77:
389:
52:
33:
384:
at the ends of the branches and twigs. About 10 mm long, they have five white to cream or pale yellow petals. Trees begin flowering at 3 to 5 years old, with the flowering season usually taking place in
November and December, and fruiting in the following January and February, though this varies
355:
of 300 mm, although some grow to a diameter of 900 mm. The trunks are distinctively buttressed at the base and fluted. The branches are arranged spirally, with secondary branching forming a dense network within the canopy. The bark is rough, flaky and brown, becoming greyer with age. From
401:
The tree starts bearing fruit at about eight years old. The fruits are slightly flattened, irregularly ovoid, rounded or oblong, and flanged at one end. Produced singly or in clusters, they weigh 50–110 g and are 46–130 mm long, 34–120 mm wide, and 40 mm thick. The smooth skin
337:
There is great diversity in the size, form, shape and colour of the
Tahitian chestnut, and of its leaves, flowers and fruit. Because of its long history of cultivation and its tendency to become naturalised where introduced, it is likely that, over its wide range, the species contains several
409:
The seed is white and kidney-shaped and is contained within the thin brown, fibrous shell. It is relatively large, weighing 5–50 g, 20–70 mm long by 16–40 mm wide. The seed is toxic when raw but edible when cooked. It is perishable, with a short
350:
The
Tahitian chestnut is a medium-sized, evergreen tropical tree. It may grow to 30 m in height, though 20 m is more usual, with a crown diameter of 4–6 m. Mature tree trunks have a typical
446:, including those that are highly calcareous and saline, poorly drained to waterlogged, or those with medium to very low fertility, as well as in mildly acidic to very alkaline coastal soils.
539:
The fleshy mesocarp is inedible for humans, but the seed kernels serve as an important indigenous food in many island countries in the
Pacific. The kernel has a
402:
covers a fibrous shell which holds the kernel. As the fruits ripen their colour changes from green to yellow or orange brown. The mature fruits are usually
315:. The tree has a wide range in the tropics of the south-west Pacific and south-east Asian regions, and a history of traditional use by the peoples of
962:
756:
1001:
1130:
793:(third, revised ed.). Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. pp. 158–9.
1145:
442:
of 1,500–4,300 mm (59–169 in) annually, at altitudes ranging from 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft). It grows in a wide range of
1063:
547:
content of 22%, and needs to be cooked to make it edible. Methods of preparation include roasting, grilling, boiling and baking. In
923:
500:
The tree has a wide variety of traditional uses, exploiting almost every part of the plant. The leaves and bark have found uses in
975:
582:. The main products are the edible kernels and the timber. Trees over 25 years old can produce up to 75 kg of fruit a year.
526:
is used for crafts such as carvings and tool handles, as well as for building canoes and for general light construction. Young
368:
The dark green leaves are simple, oblong, alternate, and leathery. They are 160–390 mm long and 70–130 mm wide. The
980:
1150:
356:
the buttresses a dense network of lateral roots extends through the topsoil around the tree, which has only a shallow
1185:
1180:
372:
is 5 mm long. The apex is pointed and the base lobed, with an entire margin. The veins are opposite and yellow.
1006:
808:
949:
1081:
1165:
1170:
1175:
884:
875:
678:
1160:
1076:
76:
1155:
1016:
352:
450:
1140:
1068:
724:
1042:
993:
967:
837:
449:
The tree was evidently cultivated more intensively in the past, as it has become extensively
203:
1029:
1135:
910:
786:
655:
8:
1037:
403:
41:
1102:
229:
71:
1055:
1024:
897:
574:
in coastal and soil stabilisation, as an overstorey for crops needing shade, such as
1107:
902:
673:
548:
478:
369:
308:
889:
816:. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. p. 186
609:
605:
575:
552:
501:
297:
114:
594:
It was believed in Samoa that humans originated from the
Tahitian chestnut tree.
1050:
860:
423:
101:
1124:
988:
664:
61:
56:
1094:
598:
571:
544:
388:
936:
869:
509:
616:
produced as a result of the people around him eating the cooked kernels.
481:, along the edges of old gardens, riverbanks, in swamps, coastal areas,
928:
613:
485:
466:
411:
941:
579:
474:
470:
462:
458:
453:, and is now found mainly in the wild. Its distribution spreads from
325:
323:. It is the only edible and culturally important member of the genus
320:
316:
301:
180:
170:
831:
1089:
854:
515:
508:
leaves also are one of the traditional materials for thatching the
489:
454:
439:
419:
415:
339:
312:
160:
127:
32:
954:
564:
556:
540:
482:
435:
357:
150:
438:
with a moderate to high, uniformly distributed or mainly summer
915:
523:
381:
305:
140:
649:
647:
619:
In Fiji, there are stories about a now submerged island named
519:
88:
563:
and in
Polynesia the cooked kernels are often mashed into a
644:
560:
532:
443:
612:, a man who betrayed a tribal chief was suffocated by the
414:. The fleshy mesocarp, or pulp, of the fruit is eaten by
679:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136055142A136055148.en
597:In Vanuatu the first woman was a man who had been
601:by having the hot leaves applied to his genitals.
530:leaves are used to cover food in the traditional
434:The Tahitian chestnut grows in the humid lowland
1122:
736:Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry
385:through the tree's range and from year to year.
802:
800:
784:
791:Trees of Fiji: A Guide to 100 Rainforest Trees
797:
626:
342:that have not been recognised or described.
653:
590:Examples of local folklore about the tree:
429:
380:The fragrant flowers cluster along a short
345:
50:
31:
806:
738:. Permanent Agriculture Resources: Hawaii
677:
360:. It has a lifespan of 80–90 years.
718:
716:
387:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
1123:
836:
835:
722:
477:in the east. It is commonly found in
258:(J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Kuntze
250:(J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Baill.
1017:8837ac0d-d4cf-4bce-9c84-02cbe3353aba
693:
1131:IUCN Red List least concern species
749:
665:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1146:Crops originating from the Pacific
765:Helping the Hungry Feed Themselves
14:
1197:
1082:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:500944-1
723:Pauku, Richard L. (April 2006).
75:
778:
518:, green wood is burned to dry
332:
1:
637:
807:Walter, A.; Sam, C. (2002).
585:
266:J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.
7:
1151:Crops originating from Asia
767:. Food Plants International
514:, fallen branches serve as
338:originally farmer-selected
10:
1202:
672:: e.T136055142A136055148.
375:
844:
363:
353:diameter at breast height
235:
228:
209:
202:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1186:Austronesian agriculture
1181:Plants described in 1773
543:content of about 5% and
430:Distribution and habitat
396:
288:, commonly known as the
223:Zollinger) Fosberg, 1941
495:
346:Size, form and lifespan
627:
393:
787:Ghazanfar, Shahina A.
570:The tree has uses in
391:
1166:Trees of the Pacific
729:(Tahitian Chestnut)"
654:Thomson, L. (2019).
1171:Flora of Queensland
457:in the west across
294:Polynesian chestnut
271:Inocarpus fagiferus
42:Conservation status
1176:Polynesian cuisine
394:
296:, is a species of
1161:Trees of Papuasia
1118:
1117:
1043:Inocarpus fagifer
1025:Open Tree of Life
876:Inocarpus fagifer
846:Inocarpus fagifer
838:Taxon identifiers
810:Fruits of Oceania
759:Inocarpus fagifer
727:Inocarpus fagifer
658:Inocarpus fagifer
300:in the subfamily
290:Tahitian chestnut
285:Inocarpus fagifer
281:
280:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
239:Aniotum fagiferum
213:Inocarpus fagifer
65:
25:Inocarpus fagifer
1193:
1156:Trees of Malesia
1111:
1110:
1098:
1097:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1009:
997:
996:
984:
983:
971:
970:
958:
957:
945:
944:
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
893:
892:
880:
879:
878:
865:
864:
863:
833:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
815:
804:
795:
794:
785:Keppel, Gunnar;
782:
776:
775:
773:
772:
753:
747:
746:
744:
743:
733:
720:
691:
690:
688:
686:
681:
651:
630:
549:Papua New Guinea
479:secondary forest
461:, north-eastern
273:
265:
263:Inocarpus edulis
257:
249:
241:
215:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
16:Species of plant
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
987:
979:
974:
966:
961:
953:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
874:
873:
868:
859:
858:
853:
840:
830:
829:
819:
817:
813:
805:
798:
783:
779:
770:
768:
755:
754:
750:
741:
739:
731:
721:
694:
684:
682:
652:
645:
640:
606:Choiseul Island
588:
553:Solomon Islands
502:herbal medicine
498:
432:
399:
378:
366:
348:
335:
298:flowering plant
224:
217:
211:
198:
195:I. fagifer
74:
66:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Edible legumes
1138:
1133:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:wfo-0000188199
1099:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1011:
998:
985:
972:
959:
946:
933:
920:
907:
894:
881:
866:
850:
848:
842:
841:
828:
827:
796:
777:
748:
692:
642:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
617:
602:
595:
587:
584:
504:, in Fiji the
497:
494:
431:
428:
424:seed dispersal
398:
395:
377:
374:
365:
362:
347:
344:
334:
331:
279:
278:
277:
276:
268:
260:
255:Cajanus edulis
252:
244:
233:
232:
226:
225:
218:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
49:
46:
45:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1198:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
871:
867:
862:
856:
852:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
834:
812:
811:
803:
801:
792:
788:
781:
766:
762:
760:
752:
737:
730:
728:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
680:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
659:
650:
648:
643:
632:
629:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
493:
491:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
427:
425:
422:which act as
421:
417:
413:
407:
405:
390:
386:
383:
373:
371:
361:
359:
354:
343:
341:
330:
328:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
274:(Park.) Fosb.
272:
269:
264:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
240:
237:
236:
234:
231:
227:
222:
216:
214:
208:
205:
204:Binomial name
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:Tracheophytes
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
845:
818:. Retrieved
809:
790:
780:
769:. Retrieved
764:
758:
751:
740:. Retrieved
735:
726:
683:. Retrieved
669:
663:
657:
624:
620:
589:
572:agroforestry
569:
545:carbohydrate
538:
531:
527:
510:
505:
499:
448:
433:
420:flying foxes
408:
400:
379:
367:
349:
336:
324:
293:
289:
284:
283:
282:
270:
262:
254:
247:Bocoa edulis
246:
238:
220:
212:
210:
194:
193:
181:
134:
121:
108:
95:
24:
18:
1136:Dalbergieae
937:iNaturalist
870:Wikispecies
685:20 November
621:Vuniivilevu
599:emasculated
578:, and as a
486:plantations
451:naturalised
404:indehiscent
333:Description
219:(Parkinson
167:Subfamily:
115:Angiosperms
1125:Categories
1051:Plant List
820:20 October
771:2010-11-13
742:2010-11-13
638:References
623:, meaning
614:flatulence
522:, and the
467:Micronesia
412:shelf life
1056:ild-34734
994:136055142
586:Mythology
580:windbreak
490:mangroves
475:Polynesia
471:Marquesas
469:, to the
463:Australia
459:Melanesia
416:cockatoos
340:cultivars
326:Inocarpus
321:Melanesia
317:Polynesia
302:Faboideae
242:Parkinson
189:Species:
182:Inocarpus
171:Faboideae
85:Kingdom:
1095:13058924
1090:Tropicos
968:10170275
955:500945-1
861:Q2583958
855:Wikidata
789:(2011).
610:Solomons
516:firewood
455:Malaysia
440:rainfall
426:agents.
313:Fabaceae
230:Synonyms
161:Fabaceae
157:Family:
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
929:2961948
608:in the
565:pudding
557:Vanuatu
541:protein
483:coconut
436:tropics
376:Flowers
370:petiole
358:taproot
304:of the
177:Genus:
151:Fabales
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
1064:PLANTS
1030:727201
1014:NZOR:
1007:114993
981:507340
916:644731
890:118846
625:large
551:, the
536:oven.
524:timber
382:rachis
364:Leaves
309:family
306:legume
141:Rosids
1069:INFA3
963:IRMNG
942:48870
903:6N7QN
814:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
576:cocoa
520:copra
444:soils
397:Fruit
392:Fruit
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1077:POWO
1038:PfaF
1002:NCBI
989:IUCN
976:ITIS
950:IPNI
924:GBIF
885:APNI
822:2022
687:2021
670:2019
631:tree
561:Fiji
533:lovo
511:bure
496:Uses
488:and
465:and
418:and
319:and
1103:WFO
911:EoL
898:CoL
674:doi
628:ivi
604:On
528:ivi
506:ivi
473:of
292:or
1127::
1105::
1092::
1079::
1066::
1053::
1040::
1027::
1004::
991::
978::
965::
952::
939::
926::
913::
900::
887::
872::
857::
799:^
763:.
734:.
695:^
668:.
662:.
646:^
567:.
559:,
555:,
492:.
406:.
329:.
311:,
221:ex
137::
124::
111::
98::
824:.
774:.
761:"
757:"
745:.
725:"
689:.
676::
660:"
656:"
633:.
64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
