MCS-51 - Knowledge

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the interrupt enable IE at A8 and interrupt priority IP at B8; the I/O ports P0 (80), P1 (90), P2 (A0), P3 (B0); the serial I/O control SCON (98) and buffer SBUF (99); the CPU/power control register PCON (87); and the registers for timers 0 and 1 control (TCON at 88) and operation mode (TMOD at 89), the 16-bit timer 0 (TL0 at 8A, TH0 at 8C) and timer 1 (TL1 at 8B, TH1 at 8D) – are present on all versions of the 8051. Other addresses are version-dependent; in particular, the timer 2 registers for the 8052, the control register T2CON (at C8), the 16-bit capture/latch (RCAP2L at CA, RCAP2H at CB) and timer 2 (TL2 at CC and TH2 at CD) are not included with the 8051.

3632: 3617: 3704: 3590: 3602: 3647: 3719: 640:(IRAM) has an 8-bit address space, using addresses 0 through 0xFF. IRAM from 0x00 to 0x7F contains 128 directly addressable 1-byte registers, which can be accessed using an 8-bit absolute address that is part of the instruction. Alternatively, IRAM can be accessed indirectly: the address is loaded into R0 or R1, and the memory is accessed using the @R0 or @R1 syntax, or as stack memory through the stack pointer SP, with the PUSH and POP operations; and *CALL and RET operations. 4037: 3989: 3824: 3672: 3560: 3399: 182: 3689: 3436:, ROM). To use this chip, external ROM had to be added containing the program that the 8031 would fetch and execute. An 8051 chip could be sold as a ROM-less 8031, as the 8051's internal ROM is disabled by the normal state of the EA pin in an 8031-based design. A vendor might sell an 8051 as an 8031 for any number of reasons, such as faulty code in the 8051's ROM, or simply an oversupply of 8051s and undersupply of 8031s. 38: 3575: 4075:, an 8-bit ALU, 8-bit instructions, 16-bit instructions, a limited set of 32-bit instructions, 16 8-bit registers, 16 16-bit registers (8 16-bit registers which do not share space with any 8-bit registers, and 8 16-bit registers which contain 2 8-bit registers per 16-bit register), and 10 32-bit registers (2 dedicated 32-bit registers, and 8 32-bit registers which contain 2 16-bit registers per 32-bit register). 3440: 3734: 5625: 3391: 3807:

machine cycles. A typical maximum clock frequency of 12 MHz meant these old 8051s could execute one million single-cycle instructions, or 500,000 two-cycle instructions, per second. In contrast, enhanced 8051 silicon IP cores now run at one clock cycle per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 450 MHz. That means an 8051-compatible processor can now execute

436:, the 8051 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second. Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle (denoted "1T"), and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second. All 432:, 512 bytes to 64 KB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM (ERAM) located in the external data space. External RAM and ROM share the data and address buses. The original 8051 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles. With a 12 MHz 1031:. The MCS8051 used 12 clock cycles for most instructions. Many instructions utilize an accumulator. In contrast, most compatible computers execute instructions in one to three cycles, except for the multiply and divide instructions. The much higher speed is a major reason why these have replaced the MCS8051 in most applications. 3337:

compilers are available for the 8051, most of which allow the programmer to specify where each variable should be stored in its six types of memory, and provide access to 8051-specific hardware features such as the multiple register banks and bit manipulation instructions. There are many commercial C

687:

The remaining bit registers, addressed as 80–FF, are mapped onto the 16 special function registers 80, 88, 90, 98, ..., F0 and F8 (those whose addresses are multiples of 8), and therefore include the bits comprising the accumulators A, B and program status word PSW. The register window address, being

4078:

It features extended instructions – see also the programmer's guide – and later variants with higher performance, also available as intellectual property (IP). It is 3-stage pipelined. The MCS-251 family was also discontinued by Intel, but is widely available in binary compatible and partly enhanced

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The special function registers (SFR) include the accumulators A (or ACC, at E0) and B (at F0) and program status word (or PSW, at D0), themselves, as well as the 16-bit data pointer DPTR (at 82, as DPL and 83 as DPH). In addition to these, a small core of other special function registers – including

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The MCS-51 has four distinct types of memory: internal RAM, special function registers, program memory, and external data memory. To access these efficiently, some compilers utilize as many as 7 types of memory definitions: Internal RAM, single-bit access to internal RAM, special function registers,

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Program memory (PMEM, though less common in usage than IRAM and XRAM) is up to 64 KB of read-only memory, starting at address 0 in a separate address space. It may be on- or off-chip, depending on the particular model of chip being used. Program memory is read-only, though some variants of the

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To permit the use of this feature, some 8051-compatible microcontrollers with internal RAM larger than 256 bytes, or an inability to access external RAM, access internal RAM as if it were external, and have a special function register (e.g. PDATA) that permits them to set the upper address of the

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When code larger than 64 KB is required, a common system makes the code bank-switched, with general-purpose I/O selecting the upper address bits. Some 8051 compilers make provisions to automatically access paged code. In these systems, the interrupt vectors and paging table are placed in the

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Modern 8051 cores are faster than earlier packaged versions. Design improvements have increased 8051 performance while retaining compatibility with the original MCS 51 instruction set. The original Intel 8051 ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, and most instructions executed in one or two

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or other extensions to indicate where a particular piece of data should be stored (i.e. constants in PMEM or variables needing fast access in IRAM). Since data could be in one of three memory spaces, a mechanism is usually provided to allow determining to which memory a pointer refers, either by

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Special function registers (SFR) are located in the same address space as IRAM, at addresses 0x80 to 0xFF, and are accessed directly using the same instructions as for the lower half of IRAM. They cannot be accessed indirectly via @R0 or @R1 or by the stack pointer SP; indirect access to those

4788:"MCS 51, MCS 251 and MCS 96 Microcontroller Product Lines, the Intel 186, Intel386 and Intel486 Processors Product Lines, and the i960 32 Bit RISC Processor, PCN 106013-01, Product Discontinuance, Reason for Revision: Add Key Milestone information and revise description of change" 3940:

STC Micro: STC89C51RC, STC90C51RC, STC90C58AD, STC10F08XE, STC11F60XE, STC12C5410AD, STC12C5202AD, STC12C5A60S2, STC12C5628AD, STC15F100, STC15F204EA, STC15F2K60S2, STC15F4K60S2, STC15F101W, STC15F408AD, STC15W104, STC15W408S, STC15W201S, STC15W408AS, STC15W1K16S and STC15W4K56S4

1012:. For the former, the most significant bit of the accumulator can be addressed directly, as it is a bit-addressable SFR. For the latter, there are explicit instructions to jump on whether or not the accumulator is zero. There is also a two-operand compare and jump operation. 614:

single-bit access to selected (divisible by 8) special function registers, program RAM, external RAM accessed using a register indirect access, using one of the standard 8-bit registers, and register indirect external RAM access utilizing the 16-bit indirect access register.

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256 single bits are directly addressable. These are the 16 IRAM locations from 0x20–0x2F, and the 16 special function registers 0x80, 0x88, 0x90, ..., 0xF8. Any bit of these bytes may be directly accessed by a variety of logical operations and conditional branches.

920:

Eight general-purpose registers R0–R7 may be accessed with instructions one byte shorter than others. They are mapped to IRAM between 0x00 and 0x1F. Only eight bytes of that range are used at any given time, determined by the two bank-select bits in the PSW.

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was an enhanced version of the original 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 KB of ROM instead of 4 KB, and a third 16-bit timer. Most modern 8051-compatible microcontrollers include these features.

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opcodes combine the three most significant bits of the opcode byte with the following byte to specify an 11-bit destination that is used to replace 11 bottom bits of the PC register (top 5 bits of PC register remain intact). For larger addresses, the

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with segregated memory (data and instructions); it can only execute code fetched from program memory and has no instructions to write to program memory. However, the bus leaving the IC has a single address and data path, and strongly resembles a

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compatible with 8051. Unlike their 8051 MCS-151 is a pipelined CPU, with 16-bit internal code bus and is 6x the speed. The MCS-151 family was also discontinued by Intel, but is widely available in binary compatible and partly enhanced variants.

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The only register on an 8051 that is not memory-mapped is the 16-bit program counter (PC). This specifies the address of the next instruction to execute. Relative branch instructions supply an 8-bit signed offset which is added to the PC.

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One of the reasons for the 8051's popularity is its range of operations on single bits. Bits are always specified by absolute addresses; there is no register-indirect or indexed addressing. Instructions that operate on single bits are:

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Intel's first MCS-51 microcontroller was the 8051, with 4 KB ROM and 128 byte RAM. Variants starting with 87 have a user-programmable EPROM, sometimes UV erasable. Variants with a C as the third character are some kind of

3512:. Enhancements mostly include new and enhanced peripherals. The 80C5x7 has fail-safe mechanisms, analog signal processing facilities, enhanced timer capabilities, and a 32-bit arithmetic peripheral. Other features include: 605:. 8031 and 8032 are ROM-less versions, with 128 and 256 bytes RAM. The last digit can indicate memory size, e.g. 8052 with 8 KB ROM, 87C54 16 KB EPROM, and 87C58 with 32 KB EPROM, all with 256 byte RAM. 907:

When RAM larger than 64 KB is required, a common system makes the RAM bank-switched, with general-purpose I/O selecting the upper address bits. Some 8051 compilers make provisions to automatically access paged data.

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Direct accesses to the IRAM addresses 0x80–0xFF are, instead, mapped onto the special function registers (SFR), where the accumulators A, B, carry bit C, and other special registers for control, status, etc., are located.

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The most significant nibble specifies the operation as follows. Not all support all addressing modes; the immediate mode in particular is unavailable when the primary operand is written to. Instruction mnemonics use

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External data memory (XRAM) is a third address space, also starting at address 0, and allowing 16 bits of address space. It can also be on- or off-chip; what makes it "external" is that it must be accessed using the

3907:

Siemens 8-Bit: SAB 8035/8048, SAB 80512/80532, SAB 80513, SAB 8352-2/8352-5, SAB 80(C)515/80(C)535, SAB 83515, SAB 80(C)517/80(C)537, SAB 8051A/8031A, SAB 8052A/8032A, SAB 8052B/8032B, SAB80C52/80C32, SDA 30C164-2

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Move value from an IRAM or SFR register. Immediate mode (opcode 0xA4) is not used, as immediates serve only as sources. Memory direct mode (opcode 0xA5) is not used, as it duplicates 0x85.

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was an 8051 with 4 KB EPROM instead of 4 KB ROM. They were identical except for the non-volatile memory type. This part was available in a ceramic package with a clear

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bits 3 and 4 of the PSW, is itself addressable as bit registers D3 and D4, respectively; while the carry bit C (or CY), at bit 7 of the PSW, is addressable as bit register D7.

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This is an 8-bit register used by subroutine call and return instructions. The stack grows upward; the SP is incremented before pushing and decremented after popping a value.

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The irregular instructions comprise 64 opcodes, having more limited addressing modes, plus several opcodes scavenged from inapplicable modes in the regular instructions.

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processor with 17 instructions, 1-bit accumulator, 32 registers (4 × 8-bit, bit-addressable) and up to 144 special 1 bit-addressable RAM variables (18 × 8-bit)

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facilities, more interrupt sources, extra power saving modes, more/less parallel ports etc. Intel manufactured a mask-programmed version, 8052AH-BASIC, with a

897:. The 16-bit address requires the programmer to load the 16-bit index register. For this reason, RAM accesses with 16-bit addresses are substantially slower. 4935: 401:

shift register (copy the data somewhere else). The main program then performs serial reads and writes simply by reading and writing 8-bit data to stacks.

3421:, where it converted keypresses into the serial data stream which is sent to the main unit of the computer. An Intel 8049 served a similar role in the 3047:(short jump) opcode takes a signed relative offset byte operand and transfers control there relative to the address of the following instruction. The 4203: 684:

The 16 bytes (128 bits) at IRAM locations 0x20–0x2F contain space for 128 1-bit registers, which are separately addressable as bit registers 00–7F.

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MCS-51-based microcontrollers have been adapted to extreme environments. Examples for high-temperature variants are the Tekmos TK8H51 family for −40

4860:[Microcontrollers and Power Supervisors Series 1880; 1881; 1842; 588; 1345; 5518AP1TBM] (in Russian). Minsk: OAO "Integral". Archived from 4128: 4861: 5318: 4821: 676:, which the eight registers R0–R7 map to. The currently active window is determined by a two-bit address contained in the program status word. 4399: 4483: 786:(move external) instruction. Many variants of the 8051 include the standard 256 bytes of IRAM plus a few kilobytes of XRAM on the chip. 390:. With one instruction, the 8051 can switch register banks, avoiding the time-consuming task of transferring the critical registers to RAM. 629:

Most 8051 systems respect the instruction set, and require customized features to download new executable programs, e.g. in flash memory.

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MCS-251 family of binary compatible microcontrollers. While Intel no longer manufactures the MCS-51, MCS-151 and MCS-251 family, enhanced

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256-byte page. This emulates the MCS8051 mode that can page the upper byte of a RAM address by setting the general-purpose I/O pins.

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Once a UART, and a timer if necessary, has been configured, the programmer needs only write a simple interrupt routine to refill the

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KB segment of memory. The absolute memory address is formed by the high 5 bits of the PC and the 11 bits defined by the instruction.

4155: 5550: 4071:) address-space and 6 times faster instruction cycle was introduced by Intel in 1996. It can perform as an 8-bit 8051, has 24-bit 3854: 3528:

Arithmetic peripheral can perform 16×16→32-bit multiplication, 32/16→16-bit division, 32-bit shift and 32-bit normalize operations

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Move value to an IRAM or SFR register. Immediate mode (opcode 0x84) is not used for this operation, as it duplicates opcode 0x75.

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Because IRAM, XRAM, and PMEM (read only) all have an address 0, C compilers for the 8051 architecture provide compiler-specific

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Move operand to the accumulator. Immediate mode is not used for this operation (opcode 0xE4), as it duplicates opcode 0x74.

134:) technology and consume less power than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for battery-powered devices. 924:

The following is a partial list of the 8051's registers, which are memory-mapped into the special function register space:

6485: 3937:: FlashFlex51 MCU (SST89E52RD2, SST89E54RD2, SST89E58RD2, SST89E516RD2SST89V52RD2, SST89V54RD2, SST89V58RD2, SST89V516RD2) 4526: 6480: 4883: 4787: 4740: 4104: 3795:. Designers use 8051 silicon IP cores, because of the smaller size, and lower power, compared to 32-bit processors like 130:, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name (e.g., 80C51) use complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( 3616: 4454: 4352: 1675:

if not equal. Immediate and memory direct modes (opcodes 0xB4 and 0xB5) compare the operand against the accumulator,

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Instructions are all 1 to 3 bytes long, consisting of an initial opcode byte, followed by up to 2 bytes of operands.

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As of 2013, new derivatives are still being developed by many major chipmakers, and major compiler suppliers such as

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The parity (P) bit is often used to implement serial modes that include parity. To support this, the standard MCS51

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So, You Wanna be an Embedded Engineer: The Guide to Embedded Engineering, from Consultancy to the Corporate Ladder

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Intel discontinued its MCS-51 product line in March 2007; however, there are plenty of enhanced 8051 products or

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8051 variants may include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable

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The microarchitecture of the Intel MCS8051 is proprietary, but published features suggest how it works. It is a

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if the result is non-zero. Immediate mode (opcode 0xD4), and register indirect mode (0xD6, 0xD7) are not used.

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instructions. The address is computed as the sum of the 8-bit accumulator and a 16-bit register (PC or DPTR).

6434: 4227: 595: 6518: 4966: 4754: 3769: 3486: 3452: 3407: 3359: 1034:

Each interrupt has four priorities. Within each priority, the interrupts of devices are in a fixed priority.

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8051 use on-chip flash memory and provide a method of re-programming the memory in-system or in-application.

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The Microcontroller Idea Book: Circuits, Programs, and Applications featuring the 8052-BASIC Microcontroller

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be accessed indirectly (e.g. for use as stack space). Most 8051 clones also have a full 256 bytes of IRAM.

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Salim, A.J.; Othman, M.; Ali, M.A. Mohd (October 5, 2006). "Integration of 8051 With DSP in Xilinx FPGA".

4805:"8044AH/8344AH/8744AH High Performance 8-bit Microcontroller with On-Chip Serial Communication Controller" 4210: 6115: 516: 488: 480: 3589: 1489:

Logical exclusive-OR the operand into the accumulator. Two memory-destination forms of this operation,

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Move accumulator to the operand. Immediate mode (opcode 0xF4) is not used, as it would have no effect.

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Exchange the accumulator and the operand. Immediate mode (opcode 0xC4) is not used for this operation.

586:

In some engineering schools, the 8051 microcontroller is used in introductory microcontroller courses.

492: 6389: 5325: 5094: 4832: 3493:. Related parts are: 8752 had 8 KB EPROM, 8754 had 16 KB EPROM, 8758 had 32 KB EPROM. 161:(coprocessor, FPU). Beyond these physical devices, several companies also offer MCS-51 derivatives as 6294: 5907: 5789: 5747: 4019:

In 1996 Intel announced the MCS-151 family, an up to 6 times faster variant, that's fully binary and

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constraining the pointer type to include the memory space or by storing metadata with the pointer.

3334: 767:) slightly reduce the size of code that accesses local (within the same 2 KB) program memory. 623: 154: 6490: 6523: 6399: 6252: 5822: 5629: 5273: 4479: 4151: 3378: 3339: 229: 190: 5524: 5301: 4635: 643:

The original 8051 has only 128 bytes of IRAM. The 8052 added IRAM from 0x80 to 0xFF, which can

6394: 6371: 1435:

Logical AND the operand into the accumulator. Two memory-destination forms of this operation,

1137:: Immediate, a following byte specifies an 8-bit constant. When the operand is a destination ( 504: 457: 5370: 3787:

forms, these cores are typically integrated within embedded systems, in products ranging from

3531:

Eight data pointers instead of one for indirect addressing of program and external data memory

1381:

Logical OR the operand into the accumulator. Two memory-destination forms of this operation,

1088:, are assigned to 16 basic ALU instructions with 12 possible operands. The least significant 6365: 6359: 6218: 5807: 5191: 4910: 4804: 4374: 4048: 4000: 3835: 3671: 3607: 1028: 225: 5049: 1606:

Subtract the operand from the accumulator. This operation borrows and there is no subtract

6440: 6006: 5842: 5827: 5603: 5349: 5025: 4583:

ACALL is a 2-byte subroutine calling instruction, it can access locations within the same 2

4509:"ELEC2700 - Computer Engineering 2 - University of Newcastle - Textbooks | Zookal.com" 981:, C. Often used as the general register for bit computations, or the "Boolean accumulator". 954:

User defined, UD. May be read and written by software; not otherwise affected by hardware.

618: 453: 441: 362:

One feature of the 8051 core is the inclusion of a Boolean processing engine, which allows

322: 321:(65,536 locations) each of ROM (PMEM) and external RAM (XRAM), using two memory buses in a 194: 5646: 5071: 1248:

Decrement the specified operand. Immediate mode (opcode 0x14) specifies the accumulator,

1221:

Increment the specified operand. Immediate mode (opcode 0x04) specifies the accumulator,

8: 6021: 5962: 3509: 559: 276: 158: 5440:

The 8051/8052 Microcontroller: Architecture, Assembly Language, and Hardware Interfacing

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Move immediate to the operand. Immediate mode (opcode 0x74) specifies the accumulator,

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derivatives made by numerous vendors remain popular today. Some derivatives integrate a

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8051 Microcontroller Preliminary Architectural Specification and Functional Description

5238: 4656: 4184: 900:

Some CPUs permit the 8-bit indirect address to use any 8-bit general purpose register.

371: 300: 233: 112: 4858:"Микроконтроллеры и супервизоры питания Серии 1880; 1881; 1842; 588; 1345; 5518АП1ТБМ" 3972:

coding/decoding) with up to 675 million instructions per second (MIPS) and integrated

3733: 3574: 3559: 397:

shift register whenever the last bit is shifted out by the UART and/or empty the full

5832: 5799: 5503: 5484: 5462: 5443: 5424: 5405: 5228: 4072: 3898: 3800: 3680: 3371: 996:

This is used as an extension to the accumulator for multiply and divide instructions.

969:

Flag 0, F0. May be read and written by software; not otherwise affected by hardware.

512: 272: 266: 150: 122:

Intel's original MCS-51 family was developed using N-type metal–oxide–semiconductor (

100: 5242: 4690: 99:. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, and enhanced 6415: 6314: 6284: 6145: 6085: 6081: 6068: 5220: 3979: 3924:: 71M6511, 71M6513, 71M6531, 71M6533, 71M6534, 71M6542, 71M6543 Energy measurement 3792: 3433: 576: 445: 355: 198: 5566: 4722: 3869: 3474:

had these same features as the 8052 except it lacked internal ROM program memory.

3267:. Because the carry flag is bit 7 of the bit-addressable program status word, the 6513: 6446: 6322: 6158: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5922: 5871: 5817: 5770: 4886:[Single-chip microcomputers] (in Russian). Kyiv: Kristall. Archived from 4676: 4124: 4093: 4020: 3788: 673: 520: 433: 261: 253: 116: 96: 92: 84: 43: 6332: 4027: 3768:

Today, 8051s are still available as discrete parts, but they are mostly used as

3432:

was a reduced version of the original 8051 that had no internal program memory (

6240: 5977: 5955: 5892: 5224: 5167:"TI Delivers new low-cost, high-performance audio DSP for Home and Car w/ 8051" 3925: 3921: 3745: 3342:(SDCC) is a popular open-source C compiler. Other high level languages such as 414: 383: 379: 283: 4488: 4431:[Microcontrollers] (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "NIIET". Archived from 3662:

More than 20 independent manufacturers produce MCS-51 compatible processors.

6538: 5950: 5930: 5728: 5713: 5708: 4887: 4099: 3552: 3355: 1005: 957: 382:

working register sets, which greatly reduce the time required to perform the

367: 5656: 6327: 6304: 6279: 6245: 6198: 6191: 6166: 6130: 6056: 5999: 5989: 5902: 5723: 5703: 5698: 5651: 4458: 3866: 3796: 3425:. The 8048 and derivatives are still used today for basic model keyboards. 701: 637: 437: 336: 257: 202: 127: 59: 6208: 6153: 6135: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6051: 6026: 5476: 3912: 3422: 972: 410: 370:

operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on select internal

343: 314: 249: 4990: 4432: 4036: 3988: 3823: 562:

MCS-51 microcontrollers for use in spacecraft are available; e.g., from

6213: 6076: 6046: 5994: 5972: 5967: 5879: 5812: 5718: 4707: 4560: 3772:

cores. Available in hardware description language source code (such as

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program memory, built-in external RAM, extra internal program storage,

287: 123: 5118: 4129:"An Introduction to the Intel MCS-51 Single-Chip Microcomputer Family" 3540:

Two full-duplex serial interfaces with individual baud rate generators

531:

interpreter in ROM, capable of running user programs loaded into RAM.

428:(16 bytes of which are bit-addressable), up to 128 bytes of 6426: 6299: 6225: 6110: 6105: 6041: 6016: 5837: 5595: 5170: 3637: 3370:

are available for the 8051, but they are less widely used than C and

1845:

instruction modifies the C bit only, to the borrow that results from

1009: 978: 543: 524: 500: 464: 296: 206: 5912: 4822:"MicroConverter, 12-Bit ADCs and DACs with Embedded 62 kB Flash MCU" 3398: 1128:: Memory direct, a following byte specifies an IRAM or SFR location. 700:

In addition to code, it is possible to store read-only data such as

119:, and has separate memory spaces for program instructions and data. 6036: 5739: 4967:"DS80C320 High-Speed/Low-Power Microcontrollers - Maxim Integrated" 4940: 4273: 4231: 4088: 3757: 3744:

Other ICs or IPs compatible with the MCS-51 have been developed by

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Add the operand, plus the C bit, to the accumulator. Opcode 0x33 (

937:

This is a 16-bit register that is used for accessing PMEM and XRAM.

567: 318: 245: 4758: 672:

The 32 bytes in IRAM from 0x00–0x1F contain space for four 8-byte

260:, and related 8/11/16-bit operations; hence it is mainly an 8-bit 181: 6257: 6176: 5611: 4493: 3973: 3917: 3873: 3784: 3777: 3724: 3709: 3622: 3580: 162: 37: 3980:

Enhanced 8-bit binary compatible microcontroller: MCS-151 family

3451:(as well as the ROM-less 8344 and the 8744 with EPROM) added an 3439: 1696:. Note that there is no compare and jump if equal instruction, 6274: 6262: 5884: 5847: 5624: 5594:

format, the HEX.DOC file discusses various hex file formats by

5217:

2006 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics

4068: 3969: 3944:

Texas Instruments CC111x, CC24xx and CC25xx families of RF SoCs

3482: 3456: 3418: 1089: 496: 472: 237: 146: 142: 5095:"89V54RD2 Datasheet PDF Download - Silicon Storage Technology" 3390: 975:, AC. Set when addition produces a carry from bit 3 to bit 4. 424:, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data 6235: 6203: 6186: 6171: 5897: 4028:

8/16/32-bit binary compatible microcontroller: MCS-251 family

3880: 3749: 3677: 3490: 3351: 3343: 528: 449: 350: 210: 138: 88: 3522:

External program and data memory expandable up to 64 KB

3001:

compare accumulator to an IRAM or SFR register, and jump to

6420: 6289: 6230: 6125: 6031: 6011: 4274:"8-bit Microcontrollers - 8-bit MCUs - EFM8 - Silicon Labs" 4252: 4209:. Intel Corporation. Application Note AP-70. Archived from 3781: 3773: 3753: 3543:

Four priority level interrupt systems, 14 interrupt vectors

3505: 3414: 3363: 1016: 602: 421: 420:

MCS-51 based microcontrollers typically include one or two

307: 131: 108: 5641: 5459:

8051 Microcontrollers: Hardware, Software and Applications

4508: 3955: 6120: 5984: 5852: 4455:"Download link Youtube: ELEC2700 - 8051 Ultrasonic Radar" 3965: 3951:): CH551, CH552, CH554, CH546, CH547, CH548, CH558, CH559 3565: 948: 484: 476: 429: 425: 375: 363: 332: 222: 5143:"site index - Nanjing Qinheng Microelectronics Co., Ltd" 4204:"Using the Intel MCS-51 Boolean Processing Capabilities" 3189:: Move the specified bit to the carry bit, or vice versa 660:

addresses will access the second half of IRAM, instead.

95:. The architect of the Intel MCS-51 instruction set was 5642:

the source website for tutorials and simulator for 8051

5456: 4067:

The 80251 8/16/32-bit microcontroller with 16 MB (

1189:), this instead specifies that the accumulator is used. 5652:

Open source VHDL 8051 implementation (Oregano Systems)

4688: 3791:

to washing machines to complex wireless communication

1092:

of the opcode selects the primary operand as follows:

789:

The first 256 bytes of XRAM may be accessed using the

176: 5192:"Atmel AT85C51SND3 Audio DSP Data Sheet with USB 2.0" 5142: 3888:

Mentor Graphics: M8051EW etc. designed for Mentor by

1281:

Add the operand to the accumulator, A. Opcode 0x23 (

943:

This contains important status flags, by bit number:

5399: 3885:

Maxim Integrated (formerly Dallas): DS80-series etc.

1159:

the operation already includes an immediate source (

960:, OV. Set when addition produces a signed overflow. 378:

locations. Another feature is the inclusion of four

293:

Fast interrupt with optional register bank switching

5119:"STC Microcontroller---STCmicro Technology Co,.Ltd" 4911:"Why do we have to use the 8051? Isn't it too old?" 4135: 861:instructions. The full 64KB may be accessed using 137:The family was continued in 1996 with the enhanced 5567:"HEX.DOC: EASM51 - HEX Format (elektor Assembler)" 3259:: And the bit (or its complement) to the carry bit 1342:, rotate left through carry) may be thought of as 570:) as the UT69RH051 or from NIIET as the 1830VE32 ( 4705: 3224:: Or the bit (or its complement) to the carry bit 417:and Altium Tasking continuously release updates. 6536: 4402:. Cobham Semiconductor Solutions. Archived from 2967:move directly between two IRAM or SFR registers. 4096:- LCD controller with XRAM-compatible interface 3763: 189:The 8051 architecture provides many functions ( 5214: 4723:"Moving Forth Part 7: CamelForth for the 8051" 3525:8-bit A/D converter with 12 multiplexed inputs 1004:Note that the PSW does not contain the common 317:; it can access 2×2 memory locations: 64 5755: 5686: 5672: 5564: 5546:; Intel; 1984; publication number 210918-002. 5540:; Intel; 1991; publication number 270645-003. 5502:(hardcover). Boston: Academic Press. 528 pp. 5500:Embedded Controller FORTH for the 8051 Family 3976:interface or as intellectual property exist. 3106:: Set, clear, or complement the specified bit 654: 5402:The 8051 Microcontroller: A Systems Approach 4876: 4201: 4185:"Intel MCS 151 and MCS 251 Microcontrollers" 4144:Intel 8051 Microprocessor Oral History Panel 4131:. Intel Corporation. Application Note AP-69. 4123: 3455:controller to the 8051 core (especially for 617:The 8051's instruction set is designed as a 589: 5637:Complete tutorial for 8051 microcontrollers 5525:MCS-51 Microcontroller Family User's Manual 5423:(4th ed.). Thomas W. Schultz. 464 pp. 5255: 4637:MCS-51 Microcontroller Family User's Manual 4595: 4593: 3960:Several variants with an additional 16-bit 990:This register is used by most instructions. 771:first 32K of code and are always resident. 554:°C (with operation for up to 1 year at +300 328:On-chip ROM (not included on 803x variants) 27:Single chip microcontroller series by Intel 5762: 5748: 5679: 5665: 5092: 4720: 4699: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 3931:Silicon Labs: C8051 series and EFM8 series 3894:Megawin: 74, 82, 84, 86, 87, and 89 series 596:List of Intel processors § Intel 8051 103:derivatives remain popular today. It is a 36: 5528:; Intel; 1994; publication number 121517. 4527:"ELEC2700 Assignment 3: Ultrasonic Radar" 3072:instructions allow a 16-bit destination. 1519:, are specified by opcodes 0x63 and 0x62. 1465:, are specified by opcodes 0x53 and 0x52. 1411:, are specified by opcodes 0x43 and 0x42. 4908: 4850: 4714: 4643:. publication number 121517: Intel. 1994 4590: 4423: 4421: 4375:"HIGH TEMPERATURE 83C51 MICROCONTROLLER" 4179: 4177: 4175: 3853: 3438: 3417:, was used in the keyboard of the first 3397: 3389: 3294:instructions are shorter equivalents to 1839:, and logical instructions do not. The 523:, extra counters and timers, in-circuit 180: 5475: 5437: 5418: 4771: 4619: 4555: 4553: 4551: 3956:Digital signal processor (DSP) variants 774: 171:application-specific integrated circuit 107:, but also has some of the features of 14: 6537: 4400:"Microcontrollers and Microprocessors" 3037:exchange low-order nibble of operands. 608: 404: 5743: 5660: 5565:Hennig-Roleff, Werner (1993-02-01) . 5498:Payne, William (December 19, 1990) . 5497: 4774:"Intel bows out, discontinues MCS-51" 4489:"ELEC2700 Assignment 1 2014: 1D Pong" 4418: 4172: 3814: 3666:Intel MCS-51 derived microcontrollers 3657: 3385: 3263:A bit operand is written in the form 5769: 5534:; Intel; publication number 9800937. 5457:Calcutt; Cowan; Parchizadeh (2000). 4548: 4319: 4317: 4268: 4266: 4154:, September 16, 2008, archived from 4031: 3983: 3928:: 78M6631, 78M6618, 78M6613, 78M6612 3818: 3410:added regularly from other vendors. 1022: 755:Special jump and call instructions ( 704:in program memory, retrieved by the 5532:MCS-51 Macro Assembler User's Guide 4677:"Embedded System Design with C8051" 4565:. Keil, a division of ARM Inc. 2021 3858:Silicon Storage Technology 89V54RD2 1750:Decrement the operand, and jump to 951:of the bits) of the accumulator, A. 667: 177:Important features and applications 126:) technology, like its predecessor 24: 5388: 5319:"Atmel TSC80251 Programmers Guide" 4325:"8051 MCUs | Microchip Technology" 4079:variants from many manufacturers. 3485:window over the top of the die so 1065:, are used for irregular opcodes. 1037: 25: 6556: 6384:High voltage parallel programming 5618: 5483:. Lakeview research LLC. 277 pp. 5400:Mazidi; McKinlay; Mazidi (2012). 4755:"MPE VFX Forth 7 cross compilers" 4314: 4263: 1862:8051/8052 irregular instructions 1827:instructions set PSW flags. The 691: 5623: 5442:. Universal-Publishers. 348 pp. 5371:"R80251XC 32bit Microcontroller" 5274:"MCSÉ 251 Architecture Overview" 5072:"Silergy Energy Measurement ICs" 4936:"PSoC 3 - Infineon Technologies" 4737:"8051 SwiftX Forth development" 4605:Silergy electricity metering ICs 4298:"Site Search | Maxim Integrated" 4035: 3987: 3949:Nanjing Qinheng Microelectronics 3863:ABOV: MC94F, MC95F, MC96F series 3822: 3732: 3717: 3702: 3687: 3670: 3645: 3630: 3615: 3600: 3588: 3573: 3558: 3333:compilers for the 8051. Several 3157:: Jump if bit set, and clear bit 2682: 2556: 2405: 2335: 2319: 2303: 2268: 2252: 2236: 2201: 2185: 2169: 2134: 2075: 2022: 1964: 1119:: Register indirect, @R0 or @R1. 679: 105:complex instruction set computer 6468:List of common microcontrollers 6378:High-voltage serial programming 5647:Basic 8051 Interfacing Circuits 5577:from the original on 2017-08-11 5363: 5350:"DQ80251 32bit Microcontroller" 5342: 5311: 5294: 5266: 5249: 5208: 5184: 5159: 5135: 5111: 5086: 5064: 5042: 5007: 4983: 4959: 4948:from the original on 2022-09-21 4928: 4902: 4814: 4797: 4780: 4765: 4747: 4729: 4689:Lewin A. R. W. Edwards (2006). 4682: 4669: 4577: 4519: 4501: 4472: 4447: 4392: 4367: 4349:"TK80H51 250°C Microcontroller" 4341: 3331:high-level programming language 1290:, "rotate left" but actually a 940:Program status word, PSW (0xD0) 632: 111:architectures, such as a large 6498:List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers 4290: 4245: 4220: 4195: 4117: 3324: 947:Parity, P. Gives the parity ( 13: 1: 6519:Programmable logic controller 6360:In-circuit serial programming 5302:"Temic TSC80251 Architecture" 4110: 3904:NXP: NXP700 and NXP900 series 3770:silicon intellectual property 3519:256 directly addressable bits 3443:Intel P8044AH microcontroller 3408:silicon intellectual property 1997:(jump if bit set with clear) 167:field-programmable gate array 5785:Single-board microcontroller 4772:Ganssle, Jack (2006-05-29). 4634: 4601:"Silergy 71M6513 Data sheet" 4351:. Tekmos Inc. Archived from 3897:Microchip (formerly Atmel): 3764:Use as intellectual property 3534:Extended watchdog facilities 3413:The 8051's predecessor, the 3402:Intel D87C51 microcontroller 2020:(rotate right through carry) 911: 517:digital-to-analog converters 7: 6372:Program and Debug Interface 4909:Hussaini (20 August 2019). 4884:"Однокристальные микро-эвм" 4228:"8051 Tutorial: Interrupts" 4082: 3508:versions, designed for the 3489:could be used to erase the 3394:Intel 8031 microcontrollers 2132:(rotate left through carry) 475:non-volatile data storage, 286:with eight registers each ( 10: 6561: 5538:8-Bit Embedded Controllers 5225:10.1109/SMELEC.2006.380694 3935:Silicon Storage Technology 1914: 934:Data pointer, DP (0x82–83) 655:Special function registers 593: 388:interrupt service routines 358:mode (on some derivatives) 205:(I/O) ports, serial port, 87:(MCU) series developed by 6506: 6460: 6408: 6352: 6345: 6313: 6144: 6067: 5921: 5870: 5861: 5798: 5790:Special function register 5777: 5694: 5688:Microcontrollers by Intel 4202:John Wharton (May 1980). 3811:instructions per second. 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3242: 3227: 3207: 3192: 3175: 3160: 3143: 3126: 3109: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3014: 2981: 2953: 2936: 2917: 2898: 2879: 2861: 2842: 2823: 2804: 2785: 2775: 2765: 2755: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2707: 2683: 2673: 2663: 2644: 2626: 2616: 2600: 2581: 2557: 2532: 2516: 2500: 2482: 2457: 2441: 2430: 2406: 2387: 2371: 2360: 2336: 2320: 2304: 2293: 2269: 2253: 2237: 2226: 2202: 2186: 2170: 2159: 2135: 2124: 2117: 2100: 2076: 2065: 2058: 2041: 2023: 2012: 2001: 1983: 1965: 1954: 1944: 1930: 1918: 1908: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1789: 1765: 1734: 1710: 1697: 1676: 1663: 1642: 1618: 1590: 1566: 1544: 1527: 1505: 1490: 1473: 1451: 1436: 1419: 1397: 1382: 1365: 1343: 1334: 1317: 1295: 1282: 1265: 1249: 1238: 1222: 1211: 1175: 1160: 1147: 1138: 1106:: Register direct, R0–R7. 880: 862: 844: 826: 808: 790: 781: 762: 756: 729: 705: 590:Family naming conventions 580: 284:switchable register banks 65: 55: 50: 35: 5554:; Intel; 44 pages; 1980. 5544:Microcontroller Handbook 5419:Schultz, Thomas (2008). 5259:The 8051 microcontroller 5245:– via IEEE Xplore. 4661:: CS1 maint: location ( 4105:SDK-51 system design kit 3962:digital signal processor 3872:, which has a dedicated 3546:Three power-saving modes 928:Stack pointer, SP (0x81) 624:Von Neumann architecture 303:with selectable priority 155:digital signal processor 6524:List of microprocessors 6421:Joint Test Action Group 5438:Steiner, Craig (2005). 4971:www.maximintegrated.com 4706:Bradford J. Rodriguez. 4302:www.maximintegrated.com 4152:Computer History Museum 3964:(DSP) (for example for 3340:Small Device C Compiler 1294:) may be thought of as 945: 191:central processing unit 185:i8051 microarchitecture 6545:Intel microcontrollers 5729:MCS-296 (8x296 family) 5714:MCS-251 (80251 family) 5709:MCS-151 (80151 family) 5050:"Silergy Metering ICs" 4810:. Intel. October 1994. 4562:Keil C51 Users' Manual 3859: 3444: 3403: 3395: 2234:(jump if carry clear) 339:ports, bit addressable 240:register with special 186: 6366:In-system programming 5724:MCS-96 (8x196 family) 5632:at Wikimedia Commons 5015:"SDA30C164 Datasheet" 4991:"Syntill8 - Products" 4189:datasheets.chipdb.org 3920:electricity metering 3857: 3442: 3401: 3393: 1077:of the opcode bytes, 1054:of the opcode bytes, 1029:multi-cycle processor 987:Accumulator, A (0xE0) 310:of on-chip RAM (IRAM) 226:arithmetic logic unit 184: 6435:In-circuit debugging 5704:MCS-51 (8051 family) 5699:MCS-48 (8048 family) 5573:. 1.04 (in German). 5461:. Elsevier. 329 pp. 5219:. pp. 562–566. 4793:. Intel. 2006-05-02. 4161:on February 25, 2012 3516:256-byte on-chip RAM 2167:(jump if carry set) 2114:(jump if bit clear) 775:External data memory 619:Harvard architecture 331:Four (three full) 8- 323:Harvard architecture 195:random-access memory 6491:Renesas Electronics 6441:In-circuit emulator 5404:. Pearson. 648 pp. 3797:ARM Cortex-M series 3510:automotive industry 3140:: Jump if bit clear 2368:(jump if non-zero) 1863: 1019:could send 9 bits. 609:Memory architecture 560:Radiation-hardenend 507:generators, analog 405:Derivative features 386:to enter and leave 374:, ports and select 349:Two 16-bit counter/ 159:floating-point unit 91:in 1980 for use in 83:) is a single chip 32: 5099:www.datasheetq.com 4429:"Микроконтроллеры" 4047:. You can help by 3999:. You can help by 3860: 3834:. You can help by 3815:MCUs based on 8051 3739:STC Micro STC89C52 3658:Derivative vendors 3445: 3404: 3396: 3386:Related processors 3329:There are various 2055:(jump if bit set) 1861: 458:single cycle cores 187: 141:MCS-151 and the 8/ 30: 6532: 6531: 6456: 6455: 6341: 6340: 6022:PIC10/12/16/17/18 5737: 5736: 5628:Media related to 5509:978-0-12-547570-9 5490:978-0-9650819-0-0 5468:978-0-340-67707-0 5449:978-1-58112-459-0 5430:978-0-9783995-0-4 5411:978-0-13-508044-3 5256:Kenneth J Ayala. 4864:on 1 January 2017 4708:"CamelForth/8051" 4435:on 22 August 2017 4406:on 23 August 2017 4355:on 20 August 2017 4329:www.microchip.com 4073:linear addressing 4065: 4064: 4017: 4016: 3901:, AT83C5134, etc. 3852: 3851: 3793:systems on a chip 3123:: Jump if bit set 2947: 2946: 2793:(decimal adjust) 1662:to the immediate 1023:Microarchitecture 993:B register (0xF0) 513:analog-to-digital 487:host interfaces, 242:move instructions 151:binary compatible 101:binary compatible 79:(commonly termed 73: 72: 16:(Redirected from 6552: 6472:By manufacturer 6416:Nexus (standard) 6350: 6349: 5868: 5867: 5771:Microcontrollers 5764: 5757: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5627: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5513: 5494: 5472: 5453: 5434: 5415: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5330: 5324:. Archived from 5323: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5278: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5169:. Archived from 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5123:www.stcmicro.com 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5093:datasheetq.com. 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5024:. Archived from 5019: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4995:www.syntill8.com 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4831:. Archived from 4826: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4757:. Archived from 4751: 4745: 4744: 4739:. Archived from 4733: 4727: 4726: 4721:Brad Rodriguez. 4718: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4642: 4632: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4597: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4557: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4457:. Archived from 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4230:. Archived from 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4181: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4149: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4121: 4060: 4057: 4039: 4032: 4012: 4009: 3991: 3984: 3911:Siemens 16-Bit: 3899:AT89C51, AT89S51 3870:CY8C3xxxx series 3847: 3844: 3826: 3819: 3810: 3789:USB flash drives 3736: 3721: 3706: 3691: 3674: 3649: 3634: 3619: 3604: 3592: 3577: 3562: 3504:(8 KB ROM) are 3434:read-only memory 3320: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3007: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 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1666: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1053: 1052: 1048: 896: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 878: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 860: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 842: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 806: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 785: 784: 766: 765: 760: 759: 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 727: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 674:register windows 668:Register windows 582: 575: 557: 553: 549: 541: 537: 446:Maxim Integrated 384:context switches 199:read-only memory 173:(ASIC) designs. 117:register windows 93:embedded systems 40: 33: 29: 21: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6514:Embedded system 6502: 6452: 6447:In-target probe 6404: 6337: 6309: 6140: 6063: 5917: 5857: 5794: 5773: 5768: 5738: 5733: 5690: 5685: 5621: 5580: 5578: 5510: 5491: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5412: 5391: 5389:Further reading 5386: 5385: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5235: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5125: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4770: 4766: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4719: 4715: 4704: 4700: 4687: 4683: 4675:Han-Way Huang. 4674: 4670: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4559: 4558: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4487: 4484:Wayback Machine 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4257:www.tasking.com 4251: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4183: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4094:Hitachi HD44780 4085: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4045:needs expansion 4030: 4021:instruction set 4013: 4007: 4004: 3997:needs expansion 3982: 3958: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3832:needs expansion 3817: 3808: 3766: 3740: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3675: 3660: 3653: 3652:Temic TS80C32X2 3650: 3641: 3635: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3605: 3596: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3500:(ROM-less) and 3459:applications). 3388: 3327: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2865: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2789: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2630: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2486: 2483: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2434: 2431: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2364: 2361: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301:(jump if zero) 2297: 2294: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2230: 2227: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2163: 2160: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2069: 2066: 2059: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2013: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1969: 1966: 1958: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1909: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1664: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1286: 1283: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1253: 1250: 1242: 1239: 1226: 1223: 1215: 1212: 1202:operand order. 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1038:Instruction set 1025: 984: 973:Auxiliary carry 914: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 782: 777: 763: 757: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 694: 682: 670: 657: 635: 611: 598: 592: 571: 555: 551: 547: 546:HT83C51 for −55 539: 535: 503:radio modules, 456:) devices have 434:clock frequency 407: 380:bank selectable 335:bi-directional 262:microcontroller 254:program counter 179: 97:John H. Wharton 85:microcontroller 46: 44:microcontroller 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5620: 5619:External links 5617: 5616: 5615: 5608:MOS Technology 5561: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5508: 5495: 5489: 5473: 5467: 5454: 5448: 5435: 5429: 5421:C and the 8051 5416: 5410: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5362: 5341: 5310: 5293: 5265: 5248: 5233: 5207: 5183: 5158: 5134: 5110: 5085: 5074:. Silergy Corp 5063: 5052:. Silergy Corp 5041: 5022:www.semiee.com 5006: 4982: 4958: 4927: 4901: 4890:on 30 May 2012 4875: 4849: 4838:on 28 May 2014 4813: 4796: 4779: 4764: 4761:on 2014-10-23. 4746: 4743:on 2015-09-24. 4728: 4713: 4698: 4681: 4668: 4618: 4607:. Silergy Corp 4589: 4576: 4547: 4536:. 29 June 2012 4534:justanswer.com 4518: 4513:www.zookal.com 4500: 4471: 4446: 4417: 4391: 4366: 4340: 4313: 4289: 4278:www.silabs.com 4262: 4244: 4219: 4216:on 2016-03-03. 4194: 4171: 4134: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4063: 4062: 4042: 4040: 4029: 4026: 4015: 4014: 3994: 3992: 3981: 3978: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3864: 3850: 3849: 3829: 3827: 3816: 3813: 3765: 3762: 3746:Analog Devices 3742: 3741: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3644: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3553:second sources 3548: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537:Nine I/O ports 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3387: 3384: 3326: 3323: 3265:address.number 3261: 3260: 3225: 3190: 3158: 3141: 3124: 3107: 3039: 3038: 3012: 3009: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2915: 2896: 2877: 2870: 2869: 2859: 2840: 2821: 2802: 2795: 2794: 2783: 2773: 2763: 2753: 2746: 2745: 2735: 2725: 2715: 2705: 2698: 2697: 2681: 2671: 2661: 2642: 2635: 2634: 2624: 2614: 2598: 2579: 2572: 2571: 2555: 2530: 2514: 2498: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2455: 2439: 2428: 2421: 2420: 2404: 2385: 2369: 2358: 2351: 2350: 2334: 2318: 2302: 2291: 2284: 2283: 2267: 2251: 2235: 2224: 2217: 2216: 2200: 2184: 2168: 2157: 2150: 2149: 2133: 2122: 2115: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2074: 2063: 2056: 2039: 2032: 2031: 2021: 2010: 1998: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1962:(rotate right) 1952: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1782: 1779: 1758: 1748: 1727: 1724: 1703: 1668:, and jump to 1656: 1635: 1632: 1611: 1604: 1583: 1580: 1559: 1541: 1520: 1487: 1466: 1433: 1412: 1379: 1358: 1331: 1310: 1279: 1258: 1246: 1231: 1219: 1191: 1190: 1129: 1120: 1107: 1039: 1036: 1024: 1021: 1010:zero (Z) flags 998: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 983: 982: 976: 970: 967: 964: 961: 955: 952: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 913: 910: 776: 773: 693: 692:Program memory 690: 681: 678: 669: 666: 656: 653: 634: 631: 610: 607: 591: 588: 406: 403: 360: 359: 353: 347: 340: 329: 326: 311: 304: 294: 291: 280: 270: 264: 178: 175: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 48: 47: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6557: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6481:NXP/Freescale 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5800:Architectures 5797: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5675: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5590:(Besides the 5589: 5587: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5331:on 2016-03-04 5327: 5320: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5261: 5260: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5234:0-7803-9730-4 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5193: 5187: 5173:on 2016-11-13 5172: 5168: 5162: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5073: 5067: 5051: 5045: 5031:on 2022-06-17 5027: 5023: 5016: 5010: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4806: 4800: 4789: 4783: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4695:. p. 51. 4694: 4693: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4639: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4580: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4461:on 2017-08-22 4460: 4456: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4376: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4234:on 2012-12-28 4233: 4229: 4223: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4100:Intel PL/M-51 4098: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4043:This section 4041: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4022: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3995:This section 3993: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3830:This section 3828: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3551:Intel MCS-51 3550: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3392: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356:Object Pascal 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3226: 3191: 3159: 3142: 3125: 3108: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3013: 3010: 3008:if not equal. 3006: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2935: 2916: 2897: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2860: 2841: 2822: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2784: 2774: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2736: 2726: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2672: 2662: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2625: 2615: 2599: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2531: 2515: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2481: 2456: 2440: 2438:(short jump) 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2386: 2370: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2123: 2116: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2073:(rotate left) 2064: 2057: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2011: 1999: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1953: 1943: 1928: 1917: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1804: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1708: 1704: 1673: 1661: 1657: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1564: 1560: 1542: 1525: 1521: 1488: 1471: 1467: 1434: 1417: 1413: 1380: 1363: 1359: 1332: 1315: 1311: 1293: 1280: 1263: 1259: 1247: 1236: 1232: 1220: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1158: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1002: 995: 992: 989: 986: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 958:Overflow flag 956: 953: 950: 946: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 926: 925: 922: 918: 909: 905: 901: 898: 787: 772: 768: 753: 703: 702:lookup tables 698: 689: 685: 680:Bit registers 677: 675: 665: 661: 652: 648: 646: 641: 639: 630: 627: 625: 620: 615: 606: 604: 597: 587: 584: 578: 574: 569: 565: 561: 545: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471:code in ROM, 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 452:(now part of 451: 447: 444:(now part of 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 402: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 368:Boolean logic 365: 357: 354: 352: 348: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 327: 324: 320: 316: 312: 309: 305: 302: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288:memory mapped 285: 281: 278: 275:, divide and 274: 271: 268: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:address buses 248:and 2×16-bit 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 220: 219: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 183: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 69:Intel MCS-151 68: 64: 61: 58: 54: 49: 45: 39: 34: 19: 6328:ARM Cortex-R 6199:ARM Cortex-R 5622: 5579:. Retrieved 5570: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5499: 5480: 5477:Axelson, Jan 5458: 5439: 5420: 5401: 5377: 5365: 5356: 5344: 5333:. Retrieved 5326:the original 5313: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5280: 5268: 5258: 5251: 5216: 5210: 5198:. Retrieved 5186: 5175:. Retrieved 5171:the original 5161: 5150:. Retrieved 5146: 5137: 5126:. Retrieved 5122: 5113: 5102:. Retrieved 5098: 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5066: 5054:. Retrieved 5044: 5033:. Retrieved 5026:the original 5021: 5009: 4998:. Retrieved 4994: 4985: 4974:. Retrieved 4970: 4961: 4950:. Retrieved 4939: 4930: 4918:. Retrieved 4914: 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4888:the original 4878: 4866:. Retrieved 4862:the original 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4833:the original 4828: 4816: 4799: 4782: 4767: 4759:the original 4749: 4741:the original 4731: 4716: 4701: 4691: 4684: 4671: 4645:. Retrieved 4636: 4609:. Retrieved 4604: 4579: 4567:. Retrieved 4561: 4538:. Retrieved 4533: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4492: 4480:Ghostarchive 4478:Archived at 4474: 4463:. Retrieved 4459:the original 4449: 4437:. Retrieved 4433:the original 4408:. Retrieved 4404:the original 4394: 4382:. Retrieved 4369: 4357:. Retrieved 4353:the original 4343: 4332:. Retrieved 4328: 4305:. Retrieved 4301: 4292: 4281:. Retrieved 4277: 4256: 4247: 4236:. Retrieved 4232:the original 4222: 4211:the original 4197: 4188: 4165:November 17, 4163:, retrieved 4156:the original 4143: 4137: 4127:(May 1980). 4125:John Wharton 4119: 4077: 4066: 4053: 4049:adding to it 4044: 4018: 4005: 4001:adding to it 3996: 3959: 3867:Cypress PSoC 3840: 3836:adding to it 3831: 3805: 3767: 3756:, and NIIET 3743: 3661: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3446: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3405: 3376: 3328: 3262: 3074: 3040: 3004: 2973: 2874: 2799: 2750: 2702: 2694:#data,offset 2639: 2576: 2495: 2425: 2355: 2288: 2221: 2154: 2095: 2036: 1978: 1903: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1808: 1785: 1761: 1753: 1730: 1706: 1671: 1659: 1653:#data,offset 1638: 1614: 1607: 1586: 1562: 1523: 1469: 1415: 1361: 1313: 1261: 1234: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1186:#data,offset 1156: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1067: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1044: 1041: 1033: 1026: 1014: 1006:negative (N) 1003: 999: 923: 919: 915: 906: 902: 899: 788: 778: 769: 754: 699: 695: 686: 683: 671: 662: 658: 649: 644: 642: 638:Internal RAM 636: 633:Internal RAM 628: 616: 612: 599: 585: 533: 462: 448:) and a few 438:Silicon Labs 419: 408: 398: 394: 392: 361: 356:Power saving 337:input/output 313:Dual 16-bit 279:instructions 258:data pointer 203:input/output 188: 136: 128:Intel MCS-48 121: 80: 77:Intel MCS-51 76: 74: 60:Intel MCS-48 42:Intel P8051 18:Intel MCS-51 6353:Programming 6116:PIC24/dsPIC 6052:Rabbit 2000 5863:Word length 4380:. Honeywell 3913:C166 family 3809:450 million 3752:, Kristall 3748:, Integral 3595:MHS S-80C31 3423:Sinclair QL 3338:compilers. 3325:Programming 1196:destination 509:comparators 411:IAR Systems 344:serial port 315:address bus 306:128 or 256 230:accumulator 165:for use in 157:(DSP) or a 56:Predecessor 6390:Bootloader 6346:Interfaces 5581:2021-12-08 5335:2013-05-06 5281:chipdb.org 5177:2013-05-06 5152:2021-06-21 5147:wch-ic.com 5128:2017-02-19 5104:2020-01-18 5035:2022-05-15 5000:2021-06-21 4976:2021-06-21 4952:2023-05-20 4915:Technobyte 4829:analog.com 4465:2017-08-22 4334:2021-06-21 4307:2021-06-21 4283:2021-06-21 4238:2012-12-21 4111:References 3879:Infineon: 3803:and BA22. 1292:shift left 594:See also: 566:(formerly 550:°C to +225 542:°C or the 538:°C to +250 469:bootloader 297:Interrupts 282:Four fast 228:(ALU) and 169:(FPGA) or 31:Intel 8051 6427:debugWIRE 6409:Debugging 6333:PowerPC64 6270:Propeller 5978:MELPS 740 5604:Tektronix 5378:Evatronix 4894:5 January 4868:6 January 4679:. p. 238. 4657:cite book 4439:22 August 4410:23 August 4384:23 August 4359:23 August 4253:"TASKING" 3908:(ROMless) 3876:interface 3843:June 2021 3681:AT89C2051 3638:Signetics 3583:MBL8031AH 1809:Only the 979:Carry bit 912:Registers 573:‹See Tfd› 544:Honeywell 525:debugging 501:Bluetooth 465:flash ROM 454:Microchip 372:registers 244:), 8-bit 234:registers 213:) in one 209:control, 207:interrupt 66:Successor 6539:Category 6507:See also 6486:Infineon 6280:TLCS-900 6246:ColdFire 6167:Cortex-M 6131:TLCS-900 6057:TLCS-870 5600:Motorola 5575:Archived 5479:(1994). 5286:30 April 5243:21616742 5200:30 April 4946:Archived 4941:Infineon 4842:30 April 4540:30 April 4482:and the 4089:DS80C390 4083:See also 4056:May 2013 4008:May 2013 3890:SYNTILL8 3758:Voronezh 3727:SAB-C501 3697:SAB-C515 3695:Infineon 3625:PCB80C31 3487:UV light 3372:assembly 3368:Modula-2 1852:operand2 1848:operand1 1658:Compare 581:1830ВЕ32 568:Aeroflex 273:Multiply 246:data bus 232:, 8-bit 163:IP cores 115:set and 113:register 6429:(Atmel) 6423:(JTAG) 6285:TriCore 6258:PowerPC 6154:Am29000 6027:ST6/ST7 5908:TMS1000 5903:TLCS-47 5612:elektor 4494:YouTube 3974:USB 2.0 3918:Silergy 3874:USB 2.0 3785:netlist 3778:Verilog 3725:Siemens 3712:S87C654 3710:Philips 3640:SCN8031 3623:Philips 3581:Fujitsu 3379:pragmas 2992:address 2964:address 2958:address 2760:address 2712:address 2511:#data16 2325:address 2309:address 2258:address 2242:address 2191:address 2175:address 1794:operand 1776:operand 1739:operand 1721:operand 1687:operand 1660:operand 1647:operand 1629:address 1623:operand 1610:borrow. 1608:without 1601:operand 1577:operand 1571:address 1532:operand 1510:address 1495:address 1484:operand 1456:address 1441:address 1430:operand 1402:address 1387:address 1376:operand 1328:operand 1276:operand 1243:operand 1216:operand 1180:operand 1165:operand 1152:operand 1143:operand 1072:⁄ 1049:⁄ 577:Russian 440:, some 399:receive 366:-level 301:threads 277:compare 267:Boolean 215:package 201:(ROM), 197:(RAM), 193:(CPU), 51:History 6386:(HVPP) 6380:(HVSP) 6362:(ICSP) 6315:64-bit 6305:Z80000 6300:Xtensa 6275:SuperH 6263:MPC5xx 6146:32-bit 6111:MSP430 6101:CR16/C 6082:68HC12 6077:65C816 6069:16-bit 5973:65C265 5968:65C134 5946:68HC11 5941:68HC08 5936:68HC05 5913:μCOM-4 5885:COP400 5880:Am2900 5848:RISC-V 5838:MPS430 5630:MCS-51 5506: 5487: 5465: 5446: 5427: 5408: 5241: 5231: 5078:12 May 5056:12 May 4920:5 July 4647:17 May 4611:17 May 4585: 4569:17 May 4069:24-bit 3970:Vorbis 3941:series 3610:M80C31 3568:D87C51 3502:80C517 3498:80C537 3483:quartz 3457:Bitbus 3419:IBM PC 3360:Pascal 3154:offset 3137:offset 3120:offset 3005:offset 2998:offset 2974:Unused 2435:offset 2365:offset 2298:offset 2231:offset 2164:offset 2111:offset 2052:offset 2006:addr16 1994:offset 1949:addr16 1935:addr11 1923:addr11 1867:Opcode 1821:, and 1788:: 1764:: 1754:offset 1745:offset 1733:: 1709:: 1693:offset 1672:offset 1641:: 1617:: 1589:: 1565:: 1526:: 1472:: 1418:: 1364:: 1316:: 1264:: 1237:: 1210:: 1200:source 1090:nibble 843:, and 564:Cobham 556: 552: 548: 540: 536: 497:Zigbee 483:, and 473:EEPROM 442:Dallas 351:timers 342:UART ( 238:16-bit 211:timers 147:32-bit 143:16-bit 6476:Intel 6461:Lists 6449:(ITP) 6443:(ICE) 6437:(ICD) 6400:aWire 6374:(PDI) 6368:(ISP) 6253:PIC32 6241:68000 6236:MN103 6204:AVR32 6187:STM32 6172:EFM32 6136:Z8000 6091:80186 6000:XC800 5923:8-bit 5898:S1C6x 5893:PPS-4 5889:MARC4 5872:4-bit 5808:68000 5596:Intel 5571:SIM51 5518:Intel 5394:Books 5374:(PDF) 5353:(PDF) 5329:(PDF) 5322:(PDF) 5305:(PDF) 5277:(PDF) 5239:S2CID 5195:(PDF) 5029:(PDF) 5018:(PDF) 4836:(PDF) 4825:(PDF) 4808:(PDF) 4791:(PDF) 4641:(PDF) 4530:(PDF) 4378:(PDF) 4214:(PDF) 4207:(PDF) 4159:(PDF) 4148:(PDF) 3947:WCH ( 3881:XC800 3780:) or 3750:Minsk 3678:Atmel 3491:EPROM 3352:BASIC 3348:Forth 3318:PSW.7 3309:PSW.7 3300:PSW.7 3069:LCALL 3056:ACALL 3003:PC + 2568:#data 2417:#data 2347:#data 2331:#data 2280:#data 2264:#data 2213:#data 2197:#data 2146:#data 2087:#data 2003:LCALL 1932:ACALL 1752:PC + 1670:PC + 1665:#data 1555:#data 1538:#data 1501:#data 1447:#data 1393:#data 1171:#data 1017:UARTs 1008:, or 764:ACALL 626:bus. 558:°C). 529:BASIC 495:bus, 450:Atmel 422:UARTs 308:bytes 236:(one 139:8-bit 89:Intel 6290:V850 6231:M32R 6226:H8SX 6219:FR-V 6126:RL78 6096:C166 6047:eZ80 6032:STM8 6012:COP8 5995:8051 5990:8048 5963:6502 5956:RS08 5931:6800 5833:MIPS 5813:8051 5778:Main 5719:8061 5610:and 5592:EASM 5559:Misc 5504:ISBN 5485:ISBN 5463:ISBN 5444:ISBN 5425:ISBN 5406:ISBN 5288:2023 5229:ISBN 5202:2023 5080:2021 5058:2021 4922:2023 4896:2017 4870:2017 4844:2023 4663:link 4649:2021 4613:2021 4571:2021 4542:2023 4441:2017 4412:2017 4386:2017 4361:2017 4167:2018 3926:SoCs 3922:SoCs 3801:MIPS 3782:FPGA 3774:VHDL 3754:Kyiv 3506:CMOS 3496:The 3479:8751 3477:The 3472:8032 3470:The 3464:8052 3462:The 3453:SDLC 3449:8044 3447:The 3430:8031 3428:The 3415:8048 3366:and 3364:PL/M 3312:and 3297:SETB 3285:and 3270:SETB 3082:SETB 3066:and 3063:LJMP 3050:AJMP 3044:SJMP 3041:The 3016:XCHD 3011:D6–7 2983:CJNE 2919:MOVX 2900:MOVX 2887:DPTR 2881:MOVX 2844:MOVX 2825:MOVX 2818:DPTR 2806:MOVX 2777:SETB 2767:SETB 2739:SWAP 2709:PUSH 2685:CJNE 2621:DPTR 2559:SUBB 2552:DPTR 2534:MOVC 2505:DPTR 2459:MOVC 2432:SJMP 2401:DPTR 2137:ADDC 2119:RETI 1946:LJMP 1920:AJMP 1842:CJNE 1824:SUBB 1818:ADDC 1736:DJNZ 1678:CJNE 1644:CJNE 1592:SUBB 1504:and 1450:and 1396:and 1345:ADDC 1319:ADDC 1177:CJNE 888:DPTR 882:MOVX 879:and 876:DPTR 864:MOVX 846:MOVX 828:MOVX 810:MOVX 792:MOVX 783:MOVX 761:and 758:AJMP 731:MOVC 725:DPTR 707:MOVC 645:only 603:CMOS 521:RTCs 515:and 415:Keil 395:send 299:and 132:CMOS 124:NMOS 109:RISC 81:8051 75:The 6395:ROM 6323:ARC 6209:CRX 6192:XMC 6182:SAM 6177:LPC 6164:ARM 6159:ARC 6121:R8C 6106:H8S 6042:Z80 6007:AVR 5985:78K 5951:S08 5853:x86 5843:PIC 5828:AVR 5823:ARM 5818:ARC 5357:DCD 5221:doi 4051:. 4003:. 3968:or 3966:MP3 3838:. 3776:or 3608:OKI 3566:AMD 3344:C++ 3315:CPL 3306:CLR 3288:CPL 3279:CLR 3256:bit 3244:ANL 3238:bit 3229:ANL 3221:bit 3209:ORL 3203:bit 3194:ORL 3180:bit 3177:MOV 3171:bit 3162:MOV 3148:bit 3145:JBC 3131:bit 3128:JNB 3114:bit 3103:bit 3100:CPL 3094:bit 3091:CLR 3085:bit 2955:MOV 2938:CPL 2863:CLR 2770:bit 2757:POP 2729:CLR 2722:bit 2719:CLR 2675:CPL 2668:bit 2665:CPL 2658:bit 2646:ANL 2628:MUL 2618:INC 2611:bit 2602:MOV 2595:bit 2583:ORL 2521:bit 2518:MOV 2502:MOV 2484:DIV 2452:bit 2443:ANL 2408:MOV 2389:JMP 2382:bit 2373:ORL 2362:JNZ 2338:XRL 2322:XRL 2306:XRL 2271:ANL 2255:ANL 2239:ANL 2228:JNC 2204:ORL 2188:ORL 2172:ORL 2126:RLC 2105:bit 2102:JNB 2078:ADD 2060:RET 2046:bit 2025:DEC 2014:RRC 1988:bit 1985:JBC 1967:INC 1910:NOP 1836:DEC 1830:INC 1812:ADD 1791:MOV 1767:MOV 1712:XCH 1699:CJE 1620:MOV 1568:MOV 1546:MOV 1529:MOV 1507:XRL 1492:XRL 1475:XRL 1453:ANL 1438:ANL 1421:ANL 1399:ORL 1384:ORL 1367:ORL 1336:RLC 1297:ADD 1267:ADD 1251:DEC 1240:DEC 1224:INC 1213:INC 1162:MOV 1149:DEC 1140:INC 949:XOR 728:or 583:). 505:PWM 499:or 493:LIN 491:or 489:CAN 485:USB 481:SPI 430:I/O 426:RAM 376:RAM 364:bit 333:bit 223:bit 6541:: 6295:RX 6214:FR 6086:16 6037:Z8 6017:H8 5614:.) 5606:, 5602:, 5598:, 5569:. 5376:. 5355:. 5279:. 5237:. 5227:. 5145:. 5121:. 5097:. 5020:. 4993:. 4969:. 4944:. 4938:. 4913:. 4827:. 4659:}} 4655:{{ 4621:^ 4603:. 4592:^ 4550:^ 4532:. 4511:. 4491:. 4486:: 4420:^ 4327:. 4316:^ 4300:. 4276:. 4265:^ 4255:. 4187:. 4174:^ 4150:, 3799:, 3760:. 3374:. 3362:, 3358:, 3354:, 3350:, 3346:, 3321:. 3303:, 3276:, 3241:, 3206:, 3174:, 3111:JB 3097:, 3088:, 3028:R0 2978:B5 2970:A5 2950:85 2925:R1 2906:R0 2856:R1 2837:R0 2787:DA 2631:AB 2487:AB 2477:PC 2295:JZ 2161:JC 2067:RL 2043:JB 1956:RR 1897:4 1855:. 1850:− 1833:, 1815:, 1284:RL 1198:, 1174:, 1157:or 1155:) 1146:, 1113:6– 1100:8– 1082:4– 1059:0– 852:R1 834:R0 825:, 822:R1 807:, 804:R0 749:PC 579:: 519:, 511:, 479:, 477:IC 460:. 413:, 319:KB 256:, 252:, 221:8- 217:: 6084:/ 5763:e 5756:t 5749:v 5680:e 5673:t 5666:v 5584:. 5512:. 5493:. 5471:. 5452:. 5433:. 5414:. 5380:. 5359:. 5338:. 5307:. 5290:. 5262:. 5223:: 5204:. 5180:. 5155:. 5131:. 5107:. 5082:. 5060:. 5038:. 5003:. 4979:. 4955:. 4924:. 4898:. 4872:. 4846:. 4776:. 4725:. 4710:. 4665:) 4651:. 4615:. 4573:. 4544:. 4515:. 4497:. 4468:. 4443:. 4414:. 4388:. 4363:. 4337:. 4310:. 4286:. 4259:. 4241:. 4191:. 4058:) 4054:( 4010:) 4006:( 3845:) 3841:( 3335:C 3291:C 3282:C 3273:C 3253:/ 3250:, 3247:C 3235:, 3232:C 3218:/ 3215:, 3212:C 3200:, 3197:C 3186:C 3183:, 3168:, 3165:C 3151:, 3134:, 3117:, 3053:/ 3034:1 3031:– 3025:@ 3022:, 3019:A 2995:, 2989:, 2986:A 2961:, 2941:A 2931:A 2928:, 2922:@ 2912:A 2909:, 2903:@ 2893:A 2890:, 2884:@ 2875:y 2873:F 2866:A 2853:@ 2850:, 2847:A 2834:@ 2831:, 2828:A 2815:@ 2812:, 2809:A 2800:y 2798:E 2790:A 2780:C 2751:y 2749:D 2742:A 2732:C 2703:y 2701:C 2691:, 2688:A 2678:C 2655:/ 2652:, 2649:C 2640:y 2638:B 2608:, 2605:C 2592:/ 2589:, 2586:C 2577:y 2575:A 2565:, 2562:A 2549:+ 2546:A 2543:@ 2540:, 2537:A 2527:C 2524:, 2508:, 2496:y 2494:9 2474:+ 2471:A 2468:@ 2465:, 2462:A 2449:, 2446:C 2426:y 2424:8 2414:, 2411:A 2398:+ 2395:A 2392:@ 2379:, 2376:C 2356:y 2354:7 2344:, 2341:A 2328:, 2315:A 2312:, 2289:y 2287:6 2277:, 2274:A 2261:, 2248:A 2245:, 2222:y 2220:5 2210:, 2207:A 2194:, 2181:A 2178:, 2155:y 2153:4 2143:, 2140:A 2129:A 2108:, 2096:y 2094:3 2084:, 2081:A 2070:A 2049:, 2037:y 2035:2 2028:A 2017:A 1991:, 1979:y 1977:1 1970:A 1959:A 1926:, 1904:y 1902:0 1895:x 1891:3 1889:x 1885:2 1883:x 1879:1 1877:x 1873:0 1871:x 1800:A 1797:, 1786:y 1784:F 1773:, 1770:A 1762:y 1760:E 1742:, 1731:y 1729:D 1718:, 1715:A 1707:y 1705:C 1702:. 1690:, 1684:, 1681:A 1650:, 1639:y 1637:B 1626:, 1615:y 1613:A 1598:, 1595:A 1587:y 1585:9 1574:, 1563:y 1561:8 1558:. 1552:, 1549:A 1535:, 1524:y 1522:7 1516:A 1513:, 1498:, 1481:, 1478:A 1470:y 1468:6 1462:A 1459:, 1444:, 1427:, 1424:A 1416:y 1414:5 1408:A 1405:, 1390:, 1373:, 1370:A 1362:y 1360:4 1357:. 1354:A 1351:, 1348:A 1339:A 1325:, 1322:A 1314:y 1312:3 1309:. 1306:A 1303:, 1300:A 1287:A 1273:, 1270:A 1262:y 1260:2 1257:. 1254:A 1235:y 1233:1 1230:. 1227:A 1208:y 1206:0 1183:, 1168:, 1135:4 1133:x 1126:5 1124:x 1117:7 1115:x 1111:x 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