811:, an enslaved man in his household, in 1706 and later from Timoni's report to the Royal Society. However, Mather had been previously unable to convince local physicians to attempt the procedure. Following this initial success, Boylston began performing inoculations throughout Boston, despite much controversy and at least one attempt upon his life. The effectiveness of the procedure was proven when, of the nearly three hundred people Boylston inoculated during the outbreak, only six died, whereas the mortality rate among those who contracted the disease naturally was one in six. Boylston traveled to London in 1724. There he published his results and was elected to the Royal Society in 1726.
666:
934:) into a scratch between the thumb and forefinger. This would generally be performed when an individual was in normal good health, and thus at peak resistance. The recipient would develop smallpox; however, due to being introduced through the skin rather than the lungs, and possibly because of the inoculated individual's preexisting state of good health, the small inoculum, and the single point of initial infection, the resulting case of smallpox was generally milder than the naturally occurring form, produced far less facial scarring, and had a far lower
517:
it is laid in as yeast in a piece of dough; it ferments, and diffuses through the whole mass of blood the qualities with which it is impregnated. The pustules of the child in whom the artificial small-pox has been thus inoculated are employed to communicate the same distemper to others. There is an almost perpetual circulation of it in
Circassia; and when unhappily the small-pox has quite left the country, the inhabitants of it are in as great trouble and perplexity as other nations when their harvest has fallen short...
947:
901:, weighed the risks and overruled this prohibition, conducting smallpox inoculation of all troops. He wrote, "Should the disorder infect the Army in the natural way and rage with its usual virulence, we have more to dread from it than from the sword of the enemy." This was the first mass inoculation of an army, and was successful, with only isolated infections occurring, and no regiments incapacitated by the disease.
57:
601:
can all be traced to propaganda tracts written in
Sanskrit and the Indian vernaculars by colonial officers, in the hope of convincing pious Indians to accept the newly discovered Jennerian procedure and abandon older variolation practices. A landmark anthropological study by Ralph Nicholas described
516:
The
Circassian women have, from time immemorial, communicated the small-pox to their children when not above six months old by making an incision in the arm, and by putting into this incision a pustule, taken carefully from the body of another child. This pustule produces the same effect in the arm
475:
potency is abundant it will give a 'take' with nine persons out of ten people – and finally it becomes completely inactive, and will not work at all. In situations where new scabs are rare and the requirement great, it is possible to mix new scabs with the more aged ones, but in this
459:
Method of storing the material. Wrap the scabs carefully in paper and put them into a small container bottle. Cork it tightly so that the activity is not dissipated. The container must not be exposed to sunlight or warmed beside a fire. It is best to carry it for some time on the person so that the
2097:
Liu, Weimin; Li, Yingying; Shaw, Katharina S.; Learn, Gerald H.; Plenderleith, Lindsey J.; Malenke, Jordan A.; Sundararaman, Sesh A.; Ramirez, Miguel A.; Crystal, Patricia A.; Smith, Andrew G.; Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic; Ayouba, Ahidjo; Locatelli, Sabrina; Esteban, Amandine; Mouacha, Fatima (2014).
3150:
In
England in 1718 she wrote to various influential persons urging inoculation and sent essays to subject to magazines. She had both her children inoculated â one in Turkey and one in England. Despite opposition from religious and medical groups, inoculation caught on. It was the primary defense
925:
with 30% mortality. Infection via inhaled viral particles in droplets spread the infection more widely than the deliberate infection through a small skin wound. The smaller, localised infection is adequate to stimulate the immune system to produce specific immunity to the virus, while requiring
904:
Inoculation grew in popularity in Europe through the 18th century. Given the high prevalence and often severe consequences of smallpox in Europe in the 18th century (according to
Voltaire, there was a 60% incidence of first infection, a 20% mortality rate, and a 20% incidence of severe scarring),
632:
who would collect "a quantity of matter" from a person with the most sores from smallpox, then "cuts a small cross with a razor in the arm" of his subject and puts "a little of the matter" into the cut which was afterwards bound up with a bandage. Subsequent visitors who described this practice
586:
By the 18th century, variolation was widely practiced in India. Several historians have suggested that variolation may be older than the 18th century in India. Oliver Coult in 1731 wrote that it had been "first performed by
Dununtary a physician of Champanagar". However these reports have been
2163:
Liu, Weimin; Li, Yingying; Learn, Gerald H.; Rudicell, Rebecca S.; Robertson, Joel D.; Keele, Brandon F.; Ndjango, Jean-Bosco N.; Sanz, Crickette M.; Morgan, David B.; Locatelli, Sabrina; Gonder, Mary K.; Kranzusch, Philip J.; Walsh, Peter D.; Delaporte, Eric; Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel (2010).
926:
more generations of the virus to reach levels of infection likely to kill the patient. The rising immunity terminates the infection. This ensures the less fatal form of the disease is the one caught, and gives the immune system the best start possible in combating it.
2545:
Monot, Marc; Honoré, Nadine; Garnier, Thierry; Araoz, Romulo; Coppée, Jean-Yves; Lacroix, Céline; Sow, Samba; Spencer, John S.; Truman, Richard W.; Williams, Diana L.; Gelber, Robert; Virmond, Marcos; Flageul, Béatrice; Cho, Sang-Nae; Ji, Baohong (2005-05-13).
521:
Voltaire does not speculate on where the
Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have practiced it "these hundred years". The Turkish practice was presented to the Royal Society in 1714 and 1716, when the physicians
574:
cause, which stirs up the first, and throws it into a state of fermentation, is multitudes of imperceptible animalculae floating in the atmosphere; that these are the cause of all epidemical diseases, but more particularly of the small pox.
886:, wrote a criticism of his countrymen for being opposed to inoculation and having so little regard for the welfare of their children, concluding that "had inoculation been practised in France it would have saved the lives of thousands."
160:", and "immunization" are often used interchangeably, there are important differences. Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or microbe into a person or other recipient; vaccination is the act of implanting or giving someone a
929:
Inoculation in the East was historically performed by blowing smallpox crusts into the nostril. In
Britain, Europe and the American Colonies the preferred method was rubbing material from a smallpox pustule from a selected mild case
373:(957â1017), lost his eldest son to smallpox and sought a means to spare the rest of his family from the disease, so he summoned physicians, wise men, and magicians from all across the empire to convene at the capital in
403:(ççčćżæł) of 1549, which states that some women unexpectedly menstruate during the procedure, yet his text did not give details on techniques of inoculation. Inoculation was first vividly described by Yu Chang in his book
2593:
Roumagnac, Philippe; Weill, François-Xavier; Dolecek, Christiane; Baker, Stephen; Brisse, Sylvain; Chinh, Nguyen Tran; Le, Thi Anh Hong; Acosta, Camilo J.; Farrar, Jeremy; Dougan, Gordon; Achtman, Mark (2006-11-24).
970:. Jenner was the first to publish evidence that it was effective, and to provide advice on its production. His efforts led to smallpox inoculation falling into disuse, and eventually being banned in England in 1840.
2831:
579:
Holwell ascribes this account to his
Brahman informants. However, such a theory has not yet been discovered in any Sanskrit or vernacular treatise. Doctors who performed variolation were known as
769:, and was greatly impressed: she had lost a brother to smallpox and bore facial scars from the disease herself. When a smallpox epidemic threatened England in 1721, she called on her physician,
3059:
1063:"Guidance for Industry: Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substrates and Other Biological Materials Used in the Production of Viral Vaccines for Infectious Disease Indications | FDA"
566:. Holwell's extensive 1767 description included the following, that points to the connection between disease and "multitudes of imperceptible animalculae floating in the atmosphere":
334:
by deliberate introduction of material from smallpox pustules from one person into the skin of another. The usual route of transmission of smallpox was through the air, invading the
1553:
597:, making her the first person to take a vaccine in India. The widespread rumour since the nineteenth century that vaccination was documented in India before the discoveries of
431:(considered too dangerous); instead they used proxy material of a cotton plug inserted into the nose of a person who had already been inoculated and had only a few scabs, i.e.
3006:
2863:
2823:
427:(ççčééĄé) of 1579. From these accounts, it is known that the Chinese banned the practice of using smallpox material from patients who actually had the full-blown disease of
1012:
570:
They lay it down as a principle, that the immediate cause of the smallpox exists in the mortal part of every human and animal form; that the mediate (or second)
78:
785:
on six prisoners due to be hanged in exchange for their freedom, an experiment which was witnessed by a number of notable doctors. All survived, and in 1722
1394:
An
Account of the Manner of Inoculating for the Small Pox in the East Indies with ... Observations on the ... Mode of Treating that Disease in those Parts
2038:
Lee, Kim-Sung; Divis, Paul C. S.; Zakaria, Siti Khatijah; Matusop, Asmad; Julin, Roynston A.; Conway, David J.; Cox-Singh, Janet; Singh, Balbir (2011).
3323:
3275:
4378:
3051:
3124:
248:
in research and diagnostic laboratories, and also in commercial applications such as brewing, baking, oenology (wine making), and the production of
1327:
1041:
2793:
742:
3521:
792:
The practice of inoculation slowly spread amongst the royal families of Europe, usually followed by more general adoption amongst the people.
3410:
3167:
3081:
3561:
3556:
212:
and vaccination to include the new protective procedures being developed. Immunization refers to the use of vaccines as well as the use of
460:
scabs dry naturally and slowly. The container should be marked clearly with the date on which the contents were taken from the patient.
200:= cow). Smallpox inoculation continued to be called variolation, whereas cowpox inoculation was called vaccination (from Jenner's term
657:
explained the inoculation procedure to Cotton Mather during the 18th century; he reported to have acquired the knowledge from Africa.
65:
3117:
type found elsewhere; however, blindness, infertility, and severe scarring were common. Figures from "The Search for Immunisation",
3141:
1522:
3010:
2013:
Threats, Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial; Knobler, Stacey L.; Mack, Alison; Mahmoud, Adel; Lemon, Stanley M. (2005),
546:. The outside world was exposed to it later on, as evidenced by the French scholar Henri Marie Husson, who noted it in the journal
3958:
2853:
875:
231:. In nontechnical usage inoculation is now more or less synonymous with protective injections and other methods of immunization.
3742:
1431:
3571:
345:
In contrast, infection of the skin usually led to a milder, localized infection – but, crucially, still induced
4429:
4357:
2932:
2907:
1462:
1204:
1172:
897:, witnessing the virulent spread of smallpox, and fearing the likelihood of mass transmission of the disease throughout the
737:
in Africa. Thus the necessity of immunity through inoculation did not arise until those diseases were introduced in Europe.
471:
potency will be lost in approximately twenty days. The best material is that which had not been left too long, for when the
3963:
1004:
3995:
3747:
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1095:
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4405:
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146:
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against death and serious debilitation by smallpox for the next 80 years until the discovery of vaccination by Jenner.
3817:
2968:
1722:
1373:
1231:
1070:
758:
4446:
4384:
3354:
3033:
1256:
958:
published the results of his experiments and thus introduced the far superior and safer method of inoculation with
110:
1717:
Waldstreicher, David. Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution. Macmillan; p. 40,
4005:
3973:
3968:
3797:
893:
issued a proclamation in 1776 prohibiting Surgeons of the Army from performing inoculations. However, in 1777,
4063:
3668:
1702:
1674:
938:. As with survivors of the natural disease, the inoculated individual was subsequently immune to re-infection.
554:. However, the idea that inoculation originated in India has been also taken in account, as few of the ancient
435:. This was called "to implant the sprouts", an idea of transplanting the disease which fit their conception of
3861:
3566:
654:
2706:
Wertheim, Joel O.; Smith, Martin D.; Smith, Davey M.; Scheffler, Konrad; Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei L. (2014).
1734:
ThÚves, Catherine; Crubézy, Eric; Biagini, Philippe (2016-08-12). Drancourt, Michel; Raoult, Didier (eds.).
117:. The term "inoculation" is also used more generally to refer to intentionally depositing microbes into any
770:
467:
potency within it, so it remains active even after being kept from thirty to forty days. But in summer the
3122:
905:
many parents felt that the benefits of inoculation outweighed the risks and so inoculated their children.
4483:
562:
is documented in India from the eighteenth century, thanks to the 1767 account by the Irish-born surgeon
2707:
1033:
361:
The earliest hints of the practice of inoculation for smallpox in China come during the 10th century. A
4478:
3983:
3420:
3403:
3082:"George Washington and the First Mass Military Inoculation (John W. Kluge Center, Library of Congress)"
1297:
786:
2230:
1348:
Chaumeton, F. P. (François Pierre); Mérat, F. V. (François Victor); Renauldin, Léopold Joseph (1812).
137:
beverages such as beer and wine. This article is primarily about the use of inoculation for producing
4033:
778:
754:
665:
634:
411:, published in 1643. Inoculation was reportedly not widely practiced in China until the reign of the
17:
2382:"The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus"
817:
349:
to the virus. This first method for smallpox prevention, smallpox inoculation, is now also known as
3988:
3953:
3948:
3943:
2789:"An account of procuring Smallpox by incision or inoculation, as it is practised in Constantinople"
1735:
1279:"An account of procuring Smallpox by incision or inoculation, as it is practised in Constantinople"
979:
3318:
3163:
1783:"Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis"
4434:
4367:
4348:
4144:
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3194:
3089:
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1956:
Morens, David M.; Taubenberger, Jeffery K.; Folkers, Gregory K.; Fauci, Anthony S. (2010-12-15).
1692:
950:
A 1802 comparison of smallpox (left) and cowpox (right) inoculations 16 days after administration
808:
650:
370:
126:
70:
913:
Two forms of the disease of smallpox were recognised, now known to be due to two strains of the
750:. Smallpox inoculation was advocated as a proven method of curbing the severity of the disease.
4415:
4344:
3338:
781:'s physician. Sufficient interest arose that Maitland gained permission to test inoculation at
563:
258:
2763:
2446:
645:
Inoculation against smallpox seems to have been known to West Africans, more specifically the
164:
specifically; and immunization is the development of disease resistance that results from the
4410:
4244:
4239:
3690:
3636:
3546:
2824:"How Mary Wortley Montagu's bold experiment led to smallpox vaccine â 75 years before Jenner"
2788:
1278:
353:. Inoculation has ancient origins, and the technique was known in India, Africa, and China.
4293:
4234:
4025:
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1794:
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8:
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1781:
Achtman, M.; Zurth, K.; Morelli, G.; Torrea, G.; Guiyoule, A.; Carniel, E. (1999-11-23).
455:(1644â1912), which shows how the Chinese process had become refined up until that point:
366:
3886:
3626:
2611:
2486:
Gianchecchi, Elena; Cianchi, Virginia; Torelli, Alessandro; Montomoli, Emanuele (2022).
2181:
2115:
2040:"Plasmodium knowlesi: reservoir hosts and tracking the emergence in humans and macaques"
1912:
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1657:
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346:
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of the mouth, nose, or respiratory tract, before migrating throughout the body via the
114:
35:
1314:
1298:"The Myth of the Medical Breakthrough: Smallpox, Vaccination, and Jenner Reconsidered"
746:
published an account of a letter John Woodward had received from Emmanuel Timonius in
476:
case more of the powder should be blown into the nostril when the inoculation is done.
293:
271:
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1995:
1977:
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1392:
1369:
1319:
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1200:
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646:
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773:, to inoculate her daughter. She invited friends to see her daughter, including Sir
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4139:
4000:
3913:
3211:
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2735:
2719:
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2559:
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2401:
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1969:
1908:
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1504:
1309:
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898:
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686:
623:
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395:
The first clear and credible reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from
339:
185:
31:
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1458:
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and share ideas on how to cure patients of it until an allegedly divine man from
335:
325:
42:
2488:"Yellow Fever: Origin, Epidemiology, Preventive Strategies and Future Prospects"
1850:"'Add, stir and reduce': Yersinia spp. as model bacteria for pathogen evolution"
4440:
4167:
4058:
4018:
3898:
3719:
3658:
2985:
2431:"The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review"
2014:
1787:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
935:
874:, considerable opposition arose to the introduction of inoculation, and it was
782:
762:
670:
493:
385:
2563:
2246:
1848:
McNally, Alan; Thomson, Nicholas R.; Reuter, Sandra; Wren, Brendan W. (2016).
1624:
Nicholas, Ralph (1981). "The Goddess ĆÄ«talÄ and Epidemic Smallpox in Bengal".
1552:(in English and Sanskrit) (2 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 121â54.
807:
minister, had heard a description of the African practice of inoculation from
4467:
4323:
4308:
4278:
4273:
4128:
3881:
3876:
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3425:
3207:
2731:
2684:
2627:
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2513:
2504:
2454:
2397:
2358:
2301:
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2197:
2131:
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1981:
1920:
1873:
1816:
1807:
1759:
1592:
1500:
1454:
1091:
955:
914:
800:
765:
from 1716 to 1718. She witnessed firsthand the Ottoman use of inoculation in
722:
619:
615:
598:
485:
481:
241:
205:
189:
165:
118:
3680:
3304:
3285:
3266:
3113:
form of smallpox then found in Europe was 1â3% as opposed to 30â50% for the
2723:
2619:
2547:
2334:
1896:
1865:
1849:
593:
were introduced to India in 1802, when 3-year-old girl in Mumbai received a
4400:
4043:
3938:
3871:
3812:
3807:
3487:
3378:
3358:
3225:
2807:
2749:
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2579:
2531:
2472:
2415:
2366:
2350:
2319:
2293:
2262:
2215:
2149:
2083:
1999:
1928:
1881:
1834:
1767:
1653:
1610:
1546:"`A Pious Fraud': The Indian Claims for Pre-Jennerian Smallpox Vaccination"
1518:
1144:
1062:
921:
had a greatly reduced risk of death â 1â2% â compared to those contracting
714:
710:
452:
416:
392:(çšźçćżæł) written in 1808 by Zhu Yiliang, centuries after the alleged events.
362:
138:
134:
1459:"Did you know that smallpox inoculation started in India before the West?"
1323:
803:, successfully inoculated two slaves and his own son. Mather, a prominent
614:
Early travellers to Ethiopia report that variolation was practiced by the
4187:
4177:
4038:
3844:
3727:
3695:
3621:
3483:
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774:
590:
559:
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350:
321:
315:
253:
249:
177:
157:
2189:
2166:"Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas"
129:
the microbe, or into food ingredients for making cultured foods such as
4313:
4288:
3978:
3928:
3031:
2123:
1645:
1248:
734:
706:
382:
378:
245:
221:
217:
122:
2282:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4362:
3933:
3801:
3370:
3052:"Gen. George Washington Ordered Smallpox Inoculations for All Troops"
946:
694:
509:
436:
240:(in glass, i.e. not in a living body). These include the transfer of
213:
142:
3296:
A Recommendation of Inoculation According to Baron Dimsdale's Method
2339:
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
1637:
1366:
Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing
1354:. Fisher - University of Toronto. Paris : C.L.F. Panckoucke ...
677:
Most Old World diseases of known origin can be traced to Africa and
508:(1742), the Turks derived their use of inoculation from neighboring
4204:
4197:
4192:
4162:
3918:
3854:
3849:
2676:
1973:
967:
879:
766:
747:
726:
682:
555:
539:
505:
396:
331:
289:
277:
236:
228:
149:
2485:
1545:
1119:"[A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India]"
3923:
3362:
3030:
Lettres Philosophiques. Voltaire. (English translation on-line
2380:
Barberis, I.; Bragazzi, N. L.; Galluzzo, L.; Martini, M. (2017).
718:
702:
698:
690:
628:
603:
374:
225:
209:
161:
130:
102:
2987:
A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom
2019:
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary
56:
4226:
4211:
3497:
2379:
959:
871:
804:
730:
193:
2708:"Evolutionary Origins of Human Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2"
1955:
1424:"The Indian queens who modelled for the world's first vaccine"
423:(ç§çéè§Ł) of 1727, which he alleges was based on Wang Zhangren's
4221:
4106:
3707:
3641:
2815:
2276:
Roeder, Peter; Mariner, Jeffrey; Kock, Richard (2013-08-05).
1188:
1186:
1184:
1156:
1154:
1034:"ACIP Appx 1: Glossary for Guidelines for Immunization | CDC"
795:
The practice is documented in America as early as 1721, when
637:
and Dr. Petit of the French scientific mission of 1839â1841.
153:
106:
276:
entered medical English through horticultural usage meaning
234:
Inoculation also has a specific meaning for procedures done
3516:
2705:
1895:
Lippi, Donatella; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Caini, Saverio (2016).
678:
660:
2990:. Vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p.
2592:
1181:
1151:
244:
into and from laboratory apparatus such as test tubes and
2902:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 153.
2100:"African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax"
2012:
1780:
1736:"History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations"
480:
Two reports on the Chinese practice were received by the
330:
Inoculation originated as a method for the prevention of
280:
a bud from one plant into another. It derives from Latin
152:
and to markedly reduce other infectious diseases such as
1847:
1485:"A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India"
2544:
2278:"Rinderpest: the veterinary perspective on eradication"
1347:
2037:
34:. For the communication and psychological theory, see
1116:
1733:
602:
the mid-twentieth century rituals of appeasement to
558:
medical texts described the process of inoculation.
1196:
Science and Civilisation in China, Part 6, Medicine
1164:
Science and Civilisation in China, Part 6, Medicine
176:Until the early 1800s inoculation referred only to
109:into a person or other organism. It is a method of
3244:
3242:
3187:
2900:Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates
2162:
1679:An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia
1548:. In G. J. Meulenbeld and Dominik Wujastyk (ed.).
1461:. HIST: History of Indian Science and Technology.
1364:Wujastyk, Dominik; (1995) "Medicine in India," in
1129:(4). Indian Journal of Medical Research: 491â511.
4379:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
3188:Wolfe, Robert M; Sharp, Lisa K (24 August 2002).
3080:Filsinger, Amy Lynn; Dwek, Raymond (2021-11-19).
2275:
1894:
1697:. Oxford University: Longman et al. p. 194.
1368:, 19â38, edited by Serindia Publications, London
30:For the metallurgical strengthening process, see
4465:
3139:
1453:
1296:Gross, Cary P.; Sepkowitz, Kent A. (July 1998).
3277:The New Method of Inoculating for the Small-Pox
2794:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2332:
1407:
743:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
626:, who noted in 1831 that it was performed by a
196:inoculation or vaccine inoculation (from Latin
168:'s response to a vaccine or natural infection.
3273:
2947:
2096:
1295:
3339:
3079:
1476:
1226:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293.
606:, the Indian goddess of smallpox, in Bengal.
443:. Needham quotes an account from Zhang Yan's
419:(1368â1644), as written by Yu Tianchi in his
101:is the act of implanting a pathogen or other
41:"Inoculator" redirects here. For the EP, see
3292:
2916:
2428:
1302:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
548:
488:who received a report by an employee of the
388:states that this information comes from the
1219:
1199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
1167:. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
27:Method of inducing immunity against disease
3346:
3332:
2658:
2596:"Evolutionary History of Salmonella Typhi"
2435:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
2386:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
1386:
1384:
1382:
962:virus, a mild infection that also induced
761:, served as the British ambassador to the
753:The practice was introduced to England by
530:independently sent letters from Istanbul.
3215:
3181:
2922:
2886:Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History
2854:"How Islamic inventors changed the world"
2806:
2739:
2635:
2521:
2503:
2462:
2405:
2309:
2205:
2139:
2073:
2055:
1989:
1824:
1806:
1600:
1508:
1397:. London: T. Becket & P. A. de Hondt.
1313:
1134:
681:and were introduced to Europe over time.
3251:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3247:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History
2821:
2786:
1958:"Pandemic influenza's 500th anniversary"
1690:
1681:(Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1999), pp. 26ff
1623:
1581:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1574:
1543:
1482:
1246:
1110:
945:
664:
661:Introduction in Europe and North America
622:. The first European to report this was
342:, resulting in an often severe disease.
81:of all important aspects of the article.
3190:"Anti-vaccinationists past and present"
2846:
2447:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.1s1.1379
1390:
1379:
1192:
1160:
298:is unrelated, as it derives from Latin
14:
4466:
2998:
2897:
2866:from the original on 25 September 2015
2228:
1694:An Account of the Gold Coast of Africa
1483:Lahariya, Chandrakant (1 April 2014).
1434:from the original on 20 September 2020
1410:A history of Indian medical literature
1276:
1123:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
381:carried out inoculation. However, the
188:. The smallpox vaccine, introduced by
77:Please consider expanding the lead to
3327:
3144:. Founders of Science. Archived from
3004:
2980:
1556:from the original on 15 December 2019
208:proposed in 1861 to extend the terms
156:. Although the terms "inoculation", "
3049:
2963:, Harper & Row, New York, 1984.
1408:Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999â2002).
1401:
1098:from the original on 12 October 2019
889:Likewise, in the United States, the
184:= smallpox), the predecessor to the
50:
3109:In fact, the mortality rate of the
2961:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather
2888:(University of Chicago Press, 1983)
1913:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0012-2015
1752:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0004-2014
1084:
24:
4406:Eradication of infectious diseases
4163:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3236:
2333:Tounkara, K.; Nwankpa, N. (2017).
1489:Indian Journal of Medical Research
1351:Dictionaire des sciences médicales
550:Dictionaire des sciences médicales
492:stationed in China and another by
262:mold, and often certain bacteria.
25:
4500:
3996:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3312:
2927:. London: Robinson. p. 179.
2834:from the original on 11 July 2022
2822:Ferguson, Donna (28 March 2021).
1550:Studies in Indian Medical History
1525:from the original on 15 July 2021
789:daughters received inoculations.
4385:Alternative vaccination schedule
3355:Artificial induction of immunity
2659:Rothschild, B. M. (2005-05-15).
1391:Holwell, John Zephaniah (1767).
538:Inoculation is mentioned in the
449:New book on smallpox inoculation
55:
3319:US National Library of Medicine
3170:from the original on 2019-05-02
3156:
3133:
3103:
3073:
3062:from the original on 2022-10-11
3043:
3024:
3007:"Edward Jenner and Vaccination"
2974:
2953:
2941:
2891:
2878:
2780:
2756:
2712:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2699:
2652:
2586:
2538:
2479:
2429:Buzic, I.; Giuffra, V. (2020).
2422:
2373:
2326:
2269:
2237:. History of modern pandemics.
2222:
2156:
2090:
2031:
2021:, National Academies Press (US)
2006:
1949:
1935:
1888:
1841:
1774:
1727:
1711:
1684:
1668:
1617:
1568:
1537:
1465:from the original on 2017-11-07
1446:
1416:
1358:
1341:
1330:from the original on 2023-02-02
1289:
1270:
1259:from the original on 2018-10-16
1220:Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009).
1073:from the original on 2022-10-06
1044:from the original on 2022-04-23
1015:from the original on 2022-04-23
941:
633:included the British traveller
256:is made by inoculating it with
145:. Inoculation has been used to
69:may be too short to adequately
4217:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
2229:Berche, Patrick (2022-09-01).
1575:Boylston, Arthur (July 2012).
1240:
1213:
1193:Needham, Joseph (2000-04-13).
1161:Needham, Joseph (2000-04-13).
1117:Chandrakant, Lahariya (2014).
1055:
1026:
997:
685:originated in Africa or Asia,
640:
484:in London in 1700; one by Dr.
171:
111:artificially inducing immunity
79:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
3748:Group B streptococcal disease
3567:Vaccines for Children Program
3050:Aker, Janet A. (2021-08-16).
1315:10.1016/s1201-9712(98)90096-0
990:
655:Province of Massachusetts Bay
451:, written in 1741 during the
3280:. Philadelphia: Parry Hall.
2665:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2057:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002015
1962:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1854:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1577:"The origins of inoculation"
1412:. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
908:
649:. An enslaved African named
499:
463:In winter, the material has
265:
216:, which contains pre-formed
7:
3243:Hopkins, Donald R. (2002).
3166:. Nlm.nih.gov. 2003-10-18.
2925:A Brief History of Medicine
2787:Timonius, Emmanuel (1714).
1943:"Cholera - WHO Fact sheets"
973:
954:In 1798, British physician
609:
496:. But no action was taken.
10:
4505:
2948:Gross & Sepkowitz 1998
2548:"On the origin of leprosy"
1544:Wujastyk, Dominik (2001).
1283:Philosophical Transactions
757:. Lady Montagu's husband,
647:Ga-Adangbe people of Accra
415:(r. 1567â1572) during the
326:Vaccination § History
319:
313:
309:
40:
29:
4424:
4393:
4332:
4264:
4155:
4127:
4094:
3763:
3594:
3587:
3506:
3434:
3386:
2862:. London. 11 March 2008.
2247:10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104149
1277:Timoni, Emmanuel (1714).
816:
755:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
669:Mary Wortley Montagu, by
635:William Cornwallis Harris
587:called into question.
3743:Clostridioides difficile
3208:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430
3202:(7361). London: 430â32.
2923:Strathern, Paul (2005).
2505:10.3390/vaccines10030372
2015:"The Story of Influenza"
1808:10.1073/pnas.96.24.14043
1691:Meredith, Henry (1812).
1626:Journal of Asian Studies
1593:10.1258/jrsm.2012.12k044
980:Psychological resilience
533:
356:
204:= smallpox of the cow).
4006:Tick-borne encephalitis
3274:Rush, Benjamin (1792).
3195:British Medical Journal
3164:"Smallpox: Variolation"
2620:10.1126/science.1134933
2564:10.1126/science/1109759
2335:"Rinderpest experience"
1866:10.1038/nrmicro.2015.29
1223:A History of Immunology
1094:. The Free Dictionary.
876:banned by the Parlement
729:in America and Africa,
4416:List of vaccine topics
3411:Mathematical modelling
3121:, BBC Radio 4 (2006).
2898:Wooton, David (2006).
2808:10.1098/rstl.1714.0010
2351:10.20506/rst.36.2.2675
2294:10.1098/rstb.2012.0139
1253:Letters on the English
951:
884:Lettres Philosophiques
759:Edward Wortley Montagu
674:
577:
564:John Zephaniah Holwell
549:
519:
478:
322:Vaccine § History
259:Penicillium roqueforti
4411:Vaccinate Your Family
3862:Japanese encephalitis
3293:Morgan, John (1776).
3140:David V. Cohn, Ph.D.
2982:White, Andrew Dickson
2724:10.1093/molbev/msu185
2661:"History of Syphilis"
2104:Nature Communications
1901:Microbiology Spectrum
1740:Microbiology Spectrum
1430:. 19 September 2020.
949:
822:around Boston, 1721
668:
568:
514:
457:
320:Further information:
180:(from the Latin word
4294:John Franklin Enders
3148:on January 2, 2004.
2959:Silverman, Kenneth.
2441:(1 Suppl 1): E3âE8.
2231:"History of measles"
917:. Those contracting
891:Continental Congress
787:the Prince of Wales'
740:In January 1714 the
701:in Africa and Asia,
409:Notes on My Judgment
292:, 'bud'). (The term
192:in 1796, was called
3475:Virus-like particle
3399:Vaccine ingredients
3299:. Boston: J. Gill.
3142:"Lady Mary Montagu"
2884:Donald R. Hopkins,
2612:2006Sci...314.1301R
2606:(5803): 1301â1304.
2558:(5724): 1040â1042.
2190:10.1038/nature09442
2182:2010Natur.467..420L
2116:2014NatCo...5.3346L
1799:1999PNAS...9614043A
1793:(24): 14043â14048.
1009:archive.nytimes.com
799:, at the urging of
367:chancellor of China
115:infectious diseases
4484:Chinese inventions
4451:Never to phase III
4250:Hexavalent vaccine
4064:EpsteinâBarr virus
3959:OxfordâAstraZeneca
3647:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
3127:2019-04-03 at the
3036:2018-10-16 at the
2801:(338â350): 72â82.
2288:(1623): 20120139.
2235:La Presse MĂ©dicale
2124:10.1038/ncomms4346
984:stress inoculation
952:
818:Natural experiment
675:
490:East India Company
425:Douzhen Jinjing Lu
36:Inoculation theory
4479:Smallpox vaccines
4461:
4460:
4373:Vaccines and SIDS
4260:
4259:
4034:Hepatitis A and B
4010:Varicella zoster
3467:Subunit/component
2934:978-1-84529-155-6
2909:978-0-19-921279-8
2671:(10): 1454â1463.
2176:(7314): 420â425.
1968:(12): 1442â1444.
1675:Richard Pankhurst
1457:; Tiwari, Lalit.
1247:Voltaire (1742).
1206:978-0-521-63262-1
1174:978-0-521-63262-1
895:George Washington
868:
867:
544:Sact'eya Grantham
202:variolae vaccinae
96:
95:
16:(Redirected from
4496:
4352:MMR autism fraud
4299:Maurice Hilleman
4284:Hilary Koprowski
3592:
3591:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3308:
3289:
3270:
3250:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3137:
3131:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3088:. Archived from
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3009:. Archived from
3002:
2996:
2995:
2978:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2718:(9): 2356â2364.
2703:
2697:
2696:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2507:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2059:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1810:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1731:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1512:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1005:"Pox Britannica"
1001:
899:Continental Army
814:
813:
797:Zabdiel Boylston
771:Charles Maitland
624:Nathaniel Pearce
595:smallpox vaccine
552:
528:Giacomo Pylarini
413:Longqing Emperor
340:lymphatic system
336:mucous membranes
186:smallpox vaccine
113:against various
91:
88:
82:
59:
51:
32:Grain refinement
21:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4441:Clinical trials
4420:
4389:
4328:
4304:Stanley Plotkin
4266:
4256:
4168:Cancer vaccines
4151:
4145:Schistosomiasis
4123:
4117:Trypanosomiasis
4090:
4054:Cytomegalovirus
3964:PfizerâBioNTech
3759:
3583:
3532:Vaccine wastage
3502:
3430:
3382:
3352:
3315:
3259:
3239:
3237:Further reading
3234:
3233:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3138:
3134:
3129:Wayback Machine
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3044:
3038:Wayback Machine
3029:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3003:
2999:
2979:
2975:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2859:The Independent
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2816:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2704:
2700:
2657:
2653:
2591:
2587:
2543:
2539:
2484:
2480:
2427:
2423:
2378:
2374:
2331:
2327:
2274:
2270:
2227:
2223:
2161:
2157:
2095:
2091:
2050:(4): e1002015.
2036:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2007:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1893:
1889:
1846:
1842:
1779:
1775:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1638:10.2307/2055600
1622:
1618:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1481:
1477:
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1466:
1451:
1447:
1437:
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1422:
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1417:
1406:
1402:
1389:
1380:
1363:
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1333:
1331:
1294:
1290:
1275:
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1234:
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1159:
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1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1003:
1002:
998:
993:
982:(also known as
976:
944:
911:
821:
663:
643:
612:
536:
524:Emmanuel Timoni
502:
445:Zhongdou Xinshu
399:'s (1499â1582)
359:
328:
318:
312:
268:
252:. For example,
174:
92:
86:
83:
76:
64:This article's
60:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
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4365:
4360:
4355:
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4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4319:Katalin KarikĂł
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
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4201:
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4121:
4120:
4119:
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4110:
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4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Herpes simplex
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3974:Sinopharm BIBP
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3924:Bharat Biotech
3921:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:Vaccine injury
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3507:Administration
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3481:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:External links
3311:
3310:
3309:
3290:
3271:
3258:978-0226351681
3257:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3180:
3155:
3132:
3111:Varoiola Minor
3102:
3072:
3056:www.health.mil
3042:
3023:
2997:
2973:
2952:
2940:
2933:
2915:
2908:
2890:
2877:
2845:
2814:
2779:
2755:
2698:
2677:10.1086/429626
2651:
2585:
2537:
2478:
2421:
2372:
2345:(2): 569â578.
2325:
2268:
2221:
2155:
2089:
2044:PLOS Pathogens
2030:
2005:
1974:10.1086/657429
1948:
1934:
1887:
1860:(3): 177â190.
1840:
1773:
1726:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1667:
1616:
1567:
1536:
1495:(4): 491â511.
1475:
1445:
1415:
1400:
1378:
1357:
1340:
1288:
1269:
1239:
1232:
1212:
1205:
1180:
1173:
1150:
1109:
1083:
1054:
1040:. 2022-03-15.
1025:
995:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
975:
972:
943:
940:
936:mortality rate
910:
907:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:in inoculation
783:Newgate Prison
763:Ottoman Empire
671:Charles Jervas
662:
659:
642:
639:
620:Tigray peoples
611:
608:
535:
532:
501:
498:
494:Clopton Havers
390:Zhongdou xinfa
386:Joseph Needham
358:
355:
314:Main article:
311:
308:
288:'eye' (and by
267:
264:
242:microorganisms
173:
170:
94:
93:
73:the key points
63:
61:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4501:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4324:Drew Weissman
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:H. Fred Clark
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:Louis Pasteur
4277:
4275:
4274:Edward Jenner
4272:
4271:
4269:
4263:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:DTwP-HepB-Hib
4243:
4241:
4240:DTaP-IPV-HepB
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:combination:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4129:Helminthiasis
4126:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:combination:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
3726:
3725:
3724:combination:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:Meningococcus
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Leptospirosis
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Vaccine court
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:GAVI Alliance
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3240:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3115:Variola Major
3112:
3106:
3092:on 2021-11-19
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3013:on 2001-07-08
3012:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2969:0-06-015231-1
2966:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:(1): E9âE12.
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:(3): 104149.
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1723:0-8090-8314-0
1720:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:(7): 309â13.
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Agrawal, D.P.
1449:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:0-906026-36-9
1371:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1233:9780080919461
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
985:
981:
978:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Edward Jenner
948:
939:
937:
933:
932:Variola minor
927:
924:
923:Variola major
920:
919:Variola minor
916:
915:Variola virus
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
819:
815:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:Cotton Mather
798:
793:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
672:
667:
658:
656:
652:
648:
638:
636:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
607:
605:
600:
599:Edward Jenner
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
576:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
551:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
518:
513:
511:
507:
504:According to
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:Martin Lister
483:
482:Royal Society
477:
474:
470:
466:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Variola minor
430:
429:Variola major
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Douzhen Xinfa
398:
393:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
327:
323:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
263:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
232:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Louis Pasteur
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Edward Jenner
187:
183:
179:
169:
167:
166:immune system
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:growth medium
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
90:
80:
74:
72:
67:
62:
58:
53:
52:
47:
45:
37:
33:
19:
4401:Epidemiology
4377:
4349:
4235:DTaP-IPV/Hib
4026:Yellow fever
3939:EpiVacCorona
3691:Tuberculosis
3664:Pneumococcal
3632:Lyme disease
3460:Heterologous
3374:
3359:Immunization
3295:
3276:
3246:
3199:
3193:
3183:
3172:. Retrieved
3158:
3149:
3146:the original
3135:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:the original
3085:
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3055:
3045:
3026:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:the original
3000:
2986:
2976:
2960:
2955:
2950:, p. 56
2943:
2924:
2918:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2828:the Guardian
2827:
2817:
2798:
2792:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:
2764:"Zika virus"
2758:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2107:
2103:
2092:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2023:, retrieved
2018:
2008:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1937:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1713:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1632:(1): 21â44.
1629:
1625:
1619:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1492:
1488:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1448:
1438:21 September
1436:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1365:
1360:
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1037:
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1008:
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942:Obsolescence
931:
928:
922:
918:
912:
903:
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883:
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864:"about 14%"
855:Unvariolated
836:% Mortality
794:
791:
752:
741:
739:
715:yellow fever
711:tuberculosis
676:
673:, after 1716
644:
627:
613:
591:Vaccinations
589:
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569:
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421:Shadou Jijie
420:
417:Ming dynasty
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394:
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363:Song dynasty
360:
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306:'harmful'.)
303:
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4437:from market
4333:Controversy
4267:researchers
4183:Hepatitis B
4069:Hepatitis C
4014:Chicken pox
3840:Hepatitis E
3835:Hepatitis B
3830:Hepatitis A
3776:Chikungunya
3753:Shigellosis
3607:Brucellosis
3493:Therapeutic
3447:Inactivated
3387:Development
3375:Inoculation
3367:Vaccination
3119:In Our Time
3086:www.loc.gov
3005:Harris DF.
2870:17 February
2768:www.who.int
1249:"Letter XI"
1092:"Inoculate"
1067:www.fda.gov
1038:www.cdc.gov
775:Hans Sloane
733:in Africa,
725:in Africa,
717:in Africa,
705:from Asian
641:West Africa
560:Variolation
447:(çšźçæ°æž), or
441:germination
437:beansprouts
365:(960â1279)
351:variolation
316:Variolation
254:blue cheese
250:antibiotics
220:such as to
178:variolation
172:Terminology
158:vaccination
99:Inoculation
4474:Immunology
4468:Categories
4368:Thiomersal
4314:Paul Offit
4289:Jonas Salk
4265:Inventors/
4136:research:
4113:research:
4050:research:
3979:Skycovione
3969:SanofiâGSK
3914:SARS-CoV-2
3825:Hantavirus
3786:rVSV-ZEBOV
3771:Adenovirus
3739:research:
3617:Diphtheria
3455:Attenuated
3174:2009-11-02
3096:2022-10-11
3066:2022-10-11
3017:2007-03-04
2971:, p. 339.
2773:2024-05-29
2498:(3): 372.
2025:2024-05-29
1704:0469096918
1469:2009-11-06
1334:2014-06-03
1263:2001-06-14
1077:2022-10-10
1048:2022-04-23
1019:2022-04-23
991:References
841:Variolated
707:rinderpest
407:(ćŻæè), or
383:sinologist
379:Mount Emei
222:diphtheria
218:antibodies
123:Petri dish
87:April 2020
44:Inoculator
4447:Phase III
4435:Withdrawn
4363:Pox party
4173:ALVAC-CEA
4095:Protozoan
3984:Sputnik V
3934:CoronaVac
3904:Rotavirus
3802:Pandemrix
3654:Pertussis
3595:Bacterial
3479:Synthetic
3442:Conjugate
3394:Adjuvants
3371:Infection
2732:1537-1719
2685:1058-4838
2628:0036-8075
2572:1095-9203
2514:2076-393X
2455:2421-4248
2398:1121-2233
2359:0253-1933
2302:0962-8436
2255:0755-4982
2198:0028-0836
2132:2041-1723
2066:1553-7374
1982:1537-6591
1921:2165-0497
1897:"Cholera"
1874:1740-1534
1817:0027-8424
1760:2165-0497
1560:3 January
1501:0971-5916
909:Mechanism
882:, in his
721:in Asia,
713:in Asia,
697:in Asia,
695:influenza
693:in Asia,
689:in Asia,
540:Ayurvedic
510:Circassia
500:Circassia
295:innocuous
273:inoculate
270:The term
266:Etymology
229:exotoxins
214:antitoxin
147:eradicate
143:infection
135:fermented
71:summarize
18:Inoculate
4489:Smallpox
4205:Prostvac
4198:Gardasil
4193:Cervarix
4140:Hookworm
4019:Shingles
4001:Smallpox
3919:Corbevax
3855:Gardasil
3850:Cervarix
3588:Vaccines
3542:Schedule
3513:Global:
3421:Timeline
3363:Vaccines
3305:62815748
3286:55833664
3267:49305765
3226:12193361
3168:Archived
3125:Archived
3060:Archived
3034:Archived
2984:(1896).
2864:Archived
2832:Archived
2750:24916030
2693:15844068
2646:17124322
2580:15894530
2532:35335004
2492:Vaccines
2473:32529097
2416:28515626
2367:30152462
2320:23798687
2263:36414136
2216:20864995
2150:24557500
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2084:21490952
2000:21067353
1929:27726771
1882:26876035
1835:10570195
1768:27726788
1654:11614704
1611:22843649
1554:Archived
1523:Archived
1519:24927336
1463:Archived
1432:Archived
1428:BBC News
1376:. p. 29.
1328:Archived
1257:Archived
1145:24927336
1102:12 April
1096:Archived
1071:Archived
1042:Archived
1013:Archived
974:See also
968:smallpox
964:immunity
880:Voltaire
809:Onesimus
767:Istanbul
748:Istanbul
727:syphilis
683:Smallpox
651:Onesimus
610:Ethiopia
581:Tikadars
556:Sanskrit
506:Voltaire
405:Yuyi cao
397:Wan Quan
371:Wang Dan
347:immunity
332:smallpox
302:'not' +
290:metaphor
278:to graft
237:in vitro
150:smallpox
141:against
139:immunity
125:used to
4394:Related
4340:General
4102:Malaria
3989:Valneva
3954:Novavax
3949:Moderna
3944:Janssen
3929:CanSino
3909:Rubella
3867:Measles
3733:Td/Tdap
3703:Typhoid
3686:Tetanus
3681:Q fever
3612:Cholera
3602:Anthrax
3471:Peptide
3435:Classes
3416:Storage
3217:1123944
2838:11 July
2741:4137711
2637:2652035
2608:Bibcode
2600:Science
2552:Science
2523:8955180
2464:7263064
2407:5432783
2311:3720037
2207:2997044
2178:Bibcode
2141:4089193
2112:Bibcode
2075:3072369
1991:3106245
1795:Bibcode
1662:8709682
1646:2055600
1602:3407399
1510:4078488
1324:9831677
1136:4078488
861:c. 1000
858:c. 6000
850:c. 2%
844:c. 300
723:typhoid
719:leprosy
703:measles
699:malaria
691:cholera
653:in the
629:debtera
375:Kaifeng
310:Origins
284:'in' +
226:tetanus
210:vaccine
182:variola
162:vaccine
131:yoghurt
127:culture
103:microbe
4430:WHO-EM
4350:Lancet
4227:TA-NIC
4212:NicVAX
4059:Dengue
3899:Rabies
3720:Typhus
3659:Plague
3537:Policy
3498:Toxoid
3426:Trials
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286:oculus
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3887:Sabin
3882:Polio
3877:Mumps
3781:Ebola
3764:Viral
3713:ViCPS
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3642:MeNZB
3572:VAERS
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4044:MMRV
3892:Salk
3872:Mpox
3818:LAIV
3813:H5N8
3808:H5N1
3798:H1N1
3674:PPSV
3557:ACIP
3553:US:
3527:SAGE
3488:mRNA
3404:list
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3282:OCLC
3263:OCLC
3253:ISBN
3222:PMID
2965:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2872:2012
2840:2022
2746:PMID
2728:ISSN
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1497:ISSN
1440:2020
1370:ISBN
1320:PMID
1228:ISBN
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833:Died
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735:zika
679:Asia
618:and
526:and
473:yang
469:yang
465:yang
133:and
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4188:HPV
4178:BCG
4079:HIV
4039:MMR
3845:HPV
3793:Flu
3696:BCG
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3622:Hib
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3484:DNA
3379:J07
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