitimate infraspecific names
289:, which can be abbreviated to
269:, which can be abbreviated to
13:
1:
720:
603:infrasubspecific subdivisions
283:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
279:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
266:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
117:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
7:
885:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
852:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
665:
372:As soon as a subspecies of
139:), infraspecific epithet =
18:Infraspecific name (botany)
10:
1556:
459:as well as the subspecies
408:also the type specimen of
29:
1540:Biological classification
1151:
215:Cynoglossum cheirifolium
577:zoological nomenclature
148:Astrophytum myriostigma
93:(bishop's hat cactus).
90:Astrophytum myriostigma
81:Astrophytum myriostigma
1525:Botanical nomenclature
1048:10.1099/ijsem.0.005585
912:in Art. 50E.Ex 7, or
799:, Art. 4.3 and Art. 2
787:, Note 1 to Art. 32.1
548:, its botanical name
223:Polyporus fomentarius
162:, specific epithet =
131:, specific epithet =
759:See the examples in
1535:Biology terminology
1202:Infrakingdom/Branch
546:European black pine
67:infraspecific taxon
1474:
1431:
1410:
1384:
1342:
1276:
1241:
1229:
1193:
1184:
943:, Art. 24.1, Ex. 1
919:in Art. 37.3.Ex. 5
907:Agaricus compactus
825:Boletus applanatus
537:J.F.Arnold subsp.
506:Specifying authors
47:infraspecific name
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1470:
1427:
1406:
1380:
1338:
1272:
1231:
1225:
1189:
1182:
917:longipedicellatum
914:Geranium andicola
840:Agaricus plexipes
811:, Art. 24.4 Ex. 9
701:Variant (biology)
621:Cultivated plants
607:Bacillus subtilis
367:
235:Agaricus plexipes
16:(Redirected from
1547:
1498:
1487:
1455:
1444:
1369:
1308:
1237:
1219:
1175:
1164:
1154:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
992:
983:
977:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
900:
894:
893:
891:
890:
883:Species Fungorum
867:
861:
860:
858:
857:
850:Species Fungorum
834:
828:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
757:
751:
745:
736:
731:
691:Strain (biology)
598:Prokaryotic Code
365:
330:Saxifraga aizoon
310:Saxifraga aizoon
21:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1466:Species complex
1216:Superdivision (
1147:
1145:Taxonomic ranks
1142:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
1001:
994:
993:
986:
978:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
905:, for instance
901:
897:
888:
886:
869:
868:
864:
855:
853:
836:
835:
831:
827:of Appendix III
819:
815:
807:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
758:
754:
746:
739:
732:
728:
723:
707:Forma specialis
668:
623:
593:
573:
558:Pinus salzmanii
541:(Dunal) Franco
516:Adenia aculeata
508:
342:
271:A. klimpelianum
260:Acanthocalycium
255:
129:Acanthocalycium
102:
51:scientific name
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Plant taxonomy
1527:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1223:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1168:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1064:
1021:
1009:
984:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
895:
862:
829:
813:
801:
789:
777:
765:
752:
737:
725:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
711:
703:
698:
696:Race (biology)
693:
688:
683:
676:
667:
664:
622:
619:
592:
589:
572:
569:
568:
567:
566:
565:
532:
531:
530:
507:
504:
449:
448:
417:
341:
338:
306:classification
254:
251:
231:Index Fungorum
206:
205:
202:
195:
188:
181:
171:
170:
155:
154:
144:
143:
124:
123:
110:
109:
101:
98:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1552:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:/Superkingdom
1180:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1013:
999:
998:
991:
989:
981:
976:
974:
966:
961:
954:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
918:
915:
911:
910:sarcocephalus
908:
904:
899:
884:
880:
878:
874:
873:Peziza capula
866:
851:
847:
845:
841:
833:
826:
822:
817:
810:
805:
798:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
762:
756:
749:
744:
742:
735:
730:
726:
715:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:
677:
675:
674:
670:
669:
663:
661:
657:
656:P. nigra
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
637:
632:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
588:
586:
582:
578:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
540:
536:
533:
528:
524:
523:
521:
517:
514:
513:
512:
503:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
369:
364:
363:
356:
354:
350:
345:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
261:
250:
248:
244:
243:Peziza capula
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:subvarietas (
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
158:genus name =
157:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:genus name =
126:
125:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
107:
106:
105:
97:
94:
92:
91:
86:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
1493:
1482:
1450:
1439:
1364:
1303:
1232:
1214:
1170:
1159:
1105:, retrieved
1099:
1091:Bibliography
1074:
1067:
1058:10261/338243
1038:
1034:
1024:
1017:Turland 2017
1012:
1002:, retrieved
996:
980:Turland 2017
965:Turland 2017
960:
953:Turland 2017
948:
941:Turland 2017
936:
929:Turland 2017
924:
916:
913:
909:
906:
903:Turland 2017
898:
887:. Retrieved
882:
876:
872:
865:
854:. Retrieved
849:
843:
839:
832:
824:
821:Turland 2017
816:
809:Turland 2017
804:
797:Turland 2017
792:
785:Turland 2017
780:
773:Turland 2017
768:
761:Turland 2017
755:
748:Turland 2017
734:Turland 2017
729:
705:
678:
671:
655:
651:
647:
641:
634:
626:
624:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
574:
561:
557:
553:
549:
538:
534:
526:
519:
515:
509:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
450:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:. The name "
385:
381:
377:
373:
360:
357:
346:
343:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:klimpelianum
274:
270:
264:
258:
256:
246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
222:
218:
214:
207:
172:
167:
163:
159:
151:
147:
140:
133:klimpelianum
132:
128:
120:
116:
111:
103:
95:
88:
84:
80:
74:
71:infraspecies
70:
66:
46:
40:
1393:Infrafamily
1376:Superfamily
1290:Subterclass
1259:Microphylum
1254:Infraphylum
1249:Subdivision
1211:Superphylum
1019:, Art. 53.3
931:, Art. 24.1
844:fuliginaria
652:Pinus nigra
562:Pinus nigra
550:Pinus nigra
535:Pinus nigra
485:Poa secunda
477:Poa secunda
469:Poa secunda
461:Poa secunda
453:Poa secunda
437:Poa secunda
429:Poa secunda
421:Poa secunda
410:Poa secunda
398:Poa secunda
390:Poa secunda
382:Poa secunda
374:Poa secunda
362:Poa secunda
322:multicaulis
239:fuliginaria
217:β Anchusa (
164:myriostigma
160:Astrophytum
1519:Categories
1478:Subspecies
1419:Infratribe
1402:Supertribe
1351:Infraorder
1334:Superorder
1305:Division (
1285:Infraclass
1268:Superclass
1234:Division (
1197:Subkingdom
1172:Subrealm (
1107:2019-02-21
1004:2011-06-01
889:2019-02-21
856:2019-02-21
721:References
611:spizizenii
585:subspecies
539:salzmannii
493:juncifolia
489:juncifolia
481:juncifolia
473:juncifolia
465:juncifolia
457:juncifolia
425:P. secunda
406:P. secunda
402:juncifolia
378:P. secunda
318:brevifolia
299:macranthum
295:macranthum
287:macranthum
227:applanatus
192:subvariety
183:varietas (
178:subspecies
141:macranthum
121:macranthum
65:, i.e. an
57:below the
1484:Variety (
1441:Section (
1388:Subfamily
1366:Section (
1356:Parvorder
1329:Magnorder
1295:Parvclass
1245:Subphylum
982:, Art. 26
763:, Art. 24
750:, Art. 24
639:(ICNCP).
631:cultivars
613:Nakamura
554:salzmanii
522:de Wilde
353:herbarium
334:surculosa
326:surculosa
211:basionyms
1452:Series (
1435:Subgenus
1414:Subtribe
1346:Suborder
1280:Subclass
967:, Art. 7
823:, entry
714:Pathovar
686:Cultivar
666:See also
648:Achillea
644:cultivar
581:trinomen
316:subvar.
150:subvar.
83:subvar.
53:for any
32:Trinomen
1472:Species
1191:Kingdom
1161:Realm (
660:cloning
609:subsp.
527:inermis
520:inermis
518:subsp.
500:homonym
487:subsp.
479:subsp.
463:subsp.
445:secunda
441:secunda
439:subsp.
433:secunda
414:secunda
412:subsp.
400:subsp.
394:secunda
392:subsp.
386:secunda
384:subsp.
366:J.Presl
197:forma (
185:variety
168:glabrum
152:glabrum
137:variety
85:glabrum
63:species
49:is the
1495:Form (
1382:Family
1320:Cohort
1315:Legion
1227:Phylum
1183:Domain
1076:Plants
1041:(5a).
877:cernua
615:et al.
332:subf.
324:subf.
314:aizoon
247:cernua
233:) are
221:) and
219:lanata
43:botany
1429:Genus
1408:Tribe
1340:Order
1274:Class
1080:(PDF)
879:page"
846:page"
443:var.
431:var.
312:var.
293:var.
291:A. k.
285:var.
119:var.
55:taxon
45:, an
1497:bot.
1486:bot.
1454:bot.
1443:bot.
1368:zoo.
1307:zoo.
1236:bot.
1218:bot.
1174:vir.
1163:vir.
625:The
595:The
349:type
241:and
199:form
59:rank
1053:hdl
1043:doi
662:).
627:ICN
575:In
495:).
491:f.
471:f.
455:f.
320:f.
281:is
263:is
69:or
61:of
41:In
1521::
1051:.
1039:73
1037:.
1033:.
987:^
972:^
881:.
875:ß
848:.
842:b
740:^
587:.
336:.
301:.
245:ß
237:b
225:β
1499:)
1488:)
1456:)
1445:)
1370:)
1309:)
1247:/
1238:)
1230:/
1220:)
1213:/
1176:)
1165:)
1137:e
1130:t
1123:v
1061:.
1055::
1045::
892:.
871:"
859:.
838:"
564:.
447:.
416:.
38:.
20:)
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