25:
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When reporters were being taken away from the site, they found that most buildings had sustained serious damage or had been flattened completely. Some eyewitnesses were noted as having seen dozens of ambulances and many flatbed trucks, loaded with what could have been human remains, being taken to the local hospital. Bruce
Campbell of
492:
monitor to have succeeded in recovering "the encryption-decryption equipment". The most sensitive FAC-3R circuit boards were not recovered, but "were mounted near the hydrazine propellant tanks and most likely were destroyed in the explosion... Because the FAC-3R boards on
Intelsat 708 were uniquely
427:
and other
American eyewitnesses in Xichang reported that the satellite post-crash was surprisingly intact, along with the opinion that the official death toll only reflects those in the military who were caught by the disaster and not the civilian population. In the years to follow, the village that
422:
news agency, reported that six people were killed and 57 injured. Western media speculated that between a few dozen and 500 people might have been killed in the crash; "dozens, if not hundreds" of people were seen to gather outside the centre's main gate near the crash site the night before launch.
464:
found that China had obtained "significant benefit" from the Review
Committee and could improve their "launch vehicles ... ballistic missiles and in particular their guidance systems". In 1998, the U.S. Congress reclassified satellite technology as a munition that was subject to ITAR, returning
414:
On 15 February 1996, the Long March 3B launch vehicle failed during launch, veering off course immediately after liftoff and crashing into a village near the launch site (probably
Mayelin Village). An enormous explosion destroyed most of the rocket and killed an unknown number of inhabitants.
432:
later said the total population of the village was under 1000, and that most if not all of the population had been evacuated before launch as had been common practice since the 1980s, making it "very unlikely" that there were hundreds of deaths.
483:
technology. Members of the Loral security team searched the toxic environment around the crash site to recover sensitive components, returning with complaints of bulging eyes and severe headaches requiring
367:. A U.S. government investigation found that the information in the report had been illegally transferred to China. Satellite technology was subsequently reclassified as a munition and placed under
2252:
457:. The Chinese report was then changed to match the findings of the Review Committee. The Long March rocket family did not experience another mission failure until August 2011.
461:
497:(NSA) remains convinced that there is no risk to other satellite systems, now or in the future, resulting from having not recovering the FAC-3R boards from the PRC".
453:, and other U.S. aerospace companies participated in the Review Committee, which issued a report in May 1996 that identified a different cause of the failure in the
977:
476:
emphasized in 2016 that "no U.S.-origin content, regardless of significance, regardless of whether it's incorporated into a foreign-made item, can go to China".
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368:
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companies insisted on an
Independent Review Committee (IRC) as a condition of providing insurance for future Chinese satellite launches. Loral,
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847:(Documents on Intelsat 708 and export controls, including State Department letter charging two companies with export law violations)
2337:
2034:
2012:
1921:
2572:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
355:
The accident investigation identified a failure in the guidance system of the Long March 3B. After the
Intelsat 708 accident, the
44:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
2465:
2349:
359:
did not experience another mission failure until 2011. However, the participation of
American companies in the Intelsat 708 and
1853:
800:
773:
619:
737:
2599:
404:
352:. The launch vehicle veered off course immediately after liftoff and struck a nearby village, killing at least six people.
713:
489:
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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used to border the launch center has vanished, with little trace it ever existed. However, Chen Lan writing in
418:
The nature and extent of the damage remain a subject of dispute. The
Chinese government, through its official
2189:
830:
803:. U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Archived from
622:. U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Archived from
569:"An Overreaction that Destroyed an Industry: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Satellite Export Controls"
349:
688:
2604:
469:
20 million in fines and compliance expenses to settle allegations of violating export control regulations.
326:
987:
2097:
693:
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between 1992 and 1996. The
Intelsat 708 satellite was to be launched into geostationary orbit aboard a
356:
38:
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442:
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33:
826:. (Congressional report discussing Intelsat 708 launch failure and possible technology transfer)
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8:
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export control from the Commerce Department to the State Department. In 2002, Loral paid
446:
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258:
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514:
24:
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2018:
1827:
967:
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868:(Article on the crash of a rocket carrying a commercial payload on 15 February 1996)
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satellites on Chinese rockets. At that time, satellite components were still under
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777:
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1114:
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1099:
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1023:
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799:
Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives (3 January 1999).
741:
618:
Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives (3 January 1999).
376:
776:. Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from
661:
600:
472:
No export licenses to China have been issued since 1996, and an official at the
1964:
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1200:
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893:(Chinese government report disputing conclusions of U.S. Congressional report)
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launch vehicle that went out of control and flew horizontally before crashing.
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714:"U.S. ITAR satellite export regime's effects still strong in Europe"
2199:
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1952:
1947:
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After the launch failure, the Chinese investigation found that the
396:
360:
334:
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106:
371:, blocking its export to China. In 2002, Space Systems/Loral paid
2484:
2412:
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1821:
1365:
1305:
1231:
822:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
787:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
759:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
641:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
287:
915:
Video of the launch, impact, and view of the resulting explosion
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2087:
2055:
2049:
2007:
1901:
982:
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479:
Intelsat 708 contained sophisticated communications and
504:
403:(ITAR); they would be transferred in stages to the
363:investigations caused political controversy in the
2581:
337:. It was destroyed on 15 February 1996 when the
831:"2002 State Department Charge Letter to Hughes"
462:U.S. Defense Technology Security Administration
1854:
936:
562:
560:
558:
556:
850:
738:"U.S. House COX report, Chapter 7 Contents"
1861:
1847:
943:
929:
711:
705:
655:
653:
651:
594:
592:
375:20 million to settle charges of violating
553:
401:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
60:Learn how and when to remove this message
950:
662:"Mist around the CZ-3B disaster, Part 1"
601:"Mist around the CZ-3B disaster, Part 2"
648:
589:
585:from the original on 20 September 2023.
16:Chinese failed satellite launch in 1996
2582:
712:de Selding, Peter B. (14 April 2016).
680:
566:
488:. They were initially reported by the
1842:
924:
726:from the original on 1 February 2024.
701:from the original on 18 January 2022.
567:Zinger, Kurtis J. (26 October 2014).
344:failed while being launched from the
225:China Great Wall Industry Corporation
668:from the original on 18 January 2014
607:from the original on 31 August 2014.
18:
873:"Cox report a complete fabrication"
686:
659:
598:
13:
774:"U.S. House COX report, Chapter 6"
14:
2626:
2615:Satellites using the SSL 1300 bus
897:
576:University of Colorado Law Review
393:United States Department of State
382:
817:
782:
754:
636:
537:Proton-M/DM-03 8K82 km/11S861-03
507:
436:
23:
833:. Softwar. 2005. Archived from
801:"Satellite Launches in the PRC"
620:"Satellite Launches in the PRC"
474:Bureau of Industry and Security
346:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
879:. 16 July 1999. Archived from
766:
730:
687:Zak, Anatoly (February 2013).
611:
525:– a launch catastrophe at the
329:built by the American company
1:
909:Extra footage of the disaster
851:Anatoly Zak (February 2013).
547:
171:4,180 kg (9,220 lb)
327:telecommunications satellite
7:
2600:Spacecraft launched in 1996
988:List of Intelsat satellites
904:Raw footage of the disaster
500:
405:U.S. Department of Commerce
391:received licenses from the
10:
2631:
490:U.S. Department of Defense
2590:Satellite launch failures
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996:
958:
660:Lan, Chen (1 July 2013).
599:Lan, Chen (8 July 2013).
455:inertial measurement unit
445:had failed. However, the
443:inertial measurement unit
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2595:Space program fatalities
857:Air & Space Magazine
694:Air & Space Magazine
495:National Security Agency
32:Some of this article's
192:15 February 1996 03:00
853:"Disaster at Xichang"
689:"Disaster at Xichang"
244:Reference system
131:Spacecraft properties
2471:Mars Global Surveyor
1877:Orbital launches in
952:Intelsat Corporation
780:on 10 November 2005.
664:. The Space Review.
603:. The Space Review.
2605:Intelsat satellites
1639:(Intelsat Americas)
807:on 10 November 2005
626:on 10 November 2005
527:Baikonur test range
447:satellite insurance
389:Space Systems/Loral
331:Space Systems/Loral
259:Geostationary orbit
162:Space Systems/Loral
76:
837:on 6 February 2003
744:on 21 October 2016
515:Spaceflight portal
387:In 1992 and 1993,
357:Long March rockets
239:Orbital parameters
116:15 years (planned)
74:
2577:
2576:
1836:
1835:
1567:
968:Intelsat Americas
369:ITAR restrictions
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69:
62:
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1039:Intelsat III F-1
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883:on 28 March 2007
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740:. Archived from
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523:Nedelin disaster
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430:The Space Review
411:launch vehicle.
248:Geocentric orbit
184:Start of mission
113:Mission duration
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1486:Recent Intelsat
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1090:Intelsat IV F-1
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1019:Intelsat II F-1
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377:export controls
316:
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312:Intelsat VII-F9
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307:Intelsat VII-F7
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136:Spacecraft type
118:Failed to orbit
117:
84:
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5:
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1171:Intelsat V F-1
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898:External links
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34:listed sources
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460:In 1997, the
458:
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437:Investigation
434:
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409:Long March 3B
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380:
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365:United States
362:
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351:
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339:Long March 3B
336:
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314: →
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305:←
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201:Long March 3B
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50:November 2020
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35:
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21:
20:
2569:
2489:
2446:Molniya 3-62
2417:
2342:
2329:Molniya 1-79
2251:
2244:
2240:Intelsat 709
2220:
2179:
2158:
2054:
2040:Intelsat 707
2006:
1999:
1990:Gonets-D1 #3
1986:Gonets-D1 #2
1982:Gonets-D1 #1
1959:Intelsat 708
1958:
1957:
1900:
1330:
1296:Intelsat 701
1260:Intelsat 601
917:(in YouTube)
911:(in YouTube)
885:. Retrieved
881:the original
876:
860:. Retrieved
856:
839:. Retrieved
835:the original
809:. Retrieved
805:the original
778:the original
768:
746:. Retrieved
742:the original
732:
717:
707:
692:
682:
670:. Retrieved
628:. Retrieved
624:the original
613:
575:
531:Soviet Union
478:
471:
459:
440:
429:
417:
413:
386:
354:
323:Intelsat 708
322:
321:
300:Intelsat VII
299:
273:Transponders
158:Manufacturer
93:Mission type
75:Intelsat 708
71:
56:
47:
36:
2547:Kosmos 2336
2537:Kosmos 2335
2500:ORFEUS-SPAS
2408:EchoStar II
2389:Kosmos 2334
2384:Kosmos 2333
2344:Soyuz TM-24
2186:SPARTAN-207
2103:Kosmos 2332
2045:Kosmos 2331
2001:Soyuz TM-23
1978:Kosmos 2330
1974:Kosmos 2329
1970:Kosmos 2328
1927:Kosmos 2327
1907:SPARTAN-206
1812:Horizons-3e
1493:Intelsat 14
1422:Intelsat 1R
1415:ex-PanAmSat
1252:Intelsat VI
1083:Intelsat IV
877:China Daily
493:keyed, the
207:Launch site
189:Launch date
168:Launch mass
37:may not be
2584:Categories
2557:Bion No.11
2511:Hot Bird 2
2476:Arabsat 2B
2425:Ekspress-6
2360:Interbol 2
2350:Chinasat-7
2320:Télécom 2D
2289:Türksat 1C
2285:Arabsat 2A
2234:Cluster F4
2230:Cluster F3
2226:Cluster F2
2222:Cluster F1
2160:Kometa #18
1995:Gran' #44L
1922:Koreasat 2
1817:Intelsat K
1807:Horizons-2
1802:Horizons-1
1566:(New Dawn)
1164:Intelsat V
1014:Intelsat I
998:Intelsat I
672:18 January
548:References
481:encryption
395:to launch
221:Contractor
2531:Sojourner
2393:UNAMSAT-2
2377:September
2324:Italsat 2
2280:Apstar 1A
2166:Palapa C2
1948:Palapa C1
1646:Galaxy 3C
719:SpaceNews
425:Astrotech
250:(planned)
2520:December
2480:MEASAT-2
2455:November
2364:Maigon 5
2200:Galaxy 9
2194:PAMS-STU
2113:BeppoSAX
2083:Astra 1F
1953:N-STAR b
1941:February
1917:MEASAT-1
973:PanAmSat
862:22 April
748:10 March
724:Archived
699:Archived
666:Archived
605:Archived
580:Archived
501:See also
397:Intelsat
361:Apstar 2
335:Intelsat
107:Intelsat
103:Operator
39:reliable
2552:USA-129
2485:Mars 96
2434:October
2413:USA-128
2299:USA-127
2294:USA-126
2275:USA-125
2270:TOMS-EP
2253:Kobal't
2154:USA-124
2150:USA-123
2146:USA-122
2142:USA-121
2138:USA-120
2134:USA-119
2108:USA-118
2093:Priroda
2062:USA-117
1894:January
1822:Marisat
1242:VA F-15
1237:VA F-14
1232:VA F-13
1227:VA F-12
1222:VA F-11
1217:VA F-10
1155:IVA F-6
1150:IVA F-5
1145:IVA F-4
1140:IVA F-3
1135:IVA F-2
1130:IVA F-1
1074:III F-8
1069:III F-7
1064:III F-6
1059:III F-5
1054:III F-4
1049:III F-3
1044:III F-2
887:30 June
841:30 June
811:30 June
529:in the
288:Ku-band
211:Xichang
152:LS-1300
2491:STS-80
2441:FSW-17
2419:STS-79
2368:Victor
2338:Fuji 2
2334:Midori
2313:August
2246:STS-78
2181:STS-77
2175:MSTI-3
2170:Amos-1
2088:MSAT-1
2056:STS-76
2050:IRS-P3
2035:REX II
2013:TSS-1R
2008:STS-75
1913:PAS-3R
1902:STS-72
1886:1997 →
1871:← 1995
1636:Galaxy
1125:IV F-8
1120:IV F-7
1115:IV F-6
1110:IV F-5
1105:IV F-4
1100:IV F-3
1095:IV F-2
1034:II F-4
1029:II F-3
1024:II F-2
983:STS-49
963:COMSAT
630:23 May
541:Proton
451:Hughes
420:Xinhua
325:was a
283:C-band
255:Regime
197:Rocket
83:IS 708
2466:SAC-B
2071:April
2028:March
2019:Polar
1828:SBS 6
1797:APR-2
1792:APR-1
1785:Other
1406:10-02
1211:V F-9
1206:V F-8
1201:V F-7
1196:V F-6
1191:V F-5
1186:V F-4
1181:V F-3
1176:V F-2
583:(PDF)
572:(PDF)
350:China
80:Names
2462:HETE
2403:GE-1
2355:FAST
2263:July
2214:June
1879:1996
978:ITSO
889:2007
864:2013
843:2007
813:2007
750:2016
674:2014
632:2012
539:– a
467:US$
373:US$
333:for
278:Band
215:LC-2
2496:WSF
2190:IAE
2122:May
2098:MSX
1824:-F2
1666:10R
1626:40e
1611:37e
1601:35e
1591:33e
1586:32e
1571:29e
1401:907
1396:906
1391:905
1386:904
1381:903
1376:902
1371:901
1366:806
1361:805
1356:804
1351:803
1346:802
1341:801
1336:709
1331:708
1326:707
1321:706
1316:705
1311:704
1306:703
1301:702
1280:605
1275:604
1270:603
1265:602
1006:III
348:in
286:14
281:26
147:Bus
2586::
2498:,
2478:,
2464:,
2391:,
2366:,
2362:,
2336:,
2322:,
2287:,
2232:,
2228:,
2224:,
2192:,
2188:,
2168:,
2152:,
2148:,
2144:,
2140:,
2136:,
1988:,
1984:,
1980:,
1976:,
1972:,
1915:,
1776:37
1771:36
1766:35
1761:34
1756:33
1751:32
1746:31
1741:30
1736:28
1731:27
1726:26
1721:25
1716:23
1711:19
1706:18
1701:17
1696:16
1691:15
1686:14
1681:13
1676:12
1671:11
1651:4R
1621:39
1616:38
1606:36
1596:34
1581:31
1576:30
1563:28
1558:27
1553:26
1548:25
1543:24
1538:23
1533:22
1528:21
1523:20
1518:19
1513:18
1508:17
1503:16
1498:15
1477:12
1472:11
1467:10
1447:6B
1432:3R
1004:,
1002:II
1000:,
875:.
855:.
722:.
716:.
697:.
691:.
650:^
591:^
578:.
574:.
555:^
379:.
213:,
2533:)
2529:(
2502:)
2494:(
2196:)
2184:(
2015:)
2011:(
1909:)
1905:(
1862:e
1855:t
1848:v
1661:9
1656:5
1462:9
1457:8
1452:7
1442:5
1437:4
1427:2
1213:†
944:e
937:t
930:v
891:.
866:.
845:.
815:.
791:.
763:.
752:.
676:.
645:.
634:.
533:.
63:)
57:(
52:)
48:(
42:.
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